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BBC Briefing: Immigration Briefing: Immigration Briefing - Immigration Introduction In the last 30 years, the UK has experienced the most rapid increase in immigration in its history. Around one in seven of its population is now foreign-born. What has caused the rise? What has been the impact on the UK economy? On public services? On population density? On attitudes and social cohesion? Is the net impact of immigration positive or negative? What should our immigration policy be in future – and how will it change after the UK leaves the EU? BBC Briefing assembles and assesses the evidence. 21 January 2020 2 Briefing: Immigration Index 1. UK Immigration: History and Trends 05 2. Public Perception about Immigration 48 3. The Global Context 61 4. Europe's Migrant Crisis 77 5. The Demographic and Social Impact 102 6. The Economic Impact 123 7. The Impact on Public Finances and Public Services 136 8. Integration and Identity 154 9. Policy Responses 178 21 January 2020 3 GETTY 21 January 2020 4 Briefing - Immigration Part 1/9 UK Immigration: What has shaped the UK as a collection of History and Trends nations and regions? How have immigration and emigration affected its history? And what have been the causes of the rise in UK immigration over the past 30 years? 21 January 2020 5 Briefing - Immigration “A simple way to take a measure of a country is to look at how many want in, and how many want out.” Tony Blair, 2016 Interview with Politico website 21 January 2020 6 Briefing - Immigration 1.1 UK Immigration: History and Trends Migration has always been a part of Great Britain’s history, with significant movements of people both leaving and arriving 129 1880- 1930- 1950- AD 44 500 600 7-800 1066 1650-70 1820+ 0 1920 1940s 1960s IRISH ROMANS ANGLES VIKINGS NORMANS JEWS AFRICANS JEWS JEWS RETURN (EASTERN POLES SAXONS JEWS EUROPE) ARRIVALS CARIBBEANS JUTES HUGUENOTS BRITISH LEAVE TO ROMANS JEWS COLONISE EXPELLED DEPARTURES AMERICA BRITISH LEAVE FOR US AND TO COLONISE EMPIRE The word ‘refugee’ – derived from the French ‘refugie’ - first entered the English language with the Huguenots Not all waves of movement across the isles of Great Britain are represented 4 June 2020 7 Briefing - Immigration 1.2 UK Immigration: History and Trends For most of the past 150 years, Britain has largely been a country of emigration, with more people leaving than arriving Change in net migration 1855 - 2016 (as % of UK population) Emigration from Britain Net emigration Balance Net immigration 0.6 • It was not until the mid-1980s that the number of people 0.4 arriving in the UK consistently 0.2 began to exceed those leaving (termed positive net 0 migration) -0.2 • Most British people who -0.4 emigrated moved to parts or No statistics collected -0.6 during World War Two to former parts of the British Empire -0.8 -1 -1.2 1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 Bank of England: A millennium of macroeconomic data (2018) 21 January 2020 8 Briefing - Immigration 1.3 UK Immigration: History and Trends British emigration continued after World War Two The Ten Pound Poms Notable ‘Ten Pounders’ • A million and a half or more • Two Australian prime ministers British citizens who emigrated to arrived under the scheme - Julia Australia in pursuit of a new life Gillard and Tony Abbott after World War Two were known • as the Ten Pound Poms Julia Gillard originally came from Barry in South Wales • Australia welcomed British • migrant workers to help build its The 250,000 or so citizens who burgeoning post-war economy returned to the UK, disappointed by the realities in Australia, • Attracted by the £10 fare, became known as the Boomerang housing and employment, the Poms people who went had to commit BBC to stay for at least two years Australia’s former Prime Minister Julia Gillard • The scheme ended in 1982 BBC News: The £10 ticket to another life (January 2008) 21 January 2020 9 Briefing - Immigration 1.4 UK Immigration: History and Trends Nearly five million UK citizens live outside the UK, mostly in English- speaking countries Proportion of UK-born citizens living abroad, 2017 The British abroad • UK citizens tend to emigrate to English- Australia and New Zealand speaking countries US and Canada • In 2016, 34% of the UK population said they could speak a foreign language – the lowest percentage in Europe. The EU EU average was 64.6% Asia • Of the UK citizens who have migrated to the EU Africa • 37% live in Spain Rest of the world • 19% in France % • 6% in Ireland 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 ONS: Living abroad (April 2018) Eurostat: Foreign language skills (April 2019) 21 January 2020 10 Briefing - Immigration 1.5 UK Immigration: History and Trends British-born citizens have moved all over the world BBC BBC BBC Sir Jonathan Ive Lucy Bronze Tina Brown Apple executive, England footballer Journalist 1992-2019 • Right-back for French football • Editor of Vanity Fair magazine • Designer of the iPod, iPhone, team Olympique Lyonnais between 1984 and 1992 Macbook and iPad • Double Women’s Champions • Founder of US popular news and • Born in Chingford, London League winner and triple WSL opinion website, The Daily Beast winner. Born in Northumberland • Based in San Francisco • Born in Berkshire and now based • Based in Lyon, France in New York City 21 January 2020 11 Briefing - Immigration 1.6 UK Immigration: History and Trends Since 2008 most emigration from the UK has been by non-UK citizens Emigration from the UK (in thousands) 1964 - 2018 Immigrants returning home 450 Non-UK citizens Non-UK citizens migrating from the UK include 400 (pre-1975) Non-EU citizens • students who were studying 350 in the UK returning to their EU citizens 300 country of origin UK citizens • workers returning to their 250 home countries after being in 200 the UK for more than a year 150 100 50 In August 2019, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) admitted it had been underestimating flows of EU migrants and overestimating others, between the mid-2000s and 2016. The graph is based on figures before 0 the adjustments, which are explained in more detail in the ONS source link 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 ONS: Long-term international migration (November 2019) 21 January 2020 12 Briefing - Immigration 1.7 UK Immigration: History and Trends People with European immigrant backgrounds have long had an impact on life in Britain Benjamin Disraeli Fiona Shaw • Leader of the Conservative • Bafta and Olivier Award- Party twice served as prime winning stage and screen minister (1868) (1874-1880) actor • Born to Italian Jewish • Born in Cobh, Ireland, she parents moved to the UK to attend Rada GETTY BBC Professor Sir André Geim Armando Iannucci • Won 2010 Nobel Prize for • Award-winning comedy Physics, for discovering writer, director and 21st century wonder producer material, graphene • Born in Glasgow in 1963 • Born in Russia in 1958 to to an Italian father and German parents and holds Scottish mother, who was British-Dutch citizenship GETTY first-generation Italian 21 January 2020 13 Briefing - Immigration 1.8 UK Immigration: History and Trends UK immigration since 1950 has been influenced by specific events and policies UK political or economic events and migration timeline – 1950- 2016 Immigration levels are affected directly or indirectly by New Labour Accession Government states added • national policies encouraging Post-war labour Immigration Act UK economic 700 to the EU shortages 1971 liberalisation immigration, such as the Maastricht moves to attract workers to 600 Windrush Treaty 1992 fill labour shortages after South Asian World War Two 500 Expulsion immigration of Asians to Northern from • wider policy shifts, such as the mill towns 400 Uganda Maastricht Treaty expanding 1972 EU integration and allowing 300 Thousands accession countries, like Poland and the Czech 200 Republic, into the EU -which paved the way for further 100 free movement 0 • political events overseas, such as the expulsion of Asians 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 1950 from Uganda by the then Immigration to UK Emigration from UK President Idi Amin Bank of England: A millennium of macroeconomic data (2018) 21 January 2020 14 Briefing - Immigration 1.9 UK Immigration: History and Trends Post-war labour shortages prompted waves of Commonwealth immigration to the UK The Windrush generation Labour shortages • The Windrush generation were • After World War Two, some originally migrant workers who national and regional institutions arrived from the Caribbean actively recruited from the between 1948 and 1971 Commonwealth • They were named after HMT • The newly formed NHS hired Empire Windrush, the troopship Commonwealth workers, including which brought around 800 18,000 doctors from the Indian Caribbean passengers - mainly subcontinent Jamaican immigrants - to Tilbury, • By 1971, 31% of doctors in the in Essex, on 21 June 1948 NHS were qualified or born • The term is now also used to refer overseas to Commonwealth citizens who • London Transport recruited more GETTY came before immigration than 4,000 men and women from Most Windrush passengers – who joined the vessel in controls in 1973 Barbados for positions including Trinidad, Tampico and Bermuda as well as Jamaica – were men with a wide range of skills and included RAF bus conductors, station staff and airmen returning from leave and veterans rejoining the ticket inspectors service The British Library: Windrush stories
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