DOCSLIB.ORG

Big Bend National Park Wildland Fire Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Big Bend National Park Wildland Fire Management BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK TEXAS WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN June 2005 Prepared by BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK With assistance from INTERMOUNTAIN REGIONAL OFFICE Denver, Colorado and Santa Fe, New Mexico UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK Prepared By: / 1 &@I[ l- / Approved By: I ;- ./)Cg(h'LV 1-( vNbT.h \) TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 A. PURPOSE AND NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THIS FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN .........1 B. COLLABORATION...............................................................................................................................2 C. NATIONAL FIRE MANAGEMENT GOALS................................................................................... 3 D. RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE............................................................4 E. AUTHORITIES ..................................................................................................................................... 5 II RELATIONSHIP OF LAND MANAGEMENT .............................................................7 PLANNING TO FIRE POLICY..................................................................................7 A. NPS MANAGEMENT POLICIES CONCERNING WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT.......7 B. ENABLING LEGISLATION OF BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK.................................................8 C. PARK-WIDE DESIRED CONDITIONS..........................................................................................8 AS THEY PERTAIN TO FIRE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES............................................................8 D. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVES.......................................................................9 AS THEY PERTAIN TO FIRE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................9 E. MEETING GMP AND RMP OBJECTIVES......................................................................................9 III WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ................................................... 11 A. GENERAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................... 11 B. WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT GOALS .................................................................................. 11 C. WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS............................................................................ 14 D. DESCRIPTION OF WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ..................................15 BY FIRE MANAGEMENT UNIT................................................................................................................15 IV WILDLAND FIREMANAGEMENT PROGRAM COMPONENTS .................................... 51 A. GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES...........................................................................51 B. WILDLAND FIRE SUPPRESSION .................................................................................................51 C. WILDLAND FIRE USE..................................................................................................................81 V ORGANIZATION AND BUDGETARY PARAMETERS .............................................. 111 A. FIRE MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE........................................................ 111 VI MONITORING AND EVALUATION................................................................... 123 VII FIRE RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 127 VIII PUBLIC SAFETY........................................................................................ 131 A. PUBLIC SAFETY ISSUES AND CONCERNS ............................................................................ 131 B. PUBLIC SAFETY MITIGATION MEASURES.............................................................................132 IX PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION........................................................ 133 A. PUBLIC INFORMATION CAPABILITY........................................................................................133 X PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE RESOURCES........................................................ 137 A. ARCHEOLOGICAL/CULTURAL/HISTORIC RESOURCES ....................................................137 B. PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE NATURAL RESOURCES ...................................................... 140 C. MODERN INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENTS .......................................................... 141 XI FIRE CRITIQUES AND ANNUAL PLAN REVIEW ................................................. 143 A. FIRE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................143 B. ANNUAL FIRE SUMMARY REPORT........................................................................................143 XII CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION.......................................................... 145 A. WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN, AGENCIES CONSULTED................................. 146 B. WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN, PERSONS CONSULTED................................... 146 C. WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN PREPARATION..................................................... 146 i APPENDICES.................................................................................................. 149 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure I–1 Park Location and Neighbors.............................................................................................. 3 Figure III–1 Comprehensive Fire Management Map.......................................................................17 Figure III–2 Vegetation Map....................................................................................................................20 Figure III–3 Burned area for each fire year from 1948 to 2003.............................................. 33 Figure IV–1 Fuel Models ............................................................................................................................ 53 Figure IV–2 Ten-Day Moving Average Burning Index ...................................................................62 Figure IV–3 Proposed Wilderness Map ............................................................................................... 75 Figure IV–4: Decision Tree for Initial Action on Ignitions............................................................85 Figure V–1 Organization Chart for Fire Management Program ................................................. 112 LIST OF TABLES Table III-1 Goals and Objectives of the Big Bend Fire Management Plan..............................12 Table III-2 Fire from 1946 - 2004 by Size Class, Month, and Ignition Source ..................30 Table III-3 Probability of occurrence for total burned area .......................................................34 Table III-4 Temperature and Precipitation Panther Junction .................................................... 37 Table IV-1 Fire Prevention Tasks...........................................................................................................54 Table IV-2 Annual Training Calendar ................................................................................................... 57 Table IV-3 Annual Readiness Activities Calendar. .........................................................................59 Table IV-4 Step-up Plan for Big Bend National Park.....................................................................63 Table IV-5 Fire Program Resource and Response Times..............................................................70 Table IV-6 Lightning Ignitions: 1980-2005......................................................................................82 Table IV-7 Prescriptions...........................................................................................................................83 Table IV-8 Wildland Fire Use Decision Criteria................................................................................86 Table IV-9: WFIP Completion Timeframes ...................................................................................... 90 Table IV-10 Prescribed Burn Program 1996-2005. ..................................................................... 102 iii I INTRODUCTION A. PURPOSE AND NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THIS FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN The purpose is to implement an improved and updated Wildland Fire Management Plan (FMP) for Big Bend National Park. The fire management plan provides a framework for making fire-related decisions and serves as an operations manual. Updating the 1994 plan allows changes in fire policy, fire behavior knowledge, prescribed burn results, and revisions in NPS policies to be implemented in practice. By incorporating new information about ecology, fire effects and firefighting techniques, the FMP will improve the protection of people, property, and resources within the park. Current resource managers acknowledge three major challenges in managing vegetation at the park: greatly increased fuels in forest and some woodlands increasing risk from high-severity fire; invasion of fire-adapted nonnative plant species which threaten to displace native species primarily along the riparian corridor and drainages; and, altered fire patterns from suppression and grazing of livestock. Prioritizing and meeting these challenges requires a significant shift in management direction for training, funding, and support of project monitoring and evaluation, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Incident Management Situation Report Friday, August 29, 2003 - 0530 Mdt National Preparedness Level 5
    INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SITUATION REPORT FRIDAY, AUGUST 29, 2003 - 0530 MDT NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS LEVEL 5 CURRENT SITUATION: Initial attack activity was light in all Areas. Nationally, 103 new fires were reported. Five new large fires were reported, four in the Northern Rockies Area and one in the Rocky Mountain Area. Five large fires were contained, three in the Northern Rockies Area and one each in the Rocky Mountain and Southern Areas. Very high to extreme fire indices were reported in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. NORTHERN ROCKIES AREA LARGE FIRES: An Area Command Team (Mann) is assigned to manage Blackfoot Lake Complex, Wedge Canyon, Robert, Middle Fork Complex, Trapper Creek Complex, Crazy Horse, Rampage Complex, High and Little Salmon Creek Complex. An Area Command Team (Rounsaville) is assigned to manage Lincoln Complex, Winslow, East Complex, Rough Draw Complex, Cathedral Peak Complex, Rathbone and Burnt Ridge/Sheep Camp Complex. An Area Command Team (Ribar) is assigned to manage Cherry Creek Complex, Mineral-Primm/Boles Meadow, Fish Creek Complex, Black Mountain 2, Cooney Ridge and Gold 1. An Area Command Team (Greenhoe) is assigned to manage Sapp, Slim’s Complex, Fiddle, Beaver Lake, Cayuse Lake Complex, and Clear/Nez Fire Use Complex. BLACKFOOT LAKE COMPLEX, Flathead National Forest. A Type 1 Incident Management Team (Mortier) is assigned. This incident, comprised of the Beta Lake, Doris Mountain, Lost Johnny, Ball Creek, Wounded Buck, Doe, Dead Buck, and Blackfoot Lake fires, is in timber 19 miles east of Kalispell, MT.
    [Show full text]
  • Listing of All EMS Agencies with Their Agency Codes
    Agency Name (D1.2) A.B. Shaw Fire Department (1099) A.E. Crandall Hook and Ladder Co., Inc. (0212) Ace Ambulance Service, LLC (Hunter Ambulance) (0884) Adams Fire Company, Inc. (3199) Addison Volunteer Fire Department Ambulance Corps (5015) Afton Emergency Squad (0811) Air Methods Corp. Rocky Mountain Holdings (LifeNet New York; Albany Med Flight; Stat Flight) (0767) Akron Fire Company, Inc. (1426) Akwesasne Mohawk Ambulance (4498) Alabama Fire Department (1899) Alamo Ambulance Service, Inc. (1311) Albany County Sheriff's Department Advanced Life Support (0184) Albany County Sheriff's Office EMS Unit (6229) Albany Department of Fire & Emergency Services, City of (0142) Albany-Schenectady-Greene Co. Ag. Societies, Inc. (Altamont Fair Ambulance) (0139) Albertson Fire Department (2998) Albion Fire Department Emergency Squad (3619) Alden EMS Department (1437) Alert Engine, Hook, Ladder & Hose Co., No. 1, Inc. (0253) Alexander Fire Department, Inc. (1818) Alexandria Bay Volunteer Fire Department (2212) Allegany Fire District, Town of (0775) Allegany Indian Reservation Vol. Fire Department (Seneca Nation Rescue) (0433) Allegany Rescue and EMS, Inc. (0982) Almond Volunteer Fire Department (0225) Alplaus Fire Department (4693) ALS Services, Inc. (7199) Altamont Rescue Squad, Inc. (0117) Altmar Fire Department (3799) Alton Fire Company of Alton, New York, Inc. (5813) Altona Volunteer Fire Department Rescue Squad (0930) Amagansett Fire Department Ambulance (8139) Amber Ambulance Inc. (3313) Amber Fire Department, Inc.(1083) Ambulance Committee of the Moriches, Inc. (East Moriches Community Ambulance) (5158) Ambulance Service of Fulton County, Inc. (1712) AmCare Ambulance Service, Inc. (3217) Amenia Rescue Squad (1320) Amity Rescue Squad, Inc. (0213) Amityville Fire Department (5137) Amsterdam Fire Department (0554) Andes Fire Department, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • CHISOS BASIN STORE Big Bend National Park Castolon Vicinity
    CHISOS BASIN STORE HABS No. TX-3399 Big Bend National Park Castolon Vicinity Brewster County HR65 Texas : O - /' ;PSTX REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 fiABS HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY % CHISOS BASIN STORE HABS No. TX-3399 Location: Green Gulch, Big Bend National Park, Castolon vicinity, Brewster County, Texas. Significance: The Chisos Basin Store, built as a temporary structure in 1941 or early 1942, is constructed of adobe in a vaguely Spanish style, part of a larger complex with this architectural theme. After the war, two prefabricated Dallas huts were added to the building. Description: The original building is one story in a T-shaped plan. The roughly coursed limestone foundation is held together with a simple mud mortar. Stuccoed walls of 10" x 15" adobe bricks were laid in common bond, and not keyed into each other at the corners, but simply butt-jointed. The roofe of the intersecting wings were low-sloped gable and shed roofs. A rounded adobe chimney poked out of the shed roof on the northern wing. The recessed porch at the front entrance provided shade from the hot desert sun. The windows consist of paired ten-light casements, and a band of four-light casements on the north wall. The flooring of the recessed porch and the steps up to the front of the building are flagstone laid in a cement-amended mortar. The original portion consists of two rooms. The walls are plastered.
    [Show full text]
  • AN ANALYSIS of WILDFIRE IMPACTS on CLIMATE CHANGE By
    AN ANALYSIS OF WILDFIRE IMPACTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE By: Taylor Gilson Mentor: Dr. Elaine Fagner 1 Abstract Abstract: The western United States (U.S.). has recently seen an increase in wildfires that destroyed communities and lives. This researcher seeks to examine the impact of wildfires on climate change by examining recent studies on air quality and air emissions produced by wildfires, and their impact on climate change. Wildfires cause temporary large increases in outdoor airborne particles, such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) and particulate matter 10(PM 10). Large wildfires can increase air pollution over thousands of square kilometers (Berkley University, 2021). The researcher will be conducting this research by analyzing PM found in the atmosphere, as well as analyzing air quality reports in the Southwestern portion of the U.S. The focus of this study is to examine the air emissions after wildfires have occurred in Yosemite National Park; and the research analysis will help provide the scientific community with additional data to understand the severity of wildfires and their impacts on climate change. Project Overview and Hypothesis This study examines the air quality from prior wildfires in Yosemite National Park. This research effort will help provide additional data for the scientific community and local, state, and federal agencies to better mitigate harmful levels of PM in the atmosphere caused by forest fires. The researcher hypothesizes that elevated PM levels in the Yosemite National Park region correlate with wildfires that are caused by natural sources such as lightning strikes and droughts. Introduction The researcher will seek to prove the linkage between wildfires and PM.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundation Document Big Bend National Park Texas May 2016 Foundation Document
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Big Bend National Park Texas May 2016 Foundation Document Unpaved road Trail Ruins S A N 385 North 0 5 10 Kilometers T Primitive road Private land within I A Rapids G 0 5 10 Miles (four-wheel-drive, park boundary O high-clearance Please observe landowner’s vehicles only) BLACK GAP rights. M WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA Persimmon Gap O U N T A Stillwell Store and RV Park Graytop I N S Visitor Center on Dog Cany Trail d o a nch R 2627 TEXAS Ra a u ng Te r l i 118 Big Bend Dagger Mountain Stairway Mountain S I National Park ROSILLOS MOUNTAINS E R R A DAGGER Camels D r Packsaddle Rosillos e FLAT S Hump E v i l L I Mountain Peak i E R a C r R c Aqua Fria A i T R B n A Mountain o A e t CORAZONES PEAKS u c lat A L ROSILLOS gger F L S Da O L O A d RANCH ld M R n G a Hen Egg U O E A d l r R i Mountain T e T O W R O CHRI N R STM I A Terlingua Ranch o S L L M O a e O d d n U LA N F a TA L r LINDA I A N T G S Grapevine o d Fossil i a Spring o Bone R R THE Exhibit e Balanced Rock s G T E L E P d PAINT GAP l H l RA O N n SOLITARIO HILLS i P N E N Y O a H EV ail C A r Slickrock H I IN r LL E T G Croton Peak S S Mountain e n Government n o i I n T y u Spring v Roys Peak e E R e le n S o p p a R i Dogie h C R E gh ra O o u G l n T Mountain o d e R R A Panther Junction O A T O S Chisos Mountains r TERLINGUA STUDY BUTTE/ e C BLACK MESA Visitor Center Basin Junction I GHOST TOWN TERLINGUA R D Castolon/ Park Headquarters T X o o E MADERAS Maverick Santa Elena Chisos Basin Road a E 118
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Management Today (67[2] Spring 2007) Will Focus on the Rich History and Role of Aviation in Wildland Fire
    Fire today ManagementVolume 67 • No. 1 • Winter 2007 MUTINY ON BOULDER MOUNTAIN COMPARING AGENCY AND CONTRACT CREW COSTS THE 10 FIREFIGHTING ORDERS, DOES THEIR ARRANGEMENT REALLY MATTER? United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Coming Next… Just 16 years after the Wright brothers’ historic first flight at Kitty Hawk, the Forest Service pioneered the use of aircraft. The next issue of Fire Management Today (67[2] Spring 2007) will focus on the rich history and role of aviation in wildland fire. This issue will include insights into the history of both the rappelling and smokejumping programs, the development of the wildland fire chemical systems program, and what’s new with the 747 supertanker. The issue’s special coordinator is Melissa Frey, general manager of Fire Management Today. Fire Management Today is published by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Fire Management Today is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, at: Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 Fire Management Today is available on the World Wide Web at <http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/index.html>. Mike Johanns, Secretary Melissa Frey U.S. Department of Agriculture General Manager Abigail R. Kimbell, Chief Paul Keller Forest Service Managing Editor Tom Harbour, Director Madelyn Dillon Fire and Aviation Management Editor The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire, Fuel Treatments, and Ecological Restoration: Conference Proceedings; 2002 16-18 April; Fort Collins, CO
    Fire, Fuel Treatments, and United States Ecological Restoration: Department of Agriculture Forest Service Conference Proceedings Rocky Mountain Research Station April 16-18, 2002 Proceedings RMRS-P-29 Fort Collins, CO June 2003 Omi, Philip N.; Joyce, Linda A., technical editors. 2003. Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration: Conference proceedings; 2002 16-18 April; Fort Collins, CO. Proceedings RMRS-P-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 475 p. Recent fires have spawned intense interest in fuel treatment and ecological restora- tion activities. Scientists and land managers have been advocating these activities for years, and the recent fires have provided incentives for federal, state, and local entities to move ahead with ambitious hazard reduction and restoration projects. Recent fires also have increased public awareness about the risks and hazards of living in wild areas. The scientific basis for ecological restoration and fuel treatment activities is growing, but remains largely unsubstantiated, with isolated exceptions. Over 300 participants from all over the United States convened in Ft. Collins, Colorado, to learn from 90 oral and poster presentations. Sponsors • USDA Forest Service • Joint Fire Sciences Program • Colorado State Forest Service • Society of American Foresters • Colorado State University • Western Forest Fire Research Center (WESTFIRE) Conference Coordinators • Dr. Phil Omi, Professor, Department of Forest Sciences, Colorado State University • Dr. Linda Joyce, Research Project Leader, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service Editors’ Note Papers presented from the conference were subjected to peer technical review. The views expressed are those of the presenters. Cover photo: Biscuit Fire, Siskiyou National Forest, 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of Fire Adapted Ecosystems
    United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Restoration of Fire Adapted Ecosystems Environmental Assessment Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit Pacific Southwest Region El Dorado County, California January 2016 Baldwin Meadow (T13N, R17E, Sec 26, Emerald Bay Quad) Benwood Meadow (T11N, R18E, Sec 18, Echo Lake Quad) Freel Meadow (T11N, R18E, Sec 11 and 12, Freel Peak Quad) Hellhole Meadow (T11N, R18E, Sec 1, Freel Peak Quad) Meiss Meadow (T10N, R17E, Sec 9, Caples Lake Quad) Star Meadow (T12N, R19E, Sec 30, South Lake Tahoe Quad) For Information Contact: Shana Gross/Stephanie Coppeto/ Matt Dickinson USDA Forest Service 35 College Drive South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 530-543-2752/530-543-2679/530-543-2769 http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/ltbmu/ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call toll free (866) 632-9992 (voice). TDD users can contact USDA through local relay or the Federal relay at (800) 877-8339 (TDD) or (866) 377-8642 (relay voice).
    [Show full text]
  • Brewster County
    RESOURCES OF THE BIG BEND - BREWSTER COUNTY – BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, BIG BEND RANCH STATE PARK, TEXAS PARKS & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS, LA LINDA, STILLWELL RANCH STORE & TERLINGUA (STUDY BUTTE) For information on Lajitas (Golf Resort & Spa), please see the “Lajitas” section. Contents: Brewster County General Information County Offices & County Services County Facilities Hospital Hotels & Resorts South County Southeastern County Western County Telecommunications & Internet Service Provider Brewster County Mountains, Special Events & Landmarks Big Bend National Park – SBB General Information Park Location Highlights Park School Big Bend Ranch State Park – SBB BBRSP General Information Black Gap Wilderness Wildlife Management Area – SBB Black Gap General Information Elephant Mountain Wildlife Management Area Elephant Mountain General Information Brewster County Automotive, Motorcycle Repair, Parts & Service & Rental Fuel, Convenience Stores & Light Service Stations Brewster County Banks Brewster County Churches Big Bend Guides, Guided Tours & Expeditions Brewster County Hardware, Galleries, Stores & Shops Brewster County Media Brewster County Ranches Brewster County Restaurants, Saloons & Liquor Stores Brewster County Roads & Highways Brewster County Transportation Airports Air Service Ground BREWSTER COUNTY GENERAL INFORMATION Brewster County, Texas’ largest county at 6,183 square miles (the 39th largest county in the U.S.), has a population of fewer than 9,500, of which 6,000 are in the county seat in Alpine. The eighth largest National Park in the U.S., the Big Bend, resides in the southern portion of the county. Brewster County is home to the legendary Chili Cookoffs in the equally legendary Terlingua. The county is also home to the communities of Alpine, Marathon, Terlingua, Study Butte, Stillwell’s Ranch, Lajitas, the Big Bend National Park and some of the Big Bend Ranch State Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Wildfire on Drinking Water Utilities and Effective Practices for Wildfire Risk Reduction and Mitigation
    Report on the Effects of Wildfire on Drinking Water Utilities and Effective Practices for Wildfire Risk Reduction and Mitigation Report on the Effects of Wildfire on Drinking Water Utilities and Effective Practices for Wildfire Risk Reduction and Mitigation August 2013 Prepared by: Chi Ho Sham, Mary Ellen Tuccillo, and Jaime Rooke The Cadmus Group, Inc. 100 5th Ave., Suite 100 Waltham, MA 02451 Jointly Sponsored by: Water Research Foundation 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098 and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. Published by: [Insert WaterRF logo] DISCLAIMER This study was jointly funded by the Water Research Foundation (Foundation) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The Foundation and USEPA assume no responsibility for the content of the research study reported in this publication or for the opinions or statements of fact expressed in the report. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of either the Foundation or USEPA. This report is presented solely for informational purposes Copyright © 2013 by Water Research Foundation ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise utilized without permission. ISBN [inserted by the Foundation] Printed in the U.S.A. CONTENTS DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................. iv CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Texas Mountain Trail Region
    Guadalupe Mountains National Park reathtaking mountains and high-country hikes. Sheer river canyons and winding back roads. BB Exotic desert panoramas and star-studded nights. These sights and more delight visitors at every turn in the six Far West Texas counties of the Texas Mountain Trail Region. Stretched across two time zones, Central and Mountain, this far-flung region is a geological wonder. During the Permian period more than 250 million years ago, the land lay near the equator in the supercontinent of Pangea. Continental shifting and volcanic action eventually thrust the land upward; millennia of wind and water eroded it, sculpting majestic mountains and mesas. Dinosaurs roamed for millions of years when the land bordered a shallow sea. The Rio Grande gradually carved a deep notch in the mountains, creating a natural river crossing that Spanish explorers named El Paso del Norte. The river also created glorious canyons in today’s Big Bend National Park. Throughout the centuries, the climate grew hotter and the land drier. To survive, wildlife and prehistoric hunter-gatherers adapted to desert conditions. Later, diverse groups — Native Americans and Spanish missionaries, soldiers and miners, ranchers and railroaders –– passed this way in search of wealth, glory and new beginnings. A century before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca traveled with the first European expedition here in the 1530s. He encountered agricultural communities and scattered nomadic tribes. Later Spanish expeditions introduced horses, cattle, sheep and wheeled vehicles to natives. The Land ★ ★ ★ ★ of Endless Vistas Enjoy nature’s solitude in the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Rim Fire Reforestation Fire and Fuels Report Air Quality Report Prepared By: Kenneth C
    Rim Fire Reforestation Fire and Fuels Report Air Quality Report Prepared by: Kenneth C. Boucher Jr. Fuels Planner Stanislaus National Forest April 21, 2016 Rim Fire Reforestation (45612) Fire and Fuels Report Table of Contents Fire and Fuels Report .............................................................................................................. 1 Analysis Framework: Statute, Regulation, Forest Plan and Other Direction ............................ 1 Forest Plan Direction .................................................................................................................. 1 Effects Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................................ 3 Assumptions Specific to Fire and Fuels ...................................................................................... 4 Data Sources .............................................................................................................................. 4 Fire and Fuels Indicators ............................................................................................................ 5 Type and Duration of Effects ...................................................................................................... 5 Affected Environment ..................................................................................................................... 8 Pre-Fire Conditions ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]