INDEX

A Accommodation, visual, 67, 127, in single-task performance, Abbreviated injury scale (AIS), 1448, 1565 96–102 1600 Acculturation, 512 and spatial compatibility, 144–147 Ability tests, 478 ACGIH (American Conference of and stimulus-response Absolute threshold, 61, 62 Governmental Industrial compatibility, 97–98 Abstract information, 1211 Hygienists), 1542 and uncertainty, 143 Abstraction hierarchy analysis, Achievable performance, 1071–1072 Action slips, 736 1196–1198 Achievement and Success Index, Active electronic hearing protection ABWS (advance brake warning 483 devices, 651 system), 320 Achromatic colors, 74 Active errors, 1587 ACASs (automated collision Acoustics, see Sound Active failures, 1089 avoidance systems), 1673 Acoustical calibrators, 646, 647 Active noise reduction (ANR), 653, ACC (adaptive cruise control), Acoustic trauma, 655 668 1616–1617, 1624–1625 Acquired needs, McClelland’s Active surveillance, 854 ACCERS (Aviation Casual theory of, 405–406 Active touch, 81 Contributors for Event Action-based detection of errors, Active training, 1464 Reporting Systems), 789 751 Activities, tasks vs., 285 Accessibility: Action goals, 99–100 Activity network models, 964–965 of AmI environments, 1361 Action implementation automation, and OP diagrams, 965–968 and interactivity, 1382–1384 1623 and task analysis, 964–965 reactive vs. proactive strategies Action kansei, 584 Activity theoretical analysis, for, 1485–1487 Action levers, for quality of working 1245–1247 regulations and guidelines, life, 539 Activity theory, 579 1415–1416 Action limit (AL), 368–370, 815, ACT-R, see Adaptive Control of standards on, 1487, 1520, 1521 816 Thought–Rational cognitive of websites, 1341–1343, 1487 Action processes, for teams, 465 architecture Accessibility bias, 314 Action selection, 96–104 Acuity: Accidents: acquisition and transfer of skill, auditory, 1449 causation, 706–708 101–102 visual, 72–74, 683, 1446–1448 costs of, 702 and action/task goals, 99–100 Acute trauma, 348–349 incidence rates, 713–714 COPYRIGHTEDautomation of, 1623 MATERIALADA (Americans with Disabilities monitoring, 713 choice complexity in, 143–144 Act), 1538 and PPE use, 895 and continuous control, 147–148 Adams’s equity theory, 411–412 reporting, 713 and dimensional overlap, 99 Adaptability, 501, 1489 Accident investigation, 1085–1091 and discriminability, 147 Adaptability Test, 483 basic principles of, 1086 errors in, 148 Adaptable automation, 1626–1627 epidemiologic approaches to, and feedback, 147 Adaptation, 808. See also User 1086–1088 Hick-Hyman Law, 96–97 interface adaptation design and “Swiss cheese” metaphor, and modality, 147 behavioral, 1619 1089–1090 in multiple-task performance, in dialogue, 1376 systems safety techniques for, 102–104 and human error, 783–784 1087–1088 and practice, 144 to virtual environments, 1041 Accident triangle, 706 and probability, 144 visual, 72, 681–682, 1448–1449

1689 1690 INDEX

Adaptive automation, 262–263, 786, and consumer process, 575 locomotion, 1459 1626–1627 framework for, 574–579 memory, 1453–1456 Adaptive Control of in marketing and product design, movement speed and control, Thought–Rational (ACT-R) 573–574 1458–1459 cognitive architecture, and measurement of muscular strength, 1459–1460 934–935, 949–952, 1020–1021 affect/pleasure, 581–591 and perception, 1446–1450 and AMBR, 952–954 and neurological basis of and presbyopia, 692 and IMPRINT models, 957–959 emotions, 570–571 technology use by older adults, model development, 954–955 objective measures of affect for, 1444 modeling results, 955–957 589–590 vision, 1446–1449 Adaptive cruise control (ACC), perception in, 572–573 visual changes related to, 692–693 1616–1617, 1624–1625 performance measures of affect websites for, 1342 Adaptive decision behavior, for, 591 Age compression, 1475 208–210 psychophysical measures of affect Ageism, 1460 Adaptive multimodality, 1361 for, 590–591 Agendas, 216 Adaptive production, 1645 and strategies of designers, Age-related disease, design for Adaptivity, 1489 574–575 people with, 1420 Additive factors logic, 66 subjective measures of affect for, Age-related macular degeneration ADI (attitude indicator), 1676 586–589 (AMD) (ARMD), 306, Adjacency matrices, 1220 theories of affect and pleasure, 1446–1447 Administrative data, accident 579–581 Agglomerative hierarchical methods, investigation, 1087 Affective processes, 573 1157 Administrator, for usability testing, Affective requirements, 576 Aggregation, 1222–1224 1277 Affective user-designer model, Agile software engineering Advance brake warning system 575–579 approaches, 1320 (ABWS), 320 customer/user environment, Aging process, 118 Advanced automation systems 577–578 Agreement on Technical (AAS), 1673 designer environment, 576, 578 Cooperation Between ISO and Advanced search, 1333 Affinity bias, 314 CEN (Vienna Agreement), Advance information, for single-task Affordability analysis, 1124 1523 performance, 100–101 Affordances, 1552 AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Aesthetics: Aftereffects, of virtual Association), 1540 of AmI environments, 1363 environments, 1041–1042 Airborne contamination, 726 of display design, 1188–1190 Age/aging, 1442–1465. See also Airspace system: AET (Arbeitswissenschaftliche under Elderly remotely piloted vehicles in, 1683 Erhebungsverfahren zur attentional factors, 1450–1453 as system of systems, 1684 Tatigkeitsanalyse),¨ 1105 audition, 1449–1450 Air traffic control, 1679–1681 Affect: balance, 1459 advanced automation systems for, cognition, 572–573 beliefs and attitudes about, 1460 1673 and color, 178–179 biomechanics, 1459–1460 automation in, 1679–1680 defined, 569, 579 cognition, 1450–1457 conflict detection and resolution, and light, 694–695 defined, 1444 1680–1681 measurement of, 581–591 design-critical age-related next-generation, 1673 objective measures, 589–590 differences, 1444 radar in, 1670 performance measures, 591 executive control, 1457 AIS (abbreviated injury scale), 1600 psychophysical measures, force control, 1460 AL, see Action limit 590–591 handheld gaming system for older Alderfer’s ERG theory, 401–402 subjective measures, 586–589 adults, 1460–1465 Alerting systems: theories of, 579–581 and haptics, 1450 in aviation, 1671–1672, 1677 Affect grid, 587 and human resource management, response to, 1677 Affective adaptation, 1362 1662 Allais paradox, 206 Affective appreciation, 569 and increase in population over Allergens, 724 Affective engineering and design, 65, 1442–1444 Allocation of function decisions, 784 569–592 and interactivity, 1401 ALS, design for people with, 1420 affective and cognitive systems, language comprehension, Alternate reality games (ARGs), 572–573 1456–1457 1046 INDEX 1691

Alternate viewing tools, website, for computer workstations, 1540 ASA (Schneider’s 1346–1347 for hazards, 877–878 Attraction–Selection–Attrition Altimeters, 1670 for machine tools, 1540–1541 framework), 482, 483 Alzheimer’s disease, design for for software user interfaces, ASAP (Aviation Safety Action people with, 1420 1540–1542 Program), 789 Amazon, 1391 for visual display terminals, 1540 ASC Z-10, Occupational Health and Ambient intelligence (AmI) Anthropometry, 168–170, 330–345 Safety Systems, 1540 environments, 1354–1370 alternative methods for, 337–342 Ashby, Ross, 41 case studies, 1363–1369 anthropometric database, 184–186 ASK-IT Home Automation emerging challenges for, 1369 averages and percentile usage, Application, 1503–1504 goal of, 1354–1355 330–337 ASL (American Sign Language), HCI in, 1398–1399 definition of, 330 1418 human-centered design process, digital anthropometric models, Asphyxiates, 724 1355–1360 1023–1024 ASQ, 1303–1304 impact of, 1355 and fit mapping, 342–344 ASRS (Aviation Safety Reporting user experience, 1360–1363 and grading, 342–343 System), 788, 1097 Ambient lighting, for space flight, ISO standards for, 1513, 1516, Assistive technologies, 1417–1418, 917, 918 1517 1421 AMBR, 952–954 and principal component’s Associations, in DSSs, 225 AMD (age-related macular analysis, 341–342 Astigmatism, 67 degeneration), 306, 1446–1447 and space flight, 911–913 Astronauts, selection of, 924–925 American Conference of three-dimensional, 344–345 ATM (automatic teller machines), Governmental Industrial two-dimensional frequency 1460 Hygienists (ACGIH), 1542 distribution, 338–339 Atmosphere, for human space flight, American Industrial Hygiene for workplace design, 1657–1658 913 Association (AIHA), 1540 Anthropotechnology, 285–286 Attention, 120–121 American National Standards Anti-vibration gloves, 633 attracting, with color, 875 Institute (ANSI), 1087. See Anxiety, situation awareness and, bottlenecks in, 1060 also ANSI standards 559 breakdowns in, 121 American Psychological Association APA (American Psychological and design for aging, 1450–1453 (APA), 311 Association), 311 divided, 120, 744, 1452 American Sign Language (ASL), Aperture effect, 129 and expectancy, 120 1418 Aphasia, 1420 factors of, 120–121 Americans with Disabilities Act Apparent motion, 128 focused, 121 (ADA), 1538 Appraisal errors, 784 and information automation, 1675 AmIDesk, 1365–1367 Apprenticeship training, 509 and information processing, 739 AmI environments, see Ambient AR (augmented reality), 1395, maintenance of, 876–877 intelligence environments 1397–1398 salient features, role of, 120 Amplitude-sensitive augmented Arbeitswissenschaftliche selective, 120–121, 1451–1452 HPDs, 668 Erhebungsverfahren zur and warnings, 875–877 Amputations, design for people Tatigkeitsanalyse¨ (AET), 1105 and workload, 245–247 with, 1419 Arbitrariness, of human Attentional blindness, 121 Analogic command hardware, 1000 communication, 1375 Attentional resources, 246–247 Anatomical methods, for ARGs (alternate reality games), Attentional tunneling, 559 investigating perception, 61 1046 Attention-based approach to display Anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic, Argyris’s concept, 406 design, 1190–1192 203 ARMD (age-related macular Attention maintenance, 876–877 Animation, on websites, 1340 degeneration), 306, 1446–1447 Attention switch, 875 Annoyance, noise as, 657 Army command and control (C2), Attenuation, of hearing protection ANOVA test, 1152–1153 942–943 devices, 901 ANR (active noise reduction), 653, Arousal, affective design and, 580 Attitude indicator (ADI), 1676 668 Arthritis, design for people with, Attitudes, 579. See also Emotions ANSI (American National Standards 1419 about design for aging, 1460 Institute), 1087 Articular disorders, caused by in cross-cultural psychology, ANSI standards, 1540–1542 vibration, 632 163–164 and accident investigation, 1087 Artifact subsystem, 575 of warning receivers, 882–883 1692 INDEX

Attraction–selection–attrition Augmentation, human–system, Autopilot modes, 1673, 1674 framework (ASA), 482, 483 1064–1065 Availability heuristic, 203, 742 Attribution, of human errors, Augmented cognition, 1036–1037 AVANTI, 1499–1502 736–737 Augmented hearing protection Averages, in anthropometry, Attribution theory, 414 devices, 668 330–332 Attribution training, 510 Augmented reality (AR), 1395, “Average human” design principle, Audience: 1397–1398 1657 in designing for children, 1472, Authority, for conflict detection and Aviation, 1667–1684 1473, 1475 resolution, 1681 air traffic control, 1679–1681 for warnings, 870 Autoconfrontation, 285 automated conflict detection and Audio, in virtual environments, 1034 Autoignition temperature, 720 resolution, 1681, 1684 Audio-dosimeter, 645 Automated collision avoidance flight deck, 1674–1679 Audiometric testing programs, 650 systems (ACASs), 1673 free flight, 1683–1684 Audits of human factors, Automatic processing, design for future challenges, 1684 1092–1117 aging and, 1452 history of human factors for a decentralized business, Automatic teller machines (ATMs), problems, 1667–1673 1112–1116 1460 maintenance, 1681–1682 for human factors applications, Automatic welding filters, 897 remotely piloted vehicles, 1683 1098–1116 Automation, 703, 1615–1635. See safety management, 1682–1683 and inspection, 1092–1096 also Human–automation and supervisory control, need for, 1098–1099 interaction 1001–1002 standards for, 1099–1100 of air traffic control, 1679–1680 systems of systems in, 1684 for surveys, 1105–1106 in aviation, 1668–1669 Aviation Casual Contributors for using checking/checklists, and complex networks, Event Reporting Systems 1096–1098 1633–1634 (ACCERS), 789 using checklists, 1103–1110 for conflict detection and Aviation maintenance, 1681–1683 Auditing information security, resolution in aviation, 1681, Aviation Safety Action Program 1260–1261 1684 (ASAP), 789 Audition, 76–80. See also Noise; defined, 1615 Aviation Safety Reporting System Sound and driving/roadway safety, (ASRS), 788, 1097 and attention, role in, 120, 121 1634–1635 Awareness-based detection of errors, and design for aging, 1449 enhancing human–automation 751 equal loudness contours, 78–79 interaction, 1625–1632 Axiomatic design, 19–21 frequency theory, 79 and feedback, 1616–1617 applications of, 22–23 fundamental frequency, 79 on flight deck, 1674–1676 theory of, 21–22 harmonics/overtones, 79 formal analysis techniques for, Axiom of rational choice, 196–197, loudness/detection of sounds, 1631–1632 206 78–79 in health care, 1577 pitch, 79–80 and human error, 784–786 B place theory, 79 and humanization, 1645 Back. See also Low back disorders traveling wave, 79 interaction between problems (LBDs) and vibration, 624 with, 1622 biomechanics of, 362–364 Auditory acuity, 1449 irony of, 783 models of spine, 373–375 Auditory information, for older and job satisfaction/health, 1622 Back button, 1331 adults, 1462 in manufacturing, 1650–1651 BAFA BAFA simulation, 511 Auditory injuries, 656 misuse/disuse of, 1619–1622 Balance, sense of, 80, 629, 1459 Auditory pathways, 77–78 purpose of, 1635 Balance principle, of societal Auditory system, 76–78 swarm, 1632–1633 ergonomics, 290 Auditory warnings, 876, 882 and task structure, 1617–1619 Balance theory-based model, for Audit systems: types of, 1622–1625 work systems, 860 for colliery haulage systems, 1116 Automation mistrust, 124 Bandwidth, 143, 665 at decentralized businesses, Automation surprises, 785, BARNGA simulation, 511 1112–1116 1005–1006 Barriers (physical), speech design of, 1101–1112 Automation-task errors, 1618–1619 intelligibility and, 667–668 evaluation of, 1100–1101 Autonomous agents, 1037–1038 Barriers to human errors, 737, 738 requirements for, 1099–1101 Autopilot, 1671–1674 classification of, 748, 749 INDEX 1693

and cognitive strategies in error Biologically assisted models (of and NIOSH lifting guide/revised detection, 751 spine), 373–374 equation, 368–371 forcing functions and work Biomechanics, 170, 347–377 personalized hybrid, 374 procedures, 750 acute vs. cumulative trauma, predicting muscle recruitment paradoxical effects of, 749–750 348–350 with, 375 and redundancy in error detection, adaptation, 808 of spine, 373–375 750–751 applications, in work design, stability-driven, 374–375 Basic HEPs, 768 357–368 static single equivalent, 372 Basic Skills Test, 483 of carpal tunnel syndrome, 845 threshold limit values from, 376, Basilar membrane, 77, 79–80 defined, 347 377 Behavioral adaptation, 1619 and design for aging, of upper extremities, 376, 377 Behavioral constraints, 710 1458–1460 Bivariate frequency distribution, Behavioral decision-making models, in ergonomics, 348 338–339 199–211 external vs. internal loading, Blindness, design for people with, adaptive decision behavior, 350–351 1416, 1417 208–210 facet joint tolerance, 807–808 Blind spot, 68 in behavioral economics, 210–211 functional lumbar spinal unit Blood flow measures, cerebral, inference, 204–205 tolerance limits, 806–807 257–258 preference and choice, 205–208 ISO standards for, 1513, 1516, Blood pressure, 283 statistical estimation, 199–204 1517 Blurred vision, 1565 Behavioral design, 578 length–strength relationship, Body chemistry, 282 Behavioral economics, 210–211 351–352 Body dimension, 168–169 Behavioral incentives, 710 ligament tolerance limits, 807 Body roll, motor vehicle, 1601 Behavioral rehabilitation, load tolerance, 348, 354–356, Bone tolerance, 354–356 1046–1047 806–810 booTable, 1367–1369 Behavior assessment, 394 of low-back disorders, 805–814 Bosch, HdA case study on, 425–427 Behavior modeling, 506 modifying internal loads, 351 Bottlenecks, information-processing, Belding, H. S., 4 moments and levers in, 350, 351 1058–1061 Beliefs: of muscle, 843 Bottom-up processing, 740 about design for aging, 1460 of musculoskeletal system, 351 Brachial plexus neuritis, 830 of warning receivers, 882–883 of peripheral nerves, 844 Braille, 1416, 1417 Belmont Report, 311 physiological tolerance limits, Breakthrough, 622 Benchmarking, 413, 781 808, 810 Brevity criterion (for warnings), 887 Berra, Yogi, 1010 and pleasurable design, 575–576 Bridging inference, 136 Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 41 psychophysical tolerance limits, Briefer, for usability testing, 1277 Between-subject design, 317 808, 809 Brightness, 72–73 Biases, 313–314 and psychosocial factors, 810 and dark adaptation, 72 and behavioral decision-making risk assessment with and illumination, 72 models, 202–203 biomechanical models, judgments of, 72 confirmation, 742 368–377 and lightness, 72–73 cultural, 174–175 and space flight, 911–913 and Purkinje shift, 72 debiasing of human judgments, spine-loading assessment, British Standard 6472–1, 626 204–205 810–814 British Standard 6472–2, 626 in group decision making, 216 temporal relationships, 352–354 British Standard 6841, 625 hindsight, 735 of tendons, 842, 843 Brittle failures, in automation, Bifocal navigation strategy, 1226 tissue stimulation and pain, 1618–1619 Big Five (five-factor model of 805–806 Browsers, Internet, 1333–1335 personality), 480 velocity and muscle force, 352 Brushing and linking technique, Binocular convergence, 127 Biomechanical models, 368–377 1215, 1228 Binocular disparity, 127 biologically assisted, 373–374 Buildings, vibration disturbance in, Binomial confidence intervals, in digital, 1024 626 usability testing, 1298–1299 dynamic motion assessments Bullwhip effect, 1633–1634 Biodata, 482 with, 375–376 Bump steer, 1601 Biodynamics, 626, 627 finite-element, 374 Burger, G. C. E., 4 Biological job design approach, 446, for multiple muscle systems, Burns, electrical, 720 450–451, 458 372–373 Buttons, design for aging, 1463 1694 INDEX

C Change blindness blindness, Clearance, 607 C2 (Army command and control), 142–143 Climate, in working environment, 942–943 Channel, in C-HIP model, 872, 874 1656 CAD (computer-aided design), Checklists: Clockwise to increase principle, 99 607–608 in affective and pleasurable Clockwise to right/up principle, 99 CAESAR (Civilian American and design, 587 Close call, see Accident European Surface for auditing, 1096–1098, investigation Anthropometry Resource), 169 1103–1110 Closed-loop systems, 44, 1069–1070 California Psychological Inventory, computer applications for, Clothing, protective, 901–904. 483 1098–1116 See also Personal protective CALL (computer-aided language Checklist errors, 1096–1097 equipment (PPE) learning) communities, Chemical asphyxiates, 724 Clumsy automation, 1617–1618 1242–1245 Child development, 1476 Cluster analysis, 1157–1158 Capacity, defined, 841 Children, designing for, 1472–1482 Cluster bias, 314 Capture, 1007 adults vs., 1472, 1473 Cluster sampling, 1102 Carbon dioxide levels, space flight goal and target audience, 1472, Clutter: and, 913 1473, 1475 measures of, 122 Carcinogens, 724 and injury prevention, 1476, 1477 visual, 1452, 1675–1676 Caregiver interaction, 1582 perspectives on child development Cluttered workspaces, 716, 717 Care processes, 1582–1583 in, 1476 CMC (computer-mediated Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 829, principles, 1472–1480 communication), 1237 844–845 safety, 1477–1480 Coaching aids, 519 biomechanics of, 844–845 warnings, 1479, 1481 Cochlea, 77 causal modes of, 845–846 China, user research in, 170, 171 Cochlear distortion, 660 and computer use, 1555, 1556 C-HIP model, see Code congruence, 129 pathophysiology/pathomechanics Communication–human Codetermination, 278 of, 845 information processing model Coding, 207, 1167–1169 Carryover effects, 318 Chi-squared test, 1152, 1154–1155 and intercoders, 1168–1169 Case-crossover methodology (for Choice, in behavioral process for, 1167–1168 accident investigation), decision-making models, Cognition, 871 1087–1088 205–208 and design for aging, 1450–1457 Case selection, in anthropometry, Chroma, 75 and emotions, 573 337–339 Chromatic contrast, 683 and information processing, 133, Cataracts, 693 Chromaticity coordinates, 165–168 CAVE-type environments, 1396 1186–1187 metacognition, 142–143 CCT (correlated color temperature), CI (confidence intervals), 1148, problem solving, 139–141 678 1298–1299 situation awareness, 134–135 CD&R (conflict detection and CI (contextual inquiry), 1315–1316 and space flight, 923–924 resolution), 1680–1681, 1684 CIE, see Commission Internationale spatial awareness/navigation, CE, see Community ergonomics de l’Eclarage 137–139 CEN, see Comite´ Europeen´ de CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram, text/language processing, 135–137 Normalisation 676, 677 tracking, 134–135 Cerebral blood flow measures, CIE Color Space, 74–75 and working memory, 133–135 257–258 Ciliary muscle strain, 1565 Cognitive ability, 479, 498 Cerebral palsy (CP), design for Circadian rhythms: Cognitive aspects of VE design, people with, 1419 and human space flight, 922–923 1038–1040 Cerebral vascular accident (CVA), of pilots and crew, 1678–1679 Cognitive demands, 779, 1361–1362 design for people with, 1419 Circadian system, 694 Cognitive effort, tendency to Cervicobrachial disorder, 830 Circular algorithms, 1217 minimize, 743–744 CET (cognitive evaluation theory), Citarasa, 575, 588–589 Cognitive engineering, 119 407 Civilian American and European Cognitive ergonomics, 4, 119, 546, Chairs. See also Seats Surface Anthropometry 547 adjusting height of, 1563 Resource (CAESAR), 169 Cognitive error-detection strategies, selection tips, 1561–1562 Claims, 1319 751 for telecommuters, 1567 Classifications, 225 Cognitive evaluation theory (CET), Change blindness, 121 Cleanliness, 716, 717 407 INDEX 1695

Cognitive fixation, 742, 750 specifications of, 74 Common ground, 783 Cognitive gauges, 1063 and visual perception, 74–76 Common performance conditions Cognitive impairments, design for visual perception of, 75 (CPCs), 758 people with, 1418, 1420 XYZ tristimulus coordinate Communication(s): Cognitive load, 1061 system, 74 in aviation, 1672 Cognitive mapping, 219 Color blindness, 75–76, 1416 in cross-cultural psychology, Cognitive neuroscience studies, 522 Color circle, 74 164–165 Cognitive processes, 573 Color coding, 178–179 hazard, 727–731 Cognitive rehabilitation, 1047 Color correction, 677 and human space flight, 911 Cognitive reliability and error Color discrimination, 685–686 interactivity in, 1374–1377 analysis method, see CREAM Colorimetry, 674, 676–677 safety, 870–871 method CIE colorimetric system, 674, technology implementation and, Cognitive safety guidelines, 731 676, 677 1585 Cognitive state, assessors of, color order systems, 674, 676 and visual mapping function, 1061–1063 instrumentation, 676, 677 1212 Cognitive style, in cross-cultural Color order systems, 674, 676 Communication–human information psychology, 165–168 Color Rendering Index, 676, 678 processing (C-HIP) model, Cognitive systems: Color vision, 682, 693, 1448 868, 870–885 and affective design, 572–573 Columbia space shuttle accident, benefit of, 885 and task analysis, 385–386 792–793, 1085–1086 channel, 872, 874 Cognitive tasks, 392 Comfort: delivery, 874 human digital modeling of, and biological job design, 444 receiver, 874–885 1019–1021 and discomfort, 574 source, 872 and vibration/motion, 624 kinetospheres, 607 Communities, online, see Online Cognitive task analysis (CTA): and posture, 601–604 communities for error prediction, 755 in seats, 602–603 Community ergonomics (CE), in training analysis, 496–497 and surface heights, 603 286–291 Cognitive transformations, 138 visual, see Visual comfort balance principal, 290 Cognitive tunneling, 149 zones of, 607 cultural diversity, 289–290 Cognitive underspecification, 741 Comite´ Europeen´ de Normalisation fit principle, 290 Cognitive walkthrough, of websites, (CEN): human rights principle, 291 1346 ergonomic standards of, for international corporations, Cognizability, of visual mapping 1523–1526 289–290 function, 1212 history of, 1523 partnership principle, 291 Cohen’s kappa, 1169 standards, 1523, 1528–1536 principles of, 288–289 Coherence, display design and, 1194 and Vienna Agreement, 1523 reciprocity principle, 290 Cohort studies, 313 Command and control processes, self-regulation principle, 290 COHSI (Committee on task network models for, sharing principle, 290 Human-Systems Integration), 942–945 and social impact, 286–287 29, 31 Command-based interaction, 1385 social tracking principle, 290–291 Collaborative learning, 508 Command hardware, 1000 Comparative studies, sample size Collectivism, 163 Commission Internationale de estimation for, 1285–1286 Colliery haulage systems, 1116 l’Eclarage (CIE), 674 Compartments, of space vehicles, Color(s): and color, 74 915 for attracting attention, 875 colorimetry system, 674, 676, 677 Compatibility, ecological, 13–14 chromatic contrast, 683 Color Rendering Index, 676, 678 Compensation, and job satisfaction, and CIE, 74 standard photopic observer, 674, 538 CIE color space, 74–75 677 Compensatory decision rule, 197 color blindness, 75–76 standard scotopic observer, 674 Competence, receiver, 878 and color circle, 74 Uniform Chromaticity Scale Competency, 478 discrimination between, 685–686 diagram, 677 Complementary colors, 74 in display design, 1185–1188 Committee for the International Completeness criterion (for for human space flight, 917 Association of Ergonomic warnings), 887 and human vision, 682 Scientists, 4 Complexity creep, 559 measurement of, 674, 676–677 Committee on Human-Systems Complex networks, automation and, Munsell Book of Colors, 75 Integration (COHSI), 29, 31 1633–1634 1696 INDEX

Complex skill acquisition, 983 Consent, management by, 1623 file access, 1256 Compliance, cost of, 883–884 Consequences: force, 1460 Component ride value, 619 information about, on warnings, hazard control hierarchy, Compound traits, 480 879 709–710, 869 Comprehension, 133–143 severity of, 884 and job satisfaction, 538 in situational awareness, 554–555 Consequentialism, 196–197 learner, 508 of warnings, 877–882 Constant stimuli method, 62–63 metacognitive processes, 142 Compressed workweek, 421 Constitutional white finger, 631 motor control, 104–110 Compression, 127 Constraints, ergonomic, 1552 noise, 653 Computability, of visual mapping Construct validity, 305, 1100–1101, in occupational health and safety function, 1212 1143 management, 708–711 Computers, CTS/UEMDs and, Consumer process, in affective open-loop, 404–406 1554–1556 design, 575 opportunistic, 777 Computer-aided design (CAD), Contact, dialogue and, 1376 process, 940–942. See also 607–608. See also Human Containment approach (for tree Manufacturing digital modeling information structures), 1217 of remotely piloted vehicles, Computer-aided language learning Content: 1683 (CALL) communities, preparation of, for websites, 1325 scrambled, 777 1242–1245 structuring and organizing of, for strategic, 778 Computer/automation systems, 45 websites, 1328–1332 tactical control, 777 Computer-mediated communication in training system design, 512 of vibration, 622–624 (CMC), 1237 for virtual environments, 1040 Controls (mechanical): Computer security, see Information of warnings, 878 automation of, flight deck, 1674 security website, 1324–1332 ISO standards for, 1517–1518 Computer-supported design, 50 Content analysis: in motor vehicle design, 1603, Computer vision syndrome (CVS), coding, 1167–1169 1604 1564–1565 for online communities, 1242 multilevel controls, for Computer workstations, ANSI Content validity, 305, 1100, 1143 automation, 1624–1625 standards for, 1540 Context: navigation controls, 1331 Computing, three waves of, for AmI design, 1356–1358 for people with functional 1384–1385 for human errors, 737–738, limitations, 1425–1432 Concept maps, 1169 745–748 Control centers, ISO standards for, Conceptual model (work-related for operator performance, 1678 1520 musculoskeletal disorders), for perception, 124–125 Control conditions, 317 840–841 Contextual inquiry (CI), 1315–1316 Control law, 1002 Concurrent processing, 149, 150 Contextual interview phase Controllers (neuroergonomic), Concurrent validity, 1100 (contextual inquiry), 1316 1067–1073 Conditions, in training objectives, Contextual performance, in job analysis and design, 1070–1073 498 analysis, 477 control system models, Conditional HEPs, 768 Contingencies, quality of working 1067–1070 Conductive hearing loss, 1418 life and, 539 Control measures, 716–726 Cones, 68, 680 Continuous improvement, 548 Control modes, 776–778 Conferences, job analysis and, 467 Contrast: Control system models, 1067–1070 Confidence intervals (CI), 1148, attracting attention with, 875 Control theory, 1676–1677 1298–1299 and design for aging, 1448 Conventional interview phase Configural dimensions, 1191 perceived, 1183–1185 (contextual inquiry), 1315 Configural displays, 1198–1200 perceived color contrast, Conversational interfaces, HCI, Configuration errors, 1618–1619 1187–1188 1388–1389 Confirmation bias, 742 Contrast ratio, of reflective displays, Cooperation, in AmI environments, Conflict, 214 1181 1363 Conflict alert system, 1679, 1680 Contrast sensitivity, 684, 1184 Core self-evaluation (CSE), 480–481 Conflict detection and resolution Control (determination). See also Corporate social responsibility, 546 (CD&R), 1680–1681, 1684 Human supervisory control Corrective work design, 416–417 Conflict resolution, 214–215 executive, 1457 Correct rejection, 968 Confusability, 121 experimental, 310 Correlated color temperature (CCT), Consciousness, 575 feedback and feedforward, 744 678 INDEX 1697

Correlation measures, using Pearson physical ergonomics and Customer surveys, 1600–1601 and Spearman coefficients, anthropometry in, 168–170 Cutting hazards, 718 1158–1159 user interaction paradigms, CVA (cerebral vascular accident), Correspondence, in display design, 175–183 design for people with, 1419 1193–1196 for Web and hypermedia, CVS (computer vision syndrome), Cosine correction, 677 179–182 1564–1565 Cost/benefit analysis, 1122–1137 for websites, 1341–1342 Cybernetic models of workplace defined, 1123 Cross-cultural psychology, 163–168 design, 600 distributed mission training, cognition and human information Cybersickness, 1041–1042 example, 1131–1136 processing, 165–168 frameworks for, 1123–1128 preferred communication style, D methodology of, 1128–1136 164–165 DA (dementia/Alzheimer’s disease), predictive toxicology, example, values and attitudes, 163–164 1420 1131–1136 Cross-cultural user research, Damping, 627 visually coupled targeting and 170, 171 Danger, 869 acquisition system, example, Cross-sectional descriptive studies, Dark adaptation, 72, 1448–1449 1131–1136 313 Dark focus, 67 Cost/effectiveness analysis, 1123 Crowds, wisdom of, 229–230 Dark vergence, 67 Costoclavicular syndrome, 830 CRT monitors: Data. See also specific types, e.g.: Cost of compliance, warnings, and human vision, 1186–1188 Structured data 883–884 illumination of, 1182–1183 and accident investigation, 1087 Counterbalancing, 317, 1278 phosphors in, 1186–1187 analysis/interpretation of, for Coupling, of systems, 747–748 Crushing hazards, 718 WMSDs, 854–855 Covariation, of events, 742 CSE (core self-evaluation), 480–481 distribution of, 1145–1146 CP (cerebral palsy), design for CSS (customer-centered service rearranging, 1229–1230 people with, 1419 system) approach, 27–28 reducing, 1163, 1222–1224 CPCs (common performance CST (cumulative social trauma), selecting, 1228 conditions), 758 286–287, 289 structured outcomes, 1173–1174 CREAM (cognitive reliability and CSUQ, 1301–1303 Database structures, of websites, error analysis) method, 747, CTA, see Cognitive task analysis 1330–1331 756, 758, 776–781 CTDs, see Cumulative trauma Data-centric interaction, 1230 Crew resource management (CRM), disorders Data collection: 1671 CTS, see Carpal tunnel syndrome for audits of human factors, Crew workload evaluations, Cubital tunnel syndrome, 829 1102–1111 941–942 Cultural awareness training, 510 for HF/E, 307 Criterion-related validity, 1143 Cultural biases, 174–175 for WMSDs, 854 Critical band theory, 661, 662 Cultural differences, users’, 162 Data density, 1188 Critical flicker frequency, 73–74 Cultural diversity, in societal Data-driven DSSs, 224 Critical-incident analysis, 715, 1326 ergonomics, 289–290 Data extraction, 1228 Critical-mass principle, 538 Cultural probes, 1318 Data-ink ratio, 1188 Critical path network, 965 Cultural values: Data-limited tasks, 967 CRM (crew resource management), and AmI environments, 1363 Data mining, 225 1671 of workforce, 40, 41 Data overload, 559, 561 Cross-cultural design, 162–186 Culture, organizational, 498 Data recorder, for usability testing, anthropometric database, Cumulative load, 803 1277 184–186 Cumulative social trauma (CST), Daylight, 677–678 and cross-cultural psychology, 286–287, 289 “Dead finger,” 830 162–168 Cumulative trauma disorders Deafness, design for people with, and cultural differences of users, (CTDs), 349–350, 719, 720 1416–1418 162 risk factors for, in wrist, 365, 366 Debiasing of judgments, 204–205 for graphical user interface, of the upper extremity, 827–828 Debris, in space flight environment, 175–179 CUSI, 1300–1301 913 methodology, 170–175 Customer-centered service system Decentralized businesses, audit for mobile computing, 182–183 (CSS) approach, 27–28 systems for, 1112–1116 for new products and services, Customer environment, for products, Deci and Ryan’s self-determination 183 578–579 theory (SDT), 406–407 1698 INDEX

Decibels, 76 Degraded stimulus environments, Designer error, 782–783 computations with, 640–641 1449–1450 Designers: decibel scale, 639–640 Delegation of tasks, 1066–1067 environments of, 576, 577 Decisions, structuring of, 217–220 Delivery, in C-HIP model, 874 strategies of, 574–575 Decision analysis, 218–224 Delphi technique, 216, 217 Design for all, 1383–1384, preference assessments, 221–224 Demand-capability mismatches, 755 1484–1505 by structuring decisions, 218–220 Dementia/Alzheimer’s disease (DA), accessibility guidelines and utility function assessments, 1420 standards, 1487 220–221 Demographics: case studies, 1499–1504 Decision calculus, 224 changes in, 40, 41 defined, 1486–1487 Decision criterion, 1192–1193 and C-HIP model, 884–885 importance of, 1485 Decision making, 192–232 Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, reactive vs. proactive strategies, adaptive decision behavior, 1252 1485–1487 208–210 Dependencies, in human reliability tools for user interface adaptation behavioral models, 199–211 analysis, 781–782 design, 1490–1499 in cross-cultural psychology, Dependency models, in THERP, 768 unified user interfaces, 1488–1490 168 Dependent (paired) t-test, as user interface adaptation and decision analysis, 218–224 1150–1151 design, 1487–1488 and decision support systems, Dependent variables, 316 Design integration, 24–25 224–230 Deployment toxicology, 1131 Design parameters editor in display design approach, Depth of field, 67 (MENTOR), 1491, 1492 1192–1193 Depth perception, 85–86, 126–128 Design review, 1093 elements of, 193–194 cues for, 85–86 Deuteranopia, 75–76 employee participation in, 537 and illusions, 126–128 DHM, see Human digital modeling flaws in, and accident causation, motion parallax, 86 Dialogue, characteristics of, 1376 708 problems identifying, 127–128 Diaries, use in job analysis, 468 group, 193, 213–217 retinal disparity, 85 Dictionaries, 1334 integrative model of, 193–196 size constancy, 86 Didactic training, 510–511 models of, 196–213 stereopsis, 85–86 Difference threshold, 62 naturalistic decision making, visual cues for, 127 Differential Aptitude Tests, 483 118–119, 211–213, DeQuervain’s syndrome, 829 Differential work design, 417 1677–1678 DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis, Digital displays, 1674–1675 normative, 196–199 834, 835 Digital human modeling, see and problem solving, 230–231 Descriptive methods, 313–315 Human digital modeling recognition-primed, 212 and bias, 313–314 Digits, loss of, 1419 Decision-making aids, 519 case study, 314–315 Dimensionality, of structured Decision-making errors, 741–742 techniques employed, 314 outcome data, 1142 Decision Making Specification variables of, 313 Dimensional overlap, 99 Language (DMSL), 1491 Descriptive statistics, 1145–1147 Diminishing vigilance Decision matrices, 218 Descriptive studies: (hypovigilance), 1654 Decision models, 1170 cross-sectional, 313 DIN (German Standards Decision strategies, 208–210 interviews in, 314 Association), 1513 Decision support systems (DSSs), questionnaires in, 314 Directability (term), 1001 224–230 surveys in, 314 Direct applicants, 478 for groups, 228–230 Design. See also specific types, Direct-assessment methods, 221–223 for individuals, 224–228 e.g.: Work design Direct communications, 874 in training systems, 519–520 between-subject, 317 Direction, of vibration, 618–620 Decision support tools, 993 children, see Children, Direction errors, 752 Decision trees, 218 designing for Direct manipulation, 118, Declaration of Helsinki, 311 as discipline, 575 1385–1388 Declarative knowledge, 983 mixed-subject, 317 Direct measurement techniques: Deepwater Horizon accident, multiple-group, 317 for operator and workspace 793–795 two-group, 317 matching, 1562 Deficiency needs, 581 universal, 1411–1413, 1436, 1437 Disabilities, users with. See also Degradation functions, of task within-subject, 317 Functional limitations, design network models, 945–947 Design and play approach, 1359 for people with INDEX 1699

accessibility of websites for, Document collection information Eccentricity, of visual system, 682 1342–1343 structures, 1220 ECDISs (electronic chart display evaluating websites for, Dominance, 197 and information systems), 1347–1348 Dominance structuring, 212 1617–1618 Disability, as consequence, DoS (denial-of-service) attacks, Ecological approach (to 1410–1411 1252 ergonomics), 1551–1554 “Disabled and elderly persons,” Dose–response model, 841 application of, 1553–1554 as category, 1410 Dosimeter, 645 elements of, 1552 Disc/end-plate tolerance, 354–356 Dot com bubble, 1390–1391 foundations, 1551–1552 Discomfort, 574, 618. See also Driver assistance systems, 1607, Ecological compatibility, 13–14 Comfort 1608 Ecological interface design (EID), Discreteness, of human Drivers: 50, 1329 communication, 1375 distraction/overload of, E-commerce: Discriminant analysis, 1156–1157 1606–1607 and information security, Diseases: licensing requirements, 1259–1260 age-related, 1420 1596–1597 websites for, 1324 defined, 827 reach of, 1603 Economics, behavioral, 210–211 occupational/work-related, 828 warning systems for, 1607, 1608 Economic analysis, traditional, primary Raynaud’s, 631 Driving: 1124, 1127, 1128 Disorder(s): automation concerns of, EDeAN (European Design for All defined, 827 1634–1635 Accessibility Network) Web in workspaces, 716, 717 context for, 1596–1599 portal, 1502–1503 Displacement, of human Driving performance, of motor Educational activities: communication, 1375 vehicles, 1604–1606 human digital modeling in, Displays, see Visual displays Driving response times, 1604–1605 1024–1025 Displeasure, 574 Driving workload, 1605–1606 neuroergonomic applications for, Dissociation, of workload measures, DSSs, see Decision support systems 1074–1075 259–260 Dual monitors, 1563 EEAM checklist, for auditing, Distance, speech intelligibility/signal Dual-task performance: 1106–1108 detection and, 667 applied to stimulus presentations, EEG (electroencephalographic) 978–979 Distance errors, 751 measures, 256 and mathematical models of Distance learning, 506, 507 EELs (emergency exposure limits), human behavior, 978 Distance training, 507 725, 726 Durability, of warnings, 888 Distraction: Effectors, coordination of, 106–107 Duration, of vibration, 618, 620 driver, 1606–1607 Efficiency-thoroughness trade-off Duration errors, 751 of visual system, 690 (ETTO), 744, 791 Dust, 915 Distress, psychobiological affects of, Effort-accuracy framework (for Dynamic acuity, 73 282–283 adaptive decision making), 210 Dynamic decision making, 193 Distributed game play communities, Ego-centered SNA, 1242 Dynamic function allocation, 1247 EID (ecological interface design), 1626–1627 Distributed health care, 1576, 50, 1329 Dynamic motion assessments, 1577 Elbow, anatomy of, 839 375–376 Distributed mission training (DMT), Elderly (older adults). See also Dynamic movement exposure, 817 507, 1131–1136 Age/aging Dynamic queries technique, 1213, Distributing cases, in anthropometry, 1228, 1229 attitudes of, 1460 339–341 Dynamic work design, 417–418 as category, 1410 Diversity, cultural, 289–290 designing websites for, 1342 DIVERSOPHY simulation, 511 E and increasing population of, Divided attention, 120, 744, 1452 EAGER, 1493–1494 1442–1443 DMSL (Decision Making Eardrum, 76–77 medical conditions of, see specific Specification Language), 1491 Ear muffs, 900 conditions, e.g.: Presbyopia DMT (distributed mission training), Earplugs, 900 motion perception by, 507, 1131–1136 Ease of operation, ISO standards on, 1448, 1449 Documentation: 1520, 1521 and technology use by, 1444 readability of, 1434–1435 EBA (elimination by aspects) E-learning, 507 of user requirements, 1319 strategy, 209–210 Electrical hazards, 720–722 1700 INDEX

Electric light sources, 678, 679 Employee Aptitude Survey, 483 Ergonomics checkpoints, 1109 Electroencephalographic (EEG) Employee development, 541–542 Ergonomics design, 19–23 measures, 256 Employee involvement, 542, 1557 Ergonomics guiding principles Electronic chart display and Employee recognition, 542 (ISO), 1513 information systems (ECDISs), Employee reports, in office Ergonomics literacy, 16, 19 1617–1618 ergonomics programs, 1565 Ergonomics Program Management Electronic microsystems, in textiles, Employers, office ergonomics Guidelines for Meatpacking 904 programs of, 1557 Plants, 1538 Elementary tasks, 388–389, 392 Employment security, 467 Ergonomics Program Rule, 1539 Elevators, 1412 Encryption, of Internet-accessed Ergonomic work analysis (EWA), Elimination by aspects strategy data, 1258–1259 285–286 (EBA), 209–210 Enculturation, 512 ERG theory, Alderfer’s, 401–402 EMEA (error modes and effects Encysting, 743 ERNAP (ergonomics audit analysis), 715–716 Endowment effect, 581 program), 1105–1108 Emergency exposure limits (EELs), Energy management, cross-cultural ERPs (event-related potentials), 61, 725, 726 design for, 183 256, 257 Emergent features, 131–132, 1191 Engagement value, 151 Erroneous action, 736. See also Emery, Fred, 282 Engineering processes, user Human error EMG-assisted models of spine, requirements in, 1319–1320 Error detection: 373–374 Enterprise systems for decision cognitive strategies in, 751 Emissive displays, 1182–1183 support (ESs), 229 operational error detection Emotions, 570–571, 591. See also Entertainment, virtual environments program, 1680 Affective engineering and for, 1045–1046 redundancy in, 750–751 design Environmental stimuli, warnings Error factor, THERP, 766 defined, 579 and, 876 Error handling, in dialogue, 1376 in marketing, 573 Environmental stressors, 283–285 Error messages (websites), 1338 neurological basis of, 570–571 Environmental support framework, Error modes and effects analysis pleasures of the mind vs., 1455 (EMEA), 715–716 579–580 Environment domain, 29 Error reporting systems, for health subjective ratings of, 586 Epicondylitis, 829 care, 1588, 1589 Emotional intent, 575, 588–589 Epidemiological approach (to Error-tolerant systems, 48 Emotion awareness, in AmI accident investigation), Error training, 508–509 environments, 1362 1086–1088 ESs (enterprise systems) for Emotion rating scales, 588–589 Epilepsy, 1420 decision support, 229 Emotion regulation, 520, 522 Episodic buffers, 133 ESM (experience sampling method), Empirical research: Episodic memory, 740, 1454–1455 586–587 analyses, 320 Equal-employment opportunity laws, Estimated vibration dose value carryover effects, 318 703, 704 (eVDV), 625 case study, 318, 320 Equal energy rule, 640, 647 ETs (event trees), 219, 761 experimental plan, 316–318 Equal loudness contours, 78–79, 657 Ethics, in group decision making, methodological implications, 320 Equal weight strategy (EQW), 209 213–214 methods, 315–318 Equity theory, 411–412 Ethnic values, of workforce, 40, 41 and representation, 319–320 Equivalent comfort contours, 619 Ethnographic studies: selecting participants for, 316 EQW (equal weight) strategy, 209 of user requirements, variables in, 315–316 ERGO checklist, for auditing, 1314–1315 Employee(s): 1106–1108 for web user analysis, 1327 health and safety of, 537–538 Ergonomics. See also Human ETTO (efficiency-thoroughness of healthy organizations, 538–543 factors and ergonomics (HF/E) trade-off), 744, 791 in human-oriented work design, methodology; specific types, EU Machinery Safety Directive, 1652–1654 e.g.: Cultural ergonomics 625–626, 634 job design and differences in, defined, 3 EU Physical Agents Directive, 626, 458–459 history of, 3–4 634–635 participation in workspaces, 292 and management, 24–27 European Committee for stress of, 282–285 paradigms for, 14 Standardisation, see Comite´ technology implementation by, Ergonomics audit program Europeen´ de Normalisation 1585 (ERNAP), 1105–1108 (CEN) INDEX 1701

European Design for All Expressive kansei, 584 in training for older adults, 1464 Accessibility Network Extended Speech Intelligibility in training systems, 501 (EDeAN) Web portal, Index, 667 Feedback control, 744 1502–1503 Extensible markup language (XML), Feedforward control, 744 Eutactic behavior, 1619 1329 Feedthrough, 622 Evaluation methods, 318–319, Exterior lighting, motor vehicle, Feelings, 579. See also Affective 1344–1348, 1360 1603 engineering and design; Evaluation phase (system design External loading, 350–351 Emotions process), 54 Extraocular muscle strain, 1565 Femininity, 163 Evaluation phase (training systems), Eye, light-related damage to, FEMs (finite-element models), 374 495, 513–517 695–696 FFM (five-factor model of Evaluation research, 318–319 Eye movements, 87–88 personality), 480 Evaluator recruiting, for Eye protectors, 897–898 FHA (Federal Highway international usability Eye strain, 1564–1565 Administration), standards of, evaluations, 172–173 1538 eVDV (estimated vibration dose F Fidelity principle, 1043 value), 625 FA (factor analysis), 1164–1165 Field of view, in motor vehicles, Event-related potentials (ERPs), FAA, see Federal Aviation 1602, 1603 61, 256–257 Administration Field studies, 1317 Event tree analysis, 762–764 Facet joints, tolerance limits of, Figurative language, comprehension Event trees (ETs), 219, 761 807–808 and, 1457 Evoked potentials, 256–257 Face validity, 305 File access control, 1256 EWA (ergonomic work analysis), Facial expressions, 589–590 Filters, in eye protectors, 898 285–286 Factor analysis (FA), 1164–1165 Filtering: Exception, management by, 1623 Factorial designs, 317 in information visualizations, Exchange rates, 647 Failure modes and effects analysis 1228, 1229 Execution regulation, 1653 (FMEA), 758, 759 reducing data quantity with, 1224 Executive control, design for aging Fall arrest systems, 906–907 Finite-element models (FEMs), and, 1457 Fall hazards, 717, 718 374 Executive function system, Fall protection systems, 906–907 Fire hazards, 722–724 bottlenecks in, 1060 False alarms, 123, 968, 1677, 1679, Fire point, 720 Exercise, human space flight and, 1680 Firewall configuration, 1257 920 False assumptions, 744 First exception errors, 743 Expectancy: Familiarity beliefs, 883 First industrial revolution, 1643, and attention, 120 Fatigue: 1644 and perception, 124 and motivation and workload, First-principle models, 934–935. Expected value, maximizing, 197 1654 See also Adaptive Control of Experience sampling method of pilots and crew, 1678–1679 Thought–Rational (ACT-R) (ESM), 586–587 and situational awareness, 559 cognitive architecture Experiential training, 511 vibration, effects of, 624 Fit mapping, 330, 342–344 Experimental control, 310 Fatigue-decreased proficiency limit, Fit principle, of societal ergonomics, Experimental designs, 317 624 290 Experimental methods, see Fault trees, 761 Fitts, Paul M., 95 Empirical research Fault tree analysis, 762–764, Fitts report, 1669–1670 Experimental plan, 316–318 1088–1089 Fitts’s law, 95, 105, 147–148 Experimentwise error, 1147–1148 Feature voting strategy (VOTE), 209 and HF/E, 299 Experts, knowledge elicitation from, Federal Aviation Administration and human-computer interaction, 1325–1326 (FAA): 299 Expertise, in situation awareness, checklists used by, 1106–1107 and mathematical models, 558 and inspection, 1093 980–982 Expert systems, 225 standards of, 1538 Fitts’s List, 1625–1626 Explanation-based decision making, Federal Highway Administration 5S plus safety programs, 709 212–213 (FHA), standards of, 1538 Five-factor model of personality Explicitness, of warnings, 880 Feedback, 1616 (FFM, Big Five), 480 Exposure action value, 626 in dialogue, 1376 Fixed-scale displays, 1674–1675 Exposure limit value, 626 of human communication, 1375 Flash point, 720 1702 INDEX

Flexible manufacturing enterprises, user requirements, 1319 physical impairments, 1418–1420 1645 warnings, 876, 877 regulations, 1415–1416 Flexible office, 609 Forssman, S., 4 safety issues, 1435, 1437 Flexible production systems, 281 4C/ID (four components seizure disorders, 1420 Flexion, shoulder, 357–359 instructional design) model, universal design, 1411–1413, Flextime, 421 495 1436, 1437 Flicker, 73–74 Fovea, 68, 680 user needs-based approach, 1421 effect of, 690 Fractionation, 109 visual impairments, 1416 eliminating, 691 Frames (websites), 1335 Function allocation, 52 and luminous flux, 685 Frame of reference, for motion, 129 Functional magnetic resonance Flight crews, 1678 Framework effects (for motion), 129 imaging (fMRI), 572 Flight deck, 1674–1679 Framing, of decisions, 206–207 Functional near-infrared (fNIR) automation on, 1674–1676 France, QWL program in, 431–432 sensors, 1062–1063 conflict detection and resolution Free address office, 609 Functional requirements, 576, 1314 on, 1681 Free flight, 565, 1683–1684 and operator fatigue/circadian Frequency, vibration, 617–620 G rhythms, 1678–1679 Frequency theory, 79 Game-based learning, 1245–1247 operator performance on, Frequency weightings, 619, 620 Game-based training, 505–506 1676–1678 Friedman test, 1154 Ganglion, 829 Flight engineers, 1671 FuLL TiLT (Functional Learning Gaps, in traffic, 1605, 1606 Flight management systems (FMS), Levers—The Team Leader GDSSs (group decision support 45, 1001–1002 Toolkit) program, 512 systems), 228–230 Flight strips, 1679, 1680 Functionability testing, 1093 Gemini space program, 918 Flow, theory of, 580–581 Functional analyses, 319 Generic measures, 1141 Flowcharts, 1170 Functional dependency, 392–393 Geniculostriate pathway, 70 Flow diagrams, 468 Functionality, continuum of, Genotypes, 747 FMEA (failure modes and effects 1409–1410 German Standards Association analysis), 758, 759 Functional Learning Levers—The (DIN), 1513 fMRI (functional magnetic Team Leader Toolkit (FuLL Gestalt effects, on conflict resonance imaging), 572 TiLT) program, 512 prediction, 1680 FMS (flight management systems), Functional limitations, design for Gestalt psychology, 82 45, 1001–1002 people with, 1409–1437 Gesture-based interaction, 1401 fNIR (functional near-infrared) assistive technologies (list), Gilbreth, Frank Bunker, 388, 389 sensors, 1062–1063 1417–1418 Glare, 690, 691 Focal distance, adjusting, 1565 category of “disabled and elderly and design for aging, 1448–1449 Focus + context navigation strategy, persons,” 1410 minimizing, 1562 1226–1228 cognitive/language impairments, Glaucoma, 693 Focused attention, 121 1420 Global positioning (GPS) Focus groups, 1316 and continuum of functionality, technology, 1615 Focus groups, for web user analysis, 1409–1410 Global site design, 1334–1338 1327 demographics of, 1413–1415 Gloves, 366–368, 633, 904–905 Focusing system, 67–68 and disability as consequence, Glyphs: Follow-up sampling, 313 1410–1411 miniaturizing, 1224–1225 Food, for human space flight, documentation, readability of, visual properties of, 1212–1213 918–920 1434–1435 Goals, operators, methods, and Footwear, protective, 905–906 ergonomics research results, 1414, selection rules analysis, see Force control, design for aging and, 1415 GOMS analysis 1460 guidelines, 1415–1416, Goal-directed task analysis, 561–563 Force errors, 751 1421–1437 Goals–means task analysis, 392–393 Force-reduced algorithms, 1217 hearing impairments, 1416–1418 Goal orientation, 498, 499 Forcing functions, 750 input/controls, 1425–1432 Goal setting models (for team Ford, Henry, 537 manipulations, 1433–1434 building), 512 Forearm, anatomy of, 839 multiple impairments, 1421 Goal-setting theory, 412–414 Format: and multiplier effect, 1410 GOMS (goals, operators, methods, graphical user interface, and 95th percentile illusion, 1410 and selection rules) analysis, 177, 178 output/displays, 1421–1425 389, 392, 1379–1381 INDEX 1703

Google, 1391 Hackman and Oldham’s job Hazard connotation, 877–878 GPS (global positioning) characteristics model, 403–405 Hazard control hierarchy, 709–710, technology, 1615 Hamburg legal authority, HdA case 869 Graceful degradation, in automation, study on, 428 Hazard information, 878–879 1618 Hand, anatomy of, 838–839 Hazardous waste, 727 Grading, 342–343 Hand activity level, 846, 847 Hazard recognition phase (hazard Grandjean, E., 4 Handling, motor vehicle, 1601 analysis), 714 Grand mal seizures, 1420 Hand-transmitted vibration, 616, Hazard surveillance, 1557–1559 Graphical passwords, 1254, 1255 629–635 HAZOP (hazard and operability Graphical pragmatics, 132, 133 effects of, 630–632 analysis method), 759, 760 Graphical user interface (GUI): preventative measures for, HCI, see Human–computer color coding and affect, 178–179 632–633 interaction cross-cultural design of, 175–179 sources of, 630, 631 HCP, see Hearing Conservation icons on, 176 standards for evaluating, 633–635 Program information organization and Happiness, worker, see Worker HdA (Humanization of Working representation of, 175–176 happiness Life), see Humanization of presentation, navigation, and Happy–productive worker concept, Working Life layout of, 176–178 540 HDR (high-dynamic-range) imaging, Graphics design, for websites, 1325 Haptics, 81 677 Graphic display design, heuristics and design for aging, 1450 HDT (holistic decision tree) method, for, 1204 in design for aging, 1462 775–776 Gratings, 1183 in virtual environments, 1035 Headings, on websites, 1329, 1342 Gravity, as factor in space flight, Haptic sensory memory, 1059 Head-mounted displays (HMDs), 910–911 Hardware: 1032–1033, 1396, 1398 Great Britain, QWL program in, 432 command, 1000 Heads-up displays (HUDs), 1672 Grip strength, 366–368 for virtual environments, Headway, in traffic, 1605–1606 Ground-based CD&R, 1681 1032–1037 Health: Grounding, in dialogue, 1376 Hardware casing, in design for in AmI environments, 1362 Group decision making, 193, aging, 1463 definition of, 1663 213–217 Harmful work, 3–4 effects of automation on, 1622 biases in, 216 Harmonics, 79 noise, effects of, 656–657 ethics and social norms in, Hazard(s), 877–881. See also vibration, effects of, 624–626 213–214 Warnings workplace layout, effected by, 609 group performance, 214–215 ANSI standards for, 877–878 Health and safety initiatives, 542 prescriptive approaches to, cleanliness, clutter, and disorder, Health care, online communities for, 216–217 716–717 1239 processes for, 214–215 communication about, 727–731 Health care system, 1574–1589 Group decision support systems control measures for, 716–727 end users of, 1579–1581 (GDSSs), 228–230 defined, 869 future needs, 1589 Grouping data, in information in designing for children, human factors systems visualizations, 1228 1478–1479 approaches, 1581–1583 Group task analysis, 1326 electrical, 720–722 and human/medical error, Groupthink, 215, 456 fall and impact hazards, 717–718 1587–1589 Group usability testing, 1275–1276 fire, 722–724 medical devices and information Guards, machine, 718 in health care, 1576–1577 technology in, 1583–1587 GUI, see Graphical user interface heat, 722 occupations/professions of, 1575 Guidance-organization model (of of mechanical injury, 718–719 quality-of-care problems with, reading), 88, 89 pressure, 720 1574–1575 Guided search model, 122 related to ergonomic issues, segments of, 1575 Gustation system, 81–82 719–720 standardization, 1578–1579 Guyon tunnel syndrome, 830 temperature, 722 and system complexity, of toxic materials, 724–726 1575–1578 H transportation-related, 726 Health care teams, as systems, 1583 Habitability architecture, 915–918 Hazard analysis, 714–716 Health care technology, 1584–1587 Habitability domain, 29 Hazard and operability analysis Health information systems, Habituation, warnings and, 881 method (HAZOP), 759, 760 cross-cultural design of, 183 1704 INDEX

Health insurance, 545 HFE discipline, see Human factors Human–automation interaction, Health services industry, 1575 ergonomics discipline 1625–1632 Healthy organizations: HF/E methodology, see Human automation analysis techniques, defined, 534–535 factors and ergonomics 1631–1632 historical perspective on, methodology and dynamic function allocation, 537–538 Hick-Hyman Law, 96–97 1626–1627 productivity of, 537–543 HICs (human-interactive and Fitts’s list, 1625–1626 sustainability of, 543–546 computers), 995, 1001–1002 matching automation to human workers at, 538–543 Hidden user groups, 172–173 performance, 1627–1628 Hearing, see Audition Hierarchical clustering algorithms, and mental models, 1630–1631 Hearing aids, 668–669 1218 and multimodal feedback, 1630 Hearing Conservation Program Hierarchical structures, website, and representation aiding, (HCP), 649–653 1330 1628–1630 audiometric testing program of, Hierarchical task analysis (HTA), Human behavior/performance. See 650 390–392, 755, 756, 1314 also Mathematical models of and hearing protection devices, Hierarchies, 535, 1170 human behavior 650–653 Hierarchy of needs, 581 approaches to describing, monitoring by, 650 High-context communication style, 118–120 record system of, 650 164 knowledge-based behavior, 143 responsibility for, 649–650 High-dynamic-range (HDR) rule-based behavior, 143 training program, 650 imaging, 677 skilled-based behavior, 143 Hearing impairments, design for Highlighting technique, 122 Human capability, 1652–1654 people with, 1416–1418 High-reliability organizations Human-centered automation, Hearing loss, 1655–1656 (HROs), 790, 795 1011–1013 conductive, 1418 Hindsight bias, 735 Human-centered design, of service military-related, 654–655 HIS (human-interactive system), systems, 27, 28 noise-induced, 655–656 995 Human-compatible systems, 13–14 sensorineural, 1418 Histories: Human–computer interaction (HCI), Hearing protection device (HPD), in information visualizations, 1141, 1660–1661 900–901 1230–1231 in AmI environments, 1398–1399 in hearing conservation programs, web browser, 1331 with augmented reality, 1395, 650–653 Hit (websites), defined, 967 1397–1398 and OSHA noise exposure HMDs, see Head-mounted displays command-based, 1385 regulations, 649 HMI (human–machine interface), conversational interfaces for, and speech intelligibility/signal 1660–1661 1388–1389 detection, 668 Hoaxes, 1252 and direct manipulation, HEART (human error assessment Hogan Personality Survey, 483 1385–1388 and reduction technique), Holistic decision tree (HDT) early stages, 1384–1385 768–769 method, 775–776 evolution of, 1384–1400 Heat hazards, 722 Home care, 1581 and Fitts’s Law, 299 Hedonic tones, 580 Home page, design of, 1338, 1339 interactivity in, 1377–1378 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 41 Honeymoon effect, 467 mobile, 1391–1394 Height adjustments, workstation, Housekeeping, 712–713 with mutimodal interfaces, 1562 HPD, see Hearing protection device 1394–1395 HEIST (human error identification HRA, see Human reliability analysis and user interface adaptation in systems technique), 756, 757 HRM systems, see Human resource design, 1493–1497 Helicotrema, 77 management systems with virtual reality, 1395–1397 Helmets, safety, 898–900 HROs (high-reliability Web-based, 1389–1391 HEP (human error probability) organizations), 790, 795 Human criteria, 306 estimates, 782 HSI (human systems integration), Human digital modeling, Herzberg’s two-factor theory, 28–29, 39–40 1016–1026 402–403 HTA, see Hierarchical task analysis applications of, 1022–1024 Heuristics, 202–203, 742 HTML (Hypertext Markup challenges with, 1025 HFACS (Human Factors and Language), 1390 for cognitive-based tasks, Analysis and Classification HTML tags, 1324 1019–1021 System), 1089–1090 HUDs (heads-up displays), 1672 defined, 1016 INDEX 1705

in educational programs, descriptive methods, 313–315 decision making errors, 741–742 1024–1025 empirical research methods, in information processing, emerging opportunities, 315–318 738–740 1025–1026 evaluation methods, 318–320 and long-term memory, 740–741 evaluation of, 1021–1022 exemplary studies of, 320–326 other aspects, 744–745 foundations of, 1016–1017 goals of, 300 performance and disposition for organizational aspects of, history of, 991 errors, 742–743 1022–1025 human research participants, and tendency to minimize for physical aspects of work, 311–312 cognitive effort, 743–744 1017–1019 method selection, 299, 302–311 Human incompatibility axiom, 21 Human error(s), 553–554, 734–796 practical concerns for, 303 Human information processing, see and accident causation, 707–708 problem definition, 300, 302 Information processing and barriers, 748–751 psychometric concerns for, Human-integrated systems, 298 classifying, 751–752 303–309 Human-interactive computers in community ergonomics, 287 research process, 300–312 (HICs), 995, 1001–1002 context for, 745–748 theory, 310–311 Human-interactive system (HIS), defined, 736–737 Human factors and ergonomics 995 framework for, 737–738 standards, 1511–1547 Humanistic approach (to work), 537 in health care industry, CEN standards, 1523, 1528–1536 Humanization: 1587–1589 definition of standards, and automation, 1645 human fallibility, 738–745 1511–1512 and rationalization, 1648–1649 and human reliability analysis, ILO guidelines, 1526–1527 Humanization of work, 430–432 760–782 ISO 9000–2005 quality standards, employee participation, 430 managing, 782–790 1542, 1544–1547 Humanization of Working Life, perspectives on, 734–736 ISO standards, 1513–1526 423–430 predicting, 715, 752–761, U.S. standards, 1527, 1537–1544 QWL Programs, 430–432 766–768 Human factors engineering, 38–54 Humanization of Working Life and resilience in organizational in current environment, 38–41 (HdA), 423–430 culture, 790–795 and definition of a system, 43–48 Bosch, case study, 425–427 and safety management system, as domain, 28–29 goals of, 424 1682 history of, 41–43 Hamburg legal authority, case and situation-awareness, 553–554 and system design, 48–54 study, 428 and supervisory control, Human factors ergonomics (HFE) Peiner AG, case study, 428–430 1006–1007 discipline, 3–33 quantitative analysis of, 424–426 Human error assessment and Committee on Human-Systems total branch, case study, 427 reduction technique (HEART), Integration, 29, 31 Volkswagen, case study, 427 768–769 distinguishing features, 14–18 Human limitations, HF/E and, 310 Human error identification in and ecological compatibility, Human–machine interaction, 59, 387 systems technique (HEIST), 13–14 Human–machine interface (HMI), 756, 757 ergonomics competency and 1660–1661 Human error management, 782–790 literacy, 16, 19 Human–machine systems, 7–8 Human error probability (HEP) ergonomics design, 19–23 Human-oriented work design, estimates, 782 future challenges, 32, 33 1648–1661 Human factors: human-centered design of service automation, 1650, 1651 defined, 38, 1355 systems, 27, 28 ergonomics, 1649–1650 as framework for interactivity, human–system interactions, 5–12 humanization and rationalization, 1378–1379 human–systems integration, 1648–1649 role of task analysis in, 386–387 28–29 human–machine interface, Human Factors and Analysis and International Ergonomics 1660–1661 Classification System Association, 30–32 manual load handling, 1659–1660 (HFACS), 1089–1090 management and ergonomics, methods for, 1652 Human factors and ergonomics 24–27 objective target of, 1648 (HF/E) methodology, 298–326 paradigms for ergonomics, 14 tools in, 1656–1657 case study, 307–309 theoretical ergonomics, 23–24 workers in, 1652–1654 and control vs. representation, 310 Human fallibility, 737–745. See also working environment, 1654–1656 defined, 298 Human error workplace design, 1657–1659 1706 INDEX

Human-oriented work design restraints for, 921–922 I (continued) and self-sustenance, 918–920 Icons: work structuring, 1650 and sleep, 922–923 in design for aging, 1462 work system elements, unique factors in, 910–911 on graphical user interfaces, 176 1651–1652 vehicle maintenance during, on websites, 1330 Human performance modeling, 42, 920–921 Iconic sensory memory, 1059 931–959 Human strong points, concept of, Idea generation techniques, 216 and ACT-R, 949–952 418–419 Identification, perception and, 125 and AMBR, 952–954 Human supervisory control, Identification acuity, 73 integrating approaches to, 990–1013 IDS (intrusion detection systems), 957–958 applications of, 992–993 1261–1263 performance measures for, and aviation technology, IEA, see International Ergonomics 933–934 1001–1002 Association problems applied to, 933–934 and computer usage for planning IEA checklists, for audits, 1103, questions for, 933–934 and learning, 997–1000 1104 sample applications for, 958–959 defined, 990–991 IFs (influencing factors), 746 and simulation models, 935–949 future of, 1011–1013 Illnesses: and task network models, history of, 991–992 classifications of, 705–706 935–949 and human error/reliability, monitoring of, 713 Human reliability, 47–48 1006–1007 Illuminance meter, 677 Human reliability analysis (HRA), illustrated by telerobot, 998, 1000 Illumination, 72, 673–696 715, 760–782 and intervention, 1005–1007 and affect, 694–695 benchmarking, 781 modeling, 1007–1010 and circadian system, 694 CREAM, 776–781 and monitoring/detection of and CRT monitors, 1182–1183 dependencies, 781–782 failures, 1002–1005 definition of, 673 HEART, 768–769 policies for, 1010–1011 and design for aging, 1448–1449 and HEP estimates, 782 programming tasks for, and human visual system, holistic decision tree method, 1000–1002 679–683 775–776 social implications of, 1013 measurement of, 674–677 methods, 764–765 supervisory levels and stages, production of, 677–679 NARA, 769 996–997 of reflective displays, 1181 probabilistic risk assessment, supervisory roles and hierarchy, and suprathreshold visual 760–764 993–996 performance, 686–689 SLIM, 773–775 Human sustainability, 545 and threshold visual performance, SPAR-H, 769–771 Human–system augmentation, 683–686 THERP, 766–768 1064–1067 and tissue damage, 695–696 time-related methods, 771–773 Human–system interactions, 5–12, and visual capabilities of Human resource management 1517–1520 individuals, 692–693 (HRM) systems, 1662–1664 Human–system interface technology, and visual comfort, 689–692 age as factor in, 1662 27 Illusions, 125 occupational health, 1663–1664 Human–systems integration (HSI), Muller–Lyer illusion, 125 qualification in, 1662–1663 28–29, 39–40 Poggendorf illusion, 125 sociodemographic change in, Hyperabduction syndrome, 830 in virtual environments, 1662 Hyperacusis, 656 1039–1040 Human resource planning, 27 Hypercolumn, 71 ILO (International Labor Human rights principal, 291 Hyperlinks: Organization), 1526 Human space flight, 910–925 and cross-cultural Web design, ILO-OSH (International Labor and anthropometry/biomechanics, 179–181 Organization guidelines for 911–913 labels for, 1329 occupational safety and health architecture for, 915–918 marks for links visited, 1331 management systems), astronaut selection for, 924–925 Hypermedia, cross-cultural design 1526–1527 environmental factors in, for, 179–182 Images, on websites, 1330, 1340 913–915 Hypertext Markup Language Image-guided navigation systems, mission constraints, 911 (HTML), 1390 45 mission duration, 911 Hypovigilance (diminishing Impact hazards, 717, 718 and perception/cognition, 923–924 vigilance), 1654 IMPRINT models, 957–959 INDEX 1707

Incidence rates of accidents, approaches to, 118–120 Information structures: 713–714 and cognition, 165–168 combinations of, 1220–1221 Incident-reporting systems (IRSs), cognitive engineering/ergonomic for cross-cultural Web design, 787–790 approach to, 119 179–181 Independence axiom, 20, 21 comprehension and cognition, spatial and temporal, 1215 Independent t-test, 1150–1151 133–143 tabular, 1213–1215 Independent variables, 316 direct manipulation interfaces, text and document collection, Index of difficulty, 980 118 1220 Index terms, for keyword search, ecological approach to, 118 tree and network, 1215–1220 1334 fallibility of, 738–740 in visualizations, 1213–1221 Indication, 1095 information selection for, Information systems, automation of, Indifference methods for preference 120–122 1674–1676 assessments, 221 limitations of humans’, Information theory: Indirect communications, 874 1058–1061 applications of, 968–970 Indirect measurements, of in multiple-task performance, and search and decision preference, 222, 224 148–151 components, 997 Individualism, 163 and naturalistic decision making, and signal detection theory, Indoor work systems, lighting 118–119 976–977 standards for, 1522, 1523 and perception/data interpretation, Information visualizations, Induced motion, 88 122–133 1209–1232 Industrial democracy, 278. See also selective, 203–204 defined, 1209 Quality of working life (QWL) stage approach to, 118 and design for aging, 1462 programs Information-processing model, 114, designs of, 1211–1212 Industrial ergonomics, 25 120–121 future directions, 1231, 1232 Industrialization, 1643–1644 Information searching, in information structure in, Industrial revolutions, 1643, 1644 cross-cultural psychology, 1213–1221 Industrial safety helmets, 166–167 and insight, 1209–1211 898–900 Information security, 1250–1265 interaction strategies for, Inference, 204–205 auditing/logging, 1260–1261 1228–1231 Inferencing language, 1457 and e-commerce transactions, navigation strategies for, Infiltrating macrophages, 843 1259–1260 1225–1228 Inflammation, 843 and encryption, 1258–1259 overview strategies for, Influence diagrams, 219–220, 747 and file access control, 1256 1221–1225 Influencing factors (IFs), 746 and firewall configuration, 1257 visual analytics, 1231 Informal hierarchies, 536 implications of, 1263 visualization pipeline, Informal learning, 509 and intrusion detection, 1212–1213 Information: 1261–1263 Infrared radiation, 695–696 abstract, 1211 and password selection and Infrared thermography (IRT), organization of, 166, 175–176 memorability, 1253–1255 591 redundant, 1453 security breaches in, 1251–1252 Initiating events, 761 on websites, 1332–1343 solutions for, 1263–1265 Initiator human events, 761 Information acquisition automation, taxonomy of, 1252–1253 Injuries. See also specific types 1623 and third-party authentication, classifications of, 705–706 Informational aids, 518 1255–1256 mechanical, 718–719 Information analysis, 1623 usability design flaws of, Injury prevention, designing for Information architecture, of 1253–1263 children and, 1476, 1477 websites, 1325 and web server configuration, Injury surveillance, 1557–1559 Information axiom, 20–21 1256–1257 In-line tools, 368 Information design, for websites, Information selection: Inputs, 1425–1432 1325 and confusability, 121 Input-correlated error, 622 Information processing, 117–151, and discrimination, 121 Input devices, design for aging and, 871. See also and focused attention, 121 1462–1463 Communication–human and selective attention, 120–121 Insight, 1209–1211 information processing (C-HIP) and visual search, 121–122 Inspection: model; Learning Information sources, for usability for auditing, 1092–1096 and action selection, 143–148 testing, 1304 types of, 1093–1094 1708 INDEX

Inspection tasks: in information visualizations, International Organization for and mathematical models of 1228–1231 Standardization, see ISO human behavior, 975–977 in virtual environments, 1036 International Space Station (ISS), signal detection theory applied to, Interactive complexity, 747 911, 913–920, 925 968 Interactive navigation displays, International Standard 2631, 624, Institutional review board (IRB), 1331 625 312 Interactive Situation Awareness International usability evaluations, Instructions: Trainer (ISAT), 560 171–174 and designs for aging, 1463 Interactivity, 1374–1402 Internet, 1038. See also specific for international usability defined, 1374 related topics, e.g.: Websites evaluations, 173–174 emerging challenges and trends Internet recruitment, 478 on warnings, 879–880 in, 1400–1402 Interpersonal competence, 462 Instructional labels, safety and evolution of interaction, Interpersonal processes, for teams, information on, 729 1384–1400 465 Instructional strategies for training, in HCI, 1377–1378 Interpersonal relations models, 512 501–512 in human communication, Interposition, 127 behavior modeling, 506 1374–1377 Interpreters, for international collaborative learning, 508 of instructional strategies, 501 usability evaluations, 173 cultural training strategies, theoretical frameworks for, Interruption management, 149–150 510–511 1378–1384 Intervention orientation, 277 distance learning, 506, 507 Interchangeability, of human Interviews: e-learning, 507 communication, 1375 in affective and pleasurable error training, 508–509 Intercoders, 1168–1169 design, 587 internationalization-based Interest groups, online communities for auditing, 1111 strategies, 509–512 for, 1239 in descriptive studies, 314 and learner control, 508 Interface design, 53 of online communities, 1242 multicultural team training Interfaces. See also Graphical user for web user analysis, 1326–1327 strategies, 511–512 interface (GUI); User interface Interview-based audit system, 1111 on-the-job training, 509 adaptation design Intra-active touch, 81 simulation-based training/games, ANSI standards for software user, Intractable systems, 395 505–506 1540, 1541 Intramodality, 629 stress exposure training, 509 conversational, 1388–1389 Intrusion detection, 1261–1263 for teams, 501, 504 ecological interface design, 50, Intrusion detection systems (IDS), technology-based strategies, 1329 1261–1263 504–509 human–machine, 1660–1661 Inventories, 468 Instructional systems development human–system, 27 Invertibility, of visual mapping (ISD) model, 495–496 multimodal, 1394–1395 function, 1212 Instrumentation, aviation, objects/actions interface model, IQ, 1420 1668–1669, 1675–1676 1328–1329 IRB (institutional review board), 312 Integral displays, 1200–1201 for remotely piloted vehicles, iRoom, 1364–1365 Integral stimulus dimensions, 1683 Irrelevant probe paradigm, 257 1191 WIMP, 175, 1386–1387 Irritants, 724 Integrative model of decision Intermodality, 629 IRSs (incident reporting systems), making, 193–196 Internal loading, 350–351 787–790 Integrity compromises, 1251–1252 International Ergonomics IRT (infrared thermography), 591 Intellectual activity, 579 Association (IEA), 3, 4, 30–32 ISAT (Interactive Situation Intellectual disability, design for Internationalization, 174–175 Awareness Trainer), 560 people with, 1420 Internationalization-based strategies, ISD (instructional systems Intelligence, practical, 479 509–512 development) model, 495–496 Intelligent monitoring, 48 International Labor Organization ISO (International Organization for Intelligent tutoring system (ITS), (ILO), 1526 Standardization): 519, 520 International Labor Organization history of, 1513 Intent errors, 784–785 guidelines for occupational standardization process, Intention kansei, 584–585 safety and health management 1513–1515 Interaction: systems (ILO-OSH), structure of, 1513, 1516 in AmI environments, 1360–1361 1526–1527 and Vienna Agreement, 1523 INDEX 1709

ISO 9000–2000 (quality biological approach, 444, 450–451 Judgments, debiasing of, 204–205 management standards), 1542, combining tasks in, 459–460 Just-in-time (JIT), 1646 1544–1547 data source choosing for, 466–467 ISO standards, for ergonomics, definition of, 441 K 1513–1526 examples of, 468–469 Kansei engineering, 583–585 for anthopometry/biomechanics, implementation advice for, Kelley’s attribution theory, 414 1513, 1516, 1517 459–462 Keyboards, positioning of, 1563 for control centers, 1520 importance of, 441–442 Keyhole problem, 1222 for controls/signalling methods, and job analysis, 467–468 Keyword search, 1333–1334 1517–1518 and job satisfaction, 538 Kinetospheres, 607 for human–system interaction, long-term effects of, 467 Kirkpatrick’s four-level model, 1517–1520 measurement/evaluation of, 514–517 ISO 2631, 624, 625 465–469 Kneeling/balance chair, 602 ISO 5349, 634 mechanistic approach, 443–445 Knowledge, skills, abilities, and ISO 7731–1986(E), 662–664 motivational approach, 443–446, other characteristics (KSAOs), ISO 10819, 633 449, 457 476 for lighting of indoor work for MSD prevention, 849–850 Knowledge, skills, and attitudes, see systems, 1522, 1523 in office ergonomics programs, KSAs and mental saturation, 1654 1560 Knowledge-based behavior, 143 for mental workload, 1513 perceptual/motor approach, 444, Knowledge-based errors, 148 for noisy environments, 450 Knowledge-based performance, 211, 1521–1522 potential biases of, 467 212, 743 for physical environments, procedures, 457 Knowledge capital approach, 1520–1523 questionnaire usage for, 465–466 1127–1128 for software ergonomics, and resistance to change, 459 Knowledge elicitation (websites), 1519–1520 steps for, 457 1325–1328 for thermal environments, strategic choices for, 459 Knowledge kansei, 584 1520–1521 task combination methods, Knowledge mapping, 219 for visual displays, 1518–1519 460–461 Knowledge of performance, 109 for visual display terminals, and variance analysis, 468 Knowledge of results (KR), 109–110 1518–1519 and worker differences, 458–459 Krippendoff’s alpha, 1169 ISS, see International Space Station Job Diagnostic Survey, 404–405 Kruskal–Wallis test, 1154 ITS (intelligent tutoring system), Job enlargement, 420 KSAs (knowledge, skills, and 519, 520 Job enrichment, 419–420 attitudes), 483, 491 J Job performance, in job analysis, assessments in virtual Jastrezebowski, B. W., 3–4 477 environments, 1044 JD Power automotive surveys, Job rotation, 420 requirements for teamwork, 462, 1600–1601 Job satisfaction: 463 JIT (just-in-time), 1646 effects of automation on, 1622 and team design, 452 JMorph library, 1494–1497, and performance, 536 and teamwork, 462–464 1503–1504 and productivity, 538–539 teamwork test, example from, 463 Job aids, 518–520 Job severity index (JSI), 815 KSAOs (knowledge, skills, and Job analysis, 25, 476–477 Job sharing, 421 attitudes, and other methods for, 467–468 Job stress, 282–283, 540 characteristics), 476 in office ergonomics programs, Job surveys: Kyphotic spine, 602 1559–1560 in office ergonomics programs, procedures, for WMSD, 855 1558–1559, 1565 L in training analysis, 496 for WMSDs, 853 Labels, for website components, Job characteristics model, 403–405 Jog dials, 1463 1329–1330 Job crafting, 462 John Henry effect, 785 Labile preferences, 207–208 Job design, 52–53, 441–451, Joint cognitive systems, 385 Labor unions, 702, 703 457–462, 465–469 Joint HEPs, 768 Lamp life, 678 accident prevention with, 709 Joint-optimization principle, 278 Language: advantages/disadvantages of, 444 JSI (job severity index), 815 and cross-cultural psychology, approaches, trade-offs among, Judgment-based level of 168 460–461 performance, 211 and design for aging, 1456–1457 1710 INDEX

Language (continued) Ligament tolerance, 354, 355, 807 Logging, information security, for graphical user interface, Light: 1260–1261 176–177 colorimetric quantities of, 674, Lombard reflex, 664 of international usability 676 Longitudinal studies, 313 evaluations, 173 and display design, 1185–1186 Long-term memory (LTM), Language impairments, design for distribution of, 678 738, 739 people with, 1420 output of, 678, 679 and human fallibility, Language processing, see photometric quantities of, 675 740–741 Text/language processing Light adaptation, design for aging and situation awareness, 247 Laptop computers: and, 72, 1448–1449 Long-term orientation, 163 ergonomic guidelines for, Lighting. See also Illumination Long-term working memory 1563–1564 exterior, of motor vehicle, 1603 (LTWM), 135, 247–248 for telecommuters, 1567–1568A for human space flight, 914–915, Lordotic spine, 602 Large Scale Networking (LSN) 917–918, 922–923 LOSA (line-oriented safety audit), Coordinating Group, 1038 of indoor work systems, 1522, 1110 Latent designer errors, 735 1523 Loss of limbs/digits, design for Latent errors, 735, 1587–1589 ISO standards for, 1522, 1523 people with, 1419 Latent semantic analysis, of standards for Indoor work Loudness (of noise), 657–659 websites, 1329 systems, 1522, 1523 Lou Gehrig’s disease, design for Lateralized readiness potential, 105 in working environment, 1655 people with, 1420 Layering algorithms, 1217 Lightness, 72–73 Low back disorders (LBDs), 362, Layoffs, effect of, on organizational Light therapy, 694 801–820 health, 545 Likelihood alarms, 124 assessment methods, 814–818 Layout, graphical user interface, Limbs, loss of, 1419 biomechanics of, 804–814 176–178 Linear regression, 1159–1161 epidemiology of, 803–804 LBDs, see Low back disorders Linear structures of websites, 1330 ergonomic change to manage, L cone, 1186 Line-of-sight ambiguity, 127 818–820 Lean management, 1662 Line-oriented safety audit (LOSA), and incidence of low-back Learner control, 508 1110 disorders, 801 Learning. See also Training Link, Edwin, 998 magnitude of, 802–803 and health care technology Links, Web page, 1339 occupational biomechanical logic implementation, 1585, 1586 Link approach (for tree information for, 804 and human communication, structures), 1216–1217 risk control categories, 801–802 1375 Linking data, in information Low-context communication style, Learning disabilities, design for visualizations, 1228 164 people with, 1420 Literacy, ergonomics, 16, 19 Low-end receivers, warnings for, Learning styles, 498 Literature tables, 1170 888 Legally blind (term), 1416 LMM (lumbar motion monitor), Low vision, 693 Legibility, of warnings, 877 816–817 LSN (Large Scale Networking) Lehman, G., 4 Loads, manual handling of, Coordinating Group, 1038 Length–strength relationship, 1659–1660 LTM, see Long-term memory 351–352 Loading: LTWM (long-term working Level-dependent augmented HPDs, external vs. internal, 350–351 memory), 135, 247–248 668 and wrist anatomy, 364–365 Luddites, 1615–1616, 1635 Levers, 350, 351 Load times, Web page, Lumbar kyphosis, 602 Lewin, Kurt, 282, 291 1340–1341 Lumbar motion monitor (LMM), Lexicographic ordering principle Load tolerance, 348, 354–356, 816–817 (LEX) strategy, 209 806–810 Lumbar spinal units, tolerance limits Lexicographic semiorder strategy Localization, 174–175, 1449 of, 806–807 (LEXSEMI), 209 Locke’s goal-setting theory, Luminance, 72, 674, 675, 683, LI (lifting index), 370–371, 816 412–414 1181. See also Illumination Licensing requirements, driver, Locomotion, design for aging and, Luminance contrast, 682–683 1596–1597 1459 Luminance meter, 677 Life-cycle costing, 1123 Locus-of-slack logic, 978 Luminous efficacy, 678 Lifting, injuries due to, 719 Log analysis, for online Luminous flux, 674, 685 Lifting index (LI), 370–371, 816 communities, 1242 Luminous intensity, 674 INDEX 1711

M defined, 1643 and vigilance decrement, 973–975 McClelland’s theory of acquired design principles for, 1661–1662 and visual search, 970–972 needs, 405–406 and history of production and warning devices, 983–984 McGregor’s x- and y-theory, 402 engineering, 1643–1645 Matrixes, 1170 Machinery Safety Directive (EU), and human factors in production, MAUT (multiattribute utility 625–626, 634 1647–1648 theory), 198–199, 1143–1144 Machine tools, ANSI standards for, and human-oriented work design, MAXIMAX (maximize maximum 1540–1541 1648–1661 gain) strategy, 209 Macrocognition, 1625 and human resource management, Maximize maximum gain strategy Macroergonomics, 4, 42, 279–281, 1662–1664 (MAXIMAX), 209 292 and production systems, Maximum acceptable forces, 846 Macular degeneration, 693 1645–1647 Maximum permissible limit (MPL), Magnitude, of vibration, 617, 618 Maps, 1169–1170 369–370, 815, 816 Magnitude errors, 751 Mapping, in display design, MBO (management by objectives), Magnocellular pathway, 70 1194–1196, 1198–1201 413–414 Maintenance: Marketing: MCC (Mission Control Center), 911 aviation, 1681–1682 affective design in, 573–574 MCD (majority of confirming human error in, 786–787 affective engineering and design dimensions) strategy, 209 during human space flight, in, 573 M cone, 1186 920–921 emotions in, 573 MD (muscular dystrophy), design preventative, 712–713 Mars day circadian entrainment, 923 for people with, 1420 Majority of confirming dimensions Masculinity, 163 Meaning-processing approach (to (MCD) strategy, 209 Masking, 659–662 display design), 1193–1204 Malicious code, 1251 with broadband noise, 661 coherence problem with, 1194 Malware, 1251 and critical b, 661, 662 correspondence problem with, Management: and spectral considerations, 1193–1194 and ergonomics, 24–27 660–661 example-based tutorial, work motivation as concern of, upward spread of, 660–661 1196–1204 422 Masking thresholds, 659–660 mapping problem with, Management by consent, 1623 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 1194–1196 Management by exception, 1623 399–401 Measures, 1141 Management by objectives (MBO), Massively multiplayer online Measures of sensitivity, 61–65 413–414 role-playing games Meatpacking Plants, Ergonomics Management decision systems, 224 (MMORPGs), 1045–1046, Program Management Management integration, 25 1238, 1240 Guidelines for, 1538 Management Interest Inventory, 483 Massively multiplayer virtual worlds Mechanical impedance, of human Management of Work-Related (MMVWs), 1046 body, 627 Musculoskeletal Disorders Master–servant rule, 702 Mechanical injuries, 718–719 (MSD), 1540 Material safety data sheets Mechanistic job design approach, Management Oversight and Risk (MSDSs), 729 443–445 Tree (MORT) program, 711, Mathematical models of human advantages/disadvantages of, 748, 1089 behavior, 962–985 443–445 Manipulations, for people with activity network models, 964–965 design recommendations for, 443 functional limitations, applied to automated inspection, historical development of, 443 1433–1434 977 worksheet defining preference for, MANOVA (multivariate ANOVA) and dual-task performance, 978 458 test, 1153–1154 information theory applied to, Median neuritis, see Carpal tunnel Manpower domain, 28 968–970 syndrome (CTS) Manuals, 519, 729 and inspection tasks, 975–977 Medical devices, standardization of, Manual control: and memory search, 972–973 1578–1579 and task variables, 623 and OP diagrams, 965–966 Medical errors, 1587–1589 vibration effects of, 622–623 and psychomotor processes, Medical inspection, 1093 and vibration variables, 623–624 979–982 Medical management, 855–860 Manual handling, of loads, signal detection theory applied to, Medical technologies, 1583–1587 1659–1660 967–968 design, 1584 Manufacturing, 1643–1665 and training systems, 983 risk–benefit assessment, 1584 1712 INDEX

Medical treatment, for WUEDs, physiological measures of, MMVWs (massively multiplayer 856, 859 256–257 virtual worlds), 1046 Medicine. See also Health care primary task workload Mobile computing, cross-cultural system assessment, 249–250 design for, 182–183 neuroergonomic applications for, and SA measures, 260 Mobile interaction, 1391–1394, 1075 secondary task measures of, 1400–1401 virtual environments in, 250–252 Mobile phones, 182, 183 1046–1048 situation awareness vs., Mobile usability laboratories, workload and SA assessments in, 245–249 1276–1277 263 spare capacity, 246 Mobile Web, 1394, 1400–1401 Memory. See also Working memory and supervisory control, 1007 Modality, action selection and, 147 in behavioral decision-making and training, 263–264 Mode confusion, in aviation, 1673 model, 203–204 during transportation, 261–262 Mode errors, 148, 785, 1205, 1617 and design for aging, 1453–1456 workload judgments, 255 Model-driven DSSs, 224 episodic, 740, 1454–1455 workload ratings, 254–255 Model human processor (MHP), long-term, 247, 738–741 Mentoring, 509 1067–1069, 1379–1381 and personal experience, 881 MENTOR tool, 1491–1493 Moderators, for international prospective, 1455–1456 Meta-analysis, 311 usability evaluations, 171–172 semantic, 740, 1456 Metacognition, 142–143 Moments, of biomechanical loads, sensory, 1059 Metacognitive control processes, 350, 362–363 short-term, 247 142 Monitors. See also CRT monitors and situation awareness, 247–248 Metacognitive knowledge, 142 distance and height of, 1565 source errors in, 1456 Metamers, 1186 dual, 1563 Memory probe measures of SA, Metaphors, 175–176 positioning of, 1563 252 Method of limits, 62 Monotony, motivation/workload Memory search, 972–973, 975–976 Method selection, 299, 302–303, and, 1654 Memory search models, applied to 320 Mood, in marketing, 573 toxicology, 973 Metz, B., 4 MORT program, see Management Memory set size, 972 MFDs (multifunction displays), Oversight and Risk Tree Memory trap, 559 1672, 1675 program Mental models: MHP (model human processor), Motion, 616. See also Vibration errant, 559–560 1067–1069, 1379–1381 apparent, 128 and long-term memory, 740, 741 Michelson contrast, 1184 induced, 88 Mental retardation, design for Microcognition, 1625 and measurement of vibration, people with, 1420 Microphones, 644–645 617–618 Mental saturation, 1654 Military-related hearing loss, and muscle force, 352, 353 Mental workload, 243–264 654–655 perception of, 87–88, 1449 adaptive automation, 262–263 MINIMAX (minimize maximum and vision, 620–622 and attention, 245–247 loss) strategy, 209 Motion parallax, 86, 127 disassociations among workload Minimize maximum loss strategy Motion perception, 128–129 measures, 259–260 (MINIMAX), 209 Motion sickness, 616, 628–629 display design, 263 Mirrors, 1448 causes of, 628–629 empirical research case study on, Mir space station, 919, 920 and oscillatory motion, 629 318 Mismatch negativity, 61 and vestibular system, 80 ISO standards for, 1513 Miss, defined, 967 Motion sickness dose value in medicine, 263 Missing digits or limbs, design for (MSDV), 629 metrics of, 249–261 people with, 1419 Motivation, 397–433, 1653 multidimensional absolute Mission Control Center (MCC), content theories, 399–408 immediate ratings, 254–255 911 effects of monotony on, 1654 multiple measures of, 258–261 Mixed-subject design, 317 and fatigue, 1654 optimizing system performance, Mixing costs, 102–103 involvement and empowerment, 261–264 MJDQ, see Multimethod Job Design 415–416 performance measures for, Questionnaire Porter and Lawler’s motivation 249–252 MMORPGs, see Massively model, 409–411 and performance operating multiplayer online role-playing process models, 408–415 characteristics, 250–251 games remuneration, 416 INDEX 1713

of trainees, 499–500 Movement, 616. See also Vibration Multiple resonance theory (MRT), for warning compliance, and control, 147–148 1060 883–884 in cross-cultural design, 170 Multiple sclerosis (MS), design for work design, 416–422 and design for aging, 1458–1460 people with, 1419–1420 Motivational job design approach, and somatosensory system, 629 Multiple simultaneous participants, 443–446, 449 stereotypes of, in spatial usability testing for, 1275–1276 advantages/disadvantages of, cognition, 146–147 Multiple-task performance, 102–104 449–450 and vestibular system, 629 concurrent processing, 150 design recommendations for, 449 MPL, see Maximum permissible parallel processing, 148 historical development of, limit psychological refractory period 443–444, 446 MPTQ, 483 effect, 103–104 and worker satisfaction, 458–459 MRT (multiple resonance theory), resource allocation, 151 worksheet defining preference for, 1060 serial processing and interruption 458 MS (multiple sclerosis), design for management, 149–150 Motivation principle, 538 people with, 1419–1420 task similarity, 150 Motor control, 104–110 MSDs, see Musculoskeletal and task structure, 150–151 control of action, 104–106 disorders task-switching and mixing costs, coordination of effectors, 106–107 MSDSs (material safety data 102–103 methods, 104 sheets), 729 Multiplier effect (design for people motor learning and acquisition of MSDV (motion sickness dose with functional limitations), skill, 108–110 value), 629 1410 sequencing and timing of action, Muller–Lyer illusion, 125 Multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) 107–108 Multiattribute utility models, test, 1153–1154 Motor job design approach, see 1124–1125, 1128 Munsell Book of Colors, 75 Perceptual/motor job design Multiattribute utility theory Munsell color system, 674, 676 approach (MAUT), 198–199, 1143–1144 Muscle, 843–844 Motor learning, 108–110 Multicultural training, 510 Muscle force, velocity and, 352, 353 Motor rehabilitation, virtual Multidimensional absolute Muscle recruitment, 375 environments for, 1047–1048 immediate ratings, 254–255 Muscle strain, 354 Motor unit, 843 Multidimensional data, 1213 Muscle tolerance, 354 Motor vehicles, classifications of, Multidimensional loads, predicting Muscular disorders, caused by 1597–1598 effect of, 374 vibration, 632 Motor vehicle crashes, 1599–1600 Multidimensional outcomes, Muscular dystrophy (MD), design Motor vehicle design, 1600–1607 1143–1144 for people with, 1420 controls and displays, 1603, 1604 Multidimensional scaling, 1224 Muscular strength, see Strength customer surveys on, 1600–1601 Multidimensional work Musculoskeletal discomfort, office driver assistance and warning qualifications, 1661 ergonomics for, 1568–1569 systems, 1607 Multifactor theories of accident Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). and driver distraction/overload, causation, 707 See also Work-related 1606–1607 Multifunction displays (MFDs), musculoskeletal disorders driving performance, 1604–1606 1672, 1675 defined, 826–827 exterior lighting, 1603 Multilevel controls, for automation, OSHA guidelines for ride quality, 1601–1602 1624–1625 approaching, in workplace, vehicle handling, 1601 Multimethod Job Design 1539–1540 vehicle packaging, 1602–1603 Questionnaire (MJDQ), 443, pathomechanical/ Motor vehicle transportation, 445–446, 450 pathophysiological models 1596–1609 Multimodal input/output devices, for for, 841–845 context for, 1596–1599 virtual environments, Musculoskeletal injuries, prevention crash statistics and safety devices, 1032–1036 of, 849–850 1599–1600 Multimodal interaction design, Musculoskeletal system: sources of further information, 1039 biomechanics of, 351 1607–1609 Multimodal interfaces, 1394–1395 and posture, 603 vehicle design, 1600–1607 Multinational organizational design, Mutagens, 725 Mouse: 290 Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, 483 and design for aging, 1458 Multiple axis vibration, 623 Myers effect, 206 positioning of, 1563 Multiple-group design, 317 Myopia, 67 1714 INDEX

N Network diagrams, 468 instrumentation for measuring, NACA (National Advisory Networked structures, of websites, 641–647 Committee for Aeronautics), 1330 metrics for, 647–649 1668 Network information structures, nonauditory health effects, Nanoergonomics, 32 1217–1220 656–657 NARA (nuclear action reliability Neural networks, 226 perceptual effects, 657–659 assessment), 769 Neuritis, see Carpal tunnel signal detection in, 659–664, Narratives, for eliciting knowledge, syndrome (CTS) 667–670 1326 Neuroendocrine stress, 283 and speech, 664–670 NASA, see National Aeronautics Neuroergonomics, 42, 522, task performance effects, 656 and Space Administration 1057–1076 in working environment, National Academy of Engineering, applications of, 1073–1075 1655–1656 16 cognitive state assessors in, in workplaces, 609 National Advisory Committee for 1061–1063 Noise control engineering, 653 Aeronautics (NACA), 1668 controllers in, 1067–1073 Noise hazards, 719, 720 National Aeronautics and Space goal of, 1057–1058 Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), Administration (NASA), 910, human–system augmentation 655–656 913–917, 921–925, 1085–1086 with, 1064–1067 Noise-induced permanent threshold National Institute for Occupational and information-processing shift (NIPTS), 655, 656 Safety and Health (NIOSH): limitations of humans, Noise-induced temporary threshold lifting guide and revised equation 1058–1061 shift (NITTS), 655 of, 368–371, 815–816 Neuroimaging, 61 Noisiness, 659 and WMSDs, 826 Neurological basis, for emotions, Noisy environments, ISO standards National Occupational Research 570–571 for, 1521–1523 Agenda (NORA), 826 Neurological disorders, caused by Nominal group technique (NGT), Naturalistic decision making, vibration, 632 216–217 118–119, 211–213, 1677–1678 Neuromuscular impairments, Nominal HEPs, 766 Naturalistic observation, for web 1419 Nominal protection factor (NPF), user analysis, 1327 Neurovascular compression 897 Natural language processing (NLP), syndrome, 830 Nondestructive inspection (NDI), 1388–1389 NextGen (Next Generation Air 1095 Natural light, 677–678 Transportation System), 45, Nonfunctional requirements, 1314 Nature and Industry, 3–4 244, 996–997, 1000 Nonlinear navigation strategy, Navigation: NGT (nominal group technique), 1226 and cross-cultural Web design, 216–217 Nonparametric tests, 1148–1149 179–181 NIHL (noise-induced hearing loss), Nonresponsive bias, 314 in information visualizations, 655–656 Nonroutine events, 1578 1225–1228 95th percentile illusion, 1410 Nonterritorial office, 609 in virtual environments, 1040 NIOSH, see National Institute for Nonverbal language, 173 on websites, 1325, 1331–1332 Occupational Safety and Health Nonverbal warnings, 882 Navigation controls, 1331 NIPTS (noise-induced permanent NORA (National Occupational NDI (nondestructive inspection), threshold shift), 655, 656 Research Agenda), 826 1095 NITTS (noise-induced temporary Normal working area, 170 Neck, work design for biomechanics threshold shift), 655 Norman, Donald A., 1382 of, 359–361 NLP (natural language processing), Normative decision making, Neck tension syndrome, 829 1388–1389 196–199 Needs hierarchy theory, 399–401 Node–link approach (network Normative pleasure, 574 Negative affect, 694–695 information systems), 1217 Normative prescriptive models, 741 Negative priming, 100 Noise, 123, 638–670. See also Norway, QWL program in, 430 Negligence, theory of, 727 Audition; Sound NPF (nominal protection factor), Negotiation support systems (NSSs), auditory effects of, 653–656 897 229 decibel scale, 639–641 NSSs (negotiation support systems), NEO Five-Factor Inventory, 483 fundamental parameters, 639 229 Nested hierarchy, 971 and human space flight, 914 Nuclear action reliability assessment Networks, for virtual environments, industrial regulations and (NARA), 769 1038 abatement, 649–653 Nuremberg Code, 311 INDEX 1715

O Occupational Safety and Health Act Olfactory interaction, in virtual Objects/actions interface model of 1970, 1538 environments, 1035–1036 (websites), 1328–1329 Occupational Safety and Health One-dimensional anthropometry, Objective data, 1140 Administration (OSHA), 703 169 Objective measurements, of affect, and accident investigation, 1086 One-dimensional work 589–590 accident reporting, 713 qualifications, 1661 Objective method, 307 average noise level, 648 One-question posttask usability Objectives, training, 498, 499 and decibel exchange rates, 647 questionnaires, 1304 Objectivity, defined, 1140–1141 ergonomics standards of, O*Net, 468, 477 Observability (term), 1001 1538–1540 Online communities, 1237–1248 Observation, in job analysis, 468 guidelines for MSDs in case studies, 1243–1247 Observational methods, in workplace, 1539–1540 defined, 1237–1238 descriptive studies, 315 noise exposure limits by, 649 frameworks and methodologies Occlusion effect, 664–665 OSHA Action Level, 640–641 for analyzing, 1241–1243 Occupant packaging, motor vehicle, and SLM settings, 642 function of, 1238–1239 1602, 1603 standards and codes, 711, 712 future design issues, 1247–1248 Occupational biomechanical logic, and state-mandated safety and history of, 1238 804 health standards, 1542 types of, 1239–1241 Occupational disease, 828 ODAM, see Organizational design On-the-job training (OJT), 509 Occupational health and safety and management OP diagrams: management, 701–731 Oddball paradigm, 257 and activity network modeling, accident causation, 706–708 OEDP (operational error detection 965–968 classifications of injuries and program), 1680 applied to variable message signs, illnesses, 705–706 Off-duty areas, of space vehicles, 967 control strategies, 708–711 917 and mathematical models of field of, 702 Office ergonomics, 1550–1570 human behavior, 965–966 hazard communication, 727–731 and CTS/UEMDs, 1554–1556 and signal detection theory, 968 hazards and control measures, ecological approach, 1551 “Open and obvious,” 882 716–726 and ecological framework for Open loop, 44, 991–992 historical background, 702–704 ergonomics, 1552–1554 Open-loop control, 404–406 problem prevention, 1663–1664 eye strain and fatigue, 1564–1565 Open-plan office, 609 risk management and systems foundations of, 1551–1552 Operational activity, 579, safety model, 711 interventions for musculoskeletal 1073–1074 Occupational health and safety and visual discomfort, Operational automation, 1624 management programs, 1568–1569 Operational demand evaluation 711–716 matching operator and workspace checklist, 1109, 1110 accident and illness monitoring for, 1562–1564 Operational error detection program in, 713 and office furniture design, (OEDP), 1680 accident reporting in, 713 1560–1562 Operational feedback, 289 for compliance with programs for, 1557–1560 Operational methods, 312 standards/codes, 711, 712 for telecommuters, 1565–1568 Operators: hazard and task analysis in, Office furniture: matching workspaces to, 714–716 design of, 1560–1562 1562–1564 housekeeping and preventative for telecommuters, 1566–1567 measurements of, 1562–1563 maintenance in, 712–713 Office types, 609 Operator’s functional state (OFS), and incidence rates, 713–714 OFS (operator’s functional state), 1061–1062 Occupational health and safety 1061–1062 Opportunistic control, 777 management systems OHS management, see Occupational Optic chiasma, 70, 71 (OSH-MS), 1526–1527 health and safety management Option-pricing theory, 1125–1126, Occupational Health and Safety OIICS (Occupational Injury and 1128 Systems, ASC Z-10, 1540 Illness Classification System), Order bias, 314 Occupational Injury and Illness 705–706 Organizational analysis, 496 Classification System (OIICS), OJT (on-the-job training), 509 Organizational culture(s), 500 705–706 Older adults, see Elderly environments of, 278 Occupational rehabilitation, 859 Olfaction system, 81–82 resilience in, 790–795 1716 INDEX

Organizational decisions, and human Outputs, for people with functional Password selection, 1253–1255 sustainability, 545 limitations, 1421–1425 Pathomechanics: Organizational design and Overall ride value, 619, 620 of carpal tunnel syndrome, 845 management (ODAM), 292, Overexertion, 719 of muscle, 843–844 534–549 Overload, driver, 1606–1607 of peripheral nerves, 844 background of, 535–536 Oversteer, 1601 of tendons, 843 current environment for, 534 Overstimulation, visual, 689 Pathophysiology: for healthy and productive Overtones, 79 of carpal tunnel syndrome, 845 organizations, 537–543 Overview + detail navigation of muscle, 843–844 for healthy and sustainable strategy, 1225–1226 of peripheral nerves, 844 organizations, 543–546 Overviews, strategies for creating, of tendons, 843 historical perspective on, 536–537 1221–1225 Patient-centered care, 1581 in societal ergonomics, 279–280 Patient safety, 1587 P work system design, 546–548 Pattern recognition, 88–89 Page design (website), 1338–1341 Organizational ergonomics, 4 PCA, see Principal-components Page layout (website), 1338, 1339 Organizational processes, in work analysis Page load times, 1340–1341 systems model, 547 PCMs (phase change materials), 903 Paging, of website information, Organizational schemes (websites), PCP (proximity compatibility 1335 1328–1329 principle), 130–133, Pain, 80, 805–806 Organizational structure: 1191–1192 Pain tolerance, 356 in organizational design and Paired associate models, 982 PDCA (plan–do–check–act) cycle, management, 535–536 Paired (dependent) t-test, 1150–1151 548 of websites, 1330–1331 PALIO, 1499–1502 PE, see Participatory ergonomics Organizational systems, changes in, PANAS scales, 588 Pearson coefficients, 1158–1159 39–41 Panels, 313 Peiner AG, HdA case study, Organization charts, 1170 Papillae, 82 428–430 Organization of information: PAQ (position analysis Peiner model, 428–430 in cross-cultural psychology, 166 questionnaire), for audits, PEL (permissible exposure limit), on graphical user interface, 1103–1105 647 175–176 Parallel processing, 148 Perceived color contrast, Orphan pages, 1331 Paralysis, 1419 1187–1188 Oscillatory motion, 629 Parameter estimation, 1285–1286 Perceived contrast, 1183–1185 OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Parametric tests, 1148–1149 Percentiles, in anthropometry, Health Administration Paraplegia, 1419 330–337 OSH-MS (occupational health and Paratelic state, 580 Perception, 59–89. See also safety management systems), Parkinson’s disease, design for Sensation 1526–1527 people with, 1419 in affective and pleasurable Otolith organs, 80 Partial tear, of the rotator cuff, 829 design, 572–573 Outcome-based detection of errors, Participant representativeness, 306 and audition, 76–80 751 Participants in usability testing: context, 124–125 Outcomes data, 1139–1174 recruiting, 172–173 in cross-cultural psychology, 165 analyzing surveys for, 1172–1174 selecting, 1278–1280 depth, 85–86 dimensionality, 1142 using multiple simultaneous, and design for aging, 1446–1450 documenting, 1170–1171 1275–1276 detection, 122–124 measurement of, 1141–1144 Participative work design, 418 with dynamic displays, 128–129 objectivity, level of, 1140–1141 Participatory ergonomics (PE), expectancy, 124–125 selecting, 1142–1143 49–50, 280–281, 1581 eye movements/motion, 87–88 specificity of, 1141 Partnership principle, 291 and gustation, 81–82 structure, level of, 1140 Part-task training, 1453 and human information structured, 1144–1165 Parvocellular pathway, 70 processing, 738 unstructured, 1165, 1167–1169 Passageways, space vehicle, identification, 125 Outcome measures, for audits, 915–916 methods for investigating, 60–66 1110 Passive safety systems, in motor motion perception, 128–129 Out-of-the-loop syndrome, 560 vehicles, 1600 and olfaction, 81–82 Out-of-the-loop unfamiliarity, Passive touch, 81 and pattern recognition, 88–89 1616–1617 Passphrases, 1254 perceptual organization, 82–84 INDEX 1717

proximity compatibility principle, Personal hygiene, human space Photopic vision, 68 129–133 flight and, 920 Photoreceptors, 68 and sensory systems, 66–82 Personality, 479–481 Physical Ability Test, 483 in situational awareness, 554 Personalized hybrid models of Physical ability tests, 478 and somatic sensory system, spine, 374 Physical Agents Directive (EU), 80–81 Personal protective equipment 626, 634–635 and space flight, 923 (PPE), 716, 726, 895–907 Physical assessments of workers, for spatial orientation, 84–87 eye protectors, 897–898 UEMDs, 834–837 3D distance/size, 126–128 fall protection systems, 906–907 Physical contrast, of reflective 2D position/extent, 125–126 footwear, 905–906 displays, 1181 and vestibular system, 80 gloves, 904–905 Physical environments, ISO and vision, 66–76 hearing protection devices, standards for, 1520–1523 Perception–action cycles, 1552, 900–901 Physical ergonomics, 4 1570 helmets, 898–900 in cross-cultural design, 168–170 Perception kansei, 583 respiratory devices, 896–897 in work systems, 546 Perceptual confusion, of visual for thermal protection, 901–904 Physical impairments, design for system, 690 and workplace accidents, 895 people with, 1417–1419 Perceptual illusions, in virtual Person analysis, 497, 498 Physical pleasure, 574 environments, 1039–1040 Person–machine systems, 44–47 Physical reminders, 1454–1455 Perceptual/motor job design Personnel domain, 28 Physiological methods, for sensation approach, 445–446, 450 Personnel recruitment, 477–478 and perception, 61 advantages/disadvantages of, 450 Personnel selection, 475–485 Physiological tolerance limits, 808, design recommendations of, 450 and job analysis, 476–477 810 historical development of, 450 and personnel recruitment, Physiologic measures, of workload worksheet defining preference for, 477–478 and SA, 256–258 458 and personnel turnover, 484 Pictorial realism, principle of, 129 Perceptual organization, 82–84, person–organization fit in, Pictorial symbols: 129–130 482–484 and attention, 877 and auditory stimuli, 84 predictors for, 478–482 to communicate hazard-related figure-ground organization, 82–83 virtual environments, 1043–1045 information, 880–881 and Gestalt psychologists, 82 and workforce changes, 475–476 design guidelines for, in grouping principles, 83 Personnel turnover, 484 warnings, 886 pragnanz,¨ 82 Person–organization fit (P–O), 482, Pilots: proximity compatibility principle 483 fatigue and circadian rhythms of, of, 84 Perspective navigation strategy, 1678–1679 stimulus dimensions within, 84 1226 as integrated parts of system, Performance failures, 736 PET (positron emission 1676–1677 Performance measures, 249–253 tomography), 246 performance of, 1676–1678 and affect, 591 Phase change materials (PCMs), 903 Pilot error, 1668 memory probe measures, 252 Phenotypes, 747 Pilot testing, 1282 for pilots, 1676–1678 Philip’s questionnaire, 588 Pinching hazards, 718 primary-task, 249–250 Philosophy statements, design Pinch points, 718 of real-time situation awareness, implementations using, 457 Pistol grip tools, 368 252–253 Phishing, 1252 Pitch, 79–80 secondary-task, 250–252 Phons, 657 Place theory, 79 Situation Present Assessment Phonological loop, 133 Plan–do–check–act (PDCA) cycle, Method, 253 Phosphors: 548 for training, 513 in CRTs, 1186–1187 Planning-based detection of errors, Performance-shaping factors (PSFs), in emissive displays, 1182 751 746, 1116 Photochemical damage, 695 Pleasurable design, see Affective Peripheral nerves, 844 Photometry, 674, 675 engineering and design Permissible exposure limit (PEL), instrumentation, 676, 677 Pleasure(s): 647 quantities of, 675 defined, 569 Personas, 1344 unit conversion to SI, 675 emotions vs., 579–580 Personal experience, safety Photons, 66 measurement of, 581–591 knowledge from, 881 Photopic luminosity function, 1181 of the mind, 579–580 1718 INDEX

Pleasure(s) (continued) Prediction validity, 1100 Problem solving, 139–141, 230–231 normative, 574 Predictive toxicology (PTOX), creative solutions in, 141–142 physical, 574 1131–1136 in cross-cultural psychology, 168 from a product, 573–574 Preference: planning for, 140 in product design, 573–574 assessments of, 221–224 for team building, 512 theories of, 579–581 in behavioral decision-making troubleshooting, 140–141 and theories of affect, 579–581 models, 205–208 Problem-solving and P–O fit (person–organization), reversals of, 207–208 decision-making approach (to 482, 483 Preference-based measures, 1141 display design), 1192–1193 Poggendorf illusion, 125 Preferred Speech Interference Level Procedural aids, 519 Poisoning, occupational, 703 (PSIL), 665–666 Procedural knowledge, 983 Politeness, in dialogue, 1376 Preinitiator human events, 761 Procedural search, 1095 Polymorphic task hierarchy editor Prepractice conditions, 500–501 Process charts, 468 (MENTOR), 1492 Presbyopia, 67, 692, 1448 Process control. See also Pop-up windows (websites), 1335 Prescriptive approach (to group Manufacturing Porter and Lawler’s motivation decision making), 216–217 task network models of, 940–942 model, 409–411 Presence, defined, 1042 typical, 388 Position analysis questionnaire Presentation: Process design, accident prevention (PAQ), for audits, 1103–1105 of graphical user interface, with, 709 Positive affect, 694–695 176–178 Product(s): Positron emission tomography of information on websites, affective design of, 573–574 (PET), 246 1334–1341 comparison of, 1273–1274 Possibility guides, 468 of tasks in human–system pleasurable design of, 573–574 Postfault human events, 761 augmentation strategies, warnings on, see Warnings Posttraining environment, 518 1064–1065 Production, rules for, 997 Postural fixity, 601 of website content, 1324 Production compilations, 983 Posture, 601–604 Pressure hazards, 720 Production engineering, historical and biological approach to job Preventative maintenance, 712–713 overview of, 1643–1645 design, 444 Preventive stress management Production ergonomics, 1649–1650 design recommendations for, 451 framework, 541 Production models, digital, 1024 forced, 1658 Preventive work design, 416, Production systems, 1645–1647 kneeling/balance chair, 602 1661–1662 flexible, 281 kyphotic spine, 602 Primacy effect, 204 and history of production lordotic spine, 602 Primary Raynaud’s disease, 631 engineering, 1643–1645 lumbar kyphosis, 602 Primary task SA assessment, 250 human factors in, 1647–1648 problems of, 601–604 Primary task workload assessment, perspectives, 1644–1645 seated, 1561 249–250 Productivity: in seats, 602–603 Principal-components analysis of healthy organizations, 537–543 space flight and changes in, (PCA), 341–342, 1163–1164, of human communication, 1375 911–912 1224 and job satisfaction of workers, and strain index, 848–849 Print size, for warnings, 875 538–543 and surface heights, 603 Privacy: and visual performance, 688–689 work artifacts affecting, 603–604 in AmI environments, 1362–1363 Product-level adaptation, 1485 Potentials, evoked, 256–257 on websites, 1343 Product liability, for VE systems, Power distance, 163 Private office, 609 1040 PPE, see Personal protective Proactive adaptation strategies, Product owners, 1320 equipment 1485–1487 Profile analysis, 1155–1156 PRA (probabilistic risk assessment), Probabilistic analysis, in safety Profile editor (MENTOR), 1492 760–764 management systems, 1682 Projection, in situational awareness, Practical intelligence, 479 Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), 555 Practical significance, 1148 760–764 Project management, health care Practice, in training, 501, 512–513 Probe paradigm, irrelevant, 257 technology implementation Pragnanz,¨ 82 Problem-discovery (formative) and, 1586–1587 Precision, of manufacturing, 1645 studies, 1292–1297 Pronator (teres) syndrome, 829 Predefined layouts, for networks, Problem discovery test, 1271–1272 Properties editor (MENTOR), 1492 1217, 1218 Problem scenarios, 1317, 1319 Proprioception, 80 INDEX 1719

Prospective memory, 1455–1456 staircase method, 62 R Prospective work design, 416–417 Psychophysical scaling, 65–66 R2D2 (recursive, reflective, design, Prospect theory, 207 Psychophysical tolerance limits, development) model, 495 Protanopia, 75–76 808, 809 Radar, 1670, 1679 Protective clothing, 901–904. Psychophysiological methods, 61, Radiant flux, 674 See also Personal protective 1061–1062 Random sampling, 1102 equipment (PPE) Psychosocial aspect of work, Rapid Iterative Testing and Protestant work ethic, 397 540 Evaluation (RITE) method, Prototypes: Psychosocial factors, 282–285 1348 in AmI design, 1359 defined, 833 Rapid prototyping model, 495 assessment of, 608 job stress, 282–283 Rasmussen’s abstraction hierarchy, for design process, 606–608 and low back pain, 810 1193–1194 in user interface adaptation work organization, 282–285 Ratings of product characteristics: design, 1495, 1498, 1499 in work systems, 546 Kansei engineering, 583–585 of websites, 1345 PTOX (predictive toxicology), semantic scales, 585–586 Proximity compatibility principle 1131–1136 Rational choice, axioms of, (PCP), 130–133, 1191–1192, Purkinje shift, 72 196–197, 206 1214 Pursuit eye movements, 620 Rationalization, 1648–1649 Proximity diagrams, 612–613 p-values, 1148 Raynaud’s syndrome, 719, 830 Proximity table, 612 Reach, 170, 1603 PRP (psychological refractory Q Reaction-time methods, 66 period), 103–104 Quadriplegia, 1419 Reactive adaptation strategies, PSFs (performance-shaping factors), Qualification processes, 1662–1663 1485–1487 746, 1116 Quality cycles/circles, 430 Reactive design, 575, 1661–1662 PSIL (Preferred Speech Interference Quality management principles, Realistic job previews (RJPs), 484 Level), 665–666 1545 Real-time performance assessment, PSSUQ, 1301–1303 Quality management programs, 280 252–253 Psychological pleasure, 574 Quality management standards (ISO Receiver, in C-HIP model, 874–885, Psychological refractory period 9000–2000), 1542, 1544–1547 887–888 (PRP), 103–104 Quality-of-care problems, in health Recency effect, 204 Psychology, light/illumination and, care system, 1574–1575 Receptive field size (for visual 694–695 Quality of working life (QWL) system), 682 The Psychology of Everyday Things programs, 278, 430–432 Reciprocity principle, 290 (Donald A. Norman), 1382 in France, 431–432 Recognition-primed decision Psychomotor processes: in Great Britain, 432 making, 212 applied to manual assembly, in Norway, 430 Recreation, human space flight and, 981–982 in Sweden, 431 920 and mathematical models of and worker happiness, 538, 539 Recruiters, 478 human behavior, 976–982 Quantitative data, 1140 Recruitment: Psychophysical approach (to display Quantitative objectives, usability for international usability design), 1189, 1190 testing with, 1272–1273 evaluations, 172–173 Psychophysical methods: Questionnaire(s): personnel, 477–478 absolute threshold, 61–62 in descriptive studies, 314 Recursive, reflective, design, additive factors logic, 66 job analysis using, 468 development (R2D2) model, classical threshold methods, in job and task design, 445–450 495 61–63 in job and team design, 453–454, Redesign, 459. See also Design constant stimuli method, 62–63 465–466 Reductionist models, 38, 934–935. difference threshold, 62 on online communities, 1242 See also Task network models measures of sensitivity, 61–65 for understanding the user, Redundancy: of measuring affect, 590–591 1327 in error detection, 750–751 method of limits, 62 usability, 1299–1304 system, 47 psychophysical scaling, 65–66 for web user analysis, 1327 of warning systems, 874 reaction-time methods, 66 Queuing theory, 149 Redundant information, providing, for sensation and perception, QUIS, 1300, 1301 1453 61–66 QWL, see Quality of working life Referrals, 478 signal detection, 63–65 programs Reflections, veiling, 691 1720 INDEX

Reflective design, 578 Resting point of accommodation, RPVs (remotely piloted vehicles), Reflective displays, 1180–1182 1565 1683 Reflective pleasure, 574 Resting point of convergence, 1565 Rule-based behavior, 143 Regulatory inspection, 1093 Restraint systems, for fall Rule-based errors, 148 Reinstatement search, 136 protection, 907 Rule-based performance, 211, 212, Relative visual performance (RVP) Restrike time, 678 743 model, 686–687 Rest time, muscle, 353, 354 Rules of order, 216 Reliability: Results page, keyword search, 1334 Run-up time, 678 of audit system, 1101 Retina, 68–70, 680, 681 RVP (relative visual performance) characteristics of, 304–305 and illumination, 683 model, 686–687 controlling, 305 and image quality, 683 in safety management system, macular degeneration, 693 S SA, see Situation awareness 1682 magnocellular pathway, 70 Saccadic eye movements, 87 Reminders: parvocellular pathway, 70 SAD (seasonal affective disorder), physical, 1454–1455 Retinal disparity, 85 694 warnings as, 881–882 Retinal illumination, 683 SAE HFE standards, 1542–1544 Remnants, 622, 623 Retinal properties, of glyphs, 1213 Safety. See also Occupational health Remote evaluation, 1276 Retrieval, information, 1332–1334 and safety management Remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), Retrospective analysis, 747 and design for people with 1683 Return-on-investment analysis, 1124 functional limitations, 1435, Remote master–slave surgical robot, Revenue generation, by online 1437 1584 communities, 1241 and designing for children, Repeated exposure to warnings, 876 Reverse endowment effect, 581 1477–1480 Repeated measures ANOVA test, Ride comfort, 628 Safety and occupational health Ride quality, motor vehicle, 1153 domain, 29 Repetitive wrist motions, for 1601–1602 Safety communications, 868. females, 846–847 Risk assessment, biomechanical See also Warnings Replacement costs, 484 models for, 368–377 Safety culture, 792 Representation, 319–320 Risk attitude, 748 Safety devices, 718, 1600 Representation aiding, 132 Risk factors, defined, 828, 850 Safety helmets, 898–900 and display design, 1179 Risk-homeostasis theory, 748 Safety information, sources of, and human–automation Risk management, occupational 727–729 interaction, 1628–1630 health and safety management, Safety inspection, 1095 normal/abnormal operating 711 Safety management system (SMS), conditions, 1201–1204 Risk perception, warnings and, 883 1682–1683 Representation of information, on RITE (Rapid Iterative Testing and Safety parameter display system GUI, 175–176 Evaluation) method, 1348 (SPDS), 1004 Representativeness: RJPs (realistic job previews), 484 Safety symbols, 729 heuristic, 202 Roadways: Safety words, 178 of participants, 306 automation and safety of, SAGAT (situation awareness global setting, 307 1634–1635 assessment technique), variable, 306–307 characteristics of, 1597–1598 564–565 Research process, 300–312 classifications of, 1597 SA judgments, 255–256 Resilience, 738 Robustness analysis, 1072–1073 Salience, misplaced, 559 and IRSs, 789–790 Rods, 680 Salient feedback, 120, 147 in organizational culture, 790–795 Role awareness, in AmI systems, SA measures, 260 Resolution acuity, 73 1356–1357 Sample size estimation: Resolution distortion, 1226 Role clarification models, 512 for nontraditional areas of Resource allocation policy, 151 Role playing, 512 usability evaluation, Resource-limited tasks, 967 Role-playing games, 1045 1297–1298 Respiratory protective devices Root concept, in scenario analysis, for parameter estimation and (RPDs), 896–897 1317 comparative studies, Response criteria, 123 Rotator cuff syndrome, 829 1285–1292 Response execution stage, 1061 Royal Majesty (ship), 1615, 1616 for problem-discovery studies, Response times, drivers’, 1604–1605 RPDs (respiratory protective 1292–1297 Restatement of Torts, 868 devices), 896–897 Sampling, follow-up, 313 INDEX 1721

Sampling schemes, for audits of Secondary windows (websites), Sentence structure, comprehension human factors, 1101–1102 1335 and, 1456–1457 SA ratings, 255 Second industrial revolution, 1643, Sentiments, 579. See also Emotions Satisficing, 209, 742 1644 Separable dimensions, 1191 SAVI (Situation Awareness Virtual Secure sockets layer (SSL) Separable displays, 1198, 1199 Instructor), 561 encryption, 1230 Separation costs, 484 Scalesideprinciple,99 Security. See also Information Sequence errors, 752 Scenario analysis, 319, 1088, security Sequencing: 1317–1318, 1326 employment, 467 of action, 107–108 Scene statistics, 124 on websites, 1343 of tasks, 1065, 1066 Schedules, organizational health Security inspection, 1093 Sequential task analysis, 389–390 and, 545 Seed hierarchy, 971 Serial processing, 149–150 Schemas, 740–741 Segmentation, 109 Serial self-terminating search, 122 Schneider’s Seizure disorders, design for people Service providers, Internet, Attraction–Selection–Attrition with, 1420 1334–1335 framework (ASA), 482, 483 Selective attention, 120–121, 738, Service systems, human-centered Scientific management, 276, 389, 949, 1451–1452 design of, 27, 28 1643–1644 Self-confrontation, 285 Session hijacking, 1252 Scientific visualization, 1211 Self-determination theory (SDT), SET (stress exposure training), 509 S cone, 1186 406–407 Setting representativeness, 307 Scotopic vision, 68 Self-Directed Search, 483 SEU (subjective expected utility), Scott’s pi, 1169 Self-efficacy, 498 196–198, 205 Scrambled control, 777 Self-regulation principle, 290 Shadows, 690–692 Scripting language, 1001 Self-reports, in affective and Shape memory materials, 903–904 Scrolling, of website information, pleasurable design, 586 Shared benefits, job satisfaction and, 1335 Self-selection bias, 314 538 SDT, see Self-determination theory; Semanticity, of human Sharing principle, 290 Signal detection theory communication, 1375 Shearing hazards, 718 Search. See also Visual search Semantic mapping, 1192 Shocks, electrical, 720 in cross-cultural psychology, Semantic memory, 740, 1456 Short-term exposure limits (STELs), 166–167 Semantic Web, 1329 725 in cross-cultural Web design, Sensation. See also Perception Short-term memory, 247 181–182 anatomical investigation, 61 Short-term orientation, 163–164 on websites, 1333–1334 physiological investigation, 61 Shoulder: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), psycophysical investigation, anatomy of, 839–840 694 61–66 biomechanics of, 357–359 Seats: Sensitivity, 677, 1101 Shoulder tenonitis, 829 and biological approach to job Sensitivity analysis, 768 SI, see Strain index design, 444 Sensors: Signal audibility analysis methods: design recommendations for, for monitoring OFS, 1062–1063 critical band masking, based on, 451 and warnings, 876 661, 662 and discomfort, 574 Sensorineural hearing loss, 1418 ISO 7731–1986(E), based on, in office ergonomics, 1560–1561 Sensory conflict theory, 629 662–664 and pleasurable design, 574 Sensory memory, 1059 Signal delectability (sound), and posture at work, 602–603 Sensory rearrangement theory, 629 659–664 seat effective amplitude Sensory systems, 66–82 barriers, effects of, 667–668 transmissibility, 627–628 and audition, 76–80 distance, effects of, 667 suspension, 628 defining, 59 by hearing-aided users, 668–669 Seated clearance, 1561 and gustation, 81–82 and hearing protection devices, Seated postures, 1561 and olfaction, 81–82 668 Seated workplaces, 363–364 and perception, 66–82 masking, 659–662 Seat effective amplitude physiology of, 59–60 signal audibility analyses, transmissibility (SEAT), and somatic system, 80–81 661–664 627–628 synapses of, 60 signal-to-noise ratio, 659 SEAT (seat effective amplitude and vestibular system, 80 and summary of masking effects, transmissibility), 627–628 and vision, 66–76 669–670 1722 INDEX

Signal detection methods, 63–65 long-term memory, 247 Skill loss, 785, 1617 Signal detection theory (SDT), in medicine, 263 Skin damage, light-related, 695–696 123–124, 976–977 and memory, 247–248 Skylab, 915–920 applied to inspection tasks, 968 memory probe measures of, 252 Skylight, 678 applied to mathematical models mental workload vs., 245, Sleep: of human behavior, 967–968 248–249 and circadian rhythms of pilot and OP diagrams, 968 metrics of, 249–261 and crew, 1678–1679 Signaling methods, ISO standards multidimensional absolute and human space flight, 918, 919, for, 1517–1518 immediate ratings, 254–255 922–923 Signal-to-noise ratio, 659 and multiple measures, 258–261 SLIM, 773–775 Signal words, for warnings, 886 and operator performance, 1678 SLIM-MAUD (Subjective likelihood SII (Speech Intelligibility Index), optimizing system performance, index methodology), 715 666–667 261–264 SLM, see Sound level meter Simple activity, 579 performance measures for, Smart artifacts, 1360–1361 Simple asphyxiates, 724 252–253 Smith,K.U.,4 Simple search, 1333 physiological measures of, Smooth pursuit movements, 87 Simplification, 109 256–257 SMS (safety management system), Simulation-based training, 505–506 and positron emission 1682–1683 Simulation models: tomography, 246 SNA (social network analysis), in AmI environments, 1359 primary task SA assessment, 250 1242–1243 classes of, 934–935 process of, 247 Social connectedness, 1363 and task network modeling, product of, 247 Social engineering, 1252 935–949 ratings, SA, 255 Social factors, in AmI environments, Single-cell recording, 61 real-time performance assessment, 1363 Single game play communities, 1246 252–253 Social game play communities, 1247 Single-task performance: requirements analysis, 561–563 Social habits, 287 acquisition and transfer of and short-term memory, 247 Social impact, of virtual action-selection skill, subjective measures for, 253–256 environments, 1042 101–102 system design for, 561–565 Social influence, as warning action selection in, 96–102 and training, 263–264 motivator, 884 Hick-Hyman Law, 96–97 training to support, 560–561 Socially-centered design, 281–282 preparation and advance unidimensional relative Social network analysis (SNA), information, 100–101 retrospective judgments, 1242–1243 sequential effects, 100 255–256 Social norms, in group decision stimulus-response compatibility, and workload, 245–247, 260 making, 213–214 97–100 Situation awareness global Social obligations, in dialogue, Site maps, 1331 assessment technique 1376 Situational engineering (SAGAT), 564–565 Social presence, 1363 interventions, for worker Situation Awareness Virtual Social processes, in organizational happiness, 541 Instructor (SAVI), 561 design and management, 536 Situational influences, on training Situation kansei, 583, 584 Social support, 465 design, 500 Situation Present Assessment Social tracking principle, 290–291 Situation awareness (SA), 134–135, Method (SPAM), 253 Societal ergonomics, 274–292 243–264, 553–565, 1668 Size China, 169 community ergonomics, 286–291 adaptive automation, 262–263 Size UK (U.K. National Sizing defined, 274–275 as attentional resource, 246–247 Survey), 169 ergonomic work analysis, and automatic control, 1674 Size USA, 169 285–286 challenges of, 558–560 Skeletal impairments, 1419 flexible production systems, 281 definition of, 553–555 Skill(s): historical perspective, 275–277 developing, 555, 557–558 acquisition of, 108–110 job stress, 282–283 display design, 263 automation and loss of, 785 organizational design, 279–280 elements of, 555, 556 of employees, 478 participatory ergonomics, and expertise, 247 Skill-based level of performance, 280–281 and flight strips, 1679 742–743 psychosocial factors, 282–285 and human fallibility, 745 Skill-based performance, 211 and quality management judgments, SA, 255–256 Skilled-based behavior, 143 programs, 280 INDEX 1723

socially-centered design, 281–282 Sound pressure level (SPL): Speech Intelligibility Index, and sociology of work, 277–279 average and integrated, 647–649 666–667 work organization, 282–285 defined, 639–640 speech-to-noise ratio, 664–665 Sociodemographic change, 1662 Sound restoration HPDs, 668 and summary of masking effects, Sociology of work, 277–279 Sound-transmission HPDs, 668 669–670 Sociopleasures, 574 Source, in C-HIP model, 872 Speech Intelligibility Index (SII), Sociotechnical systems (STS), Source errors, in memory, 1456 666–667 277–279. See also Quality of Source monitoring, 1455 Speech-to-noise ratio, 664–665 working life (QWL) programs Space flight, see Human space flight Speed errors, 752 Sociotechnical systems approach, SpaceHab, 914 Spinal cord injuries, design for 49 Space Transportation System (STS), people with, 1419 Software, for virtual environments, 911 Spine, biomechanical models of, 1037–1038 Spam, 1252 373–375 Software ergonomics, ISO standards SPAM (Situation Present Spine-loading assessment, for, 1519–1520 Assessment Method), 253 810–814 Software user interfaces, ANSI Spare capacity, 246 SPL (sound pressure level), standards for, 1540, 1541 SPAR-H (standardized plant analysis 639–640, 647–649 Solid modeling, see Human digital risk human reliability analysis) Spontaneous combustion, 720 modeling method, 769–771 SQL injection attacks, 1252 Somatic markers, 572 Spasticity, 1419 SRK (skill-based, rule-based, and Somatic system, 80–81 Spatial cognition, 167 knowledge based) framework, active touch, 81 Spatial contrast sensitivity, 73 742–743 haptics, 81 Spatial disorientation, 80 SSL (secure sockets layer) intra-active touch, 81 Spatial frequency, 1183 encryption, 1230 pain, 80 Spatial information structures, 1215 Stability-driven models of spine, passive touch, 81 Spatialized audio, 1034 374–375 proprioception, 80 Spatial orientation, 84–87 STAHR, 747 receptors for, 80–81 Spatial processing, 137–139 Staircase method, 62 thermal sensations, 80 and geographic knowledge, 137 Stakeholders, cost/benefit analysis vibrotaction, 81 and language, 137 for, 1129 Somatosensory system, 629 navigational aids for, 137–139 Standards, see specific headings, Sones, 657–659 Spatial relationships, on displays, e.g.: ISO standards applications of, 659 1676 Standardization, of health care, approximation of, 658–659 SPDS (safety parameter display 1578–1579 calculation of, by Stevens system), 1004 Standardized plant analysis risk method, 657–658 Spearman coefficients, 1158–1159 human reliability analysis modifications of, 659 Specialization, workforce, 535 (SPAR-H) method, 769–771 Sound, 638–649. See also Audition; Specific measures, 1141 Standardized usability Noise Spectrum analyzer, 645–646 questionnaires, 1299–1304 decibel scale, 639–641 Speech, effects of vibration on, 624 ASQ, 1303–1304 definition of, 639 Speech impairments, design for CUSI and SUMI, 1300–1301 instrumentation for measurement, people with, 1418 PSSUQ and CSUQ, 1301–1303 641–647 Speech intelligibility, 664–670 QUIS, 1300, 1301 loudness/detection of, 78–79 acoustic environment, influence SUS, 1301 metrics for, 647–649 on, 665 Standing workplaces, 363–364 parameters of, 639 bandwidth influence on, 665 Stansfield, R. G., 4 pitch, 79–80 barriers, effects of, 667–668 State-mandated occupational safety Sound intensity level, 639 distance, effects of, 667 and health standards, 1542 Sound level meter (SLM), 641–645 experimental test methods for Static electricity, 720 applications for, 645 intelligibility, 667 Static single equivalent muscle functional components of, by hearing-aided users, 668–669 models, 372 641–644 and hearing protection devices, Static stability factor, 1601 microphone considerations for, 668 Stationary observers of vibration, 644–645 intelligibility analyses, 665–667 vision of, 620–621 Sound localization, 86–87 Preferred Speech Interference Statistical analysis methods, Sound power level, 639 Level, 665–666 1147–1163 1724 INDEX

Statistical estimation, 199–204 data reduction techniques, personnel selection with, 483 heuristics and biases in, 202–203 1163–1165 for web user analysis, 1327 memory effects and selective dimensionality of, 1142 Survivability domain, 29 information processing, exploring, 1144–1147 SUS, 1301 203–204 measurement types of, Suspension seats, 628 Statistical significance, 1148 1141–1142 Sustainability, human, 545 Statisticians, 1277 statistical analysis methods, Sustainable organizations, 534–535, STEAMER, 1193 1147–1163 543–546 Steering committees, 457 Structured outcomes, 1173–1174 Swarm automation, 1632–1633 STELs (short-term exposure limits), Structuring of work, see Quality of Sweden, QWL program in, 431 725 working life (QWL) programs Switch of attention, 875 Stereopsis, 85–86, 127 STS, see Sociotechnical systems Symbolic command hardware, 1000 Stevens method, 657–658 STS (Space Transportation System), Symvatology, 23–24 Stimulus environment, degradation 911 Synapses, 60 of, 1449–1450 Subacromial bursitis, 829 System(s). See also specific types, Stimulus regulation, 1652 Subdeltoid bursitis, 829 e.g.: Human–machine systems Stimulus-response compatibility, Subjective data, 1140 defined, 43 97–100 Subjective expected utility (SEU), general characteristics, 43–44 Stop rule, 388 196–198, 205 and human reliability, 47–48 Story telling, with information Subjective likelihood index reliability of, 47 visualizations, 1230–1231 methodology (SLIM-MAUD), Systems approach, 38–43, 1583 Stowage space, on space vehicles, 715 System coupling, in health care, 917 Subjective measures: 1577 Strain index (SI), 847–849 of affect, 586–589 System descriptive criteria, 306 applications of, 849 for emotions, 586–588 System design, 48–54 elements of, 848–849 of workload and SA, 253–256 alternative approaches for, 49–50 limitations of, 849 SUMI, 1300–1301 applications of human factors to, model structure for, 847 Summaries, in scenario analysis, 51–54 Strategic automation, 1624 1317 approaches to, 48–49 Strategic control, 778 Sunlight, 678 for health care systems, Stratified random sampling, 1102 SUPERMAN, 1001 1579–1580 Strength: Supervisory command systems, human factors in, 50–51 models for, 49 and design for aging, 1459–1460 1001 System design phase (system design and endurance, 352, 353 Supervisory control, human, see process), 51–54 space flight and changes in, Human supervisory control Systemic poisons, 724 912–913 Support materials, design of, 53 System planning phase (system Stress: Supraspinatus tendonitis, 829 design process), 51 job, 282–283, 540 Suprathreshold visual performance, System redundancy, 47 physiological aspects of, 282–285 686–689 Systems reliability, 47 prevention of, 1663 approaches to improving, 689 System requirements, 1313 and task performance, 748 performance and productivity of, Systems safety, 711, 1088–1089, as warning motivator, 884 688–689 1682 on worker, 1652 relative visual performance System tailoring, 783 workloads causing, 1654 model, 686–687 System theory of accidents, 747 Stress exposure training (SET), 509 and visual search, 687–688 System-wide change, job Stressors, 558–560 Surface heights, posture and, 603 satisfaction and, 538 Striate cortex, 70 Surveillance, WUEDs and, 853–855 Strict liability, theory of, 727 Surveys: T Strict serial processing, 149 analyzing, for outcome data, TA, see Task analysis Stroke, design for people with, 1172–1174 Tablet PCs, 1401 1419 anthropometric data from, 169 Tabular information structures, Strong Interest Inventory, 483 for auditing, 1105–1106 1213–1215 Structural analyses, 319 in descriptive studies, 314 Tactical automation, 1624 Structure, defined, 1140 JD Power automotive surveys, Tactical control, 777 Structured answers, 1173–1174 1600–1601 Target highlight time (THT), 1141 Structured data, 1140, 1144–1165 job, 853, 1558–1559, 1565 Tasks, activities vs., 285 INDEX 1725

Task allocation schemes, 1074 of a process control operator, and organizational context, Task analysis (TA), 52, 385–395 940–942 464–465 artifacts/tools of, 387–388 selective attention, 949 potential biases of, 467 behavior assessment methods, 394 Task performance: procedures, 457 data collection, 394 and comfort, 691 questionnaire sample for, 453–454 definition of, 386 criteria for, 306 questionnaire usage for, 465–466 description techniques, 394 effect of noise on, 656 and resistance to change, 459 in design for aging, 1464 on flight deck, 1676–1678 strategic choices for, 459 for error prediction, 752–756 in job analysis, 477 team composition decisions, 462 functional dependency, 392–393 levels of, 211–212 team member selection, 462–463 future of, 394–395 in manufacturing, 1645 and variance analysis, 468 goals–means task analysis, and office ergonomics, 1570 and worker differences, 458–459 392–393 visual, 688–689, 691 Team leader training, 511–512 history of, 389–393 Task priority, 151 Team spirit, 465 in occupational health and safety Task similarity, 460 Team Strategies and Tools to management programs, Task simulation, 394 Enhance Performance and 714–716 Task–subtask relation, 390–391 Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS), practice of, 393–395 Task-switching, 102–103 1583, 1584 role of, in human factors, Task tailoring, 783 Teamwork, 458, 536–537, 1661 386–387 Taste buds, 82 Technical information, on warnings, simulation methods, 394 Taste pore, 82 882 in training analysis, 496 TA (think-aloud) study, 1274–1275 Technique for human error rate and types of tasks, 388–389 Taylor, Frederick, 25, 537 prediction, see THERP for user requirements, 1314 Taylorism, 281, 1661 Technological determinism, 275 Task data collection, 394 Tayloristic work structures, Technological ecology, 7 Task demands, in workplace design, 1643–1644 Technological imperative, 1011 600–601 TBI (traumatic brain injury), design Technology: Task description, 394 for people with, 1419 adaptation to new, 783–784 Task design, 397–433, 460 TDDs (telecommunication devices health care, 1584–1587 applications of motivation models for the deaf), 1418 as stress producer, 284–285 for, 415–422 Teach pendant, 1000 use of, by older adults, 1444, European studies, 422–433 Teams, instructional training 1460 meaning/impact of work, strategies for, 501, 504 Technology-based strategies, 397–399 Team building, 512 504–509 motivation to work, 399 Team design, 442, 451–456, Technology-mediated interaction, in recent developments, 433 462–469 health care, 1578 work motivation theories, advantages/disadvantages of, 452, Tectopulvinar pathway, 70 399–415 455–456 Telecommunication devices for the Task forces, 457 approaches to, 451–456 deaf (TDDs), 1418 Task goals, 99–100 data source choosing for, 466–467 Telecommuters, office ergonomics Task-interactive computers (TICs), definition of, 442 for, 1565–1568 995 design of team’s job, 463–464 Telematics, 1606, 1607 Task-interactive system (TIS), 995 design recommendations for, Telemedicine, 1577 Task interdependence, 460 451–452, 455–456 Telerobot, 998, 1000 Task network models, 935–949 and effective team processes, 465 Teleworking, 421 for command and control examples of, 469 Telic state, 580 processes, 942–945 guidelines for advantageous use Temperature hazards, 722 components of, 935–940 of, 457 Temporal information structures, for crew workload evaluation, historical development of, 451 1215 941–942 implementation advice for, Temporal pathway, 61 degradation functions 457–459, 462–465 Temporal relationships, in incorporated into, 945–947 and interdependent relations, 464 biomechanics, 352–354 in multiple-resource and job analysis, 467–468 Temporal sensitivity, 684–685 environments, 945–947 long-term effects of, 467 Tendons, 841–843 predicting performance with, measurement/evaluation of, Tendonitis, 830 947–949 465–469 Tendon strain, 354 1726 INDEX

Tendon tolerance, 354 Three-dimensional modeling Torsion, load tolerance and, 808 Tendosynovitis, 830 software, 1037 Total quality management (TQM), Tendovaginitis, 830 Three-dimensional static strength 280, 281 Tennis elbow (epicondylitis), 829 prediction program (3DSSPP), TOTE (test–operate–test–exit), 391 Tenosynovitis, 830 815 Touch, see Somatic system Teratogens, 725 Three-dimensional (trichromatic) Toxic materials, 724–726 Teres (pronator) syndrome, 829 vision, 1186 TQM (total quality management), Test administrator, for usability Three Mile Island, 450 280, 281 testing, 1277 Threshold limit values (TLVs), 376, Tracking systems, for virtual Testing, of warnings, 888–889 377, 725, 726 environments, 1036 Test–operate–test–exit (TOTE), for hand activity levels, 846, 847 Tractable systems, 395 391 for work, 1542 Trade-offs, work design, 360–362 Test participants, ethical treatment Threshold methods, 61–63 Trading rates, 647 of, 1282–1283 Threshold shifts, noise-induced, Trading relationship, 640 Test phase (system design process), 655–656 Trading zones, 1551 54 Threshold visual performance, Traditional economic analysis, 1124, Test subjects, for international 683–686 1127, 1128 usability evaluations, 171–172 approaches to improving, 686 Traffic, vehicular, 1598–1599 Tetraplegia, 1419 and color discrimination, 685–686 Traffic areas, hazards in, 717 Text: and contrast sensitivity, 684 Traffic Management Advisor in design for aging, 1461–1462 interactions in, 686 (TMA), 1680 in Web page design, 1340 and temporal sensitivity, 684–685 Traffic paths, in space vehicles, 916 Text information structures, 1220 and visual acuity, 683 Training: Text/language processing, 135–137 THT (target highlight time), 1141 applied to Morse code, 982–983 comprehension problems of, 136 TICs (task-interactive computers), defined, 491 readability metrics, 136 995 in design for aging, 1463–1464 and word-letter recognition, Time cognition, 167–168 and health care technology 88–89 Time lines, 1170 implementation, 1585, 1586 and working memory, 137 Time management, in dialogues, and mathematical models of Textual analysis, for online 1376 human behavior, 982–983 communities, 1242 Time–reliability correlations and mental workload, 263–264 Theoretical ergonomics, 23–24 (TRCs), 771–773 neuroergonomic applications for, Theory of flow, 580–581 Time sharing, 739 1074–1075 Theory of Strict Reliability, 868 Timing, of action, 107–108 in office ergonomics programs, Therbligs, 388–390 Timing errors, 751 1557 Thermal damage, 695 Tinnitus, 656 part-task, 1453 Thermal environments, ISO TIS (task-interactive system), 995 and performance gains for older standards for, 1520–1522 Tissue damage, light-related, adults, 1452 Thermal protection, clothing for, 695–696 science of, future directions, 520, 901–904 Tissue stimulation, pain and, 522 THERP (technique for human error 805–806 science of, theoretical rate prediction), 715, 761, Title, webpage, 1329 developments, 491–495 766–768 TLVs, see Threshold limit values to support situation awareness, Thesauruses, 1334 TMA (Traffic Management 560 Think-aloud (TA) study, 1274–1275 Advisor), 1680 virtual environments in, Third industrial revolution, 1643, Tool(s): 1042–1045 1644 in human-oriented work design, for worker happiness, 541 Third-party authentication, 1656–1657 Training aids, 519 1255–1256 machine, 1540–1541 Training analysis, 495–498 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 830 for persons with functional Training costs, 484 Three-dimensional anthropometry, limitations, 1411 Training development, 495, 344–345 for task analysis, 387–388 512–513 Three-dimensional body scanning, Top-down processing, 740 Training effectiveness models, 169 Top management, technology 492–495 Three-dimensional (3d) design, implementation and, Training implementation, 495, 513 see Human digital modeling 1586–1587 Training systems, 490–522 INDEX 1727

cognitive neuroscience studies Tritanopia, 75–76 United Nations, ILO guidelines and, with, 522 Trust, in automation, 785–786 1526 cost of, 490 t-test, 1150–1151 U.S. Department of Labor: definition of training, 491 Tuning curve, 77–78 job analysis, developments in, 477 design of, 498–512 Turn management, in dialogues, O*Net, development of, 477 development of, 512–513 1376 U.S. government standards, 1527, and emotion regulation, 520, 522 Turnover, 484, 545 1537–1544 evaluation of, 513–517 Two-dimensional frequency U.S. military standards, 1537 goal of, 491 distribution, 338–339 Universal access: implementation of, 513 Two-factor theory, 402–403 designing for, 1341–1343 instructional systems development Two-group design, 317 and interactivity, 1382–1384 model for, 495–496 Tympanic membrane, 76–77 Universal design, 1411–1413, 1436, theoretical developments of, Type I Errors, 1147 1437. See also Design for all 491–495 Type II Errors, 1147 Unsafe behavior, 707–708 training analysis, 496–498 Typical process control, 388 Unstructured answers, analysis of, transfer of training, 517–520 1172 Training system design, 498–512 U Unstructured outcome data, 1140, feedback, 501 UAVs (uninhabited aerial vehicles), 1165, 1167–1171 individual characteristics, 1683 content analysis and coding, 498–500 UCD, see User-centered design 1167–1169 instructional strategies, 501–512 UFOV (useful field of view), documentation, 1170–1171 objectives, 498 1450–1451 figures and tables, 1169–1170 organizational characteristics, U.K. National Sizing Survey (Size Upper extremities: 500–501 UK), 169 anatomy of, 836–840 practice opportunities, 501 Ulnar artery aneurysm, 830 biomechanical models of, 376, program content, 512 Ulnar nerve entrapment, 830 377 Transfer of training, 491–493, 495, Ultraviolet radiation, 695, 720 Upper extremity checklist, 517–520 Unanticipated events, in health care, 1108–1110 Transition phase (contextual 1578 URET (User Request Evaluation inquiry), 1316 Uncertainty, in health care, 1577 Tool), 1679 Transition processes, for teams, 465 Uncertainty avoidance, 163, 790 URL design, 1337–1338 Transitoriness, of human Uncertainty bounds, 766 Usability: communication, 1375 “Understanding the user,” of audit system, 1101 Translators, for international 1326–1328 defined, 1267, 1660 usability evaluations, 173 and ethnographic studies, 1327 design recommendations for, Transmissibility of vibration, 627 and naturalistic observation, 1327 1283–1284 Transportation, mental workload and user diaries, 1327–1328 international evaluations of, during, 261–262 using focus groups for, 1327 171–174 Transportation-related hazards, 726 using interviews for, 1326–1367 problems, 1283–1285 Trauma: using surveys/questionnaires for, sample size estimation, acute vs. cumulative, 348–350 1327 1285–1298 defined, 827 using web server log files for, universal constructs of, 174 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), design 1328 of virtual environments, 1042 for people with, 1419 Understeer, 1601 Usability design, information Traveling wave, 79 Understimulation, visual, 689 security flaws, 1253–1263 TRCs (time–reliability correlations), Unemployment, health effects of, Usability engineering, 1660 771–773 545 Usability evaluation, 1297–1298 Tree information structures, Unidimensional relative Usability inspection methods, for 1215–1218 retrospective judgments, websites, 1345–1346 Trend studies, 313 255–256 Usability lab testing, for websites, Trial and error, 1007 Unified user interface design, 1347 Trichromatic colors, 74 1488–1490 Usability methods, 1520 Trichromatic (three-dimensional) Uniform Color Space, 676 Usability testing, 1267–1305 vision, 1186 Uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs), for AmI environments, 1360 Trigger finger/thumb, 830 1683 and confidence intervals, Trist, Eric, 282 Unions, 702, 703 1298–1299 1728 INDEX

Usability testing (continued) for JMorph library, 1503–1504 VDV health guidance caution zone, effectiveness of, 1270–1271 MENTOR tool, 1491–1493 625 future of, 1304–1305 prototyping in, 1495, 1498, 1499 VEs, see Virtual environments goals of, 1271–1274 tools, 1490–1499 Vection, 128–129 illustrated, 1268–1269 and unified user interfaces, Vehicle handling, 1601 information sources for, 1304 1488–1490 Vehicle packaging, 1602–1603 laboratories for, 1276–1277 for websites, 1325 Veiling reflections, 691 planning, 1277–1283 User profiles, 1344 Velocity of motion, muscle force, reporting results of, 1283–1285 User Request Evaluation Tool 352, 353 roles of testers in, 1277 (URET), 1679 Ventilation, 726 roots of, 1269–1270 User requirements, 1313–1320 Ventricular fibrillation, 720 sample size for, 1285–1298 for AmI environments, Verbal language, for usability standardized usability 1358–1359 evaluations, 173 questionnaires for, contextual inquiry for, 1315–1316 Verbal protocol analysis, 1326 1299–1304 cultural probes, 1318 Vergence, 67 think-aloud study, 1274–1275 defined, 1313–1314 Vernier acuity, 73 types of, 1274–1276 documentation formats for, 1319 Versailles Congress, 1526 for websites, 1344–1348 in engineering processes, Vertebrae tolerance, 354–356 Usage protocols, for VE systems, 1319–1320 VESARS (Virtual Environment 1040–1041 and ethnography, 1314–1315 Situation Awareness Review Use cases, 1319 focus groups, 1316 System), 560–561 Useful field of view (UFOV), scenario analysis, 1317–1318 Vestibular eye movements, 80 1450–1451 task analysis for, 1314 Vestibular system, 80, 629 Useful work, 3–4 User stories, 1319 Vestibule, 80 Users, knowledge elicitation from, Users with disabilities. See also Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 621 1326–1328 Functional limitations, design Vibrating observers, vision of, User-centered design (UCD), 50 for people with 621–622 for AmI environments, designing websites for, Vibration(s), 616–635 1355–1360 1342–1343 hand-transmitted, 616, 629–635 context for use in, 1356–1358 evaluating website accessibility and measurement of motion, evaluations of, 1360 for, 1347–1348 617–618 and interactivity, 1381 Utility functions: and motion sickness, 616, producing, 1359–1360 assessments of, 220–221 628–629 user requirements in, 1358–1359 in cost/benefit analysis, 1129, and noise, 639 User characteristics, 1413–1414 1130 whole-body, 616, 618–628 User diaries, for web user analysis, Utility judgments, 515 Vibration-correlated error, 622 1327–1328 Utricle, 80 Vibration dose values, 625 User environment, for products, UX (user experience), 1360–1363, Vibration hazards, 719 578–579 1381–1382 Vibration-induced white fingers User experience (UX), 1360–1363, (VWF), 630, 631, 830 1381–1382 V diagnosis of, 631 User interaction paradigms: Vagabonding, 743 signs and symptoms, 630, 631 for cross-cultural design, 175–183 Validity, 305, 1100–1101 Vibration syndrome, 830 graphical user interface, 175–179 Value (worth), 75 Vibrotaction, 81 for mobile computing, 182–183 Values, in cross-cultural psychology, Video-based biomechanical models, for Web and hypermedia, 163–164 816 179–182 Value Survey Module (VSM), Video games, 1045, 1460–1461 User interface adaptation design: 163–164 Vienna Agreement, 1523 for AVANTI and PALIO, Value trees, 219 VIE theory, 408–409 1499–1502 Variable representativeness, 306–307 Vigilance, operator performance case studies, 1499–1504 Variance analysis, 468 and, 1678 design for all as, 1487–1488 Vascular disorders, caused by Vigilance decrement, 124, 973–975 DMSL in, 1491 vibration, 630 Vigilance tasks, 124 for EDeAN Web portal, VCATS (visually coupled targeting Virtual environments (VEs), 46, 1502–1503 and acquisition system), 1031–1048 interaction toolkits, 1493–1497 1131–1136 applications of, 1043–1048 INDEX 1729

design, 1038–1040 and office ergonomics, 1568–1569 Visual momentum, 1205 health and safety issues, symptoms and causes of Visual performance: 1041–1042 discomfort, 689–690 suprathreshold, 686–689 illusion of depth in, 128 and task performance, 691, 692 threshold, 683–686 implementation, 1040–1041 Visual cortex, 680 Visual properties, of glyphs, for planning supervisory control, Visual displays, 1179–1206 1212–1213 998, 1000 and abstraction hierarchy analysis, Visual search: system requirements, 1031–1038 1196–1198 appliedtomenuhierarchies, usability engineering, 1042–1043 aesthetic design approach, 971–972 Virtual Environment Situation 1188–1190 and discrimination, 121–122 Awareness Review System ANSI standards for, 1540 as inspection task, 975–976, (VESARS), 560–561 attention-based design approach, 1094–1095 Virtual gaming, online communities 1190–1192 and location expectancy, 122 for, 1239–1241, 1245–1247 in aviation, 1672, 1674–1676 and mathematical models of Virtual objects, 1000 color of, 1185–1188 human behavior, 970–972 Virtual reality (VR), 997, in complex systems, 1204–1205 models for, 122 1395–1397. See also Virtual emissive, 1182–1183 and RVP model, 687–688 environments for information automation, and target familiarity, 122 Visceral design, 578 1674–1676 Visual size, of stimuli, 682 Visibility bias, 314 ISO standards for, 1518–1519 Visual system(s), 66–72, 679–689 Visibility lobe, 688 meaning-processing design adaptation of, 72, 681–682, Visible light, damage from, 695 approach, 1193–1204 1448–1449 Vision, 66–76. See also Visual and mental workload, 263 and age, 692–693 system in motor vehicle design, 1603, color vision in, 682 astigmatism, 67 1604 CRT monitors affecting, blind spot, 68 organization of, 130 1186–1188 color, 682, 693, 1448 for people with functional and display design, 1185–1186 dark focus, 67 limitations, 1421–1437 eye movements in, 87–88 dark vergence, 67 and perceived contrast, focusing system, 67–68 depth of field, 67 1183–1185 and partial sight, 693 and design for aging, problem-solving and physiology of, 66–72 1446–1449 decision-making design and posture, 603 geniculostriate pathway, 70 approach, 1192–1193 and productivity, 688–689 hypercolumn, 71 psychophysical design approach, receptive field size and myopia, 67 1189, 1190 eccentricity of, 682 optic chiasma, 70, 71 reflective, 1180–1182 retina, 68–70 photopic, 68 and situation awareness, 263–264 stimulus parameters of, 682–683 and presbyopia, 67, 692, 1448 Visual display terminals (VDTs): structure of, 679–680 scotopic, 68 ANSI standards, 1540 and suprathreshold visual striate cortex, 70 ISO standards for, 1518–1519 performance, 686–689 tectopulvinar pathway, 70 in office ergonomics, 1562 and threshold visual performance, vergence, 67 placement of, 603 683–686 and vibration/motion, 620–622 Visual dominance, 85 tissue damage in, 695–696 visual perception, 72–76 Visual feedback, 106 visual pathways of, 70–72 Vision breaks, 1565 Visual impairments, design for and visual tasks, 688–689 Vision impairment, 693 people with, 1416, 1417 wavelength sensitivity of, 680, Visual accommodation, 67, 127, Visual information, for older adults, 681 1448, 1565 1461–1462 Visuospatial sketch pad, 133 Visual acuity, 72–74, 683, Visualizations, see Information Vocal-auditory channel, of human 1446–1448 visualizations communication, 1375 Visual analytics, 226–228, 1231 Visualization pipeline, 1212–1213 Vocational interest, 481–482 Visual clutter, 1452, 1675–1676 Visual lobe, 975, 1095 Voice command options, 1463 Visual comfort, 689–692 Visually coupled targeting and Voice recognition systems, 147 improving, 691, 692 acquisition system (VCATS), Voice warnings, 882 lighting conditions that cause 1131–1136 Volkswagen, HdA case study on, discomfort, 690–691 Visual mapping function, 1212 427 1730 INDEX

Voluntary health and safety Web design, cross-cultural, 179–182 changes in, 39–41 standards, 729 Web server configuration, digital modeling of physical Voluntary turnover, 484 1256–1257 aspects, 1017–1019 VOTE (feature voting) strategy, 209 Web server log files, 1328 function of waged, 397–399 VR, see Virtual reality Websites, 1323–1349 importance of, 398 Vroom’s VIE theory, 408–409 accessibility guidelines for, 1487 meaning of, 397 VSM (Value Survey Module), accessibility/universal access motivation to, 399. See also Work 163–164 design of, 1341–1343 motivation VWF, see Vibration-induced white components of, 1324–1325 psychosocial aspects of, 292 fingers content of, 1324–1332 science of, 389–390 goals of, 1323–1324 sociology of, 277–279 W information on, 1332–1343 and stress, 282–285 WADD (weighted adding strategy), knowledge elicitation for, study of, 3–4 208, 209 1325–1328 threshold limit values for, 1542 Warnings, 868–889. See also presentation of information on, Work design, 53–54, 416–422 specific types, e.g.: Auditory 1334–1341 for back biomechanics, 362–364 warnings retrieval of information with, biomechanics applications in, and attention, 875–877 1332–1334 357–368 checklist of potential warning security and privacy on, 1343 corrective work design, 416–417 components, 886, 887 types of, 1323–1324 design criteria for, 418–419 C-HIP model, 870–885 usability of, 1344–1348 differential work design, 417 criteria for, 869–870 Weighted adding strategy (WADD), dynamic work design, 417–418 defined, 868–869 208, 209 group tasks, 420–421 design guidelines, 885–889 Well-being, productivity of human-oriented, see and designing for children, 1479, employees and, 540–541 Human-oriented work design 1481 White finger, 830. See also job enlargement, 420 design specifications for, 729–731 in hazard control, 710–711 Vibration-induced white fingers job enrichment, 419–420 and hierarchy of hazard control, WHO (World Health Organization), job rotation, 420 869 1410 for neck biomechanics, 359–361 in intensive care units, 984 Whole-body vibration, 616, 618–628 participative work design, 418 and mathematical models of activities, interference with, preventive, 416, 1661–1662 human behavior, 983–984 620–624 prospective, 416–417 purposes of, 869 buildings, disturbance in, 626–627 for shoulder biomechanics, Warning systems: discomfort from, 618–620 357–359 in C-HIP systems, 874 health effects of, 620–626 task completeness, 419 guidelines for, 888 protection from, 627–628 task orientation, 419 in motor vehicles, 1607, 1608 Whole-network SNA, 1242 trade-offs in, 360–362 Warrick’s principle, 99 Why-why-why method, 582 and working time, 421 Water, for human space flight, Wide angle navigation strategy, for wrist biomechanics, 364–368 913–914 1226 Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ), Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking, Wilcoxan–Mann-Whitney Test, 1151 443, 446–449 483 Wilcoxan matched-pairs signed rank Work design-related risk factors, Wavelength, sensitivity of visual test, 1151–1152 MSD prevention and, 850 system to, 680, 681 WIMP interfaces, 175, 1386–1387 Work environment, design of, 53–54 Wayfinding, in virtual environments, Windows, in space vehicles, Worker happiness: 1040 916–917 and attitude/productivity, 542–543 WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Wisdom of crowds, 229–230 historical perspectives on, Guidelines), 1487 Within-subject design, 317 538–540 WDQ (Work Design Questionnaire), WM, see Working memory recent perspectives on, 540–542 443, 446–449 WMSDs, see Work-related Worker health and safety, 537–538 WEAR (World Engineering musculoskeletal disorders Worker injury records, 1565 Anthropometry Resource), 169 Women: Worker selection interventions, 541 Web 2.0, 1391 in labor force, 40 Worker’s Health Global Plan for Web-based interaction, 1389–1391 maximum acceptable forces for, Action, 544 Web Content Accessibility 846 Worker stress, 282–285 Guidelines (WCAG), 1487 Work, 397–399 Work groups, 420–421 INDEX 1731

Work-hardening program, 859 Hackman and Oldham’s job ergonomics programs to prevent, Working environment, 1654–1656 characteristics model, 1557–1560 climate in, 1656 403–405 work site diagnosis criteria for, hearing loss in, 1655–1656 Herzberg’s two-factor theory, 835–836 lighting in, 1655 402–403 Work-related upper extremity noise in, 1655–1656 Kelley’s attribution theory, 414 musculoskeletal disorders Working life approach, see Locke’s goal-setting theory, (WUEDs), 826–867 Humanization of Working Life 412–414 administrative and engineering (HdA) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, controls for, 850–852 Working memory (WM), 119–120, 399–401 and anatomy of upper extremity, 738, 739 McClelland’s theory of acquired 836, 838–840 bottlenecks in, 1059, 1060 needs, 405–406 and balancing work systems for breakdown of, 148 McGregor’s x- and y-theory, 402 ergonomics, 860 central executive, 133–134 Porter and Lawler’s motivation biomechanical risk factors for, decay rates of, 133 model, 409–411 828, 831–832 and design for aging, 1453–1454 Vroom’s VIE theory, 408–409 causation models for, 840–846 dynamic, 134–135 Work organization(s): classification of, 834 and language comprehension, 137 defined, 832 and computer use, 1554–1556 limitations, 133–134 and psychosocial influences, cumulative-trauma disorders of long-term, 247–248 282–285 upper extremity, 827–828 memory span, 133 Workplace design, 599–614, 1650, defined, 827 memory trap, 559 1657–1659 employer benefit from ergonomic mental models within, 135 anthropometry for, 1657–1658 programs, 852–853 primary memory, 133 biological approach to, 444 epidemiology of, 828–831 and retention, 133–135 dimensioning, 1658–1659 ergonomic efforts to control, running memory, 134–135 ergonomic requirements for, 603, 849–860 short-term store, 133 608–609 ergonomics guidelines for, storage systems of, 133–134 goals for, 605–606 860–861 Work-life balance, 541 high-level requirements, 605 extent of problem, 826–827 Workload(s). See also Mental kneeling/balance chair, 602 individual factors affecting, workload lighting in, 1522, 1523 833–834 causing stress, 1654 phases of, 605–608 medical management, 855–860 consequences of inappropriate, postures, 601–604 organization factors affecting, 1654 prototypes for, 606–608 832, 833 crew workload evaluations, proximity diagrams, 612–613 physical assessments of workers, 941–942 proximity table, 612 834–837 driving, 1605–1606 space determination, 611 prevention programs for, 849–850 effects of fatigue on, 1654 system constraints, 605 psychosocial work factors effects of monotony on, 1654 and task demands, 600–601 affecting, 833 and operator performance, 1678 unit placement, 612–613 quantitative models for control of, and situational awareness, 559 and user needs, 605 846–849 and stress, 1654 workstations, 608–614 risk factors for, 828 Workload channels, 944 Workplace design-related risk and surveillance, 853–855 Workload judgments, 255 factors, MSD prevention and, work relatedness of, 828–836 Workload measures, 259–260 850 Work safety analysis (WSA), 715 Workload ratings, 254–255 Work-positioning systems, 907 Work schedules, organizational Workload sharing, 465 Work procedures, barriers to errors health and, 545 Workman’s Compensation laws, 703 in, 750 Workspaces: Work motivation, 399–422 Work qualifications, 1661 employee participation in, 292 Adams’s equity theory, 411–412 Work rationalization, 276–277 and matching operators, Alderfer’s ERG theory, 401–402 Work-related diseases (WRDs), 1562–1564 Argyris’s concept, 406 828 for telecommuters, 1566 cognitive evaluation theory, 407 Work-related musculoskeletal Workstations. See also Workplace Deci and Ryan’s disorders (WMSDs): design self-determination theory, conceptual model for, 840–841 and activity networks, 965 406–407 economic burden due to, 826–827 for human space flight, 917 1732 INDEX

Work structuring, 1650 World Health Organization (WHO), X Work surfaces, 1561 1410 X- and y-theory, 402 Work system design: World Wide Web, supervisory XML (extensible markup language), balancing systems for ergonomic control issues, 1011 1329 benefits, 860 Wrap-up phase (contextual inquiry), XYZ tristimulus coordinate system, and health care technology 1316 74 implementation, 1585 WRDs (work-related diseases), 828 for manufacturing, 1651–1652 Wrist, biomechanics of, 364–368 Z in organizational design, Wrist flexor tendonitis, 835 ZCR (zone of convenient reach), 546–548 Writer’s cramp, see Carpal tunnel 170 Work system model: syndrome Zone of convenient reach (ZCR), for health care systems, Wrong object errors, 752 170 + 1581–1582 WSA (work safety analysis), 715 Zoom pan navigation strategy, and work system design, 546–548 WUEDs, see Work-related upper 1225 World Engineering Anthropometry extremity musculoskeletal Zwicker’s method of loudness, Resource (WEAR), 169 disorders 659