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A Fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 Abdomen, 221 Visceral Afferent, 222 Absolute INDEX A fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 all-or-none law, 62 Abdomen, 221 current during propagation, 62, 63 visceral afferent, 222 current loop, 64 Absolute temperature, 26 definition, 40 Acceleration depolarization phase, 38 angular, 183 duration, 38 linear, 183, 184 effect on contraction, 144 negative, 184 frequency, 50 positive, 184 generation, 88, 89 Accommodation, excitability, 60 inactivation, 48 Acetic acid, 74, 78 inhibition, 96 Acetylenoline ion current, 42, 43 cycle, 78 ion shift, 40, 42, 43 end plate, 74, 75 kinetics, 44-52 fate, 77, 78 mechanism of propagation, 62 intestinal muscle, 237 membrane conductance, 49 membrane receptor, 77-79 muscle, 129 muscarinergic transmission, 223, 225 overshoot, 38 nicotinergic transmission, 223, 225 peak, 38 quanta, 82 phase, 38 receptor, 78, 79 potassium conductance, 41 Renshaw cell, 100 propagation, 61-68 smooth muscle, 230, 231 refractory period, 50 transmitter function, 100, 101 refractory phase, 49, 50 Acetylcholinesterase, 101 repolarization, 38 ACh, 74, 75, s.a. acetylcholine rising phase, 38 Acid, fatty, 225 saltatory conduction, 64-66 Actin, 131-133, 139, 147 smooth muscle, 230, 231 Actinomycin, '312 sodium conductance, 41, 42 Action potential, 37-43 sodium deficiency, 43 Action potential tetrodotoxin, 52 after-potential, 39 threshold, 39 327 328 Index Action potential (cont.) Anion, 21 time course, 37, 38 Anococcygeal muscle, 233 trigger, 39 Anoce,58 triphasic current, 64 Antagonist inhibition, 109, 212 upstroke, 38 Anterior pens, micturition center, 241 velocity of conduction, 61 Anticholinergic substance, 313 Active transport Antidiuretic hormone, 259 membrane, 32 Aphagia, 264 sodium, 35 Aphasia Activity clock, 288 motor, 305 Adaptation, hormonal, 259 sensory, 305 Adenohypophysis Apoplexy, 196, 310 feedback system, 259 ARAS,295 hormone control, 257-259 Areflexia, 170 hypothalamus, 254 Arousal, 295 Adenosine triphosphate, 132-134, 147, 226 Arterial pressure, 247, s.a. blood pressure ADH, 259-261 Artery, carotid, 282, 305 Adladochokinesis, 195 Articular nerve, 11 Adrenal cortex, 257 Ascending reticular activating system, 295 Adrenal gland, 225 Association cortex, 274 Adrenal medulla, 223, 225 Association fiber, cerebral cortex, 275 defense behavior, 265 Asthmatic patient, 224 Adrenaline, 223-225, 230, 231 Astronaut, 252 alpha-beta receptor concept, 223, 224 Asynergy, cerebellum, 194, 195 transmitter, 101 Ataxia, cerebellum, 195 Adrenergic transmitter, 101 ATP, 132-134, 141, 226 Aequorin, 147 plasticizing effect, 134 Aerosol spray, 224 Atropine, 223 Affective behavior, 267 Auditory cortex, 273 Afferent fiber, visceral, 221, 222 Aura, 285 Afferent nerve fiber, 10 Autonomic center, 238 After-potential Autonomic effector depolarizing, 39 parasympathetic effect, 233-237 hyperpolarizing, 39 sympathetic effect, 233-237 akinesis, parkinson syndrome, 193 Autonomic efferent, 10 all-or-none law, 62 Autonomic ganglion alpha blocking agent, 223, 224 convergence, 220 alpha-gamma coactivation, 162, 212 divergence, 220 alpha-gamma coupling, 162 Autonomic nerve, 11 alpha motor axon, 116 Autonomic nervous system, 216-269 amanita muscaria, 223 parts, 216, 217 amino acid peripheral anatomy, 216-222 acidic, 101 transmitter substance, 225 neutral, 101 visceral afferent, 221, 222 transmitter, 101, 102 Autonomic reflex arc, 238 Ammonium base, 223 Autonomic reflex, spinal, 238, 239 Amnesia Axo-axonal synapse, bicuculline effect, 102 anterograde, 310 Axon, 1 retrograde, 310 collateral, 1 Amygdalotomy, 316 Axon hillock, 87, 89 Amy tal test, 305 Axonal transport, 11, 12 Anelectrotonus, 58 microtubule, 12 Anger, 264 poliomyelitis virus, 12 Angiotensin, 102 retrograde, 12 Index 329 tetanus toxin, 12 heat production, 255 velocity, 12 ocre, 254 regulation, 254-257 shell, 254 B fiber, 66, 67 shivering, 255 Backward inhibition, 110 thermogenesis, shivering, 255 Basal ganglia Bone, temporal, 183 function, 192 Bouton, synapse, 70 information flow, 192 Brain, blood flow, 282-284 motor center, 172-174 Brain, gut, 221 pallidum, 193 Brain damage, irreversible, 7 Parkinson syndrome, 193-195 Brain death, 280 patnology, 193-195 Brain metabolism, 282-284 role in motor control, 191-193 Brainstem striatum, 192 afferent, 183 Basket cell, 180, 181, 199 anterior pontine region, 241 Behavior arousal, 295 affective, 267 border, 183 defense, 264, 265 cardiovascular center, 248 eating, 262-264 cortical inflow, 177-179 innate, 314 hypothalamus, 254 perseveration, 314, 315 medulla oblongata, 183 reproductive, 262 mesencephalon, 183 sexual, 262 micturition center, 241 species-specific, 267 midbrain, 183 strategy, 315 motor center, 172-174, 183, 184 Beta blocking agent, 223, 224 neuronal program, 265 Betz cell, 179, 180 pons, 183 Bicircadian rhythm, 288 sleep control, 295, 296 Bicucullin, 98, 102 subregion, 183 Biocybernetics, 201 transection, 185 Biological clock, 286 Breast, 246 Bladder, 221, 224, 227, 230, 231, 234, 245 Broca's area, 303, 305 autoregulation, 241 bronchus, 224 external sphincter, 241 internal sphincter, 241 neuronal regulation, 241-243 C fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 sympathetic innervation, 242 Caffeine, memory, 313 Blindness, cortical, 273 Calcium ion Blood-brain barrier, 6, 194 aequorin, 147 Blood flow contraction coupling, 133, 134 defense behavior, 265 sarcoplasmic reticulum, 147 eating behavior, 265 smooth muscle, 229 muscular exertion, 250-252 transmitter release, 82, 83 organ distribution, 250--252 Calcium pump, 148 Blood pressure Canal, semicircular, 183 arteria, 247-250 Capacitance, local, 64 nervous regulation, 247-252 Capillary, 6, 247 orgasm, 246 Capillary membrane, 6 Blood vessel, 224, 227, 230, 231, 234 Cardiac arrest, 7 nervous control, 249 Cardiac center, 238, 248 Body temperature Cardiac muscle, 134 diurnal rhythm, 286 Cardiac nerve, 234, 235 heat loss, 255 Cardiac output, 236, 249, 250 330 Index Cardiovascular center, 248, 250 column, 275, 277 Carotid artery, 282, 305 commissural fiber, 275 Carrier molecule, 34, 35 corpus callosum, 275 Catecholamine, 101 energy requirement, 282-284 Catelectrotonus, 58 evoked potential, 280-282 Cathode, 58 fiber connection, 274, 275 Cation, 21 frontal lobe, 271, 314-316 Cell functional subdivision, 271 basket, 180, 181 gyrus, 271 Betz, 179, 180 hemisphere, 271 excitable, 40 histology, 275 granule, 180, 181 layer, 275 Purkinje, 180, 181 lobe, 271 pyramidal, 179, 180 metabolism, 282-284 Renshaw, 169 motor, 271 Center neuron number, 275 autonomic, 238 nonspecific, 274 cardiac, 238 occipital lobe, 271 micturition, 238 oxygen consumption, 282 vasomotor, 238 parietal lobe, 271 Cerebella ataxia, 195 projection fiber, 275 Cerebellar cortex, 175, 179 sensory, 271 basket cell, 180, 181 somatotopy, 275 climbing fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 speech area, 303-305 granular layer, 180, 181 sulcus, 271 granule cell, 180, 181 surface area, 275 molecular layer, 180, 181 temporal lobe, 271 mossy fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 thalamic input, 274, 275 parallel fiber, 181 thickness, 275 Purkinje-cell axon, 197-199 visual, 273 Purkinje-celllayer, 180-181 volume, 275 structure, 180-182 Cerebral dominance, 169 Cerebellar nucleus, 175, 181, 199 Cerebrum, 271, s.a. cerebral cortex Cerebellar output, 181 gray matter, 171 CerebeiIum white matter, 171 adiadochokinesis, 195 Cervix, uterus, 245 asynergy, 194, 195 Channel, ionic basket cell, 199 density, 52 connection, 175 diameter, 52 cortical processing, 197-200 selectivity, 51 dysmetria, 195 sodium ion, 51, 52 hypotonus, 195 Chemoreceptor, 250 motor center, 172-174 Chloride equilibrium potential, 26, 93 pathology, 194, 195 Chloride ion, 26, 27 projection, 193 ipsp, 79 role in motor control, 193 Cholecystitis, 239 speech disturbance, 195 Choline, 74, 78 tremor, 195 Cholinergic substance, memory, 313 Cerebral cortex Cholinesterase, 74, 77, 79, 80 anatomy, 271-274 Cholinesterase inhibitor, irreversible, 79 association, 274 Cingulotomy, 316 association fiber, 275 Circadian periodicity, 285-289 auditory, 273 Circadian rhythm bloca How, 282 biological significance, 288, 289 Index 331 definition, 286 velocity, 137-139 free running, 286-288 Control, open loop, 204 jet-lag, 288 Control circuit, structure, 204 zeitgeber, 286 Control signal, 204, 206 Circuit, neuronal, 103-113 Control system, 207-214 Circulation modulation of gain, 213, 214 pulmonary, 247 negative-feedback, 203 systemic, 247 spinal reflex, 160 Cisterna, 145 Control theory, 201 Clamp current, 45 Controlled variable, 206 Clamp potential, 45 Controller, 204 Cleft, synaptic, 70 Convergence Climbing fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 autonomic ganglion, 220 Clitoris, 245 neuronal circuit, 105 Clock, biological, 286 Convulsion, 79, 108 Clonus, 209 strychnine, 102 Cochlea, 183 Corpora cavernosa, penis, 244 Cold receptor, 255, 257 Copulation, 243 Column, cortical, 275, 277 Core temperature, 254 Coma, 295 Corpus callosum, 275, 299 Commissural fiber, cerebral cortex, 275 Cortex, s,a, cerebral cortex Commissure, anterior, 166, 169 association neuron, 180 Compass, 289 cerebellar, 175, 179-182 Concussion, 310 frontal, 266 Conditioning motor, 179, 180, 195, 196 operant, 124 Cortical blindness, 273 reflex, 124 Cortical column, 275, 277 Conductance Cortical deafness, 273 action potential, 49 Corticospinal tract, 175-177 potassium ion, 30, 41 number of fibers, 175, 180 sodium ion, 41, 42, 47, 48 pathway, 175 Conduction, saltatory, 64-66 Cranial nerve, 18 Conduction velocity, action potential, 61 Curare, 73, 74, 75 Consciousness, 297-303 mode of action, 79 characteristics, 297, 298 Current criterion, 297, 298 capacitive, 55 development, 298 end plate, 77 neuronal basis, 298-303 Cutanec-visceral reflex, 240 Consolidation, memory,
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