INDEX

A fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 all-or-none law, 62 Abdomen, 221 current during propagation, 62, 63 visceral afferent, 222 current loop, 64 Absolute temperature, 26 definition, 40 Acceleration depolarization phase, 38 angular, 183 duration, 38 linear, 183, 184 effect on contraction, 144 negative, 184 frequency, 50 positive, 184 generation, 88, 89 Accommodation, excitability, 60 inactivation, 48 Acetic acid, 74, 78 inhibition, 96 Acetylenoline ion current, 42, 43 cycle, 78 ion shift, 40, 42, 43 end plate, 74, 75 kinetics, 44-52 fate, 77, 78 mechanism of propagation, 62 intestinal muscle, 237 membrane conductance, 49 membrane receptor, 77-79 muscle, 129 muscarinergic transmission, 223, 225 overshoot, 38 nicotinergic transmission, 223, 225 peak, 38 quanta, 82 phase, 38 receptor, 78, 79 potassium conductance, 41 , 100 propagation, 61-68 smooth muscle, 230, 231 refractory period, 50 transmitter function, 100, 101 refractory phase, 49, 50 Acetylcholinesterase, 101 repolarization, 38 ACh, 74, 75, s.a. acetylcholine rising phase, 38 Acid, fatty, 225 saltatory conduction, 64-66 Actin, 131-133, 139, 147 smooth muscle, 230, 231 Actinomycin, '312 sodium conductance, 41, 42 Action potential, 37-43 sodium deficiency, 43 Action potential tetrodotoxin, 52 after-potential, 39 threshold, 39 327 328 Index

Action potential (cont.) Anion, 21 time course, 37, 38 Anococcygeal muscle, 233 trigger, 39 Anoce,58 triphasic current, 64 Antagonist inhibition, 109, 212 upstroke, 38 Anterior pens, micturition center, 241 velocity of conduction, 61 Anticholinergic substance, 313 Active transport Antidiuretic hormone, 259 membrane, 32 Aphagia, 264 sodium, 35 Aphasia Activity clock, 288 motor, 305 Adaptation, hormonal, 259 sensory, 305 Adenohypophysis Apoplexy, 196, 310 feedback system, 259 ARAS,295 hormone control, 257-259 Areflexia, 170 hypothalamus, 254 Arousal, 295 Adenosine triphosphate, 132-134, 147, 226 Arterial pressure, 247, s.a. blood pressure ADH, 259-261 Artery, carotid, 282, 305 Adladochokinesis, 195 Articular nerve, 11 Adrenal cortex, 257 Ascending reticular activating system, 295 Adrenal gland, 225 Association cortex, 274 Adrenal medulla, 223, 225 Association fiber, , 275 defense behavior, 265 Asthmatic patient, 224 Adrenaline, 223-225, 230, 231 Astronaut, 252 alpha-beta receptor concept, 223, 224 Asynergy, cerebellum, 194, 195 transmitter, 101 Ataxia, cerebellum, 195 Adrenergic transmitter, 101 ATP, 132-134, 141, 226 Aequorin, 147 plasticizing effect, 134 Aerosol spray, 224 Atropine, 223 Affective behavior, 267 Auditory cortex, 273 Afferent fiber, visceral, 221, 222 Aura, 285 , 10 Autonomic center, 238 After-potential Autonomic effector depolarizing, 39 parasympathetic effect, 233-237 hyperpolarizing, 39 sympathetic effect, 233-237 akinesis, parkinson syndrome, 193 Autonomic efferent, 10 all-or-none law, 62 Autonomic alpha blocking agent, 223, 224 convergence, 220 alpha-gamma coactivation, 162, 212 divergence, 220 alpha-gamma coupling, 162 Autonomic nerve, 11 alpha motor , 116 Autonomic , 216-269 amanita muscaria, 223 parts, 216, 217 amino acid peripheral anatomy, 216-222 acidic, 101 transmitter substance, 225 neutral, 101 visceral afferent, 221, 222 transmitter, 101, 102 Autonomic reflex arc, 238 Ammonium base, 223 Autonomic reflex, spinal, 238, 239 Amnesia Axo-axonal , bicuculline effect, 102 anterograde, 310 Axon, 1 retrograde, 310 collateral, 1 Amygdalotomy, 316 , 87, 89 Amy tal test, 305 Axonal transport, 11, 12 Anelectrotonus, 58 microtubule, 12 Anger, 264 poliomyelitis virus, 12 Angiotensin, 102 retrograde, 12 Index 329

tetanus toxin, 12 heat production, 255 velocity, 12 ocre, 254 regulation, 254-257 shell, 254 B fiber, 66, 67 shivering, 255 Backward inhibition, 110 thermogenesis, shivering, 255 Basal ganglia Bone, temporal, 183 function, 192 Bouton, synapse, 70 information flow, 192 Brain, blood flow, 282-284 motor center, 172-174 Brain, gut, 221 pallidum, 193 Brain damage, irreversible, 7 Parkinson syndrome, 193-195 Brain death, 280 patnology, 193-195 Brain metabolism, 282-284 role in motor control, 191-193 striatum, 192 afferent, 183 Basket cell, 180, 181, 199 anterior pontine region, 241 Behavior arousal, 295 affective, 267 border, 183 defense, 264, 265 cardiovascular center, 248 eating, 262-264 cortical inflow, 177-179 innate, 314 hypothalamus, 254 perseveration, 314, 315 medulla oblongata, 183 reproductive, 262 mesencephalon, 183 sexual, 262 micturition center, 241 species-specific, 267 midbrain, 183 strategy, 315 motor center, 172-174, 183, 184 Beta blocking agent, 223, 224 neuronal program, 265 Betz cell, 179, 180 pons, 183 Bicircadian rhythm, 288 sleep control, 295, 296 Bicucullin, 98, 102 subregion, 183 Biocybernetics, 201 transection, 185 Biological clock, 286 Breast, 246 Bladder, 221, 224, 227, 230, 231, 234, 245 Broca's area, 303, 305 autoregulation, 241 bronchus, 224 external sphincter, 241 internal sphincter, 241 neuronal regulation, 241-243 C fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 sympathetic innervation, 242 Caffeine, memory, 313 Blindness, cortical, 273 Calcium ion Blood-brain barrier, 6, 194 aequorin, 147 Blood flow contraction coupling, 133, 134 defense behavior, 265 sarcoplasmic reticulum, 147 eating behavior, 265 smooth muscle, 229 muscular exertion, 250-252 transmitter release, 82, 83 organ distribution, 250--252 Calcium pump, 148 Blood pressure Canal, semicircular, 183 arteria, 247-250 Capacitance, local, 64 nervous regulation, 247-252 Capillary, 6, 247 orgasm, 246 Capillary membrane, 6 Blood vessel, 224, 227, 230, 231, 234 Cardiac arrest, 7 nervous control, 249 Cardiac center, 238, 248 Body temperature Cardiac muscle, 134 diurnal rhythm, 286 Cardiac nerve, 234, 235 heat loss, 255 Cardiac output, 236, 249, 250 330 Index

Cardiovascular center, 248, 250 column, 275, 277 Carotid artery, 282, 305 , 275 Carrier molecule, 34, 35 corpus callosum, 275 Catecholamine, 101 energy requirement, 282-284 Catelectrotonus, 58 evoked potential, 280-282 Cathode, 58 fiber connection, 274, 275 Cation, 21 , 271, 314-316 Cell functional subdivision, 271 basket, 180, 181 , 271 Betz, 179, 180 hemisphere, 271 excitable, 40 , 275 granule, 180, 181 layer, 275 Purkinje, 180, 181 lobe, 271 pyramidal, 179, 180 metabolism, 282-284 Renshaw, 169 motor, 271 Center number, 275 autonomic, 238 nonspecific, 274 cardiac, 238 , 271 micturition, 238 oxygen consumption, 282 vasomotor, 238 parietal lobe, 271 Cerebella ataxia, 195 , 275 Cerebellar cortex, 175, 179 sensory, 271 basket cell, 180, 181 somatotopy, 275 climbing fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 speech area, 303-305 granular layer, 180, 181 sulcus, 271 , 180, 181 surface area, 275 molecular layer, 180, 181 , 271 mossy fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 thalamic input, 274, 275 parallel fiber, 181 thickness, 275 Purkinje-cell axon, 197-199 visual, 273 Purkinje-celllayer, 180-181 volume, 275 structure, 180-182 Cerebral dominance, 169 Cerebellar nucleus, 175, 181, 199 , 271, s.a. cerebral cortex Cerebellar output, 181 gray matter, 171 CerebeiIum , 171 adiadochokinesis, 195 Cervix, uterus, 245 asynergy, 194, 195 Channel, ionic basket cell, 199 density, 52 connection, 175 diameter, 52 cortical processing, 197-200 selectivity, 51 dysmetria, 195 sodium ion, 51, 52 hypotonus, 195 Chemoreceptor, 250 motor center, 172-174 Chloride equilibrium potential, 26, 93 pathology, 194, 195 Chloride ion, 26, 27 projection, 193 ipsp, 79 role in motor control, 193 Cholecystitis, 239 speech disturbance, 195 Choline, 74, 78 tremor, 195 Cholinergic substance, memory, 313 Cerebral cortex Cholinesterase, 74, 77, 79, 80 anatomy, 271-274 Cholinesterase inhibitor, irreversible, 79 association, 274 Cingulotomy, 316 association fiber, 275 Circadian periodicity, 285-289 auditory, 273 Circadian rhythm bloca How, 282 biological significance, 288, 289 Index 331

definition, 286 velocity, 137-139 free running, 286-288 Control, open loop, 204 jet-lag, 288 Control circuit, structure, 204 zeitgeber, 286 Control signal, 204, 206 Circuit, neuronal, 103-113 Control system, 207-214 Circulation modulation of gain, 213, 214 pulmonary, 247 negative-feedback, 203 systemic, 247 spinal reflex, 160 Cisterna, 145 Control theory, 201 Clamp current, 45 Controlled variable, 206 Clamp potential, 45 Controller, 204 Cleft, synaptic, 70 Convergence Climbing fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 , 220 Clitoris, 245 neuronal circuit, 105 Clock, biological, 286 Convulsion, 79, 108 Clonus, 209 strychnine, 102 Cochlea, 183 Corpora cavernosa, penis, 244 Cold receptor, 255, 257 Copulation, 243 Column, cortical, 275, 277 Core temperature, 254 Coma, 295 Corpus callosum, 275, 299 Commissural fiber, cerebral cortex, 275 Cortex, s,a, cerebral cortex Commissure, anterior, 166, 169 association neuron, 180 Compass, 289 cerebellar, 175, 179-182 Concussion, 310 frontal, 266 Conditioning motor, 179, 180, 195, 196 operant, 124 Cortical blindness, 273 reflex, 124 Cortical column, 275, 277 Conductance Cortical deafness, 273 action potential, 49 Corticospinal tract, 175-177 potassium ion, 30, 41 number of fibers, 175, 180 sodium ion, 41, 42, 47, 48 pathway, 175 Conduction, saltatory, 64-66 Cranial nerve, 18 Conduction velocity, action potential, 61 Curare, 73, 74, 75 Consciousness, 297-303 mode of action, 79 characteristics, 297, 298 Current criterion, 297, 298 capacitive, 55 development, 298 end plate, 77 neuronal basis, 298-303 Cutanec-visceral reflex, 240 Consolidation, memory, 308 Cutaneous nerve, 11 Contractile system, activation, 144 Cybernetics, 201 Contraction Cytoplasm, 1 excitation coupling, 143-148 force, 137-139 intrafusal, 158, 159 Dale's principle, 100 isometric, 127, 128, 139 Deafness, cortical, 273 isotonic, 127, 128 Deceleration, angular, 184 molecular mechanism, 132, 133 Decerebrate animal, 185, 248, 266 regulation, 149-154 motor abilities, 185, 186 relaxation, 128, 147, 148 Decerebrate rigidity, 186, 188, 196 rising phase, 128 Decorticate animal, 266 smooth muscle, 229 Decussation summation, 149, 150 corticospinal tract, 177 tetanus, 229 pyramidal tract, 177 time course, 128, 129, 229 Defense behavior, 264, 265 332 Index

Defense behavior (cont.) learning, 311 neuronal program, 265 memory, 311 , 1, 3 sleep monitoring, 289 cable property, 89 synchronized, 279 Depression, neuron, 91 theta wave, 279 Dermatom, 239 Electromyogram, 152, 153 Detrusor vesicae, 224 muscular dystrophy, 154 Diencephalon, 183, 253 myasthenia, 153 Diffusion, ion, 23 myotonia, 153 Dilator, pupil, 224 paralysis, 153 Dinitrophenol, 33 sleep, 291 Disinhibition, 160, 163 Electroshock, 310 Diurnal rhythm, 286 Electrotonic potential, 54 Divergence anelectrotonus, 58 autonomic ganglion, 220 catelectrotonus, 58 average, 104 propagation, 62 neuronal circuit, 103, 104 time course, 55, 56 Dizziness, 184 Electrotonus, 53-60 DNP,33 elongated cell, 56 Dopa, 100 homogeneous, 53, 54 Dopamine, 100, 226 length constant, 58 parkinson syndrome, 193, 194 time course, 55, 56 transmitter, 101 EMG, s. electromyogram Dorsal horn, spinal cord, 13 Emision, sex act, 244, 245 Dorsal root, ganglion, 15 Emotion, 264, 267, 268 Dream, 293, 294 Encephalization, 169 deprivation, 294 End plate, 3, 71 Dysmetria, 195 ACh receptor, 77-79 transmitter release, 74, 75 End-plate current, 77 Eating behavior, 262-264 End-plate potential Eating center, 264 calcium ion, 83 EEG, 277-280, s.a. electroencephalogram curare, 73, 74 Effector, definition, 4 detection, 71 Efferent nerve fiber, 10 electrotonic spread, 75, 76 Ejaculation, 244, 245 equilibrium potential, 76, 77 Electric resistance, membrane, 29 ion conductance, 75, 76 Electrocorticogram, 279 magnesium ion, 83 Electroencephalogram, 277-280 miniature, 81, 82 alpha blocking, 279 nature, 75-77 alpha rhythm, 279, 280 quantum hypothesis, 84 alpha wave, 279 subthreshold, 74 amplitude, 277 suprathreshold, 74 beta wave, 279 time course, 76 brain death, 280 transmitter release, 82 clinical application, 280 voltage clamp, 76 definition, 277 Endocrine gland delta wave, 279 definition, 257 de synchronized, 279 hypothalamic control, 257-259 evaluation, 277 Endoplasmic reticulum, 147 flat, 280 muscle, 144, 145 frequency, 277 terminal cisterna, 145 generator, 279 transverse tubule, 145 isoelectric, 280 triad, 145 Index 333

Endorphin, 102 Extracellular potential, 20 Engram Extracellular space, 5, 7, 8 biochemical mechanism, 311-313 osmolarity, 259-261 definition, 308 Extrafusal fiber, 114 dynamic, 311 Extrapyramidal system, 177, 196 molecular mechanism, 311-313 Extrapyramidal tract, 179 polypeptide synthesis, 312 Extrinsic reflex, 121, 122, 165 protein synthesis, 312 Eye, smooth muscle, 229 RNA synthesis, 312 Eye movement, compensatory, 188 structural, 311 Eye muscle, 233 Enkephalin, 102 Enteric nervous system, 221 Enteric system, 216 Facilitation Epididymis, 245 descending, 214 Epilepsy, aura, 285 spatial, 105, 106 Epileptic seizure, 6 temporal, 105, 106 Epp 74, s.a. end-plate potential Faraday constant, 26 smooth muscule, 232 Fatty acid, 225 Epsp 86-90, s.a. excitatory postsynaptic Fear, 264 potential Feedback circuit, negative, 109 Equilibrium organ, 183, 186 Feedback inhibition, no, 199 Equilibrium potential Fiber, visceral, 221, 222 end plate, 76, 77 Filter potassium ion, 25, 26 selectivity, 51 sodium ion, 30, 36, 47, 48 sodium channel, 51 Erection, penis, 244 Flatworm, 312 Evaporation, 255 Flexor reflex, definition, 165, s.a. reflex Evoked potential, 280-282 Fluid, interstitial, 6 average, 282 Food digestion, 264 mechanism, 281 Food intake, 264 primary, 280 Fortification illusion, 285 secondary, 281 Forward inhibition, 110, 199 Excitability Frontal cortex, 266 accommodation, 60 Frontal lobe, 314-316 cell, 40 behavioral strategy, 315 motoneuron, 89 injury, 314, 315 size principle, 89 Fuse, 62 Excitation current loop, 64 homonymous, 160 GABA, 98, 101 kinetics, 44-52 Gamma, efferent, s. gamma motor axon local, 59 Gamma-aminobutryric acid, 98 reverberating, 311 Gamma fiber, 116 Excitation-contraction coupling, 143-148 Gamma loop, 160-162 Excitatory postsynaptic potential, 86-90 Gamma motor axon, 116, 160-162 facilitation, 105-108 Ganglion ionic mechanism, 88 autonomic, 217-220 smooth muscle, 232 blocking agent, 223 Exhaustion, 225 definition, 15, 171 Expectancy potential, 197 dorsal root, 15 Exteroceptor, 4 enteric, 221 Extracellular fluid nodose, 222 osmolarity, 259-261 paired, 219 volume control, 261 unpaired, 219 334 Index

Gap, interstitial, 6 Heart, 221, 224 , 69, 70 autonomic influence, 234-236 Gas constant, 26 autonomic innervation, 249 Gastritis, 239 cardiac output, 249, 250 Gastrochemius muscle, 71 coronary circulation, 251 Gastrointestinal tract, 221, 224, 227, 234 frog, 234 Gate output, 236 selectivity, 51 pacemaker, 234 sodium channel, 51 parasympathetic cardiac nerve, 234, 235 Geiger counter, 282 pump function, 247 Genital reflex, 243-247 stroke volume, 249, 250 man, 244, 245 sympathetic cardiac nerve, 234, 235 woman, 245, 246 Heart rate, 234, 235 Gland orgasm, 246 adenophypophysis, 257-259 Hemiplegia, 196 adrenal cortex, 257 Hemisphere endocrine, 257 cerebral cortex, 271 gonad, 257 consciousness, 303 lacrimal, 221 frontal lobe, 314-316 mammary, 257 linguistic ability, 303 pituitary, 257-259 lobe, 271 salivary, 221 performance, 300-303 thyroid, 257 Hippocampus, posttetanic potentiation, 112 , metabolism, 282 Homeostasis, 252 Glial cell 5-7, 8 Hormone Glial scar, 6 adenohypophyseal, 257 Glucose, 225 antidiuretic, 259 Glutamate, memory, 312 definition, 257 Glutamic acid, 101 metabolic, 225 Glycine, 101, 102 releasing, 257, 258 Glycogen, 225 thyroid, 259 Golgi organ, s. tendon organ vasopressin, 259-261 , s. tendon organ Human, species-specific behavior, 267 Gonad gland, 257 Hunger center, 264 Granule cell, 180, 181 5-Hydroxytryptamin, transmitter, 100 Gray matter, spinal cord, 13 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 296 Group I fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 Hyperphagia, 264 Group la fiber, 114, 156-162 Hypophysis, 253, s.a. hypothalamus Group Ib fiber, 156-158, 162, 163 Hypothalamus, 252-261 Group II fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67, 115, 116 adenohypophysis, 254 Group III fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 anatomy, 253, 254 Group IV fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 behavior, 262-265 Gunpowder, 62 body temperature regulation, 254-257 Gut, brain, 221 brainstem, 254 Gyrus connection, 254 cerebral cortex, 271 control center, 255 precentral, 177, 195, 196 defense behavior, 264, 265 eating behavior, 262-264 eating center, 264 Hair electric stimulation, 262-265 erection, 264 feedback system, 259 smooth muscle, 229 function, 253 Hallucination, 284 gland control, 257-259 Handedness, speech region, 305 hunger center, 264 Index 335

hypophysis, 253, 254 Intention tremor, 195 integrative function, 252, 262-268 Intercourse, 245 lateral, 263, 264 Internal capsule, 175, 177, 196, 271 limbic sysem, 254 Internal environment, 252 medial, 264 Internal milieu, 252 neurohypophysis, 254 , 166 neuronal program, 265 autonomic reflex, 239 osmolarity regulation, 259-261 inhibitory, 110 osmoreceptor, 259-261 Internode, 65 portal vessel, 258 Interoceptor, 4 releasing hormone, 257, 258 Interstitial fluid, 6 satiety center, 264 Interstitial gap, 6 sense organ, 254 Intestinal muscle, 236, 237 spinal cord, 254 acetylcholine, 237 thalamo-cortical system, 254 noradrenaline, 237 viscera, 254 Intestinal sphincter, innervation, 237 warm neuron, 255, 256 Intestine. 230, 231 Hypotonus, muscular, 195 autonomic control, 236, 237 Intesto-intestinal reflex, 240 Intracellular electrode, 37 IH,258 Intrafusal contraction, 158, 159 Impulse to act, 196, 197 Intrafusal fiber, 114, 115 Inactivation Intrafusal muscle fiber, 119, 120 action potential, 48 Intrafusal pretensioning, 120 sodium channel, 52 Intrinsic reflex, 118, 121 sodium conductance, 48 Invertebrate, synapse, 90 Information theory, 201 Ion channel, 51, 52 Inhibition synapse, 94 antagonist, 109, 159, 160, 214 Ion current backward lateral, 110 potential dependence, 44, 45 direct, 122 time dependence, 44, 45 disinhibition, 160, 163 Ion radius, 24 feedback, 110, 199 Ionic current feed-forward, 110 electrotonus, 53, 54 forward, 199 membrane, 35, 36 forward lateral, 11 0 IPSP, 91-97, s.a. inhibitory postsynaptic po• neuron, 91 tential, 91-97 postsynaptic, 91 Isometric maximum, 136 presynaptic, 91, 97-99 proactive, 310, 314 reciprocal antagonist, 122, 159, 160 Jackknife reflex, 162 removal, 163 Jet-lag, 288 Renshaw, 110, 169, 214 Joint nerve, 11 self, 110 surround, 110 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, 91-97 K complex, 289 effect on epsp, 95 Kidney, ADH effect, 260 equilibrium potential, 92, 93 Knee-jerk reflex, 116, 119 inhibitory effect, 94, 95 ionic mechanism, 92, 93 postsynaptic potential, smooth muscle, L-dopa, 194 232 Labia majora, 245 Inhibitory releasing hormone, 258 Labia minora, 245 Insomnia, 296 Labyrinth, 186 336 Index

Labyrinthine reflex, 188 Membrane capacitance, 53, 54 Labyrinthine righting reflex, 189 calculation, 56 Lacrimal gland, 221 Membrane capacitor, 21, 25, 55 Language, neurophysiology, 303-306 Membrane channel, 36 Latency, synaptic, 82 Membrane charge, 22 Lateral hom, spinal cord, 13 Membrane conductance Lateral inhibition, 110 action potential, 49 Learning definition, 29 limbic system, 268 depolarization effect, 47, 48 posttetanic potentiation, 112 potassium ion, 29, 30 Length constant, membrane, 58 sodium ion, 29, 30 Length-control system, 160, 163 Membrane current Length-tension curve, muscle, 135-137 action potential propagation, 62, 63 Leukotomy, 315 loop, 64 Life after death, 284 Membrane potential, 19 Limbic system, 265-268 effect on contractile force, 143, 144 connection, 266, 267 smooth muscle, 227, 228, 230 emotion, 267, 268 Membrane resistance, 56 hypothalamus, 254 Memory, 307-313 memory, 268 amnesia, 310 structure, 266 anticholinergic substance, 313 Limbus, 266 caffeine, 313 Lobe cholinergic substance, 313 cerebral cortex, 271 consolidation, 308 frontal, 271 disturbance, 310 occipital, 271 engram, 308 parietal, 271 engram mechanism, 311-313 temporal, 271 forgetting, 310 Local excitation, 59 glutamate, 312 Local response, 59 human, 307-310 Locus coeruleus, 296 limbic system, 268 Lung, 221 long term, 308 neuronal mechanism, 310, 311 picrotoxin, 313 posttetanic potentiation, 112, 311 Magnesium ion, transmitter release, 82, 83 primary, 308 Mammal, body temperature, 254 proactive inhibition, 310, 314 Mammary gland, 257 retrieval, 308 Mechanoreceptor retroactive inhibition, 310 female genitalia, 245 ribonucleic acid, 313 penis, 244 secondary, 310 Medulla oblongata, 183 sensory, 308 cardiovascular center, 248 short term, 308 Medulla, adrenal, 225, 265 strychnine, 313 Membrane tertiary, 310 active transport, 32 tetrazcle, 313 calcium pump, 148 type, 308 electric resistance, 29 verbal, 308 insulating property, 21 Mental performance, requirement, 284 length constant, 58 Mental strain, 225 permeability, 23, 24 MEPP, 81, 82 sodium channel, 51, 52 Meromyosin, heavy, 132 sodium pump, 32-37 Mesencephalon, 183 sub synaptic, 71 Microelectrode, 20, 87, 91 Index 337

Microtubule, 12 Motor control Micturition basal ganglia, 191-193 center, 238 cerebellum, 193 hierarchical organization, 243 Motor cortex, 172-174, 271 neuronal regulation, 241-243 association neuron, 180 voluntary control, 242 Betz cell, 179, 180 Midbrain, 183 brainstem outflow, 177-179 Midbrain animal, 185 extrapyramidal system, 177 motor ability, 188, 189 pathology, 196 tonus distribution, 189 precentral gyrus, 179 Migraine projection neuron, 180 aura, 285 , 179, 180 fortification illusion, 285 role in motor control, 195, 196 ophthalmic, 285 somatotopic organization, 177 Miniature end-plate potential, 81-82 structure, 179, 180 Mobilization, synaptic, 113 Motor efferent, 10 Modality, sensory, 4 Motor pattern, 196, 197 Modulation, presynaptic inhibition, 99 Motor system, 155-200 Monoamine, 101 Motor tract Morphine, 102 pallidum, 179 Mossy fiber, 180, 181, 197-199 striatum, 179 Motoneuron, 15, 86 Motor unit, 152 alpha, 162, 212 Movement, servoassistance, 162 alpha-gamma coactivation, 162 Muscarine, 223 antagonistic, 91 Muscle, 126-154 axodendritic synapse, 87 A band, 131 axon hillock, 87, 89 actin, 131-133, 147 axosomatic synapse, 87 action, 139 , 87 action potential, 129 convergence, 105 adenosine triphosphate, 147 direct activation, 162 aequorin, 147 direct inhibition, 122 alpha-gamma coactivation, 162 disinhibition, 160, 163 anococcygeal, 233 excitability, 89 blood flow, 250-252 final common path, 105 calcium content, 133, 134 gamma, 212 calcium ion, 147 homonymous, 91, 116, 117, 162, 163 calcium pump, 148 inhibition, 110 cardiac, 134 integration, 105 cisterna, 145 motor unit, 152 cold-blooded animal, 129 reflex involvement, 124 contraction, 126-129 servocontrol, 210-212 contraction force, 137-139 size principle, 89 contraction time course, 128, 129 Motor aphasia, 305 contraction velocity, 137-139 Motor axon, 15, 86 cross striation, 131 alpha, 116 elastic element, 136 divergence, 104 endoplasmic reticulum, 144, 145, 147 gamma, 116, 160-162 excitation-contraction coupling, 143-148 Motor center eye, 233 basal ganglia, 172-174 fast, 129 brainstem, 172-174, 183, 184 fiber composition, 131 cerebellum, 172-174 fine structure, 129-131 nomenclature, 172 function, 126 position, 172, 173 gastrochemius, 71 338 Index

Muscle (cant.) Muscle length, servocontrol, 210-212 homonymous, 87 Muscle nerve, 11 I band, 131 Muscle relaxant, 79 isometric contraction, 127, 128 depolarizing, 79 isometric maximum, 136 non-capolarizing, 79 isometric tension, 136 , 114-116 isotonic shortening, 128 annulospiral arding, 116 length-control, 205, 206 discharge pattern, 157, 158 length-tension curve, 135-137 end plate, 116 maximum force, 136, 151, 152 gamma loop, 160-162 motor unit, 152 group Ia fiber, 114, 156-162 myofibril, 131 group II fiber, 115, 116 myofilament, 131-133, 227, 229 intrafusal contraction, 158, 159 myosin, 131-133, 139, 147 intrafusal fiber, 114, 119, 120 postural function, 151 motor innervation, 116 prestretching, 136, 137 position, 156 quadriceps, 116 primary ending, 116 regulation of contraction, 149-154 sensory innervation, 114, 115 relaxation, 147, 148 shape, 114 resting length-tension curve, 135-137 stretch response, 157, 158 rigor state, 134 structure, 156 sarcomere, 131-133 Muscle tonus, decerebrate rigidity, 186 sarcoplasmic reticulum, 145 Muscular dystrophy, electromyogram, 154 sartorius, 71 Muscular force, 151, 152 sliding-filament mechanism, 227, 229 Musculature, s. muscle sliding filament theory, 132 Mushroom, amanita muscaria, 223 slow, 129 Myasthenia, electromyogram, 153 smooth, 134 , 8, 9 stretch, 136 Myelin sheath, 9 summation of contraction, 149, 150 Myerteric, plexus, 221 tendon, 127 Myofibril, 131, 144 tension, 151 actin, 139, 147 terminal cisterna, 145 myosin, 139, 147 tetanic force, 150 Myofilament tetanic tension, 151, 152 actin, 131-133 tetanus, 140, 141 myosin, 131-133 thermoregulation, 151 smooth muscle, 227, 229 tone, 151 thick, 131-133 tonus, 151 thin, 131-133 transverse tubule, 145 Myogenic activity, smooth muscle, 227, 228, triad, 145 233 twitch, 128 Myosin, 131-133, 139, 147 twitch summation, 140, 141, 150, 151 meromyosin, 132 vasoconstrictor, 264 Myotonia, electromyogram, 153 vasodilator, 265 weight, 126 Z disc, 131, 137, 145 Narcosis, 310 Muscle cell, ion distribution, 23 Neck-muscle righting reflex, 189 Muscle fiber, 131 Neck reflex, 187, 188 calcium content, 133, 134 Neostigmin, 80 extrafusal, 114 Nernst equation, 26, 28, 30 intrafusal, 114, 115, 119, 120 Nerve, 8-12 summation of contraction, 149, 150 articular, 11 twitch summation, 150, 151 autonomic, 11 Index 339

classification, 11 Neuromodulation, definition, 102 cranial, 18 Neuromuscular block, 79 cutaneous, 11 Neuromuscular end plate, 71, s.a. end plate eighth cranial, 183 , 70--80, S.a. end isoriadic, 11 plate joint, 11 Neuromuscular transmission mixed, 11 mechanism, 74, 75 muscle, 11 smooth muscle 232, 233 pelvic, 245 Neuron phrenic, 71 association, 180 pudendal, 245 definition, 1 somatic, 11 depression, 91 spinal, 17 facilitation, 107 splanchnic, 11 inhibition, 91 stato-acoustic, 183 inhibitory, 110 vagus, 221, 222, 264 metabolism, 282 visceral, 11 oxygen supply, 7 Nerve cell, 1 parasympathetic, 218 classification, 1 postganglionic, 217 ion distribution, 23 preganglionic, 217, 239 number, 1 projection, 180 Nerve fiber, 8--10 propriospinal, 167 A fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 shape, 1 afferent, 10 size principle, 89 autonomic efferent, 10 , 1 axonal transport, 11, 12 spinal cord, 166 B fiber, 66, 67 sympathetic, 218 C fiber, 9, 10, 66, 67 type, 1, 2 classification, 9, 10, 66, 67 Neuronal circuit, 103-113 composition, 8 facilitation, 107 conduction velocity, 9, 65--67 inhibitory, 108, 110 diameter, 9 negative feedback, 109, 169 direction of conduction, 64 positive feedback, III efferent, 10 reverberation, 111 Erlanger/Gasser classification, 37 Neuronal network, 103-113 group I, 9, 10, 66, 67 Neuropeptide, 226 group la, 114, 156-162 Nexus, smooth muscle, 228 group Ib, 156-158, 162, 163 Nicotine, 223 group II, 9, 10, 66, 67, 115, 116 Nightshade, 223 group III, 9, 10, 66, 67 Nipple, 246 group IV, 9, 10, 66, 67 Nociceptive pathway, 102 Lloyd/Hunt classification, 67 , 166 medullated, 9 visceral region, 222 motor efferent, 10 , 9, 65 myelinated, 9 Nodose ganglion, 222 node of Ranvier, 9 Non-REM sleep, 291 somatic afferent, 10 Noradrenaline, 223-225, 230, 231 unmyelinated, 9 intestinal muscle, 237 visceral afferent, 10 site of action, 224 Nervous system, enteric, 221 sleep, 296 Network, neuronal, 103-113 transmitter, 101 Neurite, 1 Nucleus, 1 Neuroglia, 5 cerebellar, 175, 181, 199 Neurohypophysis, 254, 259 raphe, 296 340 Index

Nucleus (cont.) Perturbation, 206 ruber, 179 Phrenic nerve, 71 vestibular, 179 Physiological saline solution, 23 Nutritive tissue, 5---S Picrotoxin, memory, 313 Pituitary gland, 253, 254 anterior, 254 Occlusion, neuronal circuit, 108 hormone control, 257-259 Olfactory brain, 267 posterior, 254 Operant conditioning, 124 Planaria, 312 Organ of equilibrium, 183 Plexus Organ transplant, 280 myenteric, 221 Orgasm submucosal, 221 blood pressure, 246 Poliomyelitis virus, 12 extragenital change, 246, 247 Pons, 183 heart rate, 246 anterior, 241 respiration, 246 micturition center, 241 woman, 245 Portal vessel, 258 Orgasmic platform, 245 Positive feedback, neuronal circuit 111 Oscillator, diurnal rhythm, 286 Postganglionic fiber, 220 Osmolarity, regulation, 259-261 Posttetanic potentiation, 111 Osmoreceptor, 259-261 mechanism, 112, 113 Overshoot, action potential, 38 memory, 311 Oxygen consumption, brain, 282 Postural reflex, 188 Posture muscle action, 151 Pacemaker reflex control, 182--190 heart, 234 Potassium conductance, 30 smooth muscle, 228 Potassium equilibrium potential, 25, 26, 28 Pain pathway, 102 Potassium ion Pain receptor, 166 equilibrium potential, 93 Pallidum, 179, 193 hydrated, 24 Parallel fiber, 181 resting potential, 22-26 Paralysis, 79 tissue distribution electromyogram, 153 Potassium permeability, 24 motor, 196 Potential Paraplegia, 170, 185, 241 electrotonic, 54 Paraplegic, 241 evoked, 280-282 Parasympathetic cardiac nerve, 234, 235 excitatory postsynaptic, 86--90 Parasympathetic system, 216 expectancy, 197 peripheral, 220, 221 extracellular, 20 Parkinson syndrome, 100, 193-195 membrane, 19 akinesis, 193 readiness, 197, 281 cause, 193, 194 resting 19-32 rigor, 193 Potentiation tremor, 193 posttetanic, 111, 112 Parkinsonism, 209 synaptic, Ill, 112 Patellar tendon reflex, 116, 117 tetanic, III Pelvic nerve, 245 Poultice, 239 Pelvic region, 221 Precentral gyrus, somatotopic organization, Penis 177 corpora cavernosa, 244 Presynaptic inhibition, 97-99 erection, 244 cicucullin, 98 mechanoreceptor, 244 definition, 98 Perseveration, 314, 315 GABA,98 Index 341

localization, 98 pain, 166 mechanism, 98 penis, 244 significance, 98, 99 pressoreceptor, 248, 249 Projection fiber, cerebral cortex, 275 proprioceptor, 4 Propagation retina, 4 action potential, 61--68 stretch, 114, 156 mechanism, 62 teleceptor, 4 saltatory, 64--66 tendon organ, 156-159, 162-164 Proprioceptor, 4 thermoreceptor, 250 Propriospinal neuron, 167 urinary bladder, 241 Propriospinal pathway, 169 viscera\, 221, "222, 241 Propriospinal tract, 167, 169 visceroceptor, 4, 124 Prostate, 245 volume, 250 Protective reflex, 165 warm neuron, 255, 256 Psychosurgery, 315, 316 Rectum, 221 Pudendal nerve, 245 Red nucleus, 179 Pump Reference signal, 206 coupled, 34 Reflex sodium, 32 arc, 118 Pupil, dilation, 264 arc, inhibitory, 121, 122 , 180, 181, 197-199 acquired, 124 Puromycin, 312 arch, 114 Pyramid, decussation, 177 areflexia, 170 Pyramidal tract, 175--177 autonomic, 123, 124 number of fibers, 180 blink, 113 Pyramidal-tract symptoms, 196 characteristic, 122, 123 circulation, 114 circulatory, 124 Quadriceps muscle, 116 classification, 124 quadriplegia, 241 clinical significance, 119 quanta, 82 closed loop, 202, 203 quantum hypothesis, synapse, 84 compensatory eye movement, 188 concept of regulation, 202 conditioned, 124 Ranvier node, 9, 65 congenital, 124 Raphe nuclei, 296 control circuit, 202 Readiness potential, 197, 281 corneal, 113 Receptor cough, 113, 122, 123 acetylcholine, 77-79 crossed extensor, 165, 166 alpha, 223, 224 cutaneo-visceral, 240 beta, 223, 224 definition, 113 chemoreceptor, 250 diagnostic significance, 119 cholinergic, 223, 225 digestive, 124 cold, 255, 257 disynaptic, 160 definition, 4 example, 113 ear, 4 extrinsic, 121, 122, 165 exteroceptor, 4 flexor, 165, 166 female genitalia, 245 gamma loop, 160--162 hypothalamus, 255, 256 genital, 243-247 interoceptor, 4 intersegmental, 166-169 mechanoreceptor, 241, 244 intrinsic, 118, 121 muscle spindle, 114--116, 156-162 jackknife, 162 nociceptor, 166, 222 knee-jerk, 116, 119 osmoreceptor, 259--261 labyrinthine righting, 189 342 Index

length-control system, 160, 163, 202-206 Reproductive behavior, 262 locomotor, 121 Reserpine, 296 monosynaptic, 114, 116-119, 160 Resistance, membrane, 56 motor, 114, 121-124 Respiration, orgasm, 246 neck, 187 Respiratory center, 238 neck-muscle righting, 189 Respiratory paralysis, 79 nutritional, 121, 122 myasthenia gravis, 80 open loop, 204 Response, local, 59 . patellar tendon, 116, 117 Resting potential, 19--32 polysynaptic, 121-124, 164--170 chloride ion, 26, 27 postural, 182-190 definition, 21 posture, 114 effect on contractile force, 144 protective, 121, 122, 124, 163, 165 instability, 31 receptor, 123 origin, 21 respiration, 114 sodium ion influx, 27 righting, 188, 189 velOcity of action potential, 65 servoassistance, 162 Reticular formation, 179 sexual, 124 ARAS, 295 spinal, 169 sleep control, 295 spinal autonomic, 238--241 Retrieval, memory, 308 spreading, 123 Retrograde amnesia, 310 standing, 188 Reverberation, neuronal circuit, III static, 190 RH,257 stato-kinetic, 190 Rhinencephalon, 267 stimulus intensity, 123 Ribonucleic acid, memory, 313 stretch, 114, 116-119, 159, 162, 202-206, Righting reflex, 188, 189 211 Rigidity, 196 sucking, 122 decerebrate, 186, 188 summation, 123 Rigor, 196 swallowing, 113 mortis, 134 tendon-organ, 163 muscle, 134 tension-control system, 163 Parkinson syndrome, 193 time, 111, 123 Root tonic labyrinthine, 188 dorsal, 13 tonic neck, 187, 188 ventral, 13 viscero-cutaneous, 240 viscero-somatic, 240 visual righting, 189 Saliva, 264 Refractory period Salivary gland, 221 absolute, 50 Saltatory conduction, 64--66 relative, 50 Sarcomere, 131-133 Refractory phase, action potential, 49, 50 contraction mechanism, 131, 132 Regulator, 205 length-tension curve, 135-137 Relaxation, muscle contraction, 147, 148 myofilament, 131-133 Releasing hormone, 257, 258 prestretching, 137 inhibitory, 258 Z disc, 137 REM-sleep, 291 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 145 deprivation, 294 calcium control, 147 dream, 293, 294 calcium ion, 147 Renshaw cell, 100, 110, 169 calcium pump, 148 Renshaw inhibition, 110, 169, 214 Sartorius muscle, 71 Repolarization Satiety center, 264 action potential, 38, 39 , 8, 9 potassium current, 42 Scotophobin, 312 Index 343

Self inhibition, 110 Sleeping-waking cycle, 286 Semen, 245 Sliding-filament mechanism, 227, 229 Semicircular canal, 183, 184 Sliding-filament theory, 132 Seminal vesicle, 224, 245 Smooth muscle, 134, 226--233, s.a. muscle Sense organ, hypothalamus, 254 acetylcholine, 230, 231 Sensor, 204 action potential, 230, 231 Sensory aphasia, 305 adrenaline, 230, 231 Sensory cortex, 271 calcium ion, 229 Sensory modality, definition, 4 contraction time course, 229 Sensory motor system, 156 eye, 229 Serotonin, 226 force development, 227, 229, 230 sleep, 296 functional syncytium, 228 transmitter, 101 hair, 229 Servomechanism, 205 innervation, 226 Set point, 204, 213 membrane potential, 227, 228, 230 Sexflush, 246 myofilament, 227, 229 Sexual behavior, 262 myogenic activity, 227, 228, 233 Sharrington, 69, 105 neuromuscular transmission, 232, 233 Shivering, 255 nexus, 228 Siamese twin, 294 noradrenaline, 230, 231 Size principle, excitability, 89 pacemaker, 228 Skeletal muscle, s. muscle sliding-filament mechanism, 227, 229 Skin spike, 228 blood flow, 255 stretch response, 229, 230 cold receptor, 255, 257 structure, 227 evaporation, 255 summary, 232, 233 heat loss, 255 synaptic potential, 232 sexflush, 245 tetanus, 229 sweat, 255, 256 Sodium channel, 36 Skull, 13 denSity, 52 Sleep, 289-291 diameter, 52 ARAS,295 inactivation, 52 biochemical theory, 296 membrane, 51, 52 chemical theory, 294 number, 52 deprivation, 294 tetrodotoxin, 52 depth, 289 Sodium conductance, 30 desynchronized, 291 activation, 48, 49 dream, 293, 294 inactivation, 48, 49, 59 electroencephalogram, 289 Sodium equilibrium potential, 30, 36, 47 electromyogram, 291 Sodium ion, tissue distribution, 23 insomnia, 296 Sodium-potassium pump, 34 K complex, 289 Sodium pump, 32-37 locus coeruleus, 296 Solution, physiological saline, 23 non-REM, 291 Somatic afferen t, 10 noradrenaline, 296 Somatic nerve, 11 paradoxic, 291 Space suit, 252 rapid eye movement, 291 Spasticity, 196 REM, 291 Species-specific behavior, 267 reserpine, 296 Speech area, s. a. speech region reticular theory, 295 Broca, 303, 305 serotonin, 296 cerebral cortex, 303-305 spindle, 289 Wernicke, 305 stage, 289 Speech disturbance, 195 theory, 294-296 Speech region 344 Index

Speech region (cant.) Stimulus, 53--60 amy tal test, 305 adequate, 4 development, 306 definition, 60 handedness, 305 minimal current, 60 localization, 305 minimal duration, 60 plasticity, 306 subthreshold, 58, 59 Sperm, 245 suprathreshold, 58, 59 Sphincter, bladder, 241 Stomach ache, 239 Spike, smooth muscle, 228 Stop-motion photo, 62 Spinal animal, 166, 169, 170 Strangulation, 7 Spinal cord Stretch reflex, 159, 211 anterior commissure, 166, 169 control circuit, 202 autonomic reflex, 170 Stretch, smooth muscle, 229, 230 cerebral dominance, 169 Striation, muscle fiber, 131 dorsal horn, 13 Striatum, 179, 192 encephalization, 169 Stroke, 175, 196, 310 gray matter, 13, 171 Strychnine, 91, 102, 108 hypothalamus, 254 memory, 313 integrated function, 169, 170 Submucosal, plexus, 221 interneuron, 166 Substance P, 102 isolated, 169, 170 Substitute transmitter, 101 lateral horn, 13 Subsynaptic membrane, 71 mioturition center, 241 Succinylcholine, 79 motoneuron, 15 Sulcus, cerebral cortex, 271 motor axon, 15 Summation neuronal program, 265 definition, 108 paraplegia, 170 mechanism, 141, 142 pars intermida, 13 reflex, 123 propriospinal neuron, 167 spacial, 108 propriospinal tract, 167, 169 temporal, 108 root, 13--17 twitch, 140, 141 segment, 13--18 Supporting tissues, ~ structure, 12-18 Surround inhibition, 110 thermoregulatory function, 257 Sweat, 255, 256 thermosensitive function, 257 Sympathetic system, 216 ventral horn, 13 peripheral, 217-220 white matter, 13, 171 Sympathetic cardiac nerve, 234, 235 Spinal ganglion, 17 Sympathetic fiber, 220 Spinal nerve, 17 Sympathetic trunk, 219 Spinal root, 13--17 Synapse, 3 corsal, 13 autonomic reflex, 239 ventral, 13 axo-axonal, 97, 98 Spinal segment, 13--18 axo-axonic, 3 Spinal shock, 170 axo-dendritic, 3 Spinalization, 185 axo-somatic, 3, 87, 89, 97 Splanchnic nerve, 11 bird, 70 Split-brain patient, 299-303 central excitatory, 85-90 Spreading, reflex, 123 chemical, 69 Standing reflex, 188 cholinergic, 222, 223, 225 Starvation, 264 cleft, 70 Static reflex, 190 crustacean, 70 Stato-acoustic nerve, 183 Dale's principle, 100 labyrinth, 183, 184 definition, 3, 69 Stato-kinetic reflex, 190 drug action, 70 Index 345

efficiency, 69 Tetanus electrical, 69, 90 skeletal muscle, 140, 141, 150, 151 end plate, 3 smooth muscle, 229 gap, 70 Tetanus toxin, 12, 108 gap junction, 69, 70 Tetrazole, memory, 313 goldfish, 70 Tetrodotoxin, sodium channel, 52 inhibitory, 91-99 Thalamo-cortical system, hypothalamus, 254 invertebrate, 90 Thalamus ion channel, 94 cortical outflow, 274, 275 latency, 82 rhythmic activity, 280 learning, 70 Thermogenesis, nonshivering, 255 mammal, 70 Thermoreceptor, 250 memory, 70 Thermoregulation, muscle energy, 151 mobilization, 113 Thermostat, 256, 257 neuromuscular junction, 70-80 Thirst, 260 one-way relay, 69 Thorax, 221 parasympathetic, 222, 223 visceral afferent, 222 plasticity, 70 Threshold pore, 94 action potential, 39, 40 posttetanic potentiation, 111, 112 excitation, 39, 40 presynaptic terminal, 70 Thyroid gland, 257 significance, 69 Thyroid hormone, 259 smooth muscle, 232, 233 Tone, muscle, 151 structure, 70, 71 Tonus strychnine action, 91 decerebrate rigidity, 186 subsynaptic membrane, 71 muscle, 151 sympathetic, 222, 223 Trachea, 224 transmitter substance, 71, 99-102 Tract vesicle, 71 corticoreticular, 179 Synaptic cleft, 71 corticorubral, 179 Synaptic latency, 82 corticospinal, 175-177 Synaptic potential, ionic mechanism, 88 definition, 171 Synaptic potentiation, 111, 112 extrapyramidal, 179 Synaptic transmission, 69-102 lateral reticulospinal, 179 sympathetic ganglion, 222-224 medial reticulospinal, 179 , 71 propriospinal, 167 Syncytium, smooth muscle, 228 pyramidal, 175-177 rubrospinal, 179 vestibulospinal, 179 Teleceptor, 4 Transection, brainstem, 185 Temperature clock, 288 Transfer function, 207 Temporal bone, 183 Transmitter Tendon, 27 acetylcholine, 100 Tendon organ adrenalin, 101 discharge pattern, 157, 158 adrenergic, 101 group Ib fiber, 156-158, 162, 163 amino acid, 101, 102 position, 156 angiotensin, 102 stretch response, 157, 158 axo-axonal synapse, 101 structure, 156 calcium ion, 82, 83 Tension, muscle, 151 catecholamine, 101 Tension-control system, 163 dopamine, 101 Terminal button, synapse, 70 end plate, 74, 75 Terminal cisterna, 145 enkephalin, 102 Tetanic potentiation, III excitatory, 101 346 Index

Transmitter (cont.) nerve, 221, 264 false, 101 nodose ganglion, 222 glutamic acid, 101 visceral afferent, 222 glycine, 101, 102 Vas deferens, 224, 245 5-hydroxytryptamin Vasoconstrictor, 249, 250 inhibitory, 101 muscle, 264 magnesium ion, 82, 83 Vasodilator, muscle, 265 mobilization, 113 Vasomotor center, 238, 248 monoamine, 101 Vasopressin, 102, 259-261 noradrenalin, 101 Vegetative nerve, 11 peptidergic, 102 Vein, 247 presynaptic inhibition, 101 Velocity of conduction presynaptic potential, 82 action potential, 61 presynaptic store, 101 factor, 64, 65 quantal release, 82 resting potential, 65 release, 82, 83 Ventral horn cell, 15 Renshaw cell, 100 Ventral horn, spinal cord, 13 substance, 71 Ventricle, brain, 6 substance P, 102 Vertebral canal, 13, 17 substitute, 101 Vesicle, synaptic, 71 synapse, 99-102 Vestibular nucleus, 179 vasopressin, 102 Vestibule, 183 uptake, 101 Viscera, hypothalamus, 254 Transport Visceral nerve, 11 axonal, 11, 12 Visceroceptor, 4, 124 retrograde, 12 Viscero-cutaneous reflex, 240 Transverse tubule, 145 Viscero-somatic reflex, 240 Tremor, 209 Visual cortex, 273 intention, 195 Visual righting reflex, 189 Parkinson syndrome, 193 Voltage clamp, 44, 45 Triad, 145 depolarization, 45, 46 trunk, sympathetic, 219 end-plate potential, 76 Trigonum vesicae, 224 sodium current, 47 TTX,52 Volume receptor, 250 Twitch, summation, 140, 141

Waking-sleeping cycle, 286 Unconsciousness, 7, 282 cause, 294-296 Urethra, 245 Wernicke's area, 305 Urinary bladder, 230, 241, s.a. bladder Uterus, 233 orgasm, 245 Xenon gas, 282

Vagina, orgasm, 245 Z disc, 137 Vagus Zeitgeber, 286