Effect of Grafting on Growth, Yield, and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant
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HORTSCIENCE 38(2):183–186. 2003. been diffi cult (Kalloo, 1993; Nicklow, 1983). Grafting eggplant on resistant tomato root- stocks was found an effective control method Effect of Grafting on Growth, Yield, for verticillium wilt (Ginaux and Douple, 1985; Lockwood et al., 1970). The wild species Sola- and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant num torvum Sw. and Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. are resistant to verticillium wilt (Alconero 1 Fotios Bletsos et al., 1988; Sakata et al., 1989). Susceptible NAGREF, Agricultural Research Center of Macedonia and Thrace, Department eggplants were grafted on rootstock of scarlet of Vegetables, P.O. Box 60458, GR-570 01 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece eggplant (Solanum integrifolium Poir.) early in the 1950s with satisfactory results (Yamakawa, Costas Thanassoulopoulos 1983, referred by Oda, 1995). Since then, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Pathology cultivation of grafted fruit-bearing vegetable Laboratory, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece plants has increased greatly. Grafting of egg- plant on S. torvum, which grows in tropical and Demetrios Roupakias subtropical areas and has a vigorous root system Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Genetics and and vegetative growth (Tachibana, 1994), is extensively used in the vegetable industry in Plant Breeding Laboratory, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece Japan (Sakata et al., 1989), accounting for Additional index words. Solanum species, rootstock, economic value 50% of the total acreage (Oda, 1995). There are no reports on the effectiveness of grafting Abstract. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings (‘Tsakonikiʼ) were grafted by hand eggplant on S. sisymbriifolium. on the Verticillium dahliae Kleb. resistant wild species Solanum torvum Sw. (GST) and Disadvantages of grafting are the required Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (GSS). Grafted and nongrafted eggplants were trans- time, space, materials, and high labor costs. planted to a fumigated soil with methyl bromide and to infested soil with microsclerotia Sometimes the incompatibility between root- of V. dahliae. Grafted plants were more vigorous, as measured by plant height, main stem stocks and scions also reduces fruit quality diameter, and root system weight, than the nongrafted ‘Tsakonikiʼ. This resulted in an (Oda, 1995). In Greece, grafting of vegetables increased early production (GST, 45.5%; GSS, 18.4%) and late production (GST, 69.3%; is practiced in the south, where early water- GSS, 59.2%) as compared to the noninfected controls. The mean yield reduction (over melon, melon, and eggplant are grown under years) in early production caused by the disease, as compared to the controls grown in low plastic tunnels. About 5% to 10% of the fumigated soil, was 29.4%, 36.6%, and 77.9% for eggplant grafted on S. torvum, S. sisym- tunnels are planted with grafted eggplant. briifolium, and nongrafted plants, respectively. This yield reduction in total production Grafting is considered an important technique was 6.9%, 20.5%, and 56.8%, respectively. The disease incidence in ungrafted plants was for the sustainable production of fruit-bearing 96% and 100% during early and late harvest periods. In contrast, the disease incidence in vegetables. grafted plants was signifi cantly lower, averaging 28.1% (GST) and 52.6% (GSS) in early The present work was undertaken to in- production, and 37.6% and 79.3%, respectively, in late production. Solanum torvum was vestigate the agronomic behavior of the most found more resistant than S. sisymbriifolium, because grafted infected plants developed important Greek eggplant cultivar, ‘Tsakoniki’, mild symptoms, as indicated by signifi cantly lower leaf symptom index (average value when grafted on rootstocks of S. torvum and 1.2 and 2.22) and disease index (average value 1.55 and 3.38), respectively. In conclusion, S. sisymbriifolium. grafting of eggplant on either wild species had positive effects on growth, production, and verticillium wilt control. Materials and Methods Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium because of its effect on the ozone layer. It is The experiments were carried out during dahliae Kleb., is one of the most destructive both toxic to humans and animals during its 1998 and 1999 at the Agricultural Research diseases of eggplant, causing an estimated application and dissipation periods (Ristaino Centre of Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. The yield reduction of up to 50% (Bletsos et al., and Tomas, 1997) and has been detected in soil was a sandy loam and had a pH of 7.25, 1997a). Symptoms of this disease are yel- groundwater (Wheeler and Kawar, 1997). For free CaCO3 = 2.65%, organic matter 1.75%, low-bronze wilted areas, mainly between the these reasons, 168 countries, including Greece electric conductivity 3.12 mmhos/cm, Olsenʼs leaf veins, and vascular discoloration. Plant (1997), have agreed to gradually reduce methyl phosphorus >200 ppm, and exchangeable po- growth (O’ Brien, 1983) and fruit yield and bromide production and to phase out its use in tassium 895 ppm. quality are reduced (Bletsos et al., 1999). agriculture by the year 2005. The Greek eggplant ‘Tsakonikiʼ was planted Continuous cropping of eggplant is com- Grafting plants on resistant rootstock could in soil artifi cially infested with V. dahliae. Iso- monplace in greenhouses. More than 68% of be an alternative control of soilborne diseases. lates of V. dahliae from tomato, potato, and the failure in Japanese vegetable production Grafting watermelon on gourd rootstock has eggplant were grown on potato dextrose agar under continuous cropping has been ascribed been used for protection from Fusarium wilt and were used in a mixture (1:1:1) throughout. to diseases caused by soilborne pathogens, since the 1900s. Grafting has been expanded to Inoculum was prepared by growing each isolate primarily verticillium wilt (Takahashi, 1984, other vegetables, including melon, cucumber, for 8 d at 20 ± 2 °C in plastic petri dishes, 5.5 referred by Oda et al., 1997). In greenhouse tomato, and eggplant) (Lee, 1994; Oda, 1995). cm in diameter. A quantity of ≈5 mL of ster- cultivation, verticillium wilt is controlled by Thus, Ferrari (1998) grafted melon to control ile distilled water was added per dish and the soil fumigation with methyl bromide. Methyl Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Klose colonies were scarped with a sterilized needle. bromide is considered a dangerous air pollutant et al. (1980) grafted cucumber to control F. The contents of each dish were fi ltered through oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Grafting sus- cheesecloth; the fi ltrates were combined; and ceptible tomato cultivars on resistant F1 tomato the inoculum suspension consisted of microco- Received for publication 10 Sept. 2001. Accepted for hybrid rootstock type KVFN was an economic nidia adjusted to 106 spores/mL. Five milliliters publication 23 June 2002. Financial assistance from method of controlling verticillium and fusarium of the above inoculum suspension was used the general secretariat for research and technology is wilt, corky root (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici), gratefully acknowledged. The authors are indebted to to inoculate a 1-L glass jar containing 200 g Mrs. Maria Thanassoulopoulou, teacher of English, and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) growth medium made of 1 cornmeal : 1 perlite: for editing the English draft. (Ginaux et al., 1979). 4 water (by weight). The jars were kept at 20 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed. All commercial eggplant cultivars are ± 2 °C and the fungus grew during the fi rst 7 d Tel. +00 30 2310 471544; fax +00 30 2310 471209; susceptible to verticillium wilt. Furthermore, at daylight; then they were covered with black e-mail address: [email protected] production and breeding for resistance has plastic during the following 23 d in order to HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 38(2), APRIL 2003 183 8-7035, p183-186 183 3/27/03, 10:08:46 AM CROP PRODUCTION promote microsclerotia production (Bletsos wilted area in the upper leaves, slight wilt; 4 = spectively, while on S. sisymbriifolium it was et al., 1997b). serious wilt, lower leaves dead, partial death of 77.2% and 74.8%. In the fi rst year (1998) the soil was fumi- plants, extensive defoliation, discoloration of Performance of grafted vs. nongrafted gated with methyl bromide 98%–chloropicrin the petiole vascular tissue in the upper leaves; plants in fumigated soil; early and late 2% (by weight) (Bromine Compounds Ltd., 5 = plants with a leaf tassel only on the top, harvest periods. In fumigated soil, all the Israel) at the rate of 68 g·m–2. A total of 200 g of clear vascular discoloration in the upper part parameters of vigor, yield, and fruit quality inoculum containing 15 × 104 microsclerotia/g of the stem; 6 = severely diseased plants) (except mean fruit weight and plant height) (Bardas, unpublished data) was used to infest was used to estimate disease severity and a during early production in 1998 had signifi - each hill in one fi eld. The other noninfested vascular discoloration index (VDI), ranging cantly higher values for grafted eggplant (Table fi eld, where the controls were planted, was from 1 to 4 (1 = tap-root apparently healthy 2). In contrast, in 1999 the grafted plants on fumigated in both years. Eggplants, 30 d old, and white in color; 2 = vascular discoloration fumigated soil produced lower early yields. were grafted (on the fi rst week of April each only in root system; 3 = brown discoloration In the late production period in fumigated year) onto rootstock from plants of the wild spe- of the vascular bundles up to the fi rst stem soil, signifi cant differences were observed in cies S. torvum (50 d old) and S. sisymbriifolium knot; 4 = brown discoloration in internodes root weight, number of marketable fruit, and (30 d old), applying the cleft grafting method up to the top of the plant) was used to estimate marketable yield in 1998, while in 1999 only (Oda, 1995). Thirty days later the grafted and the severity of vascular bundle discoloration.