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Your Name Here CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION WELFARE PROGRAMS FOR GEORGIA’S WHITE POOR: THE STATE, THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU, AND NORTHERN CHARITY, 1863-1868 by DENISE E. WRIGHT (Under the Direction of Emory M. Thomas) ABSTRACT Georgia’s white poor, like most of the southern population from 1863 to 1868, faced many challenges. The depredations of the Civil War combined with natural disaster in the form of an ongoing drought to create a large population which faced displacement, poverty, and starvation. But this population also had access to numerous avenues of relief, both public and private. The state of Georgia implemented large-scale relief programs beginning in 1863. Only white Georgians were eligible to receive this assistance. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, the federal government’s first large-scale aid agency, provided assistance, generally in the form of food, to white and black Georgians from mid-1865 until late 1867. Private northern charitable organizations, founded in 1867, were designed specifically to aid white and black southerners whose lives were made more desperate by the ongoing drought and resulting crop failures. The founders and administrators of these programs struggled with defining the populations they would assist. Who “deserved” assistance? Should aid be restricted by race or class? Should wartime loyalty determine eligibility? These debates, carried out in very public arenas – the state legislature, the U.S. Congress, and national and local newspapers – offer a perspective from which to understand the evolution of American welfare in the Civil War era. And the records of these organizations provide a glimpse into the lives of Georgia’s white poor who solicited and accepted assistance. Freedmen’s Bureau’s assistance to the white poor has often been marginalized in Bureau studies, but it is central to this dissertation, as it provides the crucial connections which link the state of Georgia’s Civil War programs with Reconstruction-era private northern charity. Wartime relief programs in the southern states influenced the Freedmen’s Bureau’s architects, and private charities supplemented the Bureau’s shortages of funding and manpower when it faced an overwhelming population of starving southerners in 1867. Unraveling the relationships between these organizations furthers our understanding of them and the white poor in Georgia whom they served. INDEX WORDS: Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands; Civil War; Georgia; New York Ladies’ Southern Relief Association; Reconstruction; Southern Famine Relief Commission; Welfare CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION WELFARE PROGRAMS FOR GEORGIA’S WHITE POOR: THE STATE, THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU, AND NORTHERN CHARITY, 1863-1868 by DENISE E. WRIGHT B.S., Kennesaw State University, 1992 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005 © 2005 Denise E. Wright All Rights Reserved CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION WELFARE PROGRAMS FOR GEORGIA’S WHITE POOR: THE STATE, THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU, AND NORTHERN CHARITY, 1863-1868 by DENISE E. WRIGHT Major Professor: Emory M. Thomas Committee: John C. Inscoe Robert A. Pratt Ronald E. Butchart Eve Troutt-Powell Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2005 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Jeff, who has redefined the meaning of partnership. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not exist without the contributions of a staggering number of people. Emory Thomas has provided guidance, insight, and his services as both “cheerleader” and critic. He has always known which was necessary at a particular moment. He and Frances Taliaferro Thomas have also graced Jeff and me with their friendship, which is even more valuable. John Inscoe has lived up to his legendary reputation as a man who can simultaneously teach, research, write, edit, administer several major programs, and still find time to discuss an obscure source at a moment’s notice. His classes made me a better researcher and writer, working for him as an assistant made me a better teacher, and his love of his work has been an inspiration. Robert Pratt’s honest, forthright approach to academia and life is always refreshing. He neither compromises nor equivocates, and the example he sets in his classroom and his writing is one I hope to follow. At crucial points in my research, I could count on him for incisive advice, which has always given me new ideas to consider. Ron Butchart sets a high standard for research. His knowledge of the Freedmen’s Bureau is astounding and has obviously been an invaluable resource. His wide variety of interests, which coincide with many of my own, has resulted in fascinating conversations which had little to do with the Freedmen’s Bureau. For those, and his generosity with his time, I thank him. Eve Troutt-Powell is a brilliant writer, researcher, and teacher who is challenging in the classroom, passionate in her beliefs, and solidly devoted to her family and friends. I thank her v for her encouragement, her friendship, and her infectious enthusiasm for life, which is, in my opinion, the source of her genius. I hope she does not mind serving as a role model, something she has done for more of us than she may realize. Others at UGA have also contributed to this work. Tom Dyer’s expertise in Georgia history has been repeatedly valuable. He has always been generous with his time and knowledge. Nan McMurray, at the UGA library, performed an academic miracle in finding the necessary funds to purchase the microfilmed records of the Southern Famine Relief Commission. She patiently returned all my anxious emails as I waited for them to arrive. Walton Harris and Stacey Bone at the UGA Press helped me locate and obtain the rights to use the perfect Georgia map. Laurie Kane has consistently helped me avoid the potential pitfalls of graduate school, and become a friend along the way. None of the research here would have been possible without the assistance of Mike Musick at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. many years ago. He found the “unfindable,” and in the process provided a valuable lesson in negotiating archival collections. Kelly Hogan, at the East Los Angeles Theatre School, was gracious enough to spend an evening on the phone discussing Confederate theatre and share the information which led me to Ann Morgan Dodge, at the John Hay Library at Brown University, who located an obscure play in its original. Special thanks also go to the many friends at UGA who have refrained from asking when this process would be complete. Richard and Ashley Byers, Jennifer Gross Davis and John Walker Davis, Mark Huddle, Leslie Miller, Frank Forts, Patrick McCarthy, Kristin Dickinson, Anne Marshall and Jim Giesen, and Robert Smith have all made their own unique contributions to my life at UGA. They will all be part of the stories I’m sure we’ll embellish over the years. vi Other friends, old and new, have also greatly enhanced my life beyond UGA, and I am immeasurably grateful for their support. To Helen Springs and Paula Sartain, Clif Roberts, Jim Jordan and Jason Jordan, Minoosh Kharrazzi Wakeman and Hans Wakeman, Glynn Turner, Suzanne Armistead, Catherine and Bill Trask, Jennifer and Darren Sayer, Bart and Kellie Smith, Marc and Vicky Lilly, Ada Sartain, Evelyn Thornton, Doyle and Barbara Kay, Spencer Strong and Amy Wallace, Barbara and David Mize, Todd Fibus and John Brooks, and Russ Douglas, a heartfelt thank you. My family also deserves a special note of appreciation for all they continue to do, especially my husband, Jeff Moore, and my mother, Elaine Morris Wright. Without them, any success in my life would mean much less. My “other dad” George Moore has provided years of patient support (financial and otherwise) and he and the incomparable Jane Smith have provided many much-needed vacations over the years. Thanks to them for the fun and the road trips. My brother, Dustin Wright, and his children, Ashley and Joshua, and my family-by-choice, Lisa, Emily, and Bryce Kaman, are incomparable. My three incredible grandparents, Fran Alexander and Alvin and Dorothy Morris, have supported me unconditionally. They, and other family members too numerous to mention, have influenced my life and my work more than they know. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I Introduction....................................................................................................................1 II The White Poor in the Historiography of Reconstruction ...........................................19 III Georgia’s Civil War Welfare Policies .........................................................................36 IV How Whites Became Part of the Bureau Envisioned for Freedpeople......................106 V Establishing and Expanding the Bureau ....................................................................139 VI The State, the Freedmen’s Bureau, and Northern Charity in Georgia, 1865-1867 ...173 VII Epilogue .....................................................................................................................231
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