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Wildlife Diversity News Wildlife Diversity News A Publication of the Iowa DNR Wildlife Diversity Program Volume 12, Issue 1 Winter 2013 tree branches, it was discovered that Perfect Day in the Field the tree was alive with bird activity. It was a gorgeous day to be outside, Families of Downy Woodpeckers, especially for August. Yesterday it was 100 White-breasted Nuthatches and degrees in the shade, and the day had been Eastern Wood Pewees were all spent near the southern border of Iowa busily bugging. A ticked-off Red- searching for evidence of nesting birds for the eyed Vireo, a male Baltimore Oriole Breeding Bird Atlas. Today was being spent in and a small gang of Blue Jays joined the field, too, only the location had changed to the chickadees voicing their northern Iowa in Floyd County. It rained last displeasure with the human’s night, and the temperature was 30 degrees presence. Other birds in the oak cooler this morning. It seemed a good day to tree voicing irritation included a pair visit the woods, so the search was on for birds of Red-bellied Woodpeckers, a male in oak woodlands along a scenic stretch of the Hairy Woodpecker, and a male Cedar River – at Idlewild Wildlife Area. The Northern Cardinal. A male American birds seemed to be celebrating the rain and Redstart also joined the group, but Black-and-white Warbler coolness. Family groups were busily feeding, he seemed more intent on capturing Photo by William Majoros and many birds were singing. While walking a a meal than wasting energy scolding. trail along the Cedar River, the characteristic The early morning light, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle song of a filtering through the branches of the oak tree, Carolina Wren was heard emanating from a was nearly perfect for observing details of the Inside this issue: nearby shrubby area on the bank of the river. various bird behaviors. The whole scene Diversity Dispatch 2 As the singing bird was approached, food– seemed a bit surreal, and the glistening leaves, begging calls of a young wren were heard, and still damp from the earlier rain-shower, formed 2012 VWMP Round-up 2 a family group of Carolina Wrens was quickly an interesting back-drop for the flitting birds - spotted. One adult wren held a squished with flecks of red, blue, orange and yellow Tax Season Reminder 4 green caterpillar in its bill, and a persistent dotting the various shades of green offered by youngster badgered the adult until it finally the tree’s canopy. The colorful animated show, 2012 MSIM Update 4 gave in and delivered the food package to the along with a cacophony of bird songs and Volunteer Shout Out 5 youngster’s gaping mouth. sounds, was rather like attending a bird circus. While enjoying the antics of the wren This was indeed a memorable outing and the Meet the New Members 6 family, another family group was observed kind of day that an admirer of birds lives for. of the WDP Program foraging for insects about 25 feet beyond the After five glorious years in the field wrens. A pair of Black-and-white Warblers and gathering data for Iowa’s Breeding Bird Atlas, Iowa Whitetails: 7 their 3 stub-tailed youngsters were busily this was the last day spent in the field by this Winter Life picking bugs from the stems and leaves of particular observer. Not being one to believe in some dogwood shrubs. Above the feeding Falcon River Trip 7 coincidence, this observer feels very fortunate birds stood a massive White Oak tree with Species Spotlight 8 to be blessed by such an extraordinary and large horizontal branches. The family group of WDP Group Photo 9 warblers soon were seen gleaning insects on perfect day - spent happily amongst the the trunk and lower branches of this wonderful feathered-beings with whom we share our Good Year for the Eagles 9 old oak tree. A family of rather loquacious earth-home. Black-capped Chickadees also inhabited the Last Look 10 -Bruce Ehresman oak tree, and they made it a point to scold the Wildlife Diversity Avian Ecologist Events Calendar 10 human intruder who was observing them. Upon closer scrutiny of the contents of the oak Edited by Erica Eaves Page 2 Wildlife Diversity News Diversity Dispatch Breaking News in the Wide World of Wildlife Wasps Have Good Hygiene As humans, we wash up or use hand sanitizer when we feel we might be in a dirty environment. As it turns out, Emerald Cockroach Wasps care about keeping clean, too. Mother wasps will lay one egg on a cockroach- the parasitized insect will become the larva’s first meal. As we all know, cockroaches can end up in some pretty grimy places. So to make sure their food source is good to eat, the larva will secrete and coat the cockroach in an antimicrobial liquid. After essentially “sanitizing” their food, the larva can be sure there’s no danger of fungi, viruses, or bacteria. Photo by Gudrun Herzner via PNAS Crayfish Suffering From Chytrid Fungus Too? There has been quite a buzz in the conservation world over the last few decades about a deadly disease-causing fungus. Chytrid fungus has been responsible for the extinction of more than 300 frog and other amphibian species. There are still many mysteries surrounding this fungus, but a recent study has brought scientists one step closer to understanding why this pathogen is spelling out disaster for amphibians worldwide. Results suggest that crayfish can also become infected and will act as a reservoir for the disease– allowing the fungus to persist in water bodies until its preferred amphibian host is present. Crayfish populations suffer some fatalities, but survivors will carry the fungus. This could explain the rapid spread of the pathogen to other water bodies as crayfish are commonly transported as bait, food, or pets. Alligators and Crocodiles Have a Sensitive Side These reptiles are dotted with tiny raised black spots. In alligators, these bumps are mostly concentrated on their head, jaws, and mouth– about 4,000 in total. Crocodiles have even more; in addition to being located on their head, bumps are found covering the rest of their bodies. These bumps have long been known as “integumentary sensory organs”, and although there was much speculation about their function, their real purpose was only recently revealed. A study done by a student at Vanderbilt University demonstrated that these bumps are insanely sensitive– capable Photo by Matt Hansen of detecting the tiniest of pressure changes. Reasons for being this touchy-feely? Scientists suspect it aids in locating prey, helps young emerge from their shells, and allows the mother to carefully shelter her young inside her powerful jaws. 2012 Volunteer Wildlife Monitoring Program Round-up The dry weather last year made and an early, warm spring. For both the species’ breeding behavior. In most cases for some interesting survey conditions, traditional surveys and for the NAAMP activity started earlier in 2012 than in and I am sure we’ll continue to see the routes, the average temperatures 2011. By the third survey window the effects of the drought in the upcoming recorded during the first and second number of individuals actively breeding season. The percentage of traditional survey windows in 2012 were 3-4 was noticeably lower in 2012 than in frog and toad surveys done within 24 degrees higher than those recorded in 2011. The upcoming season may show hours of rain, for example, was down to 2011, though temperatures for the third more of the drought’s impacts on Iowa’s 20% from 43% in the previous two years. run were roughly the same between frog and toad populations, especially if The average number of days since rain years. Overall species’ trends between drought conditions continue. for the North American Amphibian 2011 and 2012 showed very little impact Of the species detected on the (NAAMP) survey doubled from 2.3 in from the unusual weather patterns, traditional frog and toad survey routes, 2011 to 4.5 in 2012. In addition to the though the early spring and lack of 10 have been detected often enough to drought we had a mild winter last year rainfall may have changed the timing of identify trends. Five species showed a Continued on Page 3 Volume 12, Issue 1 Page 3 VWMP (continued) declining trend from 2011 to 2012 Treefrogs are difficult to tell (Bullfrog, Green Frog, Plains Leopard apart. Pickerel Frog, Plains Frog, Chorus Frog, Cope’s Gray Treefrog) Spadefoot, Great Plains Toad, and five either held steady or increased and Woodhouse’s/Fowler’s (American Toad, Northern Leopard Frog, Toad were all detected on Eastern Gray Treefrog, Spring Peeper, NAAMP surveys but were not Cricket Frog). Over the last ten years, heard on the traditional surveys, however, only Spring Peeper show an likely because the NAAMP overall downward trend, which is a bit routes cover a larger geographic Spring Peeper unexpected as the species is expanding area. its range westward in the state. The Two of the three most upward trend. However the species that number of survey sites classified as commonly heard species across all sites exhibited the trends were, in some cases, Timbered Riverine (Spring Peeper’s and runs was the same for both different between the two survey preferred habitat) has stayed fairly traditional and NAAMP surveys: Boreal methods. Species that were detected at constant over the ten year period, so we Chorus Frog and American Toad. fewer sites in 2012 versus 2011 were: can’t blame the decrease in detections However, the Cricket Frog was recorded Chorus Frog, Eastern Gray Treefrog, on a lack of habitat or on our simply not at the second highest percentage of sites Cope’s Gray Treefrog, Green Frog, and surveying the appropriate habitat.
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