DOCSLIB.ORG

Basic Neurochemistry MOLECULAR, CELLULAR and MEDICAL ASPECTS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basic Neurochemistry MOLECULAR, CELLULAR and MEDICAL ASPECTS Basic Neurochemistry MOLECULAR, CELLULAR AND MEDICAL ASPECTS SEVENTH EDITION EDITOR-IN-CHIEF George J. Siegel, MD Chief of Neurology Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital Professor of Neurology and of Cell Biology,Neurobiology & Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois EDITORS R. Wayne Albers, Ph.D. Scott T. Brady, Ph.D. Donald L. Price, M.D. Chief of Section on Enzymes Professor and Head Professor, Departments of Laboratory of Neurochemistry Department of Anatomy and Neurology and Neuroscience National Institute of Neurological Cell Biology Director, Division of Disorders and Stoke University of Illinois at Chicago Neuropathology, National Institutes of Health Chicago, Illinois The Johns Hopkins University Bethesda, Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland AMSTERDAM · BOSTON · HEIDELBERG · LONDON NEW YORK · OXFORD · PARIS · SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO · SINGAPORE · SYDNEY · TOKYO ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Contents Section Editors ix CHAPTER 7 Contributors xi Cell Adhesion Molecules 111 Acknowledgments and History xix David R, Colman Preface xxi Marie T. Filbin Tribute to Pierre Morell xxiii CHAPTER 8 The Cytoskeleton of Neurons and Glia 123 Gustavo Pigino PARTI Laura L. Kirkpatrick Cellular Neurochemistry and Neural Membranes 1 Scott T. Brady CHAPTER ι CHAPTER 9 Neurocellular Anatomy 3 Intracellular Trafficking 139 Cedric S. Raine Gustavo Pigino CHAPTER 2 Gerardo Morfini Cell Membrane Structures and Functions 21 Scott T. Brady R. Wayne Albers CHAPTER 3 Lipids 33 PART Joyce A. Benjamins Intercellular Signaling 165 AmiyaK. Hajra Bernard W Agranoff CHAPTER io CHAPTER 4 Synaptic Transmission and Cellular Signaling: Myelin Formation, Structure and Biochemistry 51 An Overview 167 Richard H. Quarks Ronald W Holz Wendy B. Macklin Stephen K. Fisher Pierre Morell CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 5 Acetylcholine 185 Membrane Transport 73 Palmer Taylor R. Wayne Albers Joan Heller Brown George J. Siegel CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 6 Catecholamines 211 Electrical Excitability and Ion Channels 95 Michael J. Kuhar BertilHille Kenneth Minneman William A. Catterall E. Christopher Muly VI Contents CHAPTER 13 PART IV Serotonin 227 Growth, Development and Differentiation 435 Julie G. Hensier CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 14 Development 437 Histamine 249 Jean de Vellis Lindsay B. Hough Ellen Carpenter Rob Leurs CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 15 Transcription Factors in the Central Nervous Glutamate 267 System 459 Bj0rnar Hassel James Eberwine Raymond Dingledine CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER l6 Growth Factors 471 GABA and Glycine 291 Gary E. Landreth Richard W. Olsen Heinrich Betz CHAPTER 28 Axonal Transport 485 CHAPTER 17 GerardoA. Morfini Purinergic Systems 303 David L. Stenoien Joel Linden Scott Έ Brady Diane L. Rosin CHAPTER 29 CHAPTER l8 Stem Cells in the Nervous System 503 Peptides 317 Alison Κ. Hall Richard Ε, Mains Robert Η Miller Betty A. Eipper CHAPTER 30 PART III Axonal Growth in the Adult Mammalian Nervous System: Regeneration and Compensatory Intracellular Signaling 333 Plasticity 517 CHAPTER 19 Gwendolyn L. Kartje G Proteins 335 Martin E, Schwab Eric J. Nestler Ronald S. Duman PARTV CHAPTER 2O Metabolism 529 Phosphoinositides 347 CHAPTER 31 AnneM. Heacock Stephen K. Fisher Energy Metabolism of the Brain 531 Mary C. McKenna CHAPTER 21 RolfGruetter Cyclic Nucleotides in the Nervous System 361 Ursula Sonnewald Ronald S. Duman Helle S. Waagepetersen Eric J. Nestler Arne Schousboe CHAPTER 22 CHAPTER 32 Calcium 379 Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury and Oxidative Gary S. Bird Stress 559 James W. Putney Jr Laura L. Dugan Jeong Sook Kim-Han CHAPTER 23 Serine and Threonine Phosphorylation 391 CHAPTER 33 James Α. Bibb Eicosanoids, Docosanoids, Platelet-Activating Factor and Eric J. Nestler Inflammation 575 Nicolas G. Bazan CHAPTER 24 Tyrosine Phosphorylation 415 CHAPTER 34 Lit-Fui Lau Metabolic Encephalopathies 593 Richard Huganir Roger F. Butterworth Contents vii CHAPTER 35 CHAPTER 46 Apoptosis and Necrosis 603 Neurotransmitters and Disorders of the Basal Mark P. Mattson Ganglia 761 Nicolas G. Bazan Thomas Wichmann Mahlon R. DeLong PART VI CHAPTER 47 Inherited and Neurodegenerative Diseases 617 Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease 781 Philip C. Wong CHAPTER 36 Tong Li Peripheral Neuropathy 619 Donald L. Price David Pleasure CHAPTER 48 CHAPTER 37 Molecular Basis of Prion Diseases 791 The Epilepsies: Phenotype and Mechanisms 629 John Collinge John W Gibbs Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth James O. McNamara CHAPTER 38 PART VII Diseases Involving Myelin 639 Richard H Quarks Sensory Transduction 805 Pierre Morell CHAPTER 49 Henry F. McFarland Molecular Biology of Vision 807 CHAPTER 39 Hitoshi Shichi Genetics of Neurodegenerative Diseases 653 CHAPTER 50 Lars Bertram Molecular Biology of Olfaction and Taste 817 Rudolph E. Tanzt Steven D. Munger CHAPTER 40 CHAPTER 51 Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism 667 Molecular Biology of Hearing and Balance 833 Marc Yudkoff Peter G. Gillespie CHAPTER 41 Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Diseases 685 PART VIII Hugo W. Moser Neural Processing and Behavior 841 CHAPTER 42 Diseases of Carbohydrate, Fatty Acid and Mitochondrial CHAPTER 52 Metabolism 695 Endocrine Effects on the Brain and Their Relationship to Salvatore DiMauro Behavior 843 Darryl C. De Vivo Bruce S. McEwen CHAPTER 43 CHAPTER 53 Disorders of Muscle Excitability 713 Learning and Memory 859 Juan M. Pascual Joe Z. Tsien Basil Τ Darras CHAPTER 54 The Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia 875 CHAPTER 44 Motor Neuron Diseases 731 Joseph T, Coyle Donald L. Price CHAPTER 55 Steven Ackerly Neurobiology of Severe Mood and Anxiety Lee J. Martin Disorders 887 Vassilis Koliatsos ƒ. John Mann Philip C. Wong Dianne Currier Jorge A. Quiroz CHAPTER 45 Husseini K. Manji Neurodegenerative a-Synucleinopathies and Tauopathies 745 CHAPTER 56 Michel Goedert Addiction 911 Maria Grazia Spillantini Marina E. Wolf Viii Contents CHAPTER 57 BOXES Pain 927 Box 3-1, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Michael Costigan Proteins 47 Joachim Scholz Tarek Samad Box 17-1, Inherited Diseases of Purine Metabolism 307 Clifford ƒ. Woolf George J. Siegel Box 20-1, Does the Action of Li+ on the . Phosphoinositide Labelins Cycle Explain the Therapeutic Neuroimagin g 939t Action of Li+ in Manic Depressive Psychosis? Action or Li in Manic Depressive Psychosis? 356 ƒ. Eric Jensen 7 Renshaw Box 32 ι, Hydrogen Sulfide: Potential Neuroprotectant Dean Ε Wong and Neuromodulator 573 WeiguoYe George J. Siegel Glossary 963 Box 46-1, Summary of Polyglutamine Repeat Amino Acids in Proteins 968 Disorders 779 Index 969 Sangram Sisodia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • C9-14 Aliphatic [2-25% Aromatic] Hydrocarbon Solvents Category SIAP
    CoCAM 2, 17-19 April 2012 BIAC/ICCA SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE Chemical C -C Aliphatic [2-25% aromatic] Hydrocarbon Solvents Category Category 9 14 Substance Name CAS Number Stoddard solvent 8052-41-3 Chemical Names Kerosine, petroleum, hydrodesulfurized 64742-81-0 and CAS Naphtha, petroleum, hydrodesulfurized heavy 64742-82-1 Registry Solvent naphtha, petroleum, medium aliphatic 64742-88-7 Numbers Note: Substances in this category are also commonly known as mineral spirits, white spirits, or Stoddard solvent. CAS Number Chemical Description † 8052-41-3 Includes C8 to C14 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (6 to 18%), <50ppmV benzene † 64742-81-0 Includes C9 to C14 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (10 to Structural 25%), <100 ppmV benzene Formula † and CAS 64742-82-1 Includes C8 to C13 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (15 to 25%), <100 ppmV benzene Registry † Numbers 64742-88-7 Includes C8 to C13 branched, linear, and cyclic paraffins and aromatics (14 to 20%), <50 ppmV benzene Individual category member substances are comprised of aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules whose carbon numbers range between C9 and C14; approximately 80% of the aliphatic constituents for a given substance fall within the C9-C14 carbon range and <100 ppmV benzene. In some instances, the carbon range of a test substance is more precisely defined in the test protocol. In these instances, the specific carbon range (e.g. C8-C10, C9-C10, etc.) will be specified in the SIAP. * It should be noted that other substances defined by the same CAS RNs may have boiling ranges outside the range of 143-254° C and that these substances are not covered by the category.
    [Show full text]
  • BULLETIN for the HISTORY of CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
    BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society VOLUME 29, Number 1 2004 BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY VOLUME 29, CONTENTS NUMBER 1 THE 2003 EDELSTEIN AWARD ADDRESS* MAKING CHEMISTRY POPULAR David Knight, University of Durham, England 1 THE DISCOVERY OF LECITHIN, THE FIRST PHOSPHOLIPID Theodore L. Sourkes, McGill University 9 GABRIEL LIPPMANN AND THE CAPILLARY ELECTROMETER John T. Stock, University of Connecticut 16 KHEMYE: CHEMICAL LITERATURE IN YIDDISH Stephen M. Cohen 21 AN EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY AT TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY, 1925-1970* Henry J. Shine, Texas Tech University 30 NOYES LABORATORY, AN ACS NATIONAL CHEMICAL LANDMARK: 100 YEARS OF CHEMISTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Sharon Bertsch McGrayne 45 BOOK REVIEWS 52 The Cover…….See page 24. Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 29, Number 1 (2004) 1 THE 2003 EDELSTEIN AWARD ADDRESS* MAKING CHEMISTRY POPULAR David Knight, University of Durham, England “Chemistry is wonderful,” wrote evenings, and a bright dawn Linus Pauling (1), “I feel sorry for gleamed over a chemically-based people who don’t know anything society. Intellectually, the science about chemistry. They are miss- did not demand the mathematics re- ing an important source of happi- quired for serious pursuit of the sub- ness.” That is not how the science lime science of astronomy. Chem- has universally been seen in our ists like Joseph Priestley thought it time. We would not expect to see the ideal Baconian science in which lecture-rooms crowded out, chem- everyone might join, for its theoreti- ists as stars to be invited to fash- cal structure was still unformed.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal View – the Evolution of Neurochemistry
    Neuroforum 2019; 25(4): 259–264 Review Article Ferdinand Hucho* Personal View – The Evolution of Neurochemistry Two questions – one answer https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2019-0023 century up to our times. Reductionism was hoped to solve two of the most fundamental riddles which were central to Abstract: This esssay is a personal account of the evolution human thinking since antiquity: The world, believed to be of Neurochemistry in the past century. It describes in par- composed of ‚mind and matter‘, poses the question: What allel the authors way from chemistry to biochemistry and is life? The neurochemist goes one step further and asks: finally to Neurochemistry and the progress of a most ex- what is mind (conciousness, cognition, free will)? The citing chapter of the Life Sciences. It covers the successful physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) included time period of reductionist research (by no means compre- these questions in his ‚seven riddles‘ (Finkelstein 2013) hensively), which lay the ground for the recent and future and summarized his answer in 1880 in his famous “igno- systems approach. This development promises answers to ramus et ignorabimus” (“we don‘t know and we never will fundamental questions of our existence as human beings. know”). Never say ‘never’, because this could be the end Keywords: Chemistry; Biochemistry; Life Science; Neuro- of human curiosity and research, preventing discoveries chemistry including new methods of investigation. In the 20th century the question What is life was most vividly posed by physicists like the Nobel laureates Zusammenfassung: Dieser Essay ist ein persönlicher Erwin Schrödinger (Schrödinger 1944; Fischer ed., 1987) Bericht über die Entwicklung der Neurochemie im ver- and Max Delbrück (Delbrück 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Essays in Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology Chemical
    Volume 89, number 2 FEBS LETTERS May 1978 Essays in Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology Volume 2 Edited by M. B. H. Youdim, W. Lovenberg, D. F. Sharman and J. R. Lagnado John Wiley and Sons; Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, 1977 xiv + 174 pages, £8.75 An essay on essays prefaces this book, praising the The Biochemical Society's 'Essays in Biochemistry' literary essay and advocating a comparable form of which antedate the present series by I 1 years are also scientific writing as a leavening or antidote to the despite their name broad, didactically-oriented reviews stereotype of papers proceeding by Methods-Results- in which many authors use figures and tables as a Discussion. The terse wisdom and precise word-choise means of avoiding cumbersome passages of text; a of Bacon, or the charm of Lamb, would indeed be necessary distinction from the literary essay and much welcome in the neurosciences, but this book's to be encouraged. So also are author and subject contents exemplify a different and quite worthy indexes which are lacking in the present book. It also stereotype, the review. Are literary essays ever multi- has no running titles or author's names at the head of author, as are half of the present contributions? Two its pages; and as the list of abbrevations and the of the most effective essays here are indeed single- literature references come at the beginning and end of authored: the first few pages of K. G. Walton's each individual essay, lack of this guidance to where account of cyclic necleotides and postynaptic events the beginning and end are located is to be regretted.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Trends in Biochemical Research Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
    Article Analysis of the Trends in Biochemical Research Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Hee Jay Kang 1, Changhee Kim 1,* and Kyungtae Kang 2,* 1 College of Business Administration, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 130-701, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.K.); [email protected] (K.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-8594(C.K.) Received: 15 April 2019; Accepted: 13 June 2019; Published: 18 June 2019 Abstract: Biochemistry has been broadly defined as “chemistry of molecules included or related to living systems”, but is becoming increasingly hard to be distinguished from other related fields. Targets of its studies evolve rapidly; some newly emerge, disappear, combine, or resurface themselves with a fresh viewpoint. Methodologies for biochemistry have been extremely diversified, thanks particularly to those adopted from molecular biology, synthetic chemistry, and biophysics. Therefore, this paper adopts topic modeling, a text mining technique, to identify the research topics in the field of biochemistry over the past twenty years and quantitatively analyze the changes in its trends. The results of the topic modeling analysis obtained through this study will provide a helpful tool for researchers, journal editors, publishers, and funding agencies to understand the connections among the diverse sub-fields in biochemical research and even see how the research topics branch out and integrate with other fields. Keywords: biochemistry; topic modeling; research trend; LDA 1. Introduction Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems and includes the sciences of molecular biology, immunochemistry, and neurochemistry, as well as bioinorganic, bioorganic, and biophysical chemistry [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Withdrawal
    Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Withdrawal John Littleton, MD, Ph.D. More than 50 years ago, C.K. Himmelsbach first suggested that physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable state of equilibrium (i.e., homeostasis) in the patient’s body and brain are responsible for drug tolerance and the drug withdrawal syndrome. In the latter case, he suggested that the absence of the drug leaves these same homeostatic mechanisms exposed, leading to the withdrawal syndrome. This theory provides the framework for a majority of neurochemical investigations of the adaptations that occur in alcohol dependence and how these adaptations may precipitate withdrawal. This article examines the Himmelsbach theory and its application to alcohol withdrawal; reviews the animal models being used to study withdrawal; and looks at the postulated neuroadaptations in three systems—the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system, the glutamate neurotransmitter system, and the calcium channel system that regulates various processes inside neurons. The role of these neuroadaptations in withdrawal and the clinical implications of this research also are considered. KEY WORDS: AOD withdrawal syndrome; neurochemistry; biochemical mechanism; AOD tolerance; brain; homeostasis; biological AOD dependence; biological AOD use; disorder theory; biological adaptation; animal model; GABA receptors; glutamate receptors; calcium channel; proteins; detoxification; brain damage; disease severity; AODD (alcohol and other drug dependence) relapse; literature review uring the past 25 years research- science models used to study with- of the reasons why advances in basic ers have made rapid progress drawal neurochemistry as well as a research have not yet been translated Din understanding the chemi- reluctance on the part of clinicians to into therapeutic gains and suggests cal activities that occur in the nervous consider new treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE PAGE N,N'-Alkane-Diyl-Bis-3-Picoliniums As Nicotinic
    JPET Fast Forward. Published on May 6, 2008 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.136630 JPETThis Fast article Forward. has not been Published copyedited and on formatted. May 6, The 2008 final as version DOI:10.1124/jpet.108.136630 may differ from this version. JPET #136630 TITLE PAGE N,N’-Alkane-diyl-bis-3-picoliniums as Nicotinic Receptor Antagonists: Inhibition of Nicotine-induced Dopamine Release and Hyperactivity Linda P. Dwoskin, Thomas E. Wooters, Sangeetha P. Sumithran, Kiran B. Siripurapu, B. Matthew Joyce, Paul R. Lockman, Vamshi K. Manda, Joshua T. Ayers, Downloaded from Zhenfa Zhang, Agripina G. Deaciuc, J. Michael McIntosh, Peter A. Crooks and Michael T. Bardo jpet.aspetjournals.org Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (L.P.D., S.P.S., K.B.S., B.M.J., J.T.A., Z.Z., A.G.D., P.A.C.) College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 Department of Psychology (T.E.W., M.T.B.), College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; School of Pharmacy (P.R.L., V.C.M), Texas Tech University of Health Sciences, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Departments of Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M) University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 1 Copyright 2008 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. JPET Fast Forward. Published on May 6, 2008 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.136630 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #136630 RUNNING TITLE PAGE Running Title: N,N’-Alkane-diyl-bis-3-picolinium: Neurochemistry and Behavior Corresponding Author: Linda P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Work of Thudichum - the Father of Neurochemistry
    Article NIMHANS Journal The Life and Work of Thudichum - The Father of Neurochemistry Volume: 12 Issue: 02 July 1994 Page: 111-115 B S Sridhara Rama Rao, - Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India Abstract The various applications of chemistry and biochemistry to the study of the nervous system forms a large part of the now well established scientific discipline of 'Neurochemistry'. As a separate discipline, neurochemistry came into existence only in the early part of this century. It is surprising that for a long time the sister discipline of chemistry was not recognized by the other disciplines involved in the study of the nervous system such as physiology, pathology, histology, among others. It is indeed amazing that, in this background, studies were carried out by the Thudichum during the eighteenth century. The present paper briefly describes the life and work of this genius, Thudichum, who is rightly called as 'the Father of Neurochemistry'. Key words - Thudichum , Neurochemistry, Physiological chemistry, Biochemistry Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum was born on the 27th August 1828 in Budingen, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany. His parents and close relatives were known for their scholarly background. During his early childhood and adolescence, there was absolute peace and security in Germany. When he was 18 years of age, Thudicum accompanied his father who went to consult the famous chemist, Justus Van Leibig, about the analysis of mineral water from a newly discovered pond. The visit made a formidable impact on the young mind and from that time onwards Thudichum developed a great interest in chemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd Student Neurochemistry
    PhD student Neurochemistry Ref. No. SU FV-3134-20 at the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Closing date: 22 September 2020. The Department is mainly located with the other Departments of Chemistry and Life Sciences in the Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, which are situated in the northern part of the University Campus at Frescati. Presently more than 300 people are working at the Department of which about 100 are PhD students engaged in internationally highly recognized research covering a broad range of subjects. The Department is also deeply involved in teaching, with courses at all undergraduate levels, including a wide range of Master courses. A close link between the undergraduate program and the research projects has since long been a tradition and a trademark of the Department. Science for Life Laboratory, where many of our researchers are based, is also closely linked to the department. Project description Your postgraduate studies in Neurochemistry with a focus on cell biology will be conducted within the project "Deciphering cell-cell communication in health and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)". The lethal disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is defined by the loss of somatic motor neurons, that innervate all voluntary muscles in the body, leading to muscle wasting and paralysis. Motor neurons follow a distinct ‘dying-back’ pattern of degeneration in ALS. The specialized synapses with muscle, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and the distal axons are early pathological targets in ALS and are disrupted before motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord are lost. The mechanisms governing this pathological process are largely unknown but is likely due to an early disruption in communication between motor neuron and muscle leading to destabilization of the NMJ.
    [Show full text]
  • Glutamate-Receptors-In-Plants-1.Pdf
    Annals of Botany 90: 549±557, 2002 doi:10.1093/aob/mcf228, available online at www.aob.oupjournals.org BOTANICAL BRIEFING Glutamate Receptors in Plants ROMOLA DAVENPORT* Department of Plant Science, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK Received: 5 April 2002 Returned for revision: 22 May 2002 Accepted: 2 July 2002 Published electronically: 2 October 2002 Ionotropic glutamate receptors function in animals as glutamate-gated non-selective cation channels. Numerous glutamate receptor-like (GLR) genes have been identi®ed in plant genomes, and plant GLRs are predicted, on the basis of sequence homology, to retain ligand-binding and ion channel activity. Non-selective cation channels are ubiquitous in plant membranes and may function in nutrient uptake, signalling and intra-plant transport. However, there is little evidence for amino acid gating of plant ion channels. Recent evidence suggests that plant GLRs do encode non-selective cation channels, but that these channels are not gated by amino acids. The functional properties of these proteins and their roles in plant physiology remain a mystery. The problems surrounding characterization and assignation of function to plant GLRs are discussed in this Botanical Brie®ng, and potential roles for GLR proteins as non-selective cation channels involved in metabolic signalling are described. ã 2002 Annals of Botany Company Key words: Review, gutamate receptor, plant glutamate receptor, GLR, GluR, iGluR, Arabidopsis thaliana, calcium, signalling, non-selective cation channel, nitrogen metabolism. INTRODUCTION The proteins responsible for non-selective cation currents Plant membranes contain a variety of ion channels involved have not been identi®ed. However, sequencing of the in transport of nutrients, ions used for signalling, osmotica arabidopsis genome revealed, for the ®rst time, a complete and metabolites.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic Investigation of Natural Products Causing Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration
    University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2018 Synthetic Investigation of Natural Products Causing Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration Michael John Cunningham University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cunningham, Michael John, "Synthetic Investigation of Natural Products Causing Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1457. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1457 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYNTHETIC INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS CAUSING DOPAMINERGIC NEURODEGENERATION A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Michael John Cunningham May 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Michael Cunningham All rights reserved ABSTRACT The terrestrial organisms Streptomyces venezuelae and Rhaponticum repens produce toxic secondary metabolites that likely function as chemical deterrents. The polyketide SV-6 from S. venezuelae and the sesquiterpene lactone repin from R. repens both produce dose- dependent and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. These molecules represent two possible tools that can be used to explore chemotoxic induction of Parkinson’s disease. In the case of SV-6, a newly isolated metabolite, total synthesis was undertaken to confirm its structure and biological activity. The natural product was produced from methacrolein and Roche ester starting materials that were elaborated to their respective fragments, a vinyl iodide and a Weinreb amide.
    [Show full text]
  • User:Smallman12q/Articles/Chemistry 1 User:Smallman12q/Articles/Chemistry
    User:Smallman12q/articles/Chemistry 1 User:Smallman12q/articles/Chemistry Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth"[1] ) is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.[2] It is a physical science for studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the chemical revolution (1773). Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, the study of inorganic matter; organic chemistry, the study Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, of organic matter; biochemistry, the study of substances found in as well as the changes it undergoes during biological organisms; physical chemistry, the energy related studies of chemical reactions. chemical systems at macro, molecular and submolecular scales; analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system (see subdisciplines). Summary Chemistry is the scientific study of interaction of chemical [3] substances that are constituted of
    [Show full text]