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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. For general literature on the history of the receptor concept see the notes below and the first chapter of this book. 2. See Bowman (1999). 3. Drews (2002). 4. ‘World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines’, 15th edition (2007), http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/; NCPA report, Bartlett (2000), http://www.ncpa.org/oped/bartlett/sep0400. html; for US figures, see Hagist and Kotlikoff (2007), www.ncpa.org/pub/ st/st286. 5. Recent examples include Schüttler (2003) and Mould (1993). 6. See the example of the scientific genetics community in the United States and Germany (Harwood 1993). For a more recent example see Robert E. Kohler’s description and analysis of the community of geneticists working on the fruit-fly drosophila (‘fly group’) (Kohler 1994; 1999). 7. Stanton (2002, esp. pp. vii–x) and Löwy (1993a, pp. v–viii). See also Pickstone (1992). 8. Hagner (2001, esp. p. 23). 9. Daniel (2001). 10. Morrell (1993, esp. p. 124). 11. Morrell (1993; 1972). 12. Moraw (1988, p. 3). 13. For details see the list of archival sources at the end of the book. 14. Concerning oral history and its problems, see Benison (1971), Perks (1990), Thompson (1991; 2000), Thompson and Perks (1993), Ward (1995), Perks and Thompson (1997) and Singer (1997). 15. Ibid. 16. Stannard (1961) and Leake (1975, p. 59). 17. Harig (1974) and Debru (1997). 18. Galen, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus 7.12 and 11.1. Thanks to Philip van der Eijk (Newcastle) for these references. 19. Stein (1997) and Watson (1966). 20. Galen, De naturalibus facultatibus 1.13. Thanks to John M. Forrester (Edinburgh) for pointing out this passage. Compare Galen, transl. Brock (1928, pp. 49–71). 21. Keyser (1997). 22. Stille (1994, pp. 13–17, 374–6), Leake (1975, pp. 27, 97–9), and Riddle (1992). 23. Stille (1994, pp. 71–89, 382). 24. Maehle (1987, p. 109) and Houlston (1784). Thanks to Stan Frost (Durham) for this latter reference. 25. Maehle (1999, pp. 231–3). 26. Maehle (1999, pp. 135–8, 145–6). 166 Notes 167 27. Dehmel (1996). 28. Earles (1961), Maehle (1987; 1999). 29. Bynum and Porter (1988). 30. Wittern (1991). 31. Stille (1994, pp. 383–6) and Knight (2003). 32. Bickel (2000, pp. 37–51). 33. Grmek (1973). 34. Bickel (2000, pp. 94–121) and Kuschinski (1968). 35. Compare Schmiedeberg (1867, p. 274) and Stille (1994, pp. 373–4). 36. Bynum (1970). 37. Parascandola (1974) and Chapter 3 below. 38. See Prüll (2003a). 39. Stille (1994, pp. 387–8) and Chapter 3 below. 40. Parascandola (1986), Parascandola and Jasensky (1974), Robinson (2001, pp. 143–70, 199–218) and Silverstein (2002). See also Cozzens (1989). 1 Paul Ehrlich and his Receptor Concept 1. For current views on the history of the receptor concept see Silverstein (2002), Parascandola and Jasensky (1974), Parascandola (1986), Bennett (2000), Maehle et al. (2002), Prüll et al. (2003) and Maehle (2004a; 2004b). An earlier version of this chapter has been published by Prüll (2003b). 2. For the constructivist view on the history of science see Golinski (1998) and Lenoir (1997). 3. This chapter makes use of the printed works of Ehrlich between 1878 and 1905, which can be found in Himmelweit (1956; 1957; 1960). It relies also on parts of the unprinted obituary of Ehrlich, his laboratory books, his laboratory notes and his correspondence. The latter materials are kept in the Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC) in New York. The chapter also util- izes materials from the Archive of the Humboldt-University in Berlin and from the State Archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage (Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz: GStA PK), Berlin. For details see the list of archival sources at the end of the book. 4. Malkin (1993, pp. 129–37) and Clark and Kasten (1983). 5. Bäumler (1997, pp. 24–30, 31–6), Jokl (1954, esp. p. 972) and Goldsmith (1934, esp. p. 69). Concerning Ehrlich’s staining work on ‘plasma cells’ and ‘mast cells’ see also Ehrlich (1877; 1878), Dolman (1981, p. 296) and Silverstein (2002, p. 2). 6. Prüll (2003a, pp. 204–65) and Maulitz (1978). 7. These cells originate, as we know today, from so-called B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies. 8. ‘Mast cells’ are cells in the connective tissues, containing among others the antibody immunoglobuline E, which plays an important part in allergic reactions. 9. Concerning Ehrlich and chemistry, see also Dale (1956, esp. p. 2) and Goldsmith (1934, pp. 69–70). 10. ‘...eine bestimmte chemische Beschaffenheit der Zelle selbst ...’, in Ehrlich (1878). See the quotation on p. 40; p. 75 (English translation). 168 Notes 11. Ehrlich (1885). 12. Ehrlich (1897a). For a contemporary description of Ehrlich’s side-chain theory, see Aschoff (1902, esp. pp. 1–25). See also Heymann (1928) and Silverstein (1989, esp. pp. 64–6, 94–9). 13. Ehrlich and Morgenroth (1900b). 14. Parascandola (1981, esp. p. 28). 15. Ehrlich (1902, esp. p. 595; English translation, p. 618). 16. Parascandola (1986, pp. 134–41). 17. See Bynum (1970). 18. It is not possible in this chapter to give a full account of the history of the application of the receptor concept to drug binding and pharmacology. See above all Parascandola (1981, pp. 21, 30–3, 35). 19. The best general account of Ehrlich’s life is Dolman (1981). Dolman also gives an overview of the literature on Ehrlich up to 1980. The writing on Ehrlich has remained largely hagiographic. See for example, Bäumler (1997). There are several reasons for this. As Ehrlich was Jewish, all public written testimonies of his life were erased by the Nazi government after 1933; and his estate has only comparatively recently become accessible for research. Furthermore, hagiographic accounts were presumably promoted by the new scientific optimism of the post-war decades, for example Witebsky (1954). For the history of research on Ehrlich, see also Dale (1949, pp. xiii–xx; 1956) and Bäumler (1997, pp. 5–9). The serious recent historiography of Ehrlich largely comprises papers on special aspects of his work. 20. See for example Koch (1924) and Dale (1949, p. xvi). 21. See for example Jokl (1954, p. 974) and Klose (1954, esp. p. 425). 22. Wassermann (1914). 23. ‘... zur Erkennung der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung Ehrlichs sehr wertvoll’; see Michaelis (1919, esp. p. 165, also pp. 167–8). 24. Eckmann (1959) and Marshall (1995, esp. p. 565). 25. Travis (1989), Lenoir (1988), Silverstein (1999, 2002). 26. Parascandola and Jasensky (1974) and Parascandola (1986). Also concen- trating mainly on Ehrlich’s ideas see Moulin (1991, esp. pp. 74–97). 27. Dale (1956, p. 9). 28. See Sauerteig (1996). 29. Franken (1994) and Classen et al. (1995). 30. Travis (1989, p. 393). For the Medical Clinic of the Charité in Berlin, see Winau (1987, pp. 139–42, 198–9). 31. Dolman (1981, p. 296) and Ehrlich (1883d). 32. Ehrlich (1882a). 33. Franken (1994, pp. 59–62). 34. Ehrlich (1883c; 1883a; 1883b; 1886a; 1900a; 1901a). 35. See for example a case study on phosphor poisoning: Ehrlich (1882b). 36. Ehrlich (1882c). 37. See as an overview Ehrlich and Lazarus (1900). 38. Ehrlich (1882d; 1882e). For Robert Koch’s work on tuberculosis and tuberculin, see Gradmann (2001, 2004). 39. Ehrlich (1886b). 40. Ehrlich (1885, esp. p. 415). 41. Ibid., pp. 368, 419, 422, 430. Notes 169 42. Ehrlich (1891b, esp. p. 166). 43. Note, in Acta der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin. Habilitationen von 1880–89, Medizinische Fakultät – Dekanat –, No.1342/1, Archive of the Humboldt-University, p. 203. 44. Ehrlich and Lazarus (1900, p. 213). 45. Ibid., p. 258. 46. Bäumler (1997, pp. 60, 68). See Margaret Goldsmith’s remark on Ehrlich’s life after his appointment at Frerich’s clinic: ‘The next seven or eight years were one of the most fruitful and satisfying periods of Ehrlich’s life’ (Goldsmith 1934, p. 71). 47. Ibid., p. 72. The view expressed in the British Medical Journal concerning Ehrlich’s work at Frerich’s clinic, that practical clinical work did not suit Ehrlich, is one of the rare comments on this topic in the literature. See Obituary (1915a, p. 349). For the time with Frerichs, see Dolman (1981, pp. 296–7). 48. Winau (1987, pp. 198–200). 49. Ibid., p. 200. 50. Goldsmith (1934, pp. 73–4) and Dolman (1981, p. 297). For Carl Ger- hardt, see furthermore Professor Carl Gerhardt (1902), p. 1, in: Acta betr. die Anstellung des Geheimen Medicinal Raths und Professors Dr. Gerhardt als dirigirender Arzt und Director der 2. medicinischen Universitätsklinik, 1885, Kgl. Charité-Direction, No. 437, Archive of the Humboldt-University, p. 37. 51. Marquardt (1949, pp. 27–8) and Bäumler (1997, pp. 68–9). 52. Liebenau (1990, esp. p. 66). 53. Ehrlich (1891c; 1891d; 1892). See also Lazarus (1922, pp. 34–5). 54. Goldsmith (1934, p. 76). 55. Dolman (1981, p. 297) and Ehrlich and Guttmann (1891b, pp. 7–12). 56. Ehrlich and Leppmann (1890) and Bäumler (1997, p. 76). On the further impact of Ehrlich’s research on the therapy of psychiatric disorders with methylene blue, see Healy (2002, pp. 44–7). 57. Ehrlich and Guttmann (1891a). 58. Weindling (1992, esp. pp. 170–2, 175–8, and see the quotation on p. 170). For Robert Koch and his research programme, see also Gradmann (2005). 59. See the descriptions of the clinical trials, in Ehrlich et al. (1894, esp. pp. 57–60) and Ehrlich and Kossel (1894). 60. Silverstein (2002, p. 42). Although Silverstein’s biography on Ehrlich’s recep- tor concept is almost exclusively devoted to a history of ideas, it gives occasional hints on the importance of the social setting for the development of Ehrlich’s career and the receptor concept.
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