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Bainite - from Nano to Macro Symposium on Science and Application of Bainite 1/2 June 2017 Dorint Hotel, Wiesbaden, Germany

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Bainite - from Nano to Macro Symposium on Science and Application of Bainite 1/2 June 2017 Dorint Hotel, Wiesbaden, Germany Bainite - from nano to macro Symposium on science and application of Bainite 1/2 June 2017 Dorint Hotel, Wiesbaden, Germany Honoring Professor Sir Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia Proceedings Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 Copyright © 2017 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V. All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V. Paul-Feller-Str. 1 28199 Bremen Germany www.awt-online.org image sources: bulk nanostructured steel (coloured micrograph) Source: Garcia-Mateo, Caballero, Bhadeshia; Dorint Hotels & Resorts; Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia; Wiesbaden Marketing GmbH. Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 International Committee H. Altena (Austria) S. Denis (France) I. Felde (Hungary) B. Haase (Germany) S. Hock (UK) P. Jacquot (France) Ch. Keul (Germany) B. Kuntzmann (Switzerland) V. Leskovśek (Slovenia) K. Löser (Germany) S. Mackenzie (USA) D. Petta (Italy) H.-W. Raedt (Germany) R. Schneider (Austria) B. Smoljan (Croatia) P. Stolař (Czech Republic) G. Totten (USA) E. Troell (Sweden) B. Vandewiele (Belgium) H.-J. Wieland (Germany) Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 Sponsors of Bainite – from nano to macro Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 Foreword Bainite – from nano to macro Symposium on science and application of bainite honoring Prof. Sir Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia, Tata Professor for Metallurgy and Director of SKF University Technology Center at the University Cambridge, UK and Professor for Computational Metallurgy at Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea. Today the knowledge about mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of “bainite” has expanded significantly compared to the early years of first detection of this microstructure. The research around this fascinating steel microstructure for years is bound to the name of an outstanding metallurgist, Professor Sir Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia. Honoring his most fruitful work on kinetics, characterization of bainite and developing bainitic steel grades and their thermal treatment, the German Association of Heat Treatment and Materials Technology (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik – AWT) rewards Prof. Bhadeshia with its highest scientific distinction, the Adolf-Martens-Medal, named according to the discoverer of another important microstructure, martensite. The Certificate of the Medal reads: The Adolf-Martens-Medal is awarded to persons from science and industry, which with their work broadened significantly the decisive knowledge about heat treatment of components and characterization of materials. The Adolf-Martens-Medal will be granted at most once a year by the managing board of the association. This citation in its distinguished meaning perfectly meets the achievements of our honoured scientist, Prof. Bhadeshia. AWT with pleasure dedicates this symposium on “bainite – from nano to macro” to Sir Harry, how his friends around the world call him. With his keynote lecture to this conference on “Atomic mechanism of the bainite transformation” he also will demonstrate his admirable capabilities as an outstanding speaker. Looking into history: It was the work of Charles E. Bain, who in about 1928 while being employed at the Research Laboratory of U.S. Steel Corp., began first investigations on isothermal austenite to pearlite transformation using the eutectoid 0.8 mass-% plain carbon steel. Varying transformation temperature he detected slower and faster kinetics and established the valid until today C-shaped transformation start and finish curves, often so called pearlite nose in the Temperature-Time- Transformation diagrams (TTT). When further lowering the isothermal holding temperature, he observed a new microstructure, which first was called “martensite-troostite”, sometime later also Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 detected by Wever and Lange and named “Zwischenstufe”. Bain and his young metallurgist co- worker, E. S. Davenport published about this new microstructure in 1929, which was later named “bainite”, honoring the fundamental research of Charles E. Bain. Even at that time already the favorable strength-ductility-relationship of bainitic steels was reported, which today finds various application in severe industrial applications. Especially the rolling bearing industry introduced this new heat treatment process into production as to prevent hardening cracking of large cross section rings. Further the generation of favorable compressive residual stresses within the surface regions of isothermal treated parts in the lower bainite range up to now is very useful in applications, where surface stresses cause a component to fail. In the bearing business bainitic components even compete with casehardened designs sometimes. Bringing the basic knowledge of bainitic microstructure development to industrial processes another name has to be mentioned, Prof. Otto Schaaber. Having been the first director of IHT – Institute of heat treatment technology, Bremen (now IWT – Institute of Materials Technology), among others he developed the “Schaaber-Dilatometer”, which allowed to study in-situ the microstructure evolution from austenite to bainite. Although research on bainite has a history of almost 90 years, still some observations are not fully clarified up to now. And the development is just going on, as Prof. Bhadeshia and some of his co-workers will report during this symposium as the nanostructured bainite. Recent developments deal with steel grades which allow a continuous transformation into bainite during cooling down from forging temperature to ambient temperature. The so-called “bainitic forging steels” also will be addressed by several speakers from the fundamentals to industrial application. The longest tradition in isothermal transformation to bainite without doubt has the bearing industry as contributions of the leading bearing manufacturers will demonstrate, including research results of multi-step bainitic treatments which lead to significant reductions in process time. Transferring the transformation mechanisms to casehardening opens up new possibilities to adjust case-core-properties by the so called carbo- austempering procedure. The very time-consuming isothermal treatment, which can take up to 10 hours or more, require a reliable process technology which also will be presented. An interesting process variant, the dry bainitizing without salt baths was developed some years ago, too. All processes lacked the necessary online information, how the microstructure evolution occurs. The development of the so- called bainite-sensor “switches on the light” and allows to in-situ monitor the formation of bainite fractions, the remaining retained austenite portions and – very important – the precise finish of the process. In-situ observation by eddy current sensors or within an X-ray diffractometer offers great chances to better understand and control the processes. The complex transformation and its many influencing parameters finally calls for a suitable simulation, which also will be addressed. Not precisely a bainitic transformation as described before but also an isothermal transformation from austenite to the so-called ausferrite is the process that leads to austempered ductile iron (ADI), with very promising properties but ambitious in process control. Also this heat treated cast iron will be presented and the beneficial properties and narrow process windows described. The comprehensive presentation on all aspects of isothermal or continuous transformation of austenite to bainite and related materials shall provide state-of-the-art knowledge and recent developments for all participants of this symposium. We wish to thank all participants for their appearance and fruitful discussions. We further explicitly would like to thank all speakers, authors and co-authors for their excellent contributions to this symposium. Our gratitude also goes to the members of the international committee for their support. Finally we gratefully acknowledge the excellent organizational assistance of Mrs. S. Müller, Mrs. H. Dietz and Mrs. Y. Lübben. Dr.-Ing. Michael Lohrmann Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Werner Zoch Chairmen of the Symposium on Science and Application of Bainite Wiesbaden, Juni 1st, 2017 Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 VI Contents Session 1: Fundamentals and new findings on bainite mechanisms Atomic mechanism of the bainite transformation 2 H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, University of Cambridge, Materials Science and Metallurgy, U. K. New Insights into carbon distribution in bainitic ferrite 12 Rosalia Rementeria, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, Francisca G. Caballero, Spanish National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain Session 2: Steels and steel developments for bainitizing and their characterization Microalloyed Engineering Steels with Improved Performance 22 Wolfgang Bleck1, Margarita Bambach2, Vera Wirths3, Andreas Stieben1, 1Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 2Chair of Materials and Physical Metallurgy, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany, 3BGH Edelstahl Siegen GmbH, Siegen, Germany Bainite and superbainite in long products and forged applications 32 Thomas Sourmail, Asco Industries CREAS, Hagondange,
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