Bainite - from Nano to Macro Symposium on Science and Application of Bainite 1/2 June 2017 Dorint Hotel, Wiesbaden, Germany

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Bainite - from nano to macro

Symposium on science and application of Bainite

1/2 June 2017
Dorint Hotel, Wiesbaden, Germany

 
Honoring Professor Sir Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia

Proceedings

Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017

Copyright © 2017 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V.

All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the written permission of the publisher.

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V. Paul-Feller-Str. 1 28199 Bremen Germany www.awt-online.org

image sources: bulk nanostructured steel (coloured micrograph) Source: Garcia-Mateo, Caballero, Bhadeshia; Dorint Hotels & Resorts; Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia; Wiesbaden Marketing GmbH.

Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017

International Committee

H. Altena (Austria) S. Denis (France) I. Felde (Hungary) B. Haase (Germany)
S. Hock (UK)
P. Jacquot (France) Ch. Keul (Germany)
B. Kuntzmann (Switzerland) V. Leskovśek (Slovenia)
K. Löser (Germany) S. Mackenzie (USA)
D. Petta (Italy)
H.-W. Raedt (Germany) R. Schneider (Austria) B. Smoljan (Croatia)

P. Stolař (Czech Republic)

G. Totten (USA) E. Troell (Sweden)
B. Vandewiele (Belgium) H.-J. Wieland (Germany)

Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017

Sponsors of Bainite – from nano to macro

Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017

Foreword

Bainite – from nano to macro

Symposium on science and application of bainite

honoring
Prof. Sir Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia,
Tata Professor for Metallurgy and Director of SKF University Technology Center at the University Cambridge, UK and Professor for Computational Metallurgy at Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea.

Today the knowledge about mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of “bainite” has expanded significantly compared to the early years of first detection of this microstructure.

The research around this fascinating steel microstructure for years is bound to the name of an outstanding metallurgist, Professor Sir Harshad K. D. H. Bhadeshia. Honoring his most fruitful work on kinetics, characterization of bainite and developing bainitic steel grades and their thermal treatment, the German Association of Heat Treatment and Materials Technology (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik – AWT) rewards Prof. Bhadeshia with its highest scientific distinction, the Adolf-Martens-Medal, named according to the discoverer of another important microstructure, martensite.

The Certificate of the Medal reads:

The Adolf-Martens-Medal is awarded to persons from science and industry, which with their work broadened significantly the decisive knowledge about heat treatment of components and characterization of materials.

The Adolf-Martens-Medal will be granted at most once a year by the managing board of the association.

This citation in its distinguished meaning perfectly meets the achievements of our honoured scientist, Prof. Bhadeshia. AWT with pleasure dedicates this symposium on “bainite – from nano to macro” to Sir Harry, how his friends around the world call him. With his keynote lecture to this conference on “Atomic mechanism of the bainite transformation” he also will demonstrate his admirable capabilities as an outstanding speaker.

Looking into history: It was the work of Charles E. Bain, who in about 1928 while being employed at the Research Laboratory of U.S. Steel Corp., began first investigations on isothermal austenite to pearlite transformation using the eutectoid 0.8 mass-% plain carbon steel. Varying transformation temperature he detected slower and faster kinetics and established the valid until today C-shaped transformation start and finish curves, often so called pearlite nose in the Temperature-TimeTransformation diagrams (TTT). When further lowering the isothermal holding temperature, he observed a new microstructure, which first was called “martensite-troostite”, sometime later also
Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017 detected by Wever and Lange and named “Zwischenstufe”. Bain and his young metallurgist coworker, E. S. Davenport published about this new microstructure in 1929, which was later named “bainite”, honoring the fundamental research of Charles E. Bain.

Even at that time already the favorable strength-ductility-relationship of bainitic steels was reported, which today finds various application in severe industrial applications. Especially the rolling bearing industry introduced this new heat treatment process into production as to prevent hardening cracking of large cross section rings. Further the generation of favorable compressive residual stresses within the surface regions of isothermal treated parts in the lower bainite range up to now is very useful in applications, where surface stresses cause a component to fail. In the bearing business bainitic components even compete with casehardened designs sometimes.

Bringing the basic knowledge of bainitic microstructure development to industrial processes another name has to be mentioned, Prof. Otto Schaaber. Having been the first director of IHT – Institute of heat treatment technology, Bremen (now IWT – Institute of Materials Technology), among others he developed the “Schaaber-Dilatometer”, which allowed to study in-situ the microstructure evolution from austenite to bainite. Although research on bainite has a history of almost 90 years, still some observations are not fully clarified up to now.

And the development is just going on, as Prof. Bhadeshia and some of his co-workers will report during this symposium as the nanostructured bainite. Recent developments deal with steel grades which allow a continuous transformation into bainite during cooling down from forging temperature to ambient temperature. The so-called “bainitic forging steels” also will be addressed by several speakers from the fundamentals to industrial application. The longest tradition in isothermal transformation to bainite without doubt has the bearing industry as contributions of the leading bearing manufacturers will demonstrate, including research results of multi-step bainitic treatments which lead to significant reductions in process time. Transferring the transformation mechanisms to casehardening opens up new possibilities to adjust case-core-properties by the so called carboaustempering procedure.

The very time-consuming isothermal treatment, which can take up to 10 hours or more, require a reliable process technology which also will be presented. An interesting process variant, the dry bainitizing without salt baths was developed some years ago, too. All processes lacked the necessary online information, how the microstructure evolution occurs. The development of the socalled bainite-sensor “switches on the light” and allows to in-situ monitor the formation of bainite fractions, the remaining retained austenite portions and – very important – the precise finish of the process. In-situ observation by eddy current sensors or within an X-ray diffractometer offers great chances to better understand and control the processes. The complex transformation and its many influencing parameters finally calls for a suitable simulation, which also will be addressed.

Not precisely a bainitic transformation as described before but also an isothermal transformation from austenite to the so-called ausferrite is the process that leads to austempered ductile iron (ADI), with very promising properties but ambitious in process control. Also this heat treated cast iron will be presented and the beneficial properties and narrow process windows described.

The comprehensive presentation on all aspects of isothermal or continuous transformation of austenite to bainite and related materials shall provide state-of-the-art knowledge and recent developments for all participants of this symposium. We wish to thank all participants for their appearance and fruitful discussions. We further explicitly would like to thank all speakers, authors and co-authors for their excellent contributions to this symposium. Our gratitude also goes to the members of the international committee for their support. Finally we gratefully acknowledge the excellent organizational assistance of Mrs. S. Müller, Mrs. H. Dietz and Mrs. Y. Lübben.

  • Dr.-Ing. Michael Lohrmann
  • Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Werner Zoch

Chairmen of the Symposium on Science and Application of Bainite

Wiesbaden, Juni 1st, 2017

  • Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017
  • VI

Contents

Session 1: Fundamentals and new findings on bainite mechanisms

H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, University of Cambridge, Materials Science and Metallurgy, U. K.

Rosalia Rementeria, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, Francisca G. Caballero, Spanish National Center for Metallurgical

Research (CENIM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain

Session 2: Steels and steel developments for bainitizing and their characterization

Wolfgang Bleck1, Margarita Bambach2, Vera Wirths3, Andreas Stieben1, Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen

1
2

University, Aachen, Germany,   Chair of Materials and Physical Metallurgy, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany, 3BGH Edelstahl Siegen GmbH, Siegen, Germany

43

Thomas Sourmail, Asco Industries CREAS, Hagondange, France

Taming the bainite for use in bright bar applications

Hans Roelofs1, Mirkka Ingrid Lembke2, 1Swiss Steel AG, Emmenbrücke, Switzerland, 2Steeltec AG, Emmenbrücke, Switzerland

57

Oliver Rösch, Georgsmarienhütte GmbH, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany

Low Distortion Bainitic Steel for Automotive Applications

1

Till Schneiders1, Frank van Soest2, Drago Duh2, Hans-Günter Krull2, Deutsche Edelstahlwerke, Witten,

Germany, 2Deutsche Edelstahlwerke, Krefeld, Germany

Session 3: Heat treatment processes and properties of bainitic components

Bainitic Bearings for Demanding Applications

Werner Trojahn1, Markus Dinkel2, 1Schaeffler AG, Schweinfurt, Germany, 2 Schaeffler AG, Herzogenaurach, Germany

66

Brigitte Clausen1, Juan Dong1, Klaus Burkart1, Hans-Werner Zoch1,2, 1 Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik,

Bremen, Germany, 2MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Germany

CarboBain: case hardening by carbo-austempering – a systematic evaluation of transformation

Matthias Steinbacher1, Hans-Werner Zoch1,2, Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik Bremen, Germany,

1

2MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Germany

  • Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017
  • VII

Session 4: Process equipment and control

Process Technology and Plant Design for Austempering

Herwig Altena1, Klaus Buchner2, Aichelin Holding GmbH, Mödling, Austria,, 2Aichelin GesmbH, Mödling,

100

1

Austria

114 123

Herbert Hans, Ipsen International GmbH, Kleve, Germany

Dry bainitizing – a clean approach to achieve bainitic microstructures

Volker Heuer, Klaus Loeser, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH, Hanau, Germany

Dry austempering: A new technology for future automotive requirements

1

Eric Dabrock1, László Hagymási2, Frank Sarfert3, Hagen Kuckert3, Eberhard Kerscher4, Robert Bosch

  • 2
  • 3

GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany,   Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany,   Robert Bosch GmbH, Renningen, Germany, 4Materials Testing, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Heinrich Klümper-Westkamp1, Jochen Vetterlein2, Hans-Werner Zoch1, Wilfried Reimche3, Oliver

  • 1
  • 2

Bruchwald3, Hans Jürgen Maier3, Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, Germany,   Flowserve Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany, 3Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen, Germany

Inline application of bainite sensor technology for characterizing phase transformation during

151

Wilfried Reimche1, Oliver Bruchwald1, Sebastian Barton1, Hans Jürgen Maier1, Heinrich Klümper-

  • 1
  • 2

Westkamp2, Hans-Werner Zoch2, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen, Germany,   Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, Germany

In-situ Investigation of Bainite Formation with fast X-Ray Diffraction (iXRD)

Andreas Kopp, Timo Bernthaler, Dieter Schmid, Gaby Ketzer-Raichle, Gerhard Schneider, Materials

Research Institute, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany

Session 5: Fundamentals and simulation of bainite transformation

Bainitic transformation analysis in carbon and nitrogen enriched low alloyed steels: kinetics and

172

Julien Teixeira1,2, Simon D. Catteau1,2,3, Hugo P. Van Landeghem1,2, Jacky Dulcy1, Moukrane Dehmas1,2,

1

Abdelkrim Redjaïmia1,2, Sabine Denis1,2, Marc Courteaux3, Institut Jean Lamour – UMR 7198 CNRS –

2

Université de Lorraine, Nancy CEDEX, France,   Labex DAMAS “Design of Alloy Metals for Low-mass Structures”, Université de Lorraine, France, 3PSA Peugeot-Citroën, Centre Technique de Belchamp, Voujeaucourt, France

Modeling of bainitic transformations under high stresses

Martin Hunkel, Diego Said Schicchi, Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, Germany

Session 6: Ausferritizing of cast iron (Austempered ductile iron – ADI)

192

Erik Hepp, Corinna Thomser, MAGMA Gießereitechnologie GmbH, Aachen, Germany

Is ADI with Bainite Optimized?

  • 1
  • 2

Arron Rimmer1, Eike Wüller2, ADI Treatments Ltd., West Bromwich, U.K.,   SIEMENS AG, Voerde, Germany

  • Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017
  • 1

1. Fundamentals and new findings on bainite mechanisms

  • Bainite – from nano to macro, Wiesbaden (Germany), 1/2 June 2017
  • 2

Atomic mechanism of the bainite transformation

H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

University of Cambridge, Materials Science and Metallurgy, U. K., [email protected]

Abstract

I have on previous occasions shown how we can be surprised and delighted by new discoveries in steels, which at the same time may be useful. However, my focus in this lecture is purely on some basic science so that a well-founded understanding of mechanisms can lead to ever greater advances. The composite structure that is known colloquially as bainite is arguably the most interesting of all of the essential microstructures that occur in steels, where the manner in which atoms move is seminal to the design of steels. Therefore, I take the liberty to indulge myself and talk only of theory on this occasion.

Keywords

Atomic mechanism, bainite, shape deformation, local equilibrium, thermodynamic, dissipations

1 Introduction

Bainite is not a phase, rather, it can be an aggregate of phases consisting predominantly of platelets of ferrite but with a sprinkling of minority phases such as carbides or residual austenite [Davenport 1930, Bhadeshia 2015b]. It is lovely structure that has advantages including the fact that it can be generated uniformly in huge components such as steam turbines [Colbeck, Rait 1952], or can be used microscopically as a surface treatment to enhance tribological properties [Zhang et al. 2008]. The structure is amenable to careful control – for example, its scale can be regulated from hundreds of micrometres to tens of nanometres [Bhadeshia, Honeycombe 2017]. Such variations are reflected in properties, emphasising the versatility of the structure. There are cases where the structure has such a high energy absorbing capacity that the Charpy toughness cannot in fact be measured because the energy absorbed is off the upper limit of the scale at subzero temperatures [Zhu et al. 2016].

A number of the industrial advances that have been made in recent years have relied on the theoretical understanding of the bainite transformation. The theory therefore is not simply fodder for academic debate. Any completely satisfactory theory of a phase transformation must explain in quantitative detail the known set of observations. It should also be able to venture into previously unknown domains so that experiments can be done to verify its ability to generalise. Some of its predictions may lead to previously unknown consequences, which is when it becomes thrilling.

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  • Etching Isothermally Treated Stee Ls

    Etching Isothermally Treated Stee Ls

    ETCHING ISOTHERMALLY TREATED STEELS Relative advantages of he microstructure stituent identification in the isother- of iron-based al- mally transformed microstructures of using nital, picral, and loys is very com- low-alloy steels containing 0.2, 0.4, and 10% sodium metabisulfite, plicated, being in- 0.6% carbon (SAE 8620, 4140, and fluenced by 5160, respectively). an underutilized tint composition, ho- SMB deserves to be more widely etchant, to explore the mogeneity, pro- used. It behaves much like nital but is cessing, and sec- more uniform in its action. And un- microstructures of three Ttion size. Microstructures of like picral, it will reveal the structure low-alloy steels. coarse-grained steels are much easier of as-quenched martensite. It also is to observe than those of fine-grained excellent for revealing the diffusion- steels. Of course, steels are normally controlled products ferrite, pearlite, made with a fine grain size to optimize and bainite, as well as the diffusion- by George F. Vander Voort* their mechanical properties. less product, martensite. In addition, Buehler Ltd. In general, it is easiest to identify 10% SMB often gives the best contrast, Lake Bluff, Ill. heat treated structures after transfor- and is safer to use than either nital or mation and before tempering. How- picral. ever, in most applications, hardened steels must be tempered and are usu- Specimen preparation basics ally examined in this condition. If a To observe the microstructure of fer- mixed microstructure of bainite and rous metals, they must be properly pre- martensite is formed during quench- pared. Many view this task as a trivial ing, these constituents will become exercise, yet its proper execution is crit- more difficult to identify reliably as ical to successful interpretation.
  • Electrochemical Noise Measurements of Advanced High-Strength Steels in Different Solutions

    Electrochemical Noise Measurements of Advanced High-Strength Steels in Different Solutions

    metals Article Electrochemical Noise Measurements of Advanced High-Strength Steels in Different Solutions Marvin Montoya-Rangel 1 , Nelson Garza-Montes de Oca 1, Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio 1, Rafael Colás 1, José Cabral-Miramontes 1, Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza 2, Erick Maldonado-Bandala 2, José Chacón-Nava 3 and Facundo Almeraya-Calderón 1,* 1 Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, FIME-Centro de Investigación e Innovación en ingeniería Aeronáutica (CIIIA), Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico; [email protected] (M.M.-R.); [email protected] (N.G.-M.d.O.); [email protected] (C.G.-T.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (J.C.-M.) 2 Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91000, Mexico; [email protected] (D.N.-M.); [email protected] (E.M.-B.) 3 Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-81-1340-4400 Received: 10 August 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 13 September 2020 Abstract: Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), are commonly used in the manufacture of car bodies, as well as in front and rear rails, and safety posts. These components can be exposed to corrosive environments for instance, in countries where de-icing salts are used. In this work, the corrosion behavior of four AHSS steels with dual-phase [ferrite-martensite (DP) and ferrite-bainite (FB)] steels were studied by means of electrochemical noise (EN) measurements according to the ASTM G199-09 standard in NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 aqueous solutions at room temperature.
  • The Bainite in Low Carbon Low Alloy High Strength Steels*

    The Bainite in Low Carbon Low Alloy High Strength Steels*

    The Bainite in Low Carbon Low Alloy High Strength S teels* By Yasuya OH M ORI,** Hiroo OHTANI,** and Tatsuro KUNITAKE** Syn op sis m orphology and the formati on m echanism of the T he mor/lhology qf the bainite in some low carbon low 0110)' high bainite in such low carbon low a lloy high streng th strength sleels has been investigated by means oj dilalomell)' and both olltica l steels. and electron microscollies. The results indica Ie lila t Ihe bainite can be devided into three distinct Iylles k)' the lIlor/lilolog)' of Ihe cemenlite /Irecillita­ II. Exp erimental Procedure lion. The /Jainile f is Jormed al Ihe lem/lCra tures abol'e SUO C alld is the 1. .I[aleria/s carbide-Jree ha initic ferrile. The bainite f f is formed in Ihe intermediale The chemi cal compos ition of the steel s used are !' lem/lerature range or b), coolin/!, at intermediale cooling ra te. A lthongh shown in T abl e I . The steel 7 is a typical of an some amount oj cementile Ilarticles areJonned wilhin Ihe grains, the bainite 2 !I consisted mainly oj Jerrile laths with cementile la)'ers between them, 80 kg /mm quenched and tempered type high streng th being a i)'/Iical oj u/I/)er bainite. The bainite 111 is Jormed at the temliCr­ steel containi ng 0. 12% carbon, a nd was melted in a atures close 10 the Jl1s or during cooling at as Jasl as the u/'/ler crilical I t high frequency induction furnace, being roll ed into cooling ra te, Ihe morl)hology oj cementile Jormation is similar in a/l/Jeaf{/Ilce the pla tes 25 mm thi ck.
  • The Bainitic Steels for Rails Applications

    The Bainitic Steels for Rails Applications

    44 Materials Engineering, Vol. 16, 2009, No. 4 THE BAINITIC STEELS FOR RAILS APPLICATIONS Ivo Hlavatý, Marián Sigmund, Lucie Krej čí, Petr Mohyla Received 17 th October 2009; accepted in revised form 22 nd october 2009 Abstract Actual trends of worldwide railway transport development are characterized by increasing speed and growth of railway’s axels load. Increasing load together with transverse, longitudinal wheel displacement and braking on the rails results into heavy surface tension. One of many applications for bainitic steel is in railway transport for highly strength and wear resistant rails. Rail steel must be designed to be able to resist plastic deformation, wear, rolling contact fatigue, bending stress and thermal stress during rail welding process and rails resurfacing. Keywords: Bainitic rail steel, Fatigue resistance, hardness curve, Deformation hardening, Interlayer. 1. Actual and developing worldwide trends thermo-mechanical treatment are considered as of bainitic rail steels materials applicable for heavy load rails. Bainitic structure steels that could achieve In Nippon Steel Corporation case is visible strength up to 1400 MPa and also higher plastic successful application of bainitic steels in railway characteristics (ductility between 15 and 18 percent), crossings, points and level crossing. [2, 3] without decrease of fracture toughness as the main Problems with wear of bainitic steels can be request for developing of new qualitative high solved with production of bainitic structure rails strength steels with sufficient wear resistance became prepared with addition higher percentage of chrome the background for future development of rails, both or other alloying elements that can provide demanded molten and rolled steels.