20 JOMSA 1970S and 1980S the Badge Was Again Produced in Metal, Although It Was Cast from Cheap "Pot-Metal" and Plated with Brass (Figures 16 and 17)

Figure 13: A side-by-side comparison of the coats-of-arms of the Type III Worker’s Badges. The 1949-1956 coat-of-ar~ns is on the left and the 1957 coat-of-arms is on the right

Figure 14: Cardboard style case for the Type III badges. Figure 15: Interior of the case for the Type III badges.

20 JOMSA 1970s and 1980s the badge was again produced in metal, although it was cast from cheap "pot-metal" and plated with brass (Figures 16 and 17). The theme of the plastic red star remained and the star was painted with cold red enamel. The central Hungarian Peoples Republic coat of arms was no longer a separate piece but was also molded into the star and poorly applied cold enamel details. The banners of Kivdlo Dolgoz6 continued to be of a more exceptional quality. This fact is a testament that there was probably more banners produced than stars and were therefore left over from earlier periods.

Figure 17: Reverse of the Type IV Worker’s Badge.

Another form that is encountered is a box with a clear plastic cover and a thick red plastic base. Inside the base would be inserted a vacuum formed hollow back red base that was coated in crushed velvet. The vacuum forming allowed for recesses that held the badge and the lapel pin in place. The dimensions of this box are 125mm long, 72mm wide and 15mm tall. This type of box is reminiscent of East German presentation cases. In the end the sight of such poor workmanship in the boxes and the badges leaves a bitter finale to a badge that endured almost half a century of Hungarian history. Figure 16: Type IV Worker’s Badge in a vacuum- formed plastic case variant. Endnotes: 1. Bresny, K. and others. A Magyar NdpkOztdrsasdg Kitiintetdsei. The boxes during this period underwent yet another shift Budapest: Kiado, 1979, p. 72. 2. Varkonyi Mdria, September 12, 2006 of diversity. Boxes of the Type IV period were almost 3. Bresny, K and others, 1979, p. 72. completely constructed of cheap and brittle plastic. One 4. Varkonyi Mdria, September 12, 2006 form encountered is keystone shaped red plastic base with 5. Ibid. an artificial white silk covered piece of cardboard where 6. Stein Csabdnd, September 14, 2006 7. Bresny, K and others, 1979, p. 93. the badge would be affixed. A clear plastic lid was simply 8. Stein Csabdnd, September 14, 2006 laid on top to reveal the badge underneath. No provision 9. Mekvli Anita, March 5th 2006, p. 72 was made for a hinge so pieces simply floated free. This box is 55mm wide at the base and 65mm at the top. They are 95mm long and 13ram tall.

Vol. 58, No. 2 21 The Order of Sultan Hussain of Katliiri

Owain Raw-Rees

Further to my research into the Qu’aiti awards of the Hadhramaut, Sultan Ghalib A1 Qu’aiti passed onto me an inquiry from a Swedish gentleman concerning such awards. Upon entering into correspondence a fascinating story emerged concerning to the proposed institution of an order for another Sultan of the Hadhramaut.

Figure 3: Kathiri Palace in Seiyun.

of Shihr and extended control inland to Wadi Hadramaut. Their influence fell into decline in the early part of the 18th century and by the middle of the 19th century their Figure 1: The flag of the Kathiri Sultanate. power had been restricted to the Wadi Hadhramaut proper with much rivalry between the Kathiri and Qu’aiti The Kathiri Sultanate (Figure 1) was one of the four sultanates. While the Qu’aiti Sultanate established its Sultanates of the Eastern Protectorate of South Arabia - control over the coast and some of the Wadi, the authority the others being the Qu’aiti Sultanate, the Wahidi of the Kathiri Sultans was recognized by the British Sultanate and the Sultanate of Mahra and Socotra. The eastward from Shibam. By a treaty of 1918 Qu’aiti Kathiri Sultanate (Figure 2) was a land-locked state with suzerainty was established over the Kathiri state and the its capital being the town of Seiyun in the Wadi Kathiri Sultan’s authority remained nominal as the region Hadhramaut (Figure 3). was riven by longstanding feuds and rivalries and the Sultans were in part dependant upon the

SAUDI financial support of wealthy emigrant families. ARABIA Agriculture was the basic resource of the state supplemented by emigrants’ remittances. The Kathiri Sultans were poorer than some of the

AND emigrant families. Such wealth until the early 1940’s allowed influence, which eclipsed the OMAN authority of the state itself, and only declined with WWII and implementation of British authority. The first advisory treaties with the Qu’ aiti and Kathiri Sultanates were signed in 1937 and 1938 respectively. With the increase in British authority and the falloff in the flow of overseas remittances as a result of the Second World War the Kathiri state consolidated itself. EASTERN ADEN PROTECTORATE In 1954 or possibly 1955 Jan-Olof Larsson, a Figure 2: Map of the Eastern Aden Protectorate. Swedish national received a postcard posted in Tarim in the Hadhramaut with a stamp Kathiri Sultans traced their heritage to the Dhofar region depicting a young Arab gentleman. Jan-Olof decided to of what is now Oman but originally established their rule write a letter to the Sultan to enquire about his nation. in the 16th and 17th centuries based at the coastal port The letter, upon arrival, was forwarded to the neighboring

22 JOMSA