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Internet in the Time of Currency Crisis October 2018

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Internet in the Time of Currency Crisis October 2018 Tightening the net The internet in the time of currency crisis October 2018 ARTICLE 19 Free Word Centre 60 Farringdon Road, London EC1R 3GA United Kingdom T: +44 20 7324 2500 / F: +44 20 7490 0566 / E: [email protected] W: www.article19.org / Tw: @article19org @article19UN Fb: facebook.com/article19org © ARTICLE 19, 2018 This work is provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial- ShareAlike 2.5 licence. You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you: (1) give credit to ARTICLE 19; (2) do not use this work for commercial purposes; (3) distribute any works derived from this publication under a licence identical to this one. To access the full legal text of this licence, please visit: https://creativecommons org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode ARTICLE 19 would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which information from this report is used. 2 Contents Introduction 4 Timeline of events affecting Internet policy, summer 2018 5 Censoring platforms 6 Permanent blocking of Telegram and its repercussions 6 Uncertainty of filtering and the rule of law 8 Attorney General Montazeri on Internet policy 8 Messaging applications post Telegram censorship 9 Comparison of the leading messaging platforms 11 Four points of concern regarding the development of national Iranian messengers 13 New laws on censorship, data and privacy 15 Equal access to the Internet 15 Iran’s GDPR: The Preservation and Protection of Personal Data Bill 15 Banking and Internet policy: Bitcoin and blockchain censorship 16 ARTICLE 19 recommendations 17 3 Introduction Iran has been rocked by tempestuous times in the past few presidential elections.3 Jahromi’s tenure, in the context of the months. A winter of unrest, a precarious balance of power nationwide economic and political turbulence, has meant his within the government, and aggressive policies, have seen Ministry has instigated regressive policies and programmes crackdowns take a new turn from the start of the 1397 that have undermined freedom of expression online. However, Persian new year (end of March 2018). The decision by the in terms of rhetoric they have sought to paint themselves as United States of America to withdraw from the nuclear deal defenders of these values against hardline efforts bent on of 2015 has further eroded an already unstable currency eroding the freedom online. and economy. The financial strains on Iran’s population have provoked volatile reactions: protests have taken place across The Rouhani government’s pursuit of progress and freedoms is the country, as have strikes by the country’s infamous bazaar often stymied by its own programmes or lack of action against merchants whose protests have previously been harbingers aggression from hardliners, as well as being further limited by of revolution, including the constitutional revolution at the the actions of hardline institutions such as the judiciary. After turn of the century and the 1979 Islamic Revolution. As the six years of the Rouhani administration, worrisome policies turbulent and contentious government of moderate Hassan continue to originate from the administration. Such policies Rouhani sees out its sixth year with what is perceived as a include transparency efforts which nonetheless exclude the failed nuclear deal and an economy on the verge of collapse, behaviours of individuals within the government4 alongside factional politics are raging and Iran is facing further new policies for access to the Internet and data protection; instability. initiating the rights eroding programme of the National Information Network which include aggressive policies to Iran’s information control space remains complicated. Much develop and entangle Iranian Internet users on insecure local has changed within the past year: from the active filtering messengers; promoting new policies to erode equal access to of Telegram, the country’s most influential communication the Internet and a continued neglect to protect Internet users platform, to open debate about cutting off Virtual Private from intimidation and censorship. These initiatives further Networks (VPNs) (the latter has not been implemented). ensnare the Rouhani administration within the web of a However, it is evident that the Internet remains “porous.”1 disappointed electorate.5 There remain some opportunities for Iranians to freely access the Internet and express themselves. However, these opportunities for free access to the Internet and expression online are riddled with friction and fear. Hurdles restricting access to a free Internet have been strengthened by Rouhani’s Minister of ICT, Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi. Jahromi was elected into Rouhani’s second cabinet in a round of parliamentary confirmations. Many analysts pointed to these confirmations as being coordinated between the administration and parliamentarians to ensure conservative Ministers, including Jahromi were appointed to the government.2 At the helm of Internet policy, the Minister for ICT has steered Iran’s course through, arguably, one of the most turbulent periods for Internet policy since the 2009 1 Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China’s Great Firewall, Margaret Roberts, Princeton University Press, 2018 2 “Iranian Reformist MPs under fire for confirming conservative ministers,” Al Monitor, 22 August 2017 https://bit.ly/2Q1xXP8 3 See pages 2-4 of Tightening the Net: A New Cabinet and New Attempts at Control, ARTICLE 19, September 2017 https://bit. ly/2EYkQfA 4 See timeline for mobile phone crackdowns. 5 See timeline for outline of recent arrests. 4 Timeline of events affecting Internet policy, summer 2018 13 FEB 17 / PLATFORMS 18 APR 18 / PLATFORMS 26 JUN 18 / PERSECUTION FEB has brought to light security IRIB rolls out the Telegram Khamenei announces he concerns, and Iran is consid- Reformist journalist alternative Soroush. is removing his Telegram ering blocking all VPN use. Hengameh Shahidi is arrested channel and moving to local for posting “criminal tweets” 23 DEC 17 / CURRENCY alternatives such Soroush, 15 MAY 18 / PLATFORMS and insults to the judiciary Iranian Bitcoin community iGap, etc. The Deputy and officials on social media. reports a surge in 1000% more Telecommunications purchases in Bitcoin. 23 APR 18 / CURRENCY Minister announces that all 03 JUL 18 / PERSECUTION Iran blocks access to all government agencies will be Iran’s Prosecutor General 28 DEC 17 / PROTESTS Currency Exchanges inside required to use local search declares Instagram is a Winter protests start in the country. engines by a decree that the hotbed of illicit activities by Mashad and spread to the rest cabinet of Rouhani would “Instagram celebrities” and of the country. 24 APR 18 / PERSECUTION soon ratify. fraudesters, and that the JAN Reformist journalist, Amir 30 DEC 17 / PLATFORMS judiciary will filter it. Mohammad Hossein Mires- 18 MAY 18 / PLATFORMS Telegram accepts govern- maili is arrested for dispar- Minister of ICT, Jahromi, 10 JUL 18 / PERSECUTION ment request to remove Amad aging a Shia imam in a tweet posts a chart on his Instagram In Isfahan, several adminis- News. aimed at criticising an ultra- announcing that Telegram trators of cooking channels on 31 DEC 17 / PLATFORMS conservative cleric. users are back on a rise after Telegram are interrogated for the initial dip following cen- using VPNs, and warned of Telegram and Instagram are 26 APR 18 / PLATFORMS blocked by a judicial order. sorship. imminent persecution if they Iran’s Telecommunications do not delete their Telegram MAR 04 JAN 18 / PLATFORMS Company terminates Tele- 18 MAY 18 / PLATFORMS channels and use a national Instagram is unfiltered after gram’s license to run servers Iran’s Prosecutor General platform. four days of being inacces- for public media content declares businesses must sible. (Content Delivery Networks) cease marketing their services 16 JUL 18 / PLATFORMS inside of Iran. on Telegram. The Minister of Hormozgan’s local police chief 07 JAN 18 / PROTESTS ICT shares on Soroush that a announces they have arrested 26 APR 18 / PERSECUTION Protests continue. A 23 new regulation prohibits com- 46 fashion workers, including Imam Ali’s Popular Student year-old protester is killed mercial activities on Telegram. eight models, who run their in prison. IRGC blame Relief Society (IAPSRS) activities on Instagram pages. protests on foreign influence announces it suffered a series 19–26 MAY 18 / PLATFORMS APR campaigns, especially on of cyberattacks, connected Several Iranians report fake 25 JUL 18 / CURRENCY Telegram. to a series of other attacks accounts were made in their Directorate for Scientific on Iranians inside the names on the state platform and Technological Affairs 08 JAN 18 / CURRENCY country and the diaspora that Soroush. announces that it will soon News that Telegram will offer appeared to use the resources launch an Iranian cryptocur- a cryptocurency circulates. of the Telecommunications 21 MAY 18 / PLATFORMS rency. Infrastructure Company of Six ministers and two MPs sign 13 JAN 18 / PLATFORMS Iran. a letter to President Rouhani 28 JUL 18 / PLATFORMS Telegram is unfiltered in Iran asking for the ban on Twitter to Minister of ICT, Jahromi, after 13 days of being inac- 30 APR 18 / PLATFORMS be lifted. announces Iran’s version of MAY cessible. Iran starts rolling out the the EU GDPR, the Citizens’ blocking of Telegram across 24 JUN 18 / PERSECUTION Personal Data Protection and 12 MAR 18 / PLATFORMS ISPs. Trial starts of Hamidreza Privacy Bill. National Security
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