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Spaziali" Dell'inaf Nei Campi Della Fisica Del Sistema Solare, Dell'astrofisica E Della Cosmologia

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Spaziali Number 24 Publication Year 2020 Acceptance in 2020-05-21T09:43:33Z OA@INAF Title Attività "spaziali" dell'INAF nei campi della Fisica del Sistema Solare, dell'Astrofisica e della Cosmologia Authors DELLA CECA, Roberto; SANTORO, MARCO; ARGAN, ANDREA; SPINELLA, LAURA Affiliation of first O.A. Brera author Handle http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/25036 Attività “spaziali” dell’INAF nei campi della Fisica del Sistema Solare, dell’Astrofisica e della Cosmologia In copertina: Illustrazione artistica presa da https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/Astrophysics/index.cfm (Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech). 2 Razionale del presente documento L’Italia può vantare una lunghissima tradizione in campo spaziale essendo stata, nel lontano 1964, la terza nazione a mettere in orbita, con proprio personale, un satellite nazionale dopo USA ed Unione Sovietica. Da allora la comunità internazionale ha segnato enormi progressi in tutti i campi del settore spaziale, dalle telecomunicazioni all’osservazione della Terra, dall’esplorazione robotica del Sistema Solare all’osservazione dell’Universo lontano. Il nostro Paese, grazie al contributo della nostra Agenzia Spaziale, degli Istituti di Ricerca e delle Università italiane, ha mantenuto e consolidato nel tempo la sua posizione di primissimo ordine nelle missioni scientifiche a livello Europeo e mondiale, spesso ricoprendo posizioni di leadership riconosciute a livello internazionale. Guardando al futuro, lo spazio si presenta come una frontiera quanto mai irrinunciabile per la nuova generazione di imprese scientifiche di punta nei campi della fisica del sistema solare, dell’astrofisica, della cosmologia e della fisica fondamentale. In questo ambito la comunità scientifica italiana è principalmente sostenuta dall’Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) e comprende diverse componenti, di cui l’Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) rappresenta il principale stakeholder (si veda http://www.inaf.it/it/brochure-2018-19/SPAZIO-singole-pagine-A5.pdf), con il contributo determinan- te di numerose Università e il coinvolgimento significativo dell’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) e del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Le conseguenti ricadute sull’industria spaziale nazionale sono di grande impatto a medio e lungo termine per l’effetto “volano” legato alle tecnologie sempre più performanti richieste dai nuovi obiettivi scientifici (si veda il recente documento “Indirizzi del Governo in materia spaziale e aerospaziale”, reperibile al seguente link: http://presidenza.governo.it/AmministrazioneTrasparente/Organizzazione/ArticolazioneUffici/UfficiD irettaPresidente/UfficiDiretta_CONTE/COMINT/DEL_20190325_aerospazio.pdf Per “fotografare” la situazione attuale (una “fotografia” analoga fu fatta a fine 2016) delle attività/progetti “spaziali” dell’INAF nei campi della Fisica del Sistema Solare, dell’Astrofisica e della Cosmologia1 abbiamo chiesto ai responsabili scientifici INAF di accordi con l’ASI (o con l’ESA) o ad esperti del campo di compilare una scheda illustrativa delle attività/progetti di maggiore interesse, rispondendo in maniera succinta a 4 semplici domande: • Finalità, obiettivi scientifici, principali risultati raggiunti per le missioni in fase operativa/post- operativa, tempistica per le missioni in fase di studio e di realizzazione. • Principale/i contributo/i Italiano/i, alla missione/attività (e.g. hardware, software, etc..). Principale/i contributo/i INAF • Collaborazioni internazionali e posizione nazionale (e.g. leadership, partnership, etc..) • Coinvolgimento industriale italiano (se presente) Per brevità abbiamo considerato solo le missioni/attività in corso, in fase operativa, in fase post- operativa (recente) o al momento approvate da agenzie spaziali (nazionali o sovranazionali) per almeno uno studio di fase A. Per questo motivo non troverete in questa Appendice nessuna delle missioni proposte a seguito di Call internazionali (di cui non si sappia l’esito), missioni che non siano su un percorso ben definito e consolidato o missioni che non coinvolgano un numero adeguato di ricercatori 1 Alle attività descritte qui dovrebbero, a rigore, essere aggiunte quelle legate allo studio dallo Spazio dei raggi cosmici, della fisica fondamentale e delle onde gravitazionali (e.g. LISAPathfinder e LISA); queste attività sono al momento maggiormente sviluppate dai nostri colleghi dell’INFN, delle Università e del CNR. 3 italiani afferenti ad INAF. Le schede sono state elaborate da ricercatori diversi, ognuno con la propria sensibilità nel tracciare, discutere e sviluppare un particolare aspetto piuttosto di un altro; noi non abbiamo fatto nessun tentativo di uniformarle. In questa edizione abbiamo anche aggiunto, se disponibile, un link ipertestuale a Media INAF; i link sono in chiaro nel box di ogni scheda che riporta il nome del progetto/attività/missione. Il materiale riportato in questo documento (46 missioni spaziali, 21 programmi di ricerca e sviluppo e 6 attività di “supporto”) rappresenta uno spaccato, seppur succinto e magari non uniforme (tutto è perfettibile..) delle attività/progetti “spaziali” dell’INAF nei campi della Fisica del Sistema Solare, dell’Astrofisica e della Cosmologia. Ne viene fuori un quadro di notevole fermento e “leadership” consolidata a livello internazionale in tutti i campi sopra menzionati, posizione assolutamente da mantenere negli anni a venire. Ringraziamo tutti i colleghi che, con entusiasmo, si sono resi disponibili alla compilazione delle schede. E’ d’obbligo ringraziare l’ASI (ed i colleghi che ci lavorano) senza il cui supporto duraturo e continuo tutto questo non sarebbe stato possibile. Ci auguriamo che il materiale qui assemblato sia fruibile all’intera comunità astronomica. Maggio 2020 Roberto Della Ceca, Marco Santoro, Andrea Argan e Laura Spinella 4 INDICE v MISSIONI IN FASE OPERATIVA § Fisica del Sistema Solare BepiColombo ……...………………..………………………………………………..pg. 7 Cluster ………………………………………………………………………………..pg. 9 Exomars 2016 -TGO………………………………………………………………….pg. 10 Hayabusa2 …..…..……………………………………………………………………pg. 11 Juno …………………………………………………………………………………..pg. 13 Mars-Express ………………………………………………………………………...pg. 15 MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) ………..…….………………………………..pg. 17 Osiris-REx (Origins,Spectral Interpr.,Resour. Identif.,Security-Regolith Explorer)..pg. 19 Solar Orbiter (Metis, SWA, STIX) ………………………..…………….…………...pg. 20 § Astrofisica e cosmologia Agile (Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero) ……………..……………....pg. 22 Chandra X-ray Observatory………………………………………………………….pg. 24 Cheops (Characterising ExOPlanet Satellite)………………………………………..pg. 26 Fermi Observatory - LAT ……………………………………………………….….pg. 28 Gaia …………..…………………..……………………………………………..….pg. 29 HST (Hubble Space Telescope) ……………………….………………………...….pg. 31 Integral (INTErnational γ -Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) ………………………....pg. 33 Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory ….……………………………………………...….pg. 35 XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory …………..……….……………………………..pg. 37 § Fisica Fondamentale Sistema GNSS (Galileo for Science)………………………………………… ..….pg. 39 v MISSIONI IN FASE DI REALIZZAZIONE § Fisica del Sistema Solare ABCS (AstroBio-CubeSat)……..…………………………..……………………….pg. 40 CSES-02/Limadou-2 ……………..……...…………………………………...…….pg. 41 ExoMars 2022 ………………………………………………………………...…….pg. 43 Juice (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) ……………………….……………………….pg. 45 LICIACube …………………………………………………………………….……pg. 47 Proba-3/ASPIICS ……………………………………………………………….….pg. 49 § Astrofisica e cosmologia Athena .………………………..………...……………………………………….….pg. 51 Euclid ………………………..……………………………………..……………….pg. 53 Hermes ……………………………………………………………………………....pg. 55 IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarimeter Explorer) ………………………………………..pg. 56 JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) ……..……..………………………….…….pg. 58 LSPE/STRIP (Large Scale Polarization Explorer) ……………………………...….pg. 60 Plato (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) ………………………….…….pg. 62 v MISSIONI IN FASE DI STUDIO § Fisica del Sistema Solare Comet Interceptor ……………..…………………………..………………………....pg. 64 Solar-C_EUVSAT …………..…………………………..……………………….... pg. 66 5 § Astrofisica e cosmologia Ariel (Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large survey) ……..……..pg. 68 eXTP (enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry) ………………………………….pg. 70 LiteBird ……………..…………………………..……………………….................pg. 72 SPICA (SPace Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics) ……………..pg. 74 Theseus (Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor) ……………...pg. 76 v MISSIONI IN FASE POST-OPERATIVA § Fisica del Sistema Solare Cassini-Huygens .………………………………………………………………...…pg. 78 Dawn ……………………………………………………………………………..…pg. 80 Rosetta/Philae …………..…………………………….………………………….….pg. 81 Venus-Express …………………………..……………………………………….….pg. 83 § Astrofisica e cosmologia Herschel …………………...………………………………………………………..pg. 85 Planck ………………………..……………..…………………………………...….pg. 87 RadioAstron ……………..…………………………..…………………………......pg. 89 v ATTIVITA’ DI RICERCA E SVILUPPO ADAM (Advanced Detectors for x-ray Astronomy Missions )……………………...pg. 91 AREMBES (ATHENA Rad. Envir. Models and x-ray Backgr. Effects Simulator)..pg. 93 BEATRIX ……………………………………………………………………………pg. 95 Camera VNIR per la missione ASI-JPL nel TIR …………………………...………..pg. 97 CAM (Contamination Assessment Microbalance) .……………………………….....pg. 98 CAMLAB (Contamination Assessment Microbalance for LABoratory)…………….pg. 99 Christmas …………………………………………………………………………….pg. 100 COSMITO (Compres. Sampl. Multispec. Imaging camera for remoTe Observ. ) ….pg. 101 DORA (Deployable Optics for Remote sensing Applications)……………………...pg. 102 EXACRAD ……………………………………………………………………….…pg. 103 Fibre
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