Na 'N Demokrasie Vir Almal

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Na 'N Demokrasie Vir Almal Hoofstuk Vyftien Na ’n demokrasie vir almal Onderhandelings en woelinge Daar was ’n stortvloed van politieke bedrywigheid nadat die regering die verbod op die African National Congress (ANC) en ander bevrydings- en buiteparlementêre organisasies op 2 Februarie 1990 opgehef het. Toe Nelson Mandela op 11 Februarie 1990 vrygelaat is, was daar oral massasaamtrekke om hom te hoor praat. Stakings, straatverset, betogings en ook allerlei soorte geweld het ’n tydperk van groot onsekerheid en potensieel gevaarlike wanorde ingelui. Tog was die veiligheidsmagte oortuig dat hulle enige onmiddellike uitdaging sou kon baasraak. In November 1992 het die ANC-leiers gesê dat die bewind dalk verswak was, maar dat die ANC hom nie kon omverwerp nie. ‘‘Die bewind beheer nog steeds geweldig baie staats- en militêre hulpbronne,’’ het hulle gesê. Dit was tyd om te begin praat. Op vergaderings met senior polisie- en militêre offi siere vroeg in 1990 het pres. F.W. de Klerk gesê hulle hoef nie meer bepaalde politieke doelwitte te bevorder of ander te onderdruk nie. Die polisie en weermag moes net misdaad bestry en alle Suid-Afrikaners beskerm. De Klerk het die sterk invloed van militêre en intelligensieraadgewers op die Botha-regering verwerp en die bevelvoerders van die veiligheidsmagte selde geraadpleeg. Geen reserwemagte sou opgeroep word, of militêre parades gehou of sluipmoorde uitgevoer word nie. Onderhandelaars sou nie driftig uit ’n onderhandelingskamer storm soos die ANC, wat onderhandelings opgeskort en rollende massa-optrede aan die gang gesit het nie. 396 na ’n demokrasie vir almal Moordbendes oorkant bo: Dr. Gerrit Viljoen was die In Januarie 1990 het De Klerk die eerste maal gehoor van moordbendes in die hoofonderhandelaar van die Nasionale veiligheidsmagte wat sluipmoorde uitgevoer het. Die Burgerlike Samewerkingsburo Party tot met sy bedanking in die middel (BSB) was ’n militêre eenheid waarin meestal voormalige polisiebeamptes gedien het en van 1992 vanweë swak gesondheid. Hy was wat politieke teenstanders vermoor of ernstig gewond het. Daar was ook ’n soortgelyke voorheen rektor van die Randse Afrikaanse polisie-eenheid met die formele naam C-10. Omdat die eenheid op Vlakplaas naby Universiteit, voorsitter van die Afrikaner- Pretoria gebaseer was, het dit as die Vlakplaas-eenheid bekend geword. Broederbond en ’n kabinetsminister. Tydens Die regering het die Harms-kommissie aangestel om die aantygings van politieke die onderhandelinge by die Konvensie sluipmoorde deur die veiligheidsmagte te ondersoek. ’n Gebrek aan samewerking van die vir ’n Demokratiese Suid-Afrika is hy oor leiers van dié magte, saam met gebrekkige en gefabriseerde getuienis, het dit onmoontlik partygrense heen gerespekteer en sy vertrek gemaak om die georganiseerde aandadigheid van die staat aan die dood van aktiviste is beskou as ’n groot slag vir die NP-regering, onomwonde te bewys. Sommige Vlakplaas-lede is wel aan gewone wetsoortreding waarvan dit nooit herstel het nie. skuldig bevind. Die De Klerk-regering het eers in Maart 1994 bewyse van baie groter betrokkenheid van die Vlakplaas-eenheid verkry. Daar was ook die Coast-projek, wat vir oorkant onder: ’n Plakkaat vir die 1994- verdedigingsdoeleindes navorsing oor chemiese en biologiese wapens gedoen het. Later verkiesing op die hek van ’n afgeleë plaas. is beweer dié operasie het stowwe gelewer waarmee aktiviste vermoor kon word. onder links en regs: ’n Hewige botsing ’n Onrustige tyd oor politieke oppergesag het tussen die ANC In die laat 1980’s was KwaZulu en Natal die brandpunt van botsings tussen Inkatha en en Inkatha in KwaZulu en Natal, asook die die ANC. In 1989 het meer as 90% van alle sterfgevalle hier plaasgevind. In 1990 het Witwatersrand, uitgebreek. Inkatha het die aantal sterftes buite Natal en KwaZulu van 124 tot 1 888 gestyg, grootliks omdat beweer dat honderde van sy ampsdraers in Inkatha en die ANC aan die Witwatersrand slaags geraak het. De Klerk het ’n gevoel van Natal as gevolg van sluipmoorde dood is. In normaliteit probeer herstel deur op 7 Junie 1990 die noodtoestand buite Natal op te hef. die hele land het die dodetal aanhoudend Geweld het toegeneem. gestyg. Tussen September 1984 en Desember Van 1984 tot 1994 was daar sowat 20 000 politieke sterfgevalle – 70% daarvan van 1993 het 18 997 mense gesterf (waarvan Februarie 1990 tot April 1994. Tussen 14 000 en 16 000 het gesterf in botsings tussen sowat 600 wit was). In ’n tydperk van agt jaar ondersteuners van verskillende oorwegend swart organisasies, veral die Inkatha- het die polisie meer as 80 000 voorvalle van vryheidsparty (IVP) en die ANC. Die media het egter verreweg die meeste aandag geweld aangeteken. Die oorgrote meerderheid geskenk aan moordbendes in die veiligheidsmagte. Na raming het die polisie 3 000 mense van die gewelddadige sterftes het in botsings in op roer situasies of in botsings met guerrillas (wat volgens die staat legitieme aksies was) tussen Inkatha- en ANC-lede plaasgevind. doodgemaak. Destydse of voormalige polisielede het vir 150 wederregtelike moorde by die Waarheid-en-versoeningskommissie (WVK) om amnestie aansoek gedoen. ANC-leiers het beweer dat ’n halfmilitêre mag van 200 wat weermagopleiding in Capri- vi ontvang het, vir talle sterftes in Natal verantwoordelik was. Die kabinet het dié eenheid onderhandelings en woelinge 397 ’N VERGELYKENDE PERSPEKTIEF OP DIE GEWELD Tussen 1984 en 1994 het sowat 20 000 dat hulle waarskynlik verhoor sou word. heid, die leër se spesiale magte en die mense in Suid-Afrika weens die konfl ik Die breë swart of wit publiek het niemand eenheid wat in Caprivi opgelei en in Kwa- gesterf. Die tabel toon dat dit na verhou- aangehits om rassemoorde te pleeg nie. Zulu en Natal bedrywig was, het die de- ding baie min was. (Die syfers laat sterftes Dit beteken nie dat alle politieke leiers partementshoofde van die polisie en in botsings tussen die SAW en guerrilla- van voor 1990 skoon hande het nie. Pres. weermag nooit werklik beheer oor hul vegters buite Suid-Afrika se grense, veral P.W. Botha en van sy senior ministers het onderskeie magte verloor nie. Daar was in Mosambiek en Angola, buite rekening.) nooit uitdruklik opdrag vir sluipmoorde op betreklike min ‘‘geteikende sluipmoorde’’ Oral ter wêreld kry ’n mens etniese vooraanstaande aktiviste gegee nie, maar waarvoor bevelvoerders informeel magti- konfl ik met baie sterftes meestal in een subtiele en minder subtiele wenke gegee ging gegee het. van die volgende twee kontekste. Een is dat sommige ‘‘verwyder’’ of ‘‘uitgeskakel’’ Die ANC het homself heelwat meer in ’n inval deur ’n buitelandse leër of guerril- word. Daar was selfs in die Nasionale toom gehou as soortgelyke organisasies lamag, wat dan gewasse vernietig, dorpe Veiligheids raad sulke los praat jies. Dit het elders ter wêreld. In die 1980’s het Nel- plunder en mense in kampe jaag. Die an- geëindig toe De Klerk in 1990 aan die son Mandela besluit ’n suksesvolle ge- der is wanneer ’n regering beheer oor sy bewind kom. Ná die oorgang na de- wapende opstand was op kort en medium- weermag verloor of dié magte gebruik om mokrasie het die politici gewone termyn onmoontlik. Oliver Tambo, leier gemeenskappe aan te val en ‘‘etniese sui- polisielede en hul bevelvoerders oor sulke van die ANC, het ook beheersing bepleit. wering’’ deur te voer. sluipmoorde vir die wolwe gegooi. Hulle Die regeringsmagte, die ANC en Inkatha In Suid-Afrika was die regstelsel deur- moes feitlik ál die skuld daarvoor dra ter- het almal gruweldade gepleeg, maar die gaans onafhanklik, en veral teen die begin wyl militêre leiers en veiligheidsagent- sterftesyfer was nooit so hoog dat ’n skik- van die 1980’s het polisielede wat ie- skappe toegelaat is om onskuldig te pleit. king onmoontlik was nie. mand onwettig doodgemaak het, geweet Buiten die polisie se Vlakplaas-een- STERFTES IN GESELEKTEERDE ETNIESE BOTSINGS (BENADERDE SYFERS) LAND STERFTES BEVOLKING (MILJOENE) KONFLIKJARE STERFTES AS PERSEN- TASIE Kambodja* 2 400 000 7,2 (1971) 1975–1978 33,3% Rwanda 800 000 8,0 (1990) 1994 10,0% Tsjetsjnja 90 000 1,1 (2002) 1994–2005 8,2% Guatemala 200 000 3,8 (1962) 1960–1998 5,3% Bosnië 200 000 4,0 (2002) 1992–1995 5,0% Algerië** 300 000 10,0 (1965) 1954–1962 3,0% Oos-Timor 18 600 1,0 (2006) 1974–1999 1,9% Noord-Ierland 3 500 1,4 (1961) 1968–1998 0,25% Suid-Afrika 19 000 26,0 (1988) 1984–1993 0,07% * Die sterftes in Kambodja word op tussen 1,7 miljoen en 3 miljoen geraam. ** Die Algerynse regering wat in 1962 aan die bewind gekom het, stel die sterftesyfer op 1 miljoen. 398 na ’n demokrasie vir almal in 1986 formeel goedgekeur. Bevelvoerders van die veiligheidsmagte het volgehou dié mag is op die been gebring in reaksie op sluipmoorde op minstens 100 Inkatha-leiers of hoofmanne deur ANC-agente. In ANC- en United Democratic Front- (UDM-) kringe was daar ’n persepsie dat dit ’n moordbende is en dat die staat dit steun. Kort nadat die eenheid in KwaZulu-Natal ontplooi is, is 13 mense op een slag by KwaMakutha naby Durban vermoor. In 1995 het die staat elf militêre offi siere, onder andere twee voormalige weermaghoofde en ’n oudminister van verdediging (genl. Magnus Malan), as medepligtiges aangekla. Die hof het almal onskuldig bevind, en pres. Mandela het die uitspraak aanvaar. Wouter Basson, hoof van die Coast-projek, is ook verhoor op aanklag dat hy stowwe verskaf het waarmee aktiviste vermoor of vergiftig is. Genl. Malan het voor die WVK getuig daar was nooit toestemming dat ’n chemiese vermoë aanvallend benut moes word nie. Die hof het Basson in ’n omstrede uitspraak vrygespreek. Talle moorde is ook aan ANC-lede toegeskryf. Die ANC was trouens steeds deels ’n revolusionêre organisasie met sy eie leër, Umkhonto weSizwe (MK). In 1986 het sekere senior ANC-leiers Operasie Vula onder aanvoering van Mac Maharaj goedgekeur.
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