DFO - Library / MPO Bibliotheque IIIERIIIR110111

GREAT LAKES LABORATORY

FOR

FISHERIES & AQUATIC SCIENCES

PROGRAM PLAN

1992 - 93

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES & OCEANS CENTRAL & ARCTIC REGION BAYFIELD INSTITUTE 867 LAKESHORE ROAD, P.O. BOX 5050 BURLINGTON, ONTARIO L7R 4A6

JL 103 .F57 B39 1992-93 PROGRAM PLAN 1992/93

INDEX

Page No.

Introduction iv Research Highlights from 1991/92 vi Fish Habitat Studies Division Person Year Breakdown xi Fish Habitat Studies Division Budget Breakdown xiii Ecotoxicology Division Person Year Breakdown xiv Ecotoxicology Division Budget Breakdown xv Budget Summary for GLLFAS xvi

DIRECTOR'S OFFICE

Overview 2 2000 J.M. Cooley Budget and Management 3 2005 J.M. Cooley Safety 11 2029 P. Paquette Communications 16

SENIOR SCIENTIST'S PROGRAM

2006 J.R. Vallentyne Scientist Emeritus 23

ECOTOXICOLOGY DIVISION

Overview 28 2019 M. Munawar Bioassessment Technology 30 2100 D.M. Whittle Wet Lab Overhead 35 2102 U. Borgmann Contaminant Effects On Invertebrates 39 2103 K. Munkittrick Assessment of Relevance and Threshold Exposure Levels for Biological Effects of Pulp Mill Effluents 46 2104 A. Niimi Chemical Kinetics in Aquatic Organisms 53 2105 M. Servos Environmental Pathways and Effects of Organic Contaminants 59 2106 M. Servos Temporal and Spatial Trends of Toxic Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish 67 2107 A. Niimi Chemical Effects on Fish 72 2108 K. Munkittrick Monitoring Environmental Effects of Discharges From Pulp Mills and petrochemical Industries 77 2109 D.M. Whittle Ecosystem Impact of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents 86 2110 P. Wong Genetic Effects 91 2111 D.M. Whittle Contaminants Surveillance Program 95

1 Old 2112 M. Munawar A Monograph: Dynamics and Physiological Ecology of Great Lakes Phytoplankton and Their Response to Nutrients and Contaminants 102 2113 M. Munawar Great Lakes Areas of Concern Bioassessment Towards Sustainable Ecosystem Health 109 2114 R. Kiriluk Biological Tissue Archive 115 2115 D.M. Whittle Program Delivery 123 2116 D. Sergeant Ultratrace Lab and Contaminants Research 127 2117 J. Parrott Toxic Equivalent Factor for Dioxins in Fish 139 2118 M. Munawar Lakes Ontario and Erie Trophic Transfer Dynamics 145

FISH HABITAT STUDIES DIVISION

Overview 152 9000 V. Cairns Program Delivery 156 9001 R. Young Program Delivery - SSM 160 9002 C.K. Minns Regional Impact Assessment and Modelling 164 9004 M. Shaw Biomonitoring in the Turkey Lakes (TWL) and Parry Sound Region 172 9005 M. Shaw Survival and Growth of Invertebrates in Brown Water Lakes 178 9006 M. Shaw Turkey Lakes Calibrated Watersheds 183 9008 M. Shaw Response of Ontario Lakes to Varying Atmospheric Deposition 189 9009 T. Heiman Fish Health Certification 193 9010 J. Kelso RAPs Joint Research GLLFAS, Sault Ste. Marie 198 9011 O. Johannsson Long Term Biomonitoring Program 203 9013 J. Fitzsimons Lake Trout Restoration 212 9016 R. Dermott Benthic Community Analysis in Lakes Ontario and Erie 218 9017 R. Randall Productive Capacity of Fish Habitat: Great Lakes AOCs 224 9018 S. Millard Project Quinte 233 9019 J. Leslie Larval Fish in Severn Sound 240 9020 O. Johannsson Lake Ontario/Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Study 244 9021 R. Young Sea Lamprey Habitat Relationships 251 2022 T. Heiman Aeromonas Salmonicida in Ontario 257 9030 V. Cairns The Occurrence of Tumours in White Suckers from the Great Lakes 261 2011 V. Cairns Fish & Wildlife Restoration in Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise 266 2012 J. Kelso Ameliorative Demonstrations for North Shore of Lake Superior AOCs Water Quality Impairments 274 2013 J. Kelso Nipigon & Thunder Bay Restoration Demonstration Projects 280 2023 R. Dermott Zebra Mussel 291 PROGRAM PLAN 92-93

GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS

CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION

BAYFIELD INSTITUTE

CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS

BURLINGTON, ONTARIO

INTRODUCTION

The Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (GLLFAS) is part of DFO's Bayfield Institute at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters. The focus of the program is to carry out research on fish habitat in the Great Lakes and some inland lakes with emphasis on both structural (or traditional) and water quality aspects of habitat. The Laboratory objectives are:

to provide the understanding and knowledge necessary to ensure the long term protection and enhancement of the fishery resources of the Great Lakes and the habitat which sustains it, and

to meet research commitments contained in bilateral agreements on the Great Lakes, with the United States and the Province of Ontario.

The GLLFAS research program in Burlington is also integrated with and part of the Central and Arctic Region science program that is headquartered at the Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg. The research programs at both Institutes are highly complementary and have a number of common objectives. Both laboratories have strong programs in ecotoxicology and "acid rain" and have personnel collectively designated as a Centre of Disciplinary Expertise (CODE) for the study of Freshwater Fisheries Contaminants and Toxicology. This latter responsibility has led to a significant regional involvement in the study of dioxins and furans which result from pulp and paper mill discharges into the aquatic environment. This issue drew attention in the early part of 1988 and continues to be of national concern.

The work of the Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences is divided into two Divisions: 1) Fish Habitat Studies, and 2) Ecotoxicology. The divisions with slightly different focuses, represent complementary approaches to the total array of problems confronting the Great Lakes aquatic ecosystem, with each division differing in its need for sub-disciplinary expertise and logistic support. In addition to these two research divisions the Scientist Emeritus at GLLFAS conducts a public information or "ecosystem awareness" program inside the Great Lakes basin.

- iv - 1) Great Lakes Issues and the Canada/U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Because of eutrophication problems, especially in Lake Erie, Canada and the U.S. jointly signed the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. This Agreement has been revised twice subsequently: in 1978 and 1987. Much of the region's Science Sector program in Ontario relates directly to annexes contained within the revised Agreement. Annex 2 calls for the development and implementation of Remedial Action Plans and Lakewide Management Plans. Annex 11 commits the parties to undertake surveillance and monitoring programs in order to assess compliance with water quality objectives, determine trends, and identify emerging problems. This annex calls specifically for the collection of data on contaminants in fish. Annex 12 calls for research on persistent toxic chemicals to determine pathways and fates, along with effects on fishery resources.

Although the whole of the Great Lakes Basin poses fish habitat problems (deteriorating water quality, dredging, land filling), there are a number of areas with especially severe problems which provide a focus for much of the GLLFAS program, including: a. Niagara River and Lake Ontario The Niagara River has been identified as a major source of toxic chemicals to Lake Ontario and its biota. Indeed, the effects have been noted down the St. Lawrence as far as the estuary. Canada, Ontario, New York State and the United States Federal Government recently developed a Niagara River Toxics Management Plan in recognition of the extreme nature of this problem. The Plan commits all governments to work towards a 50% reduction of contaminant sources by the mid-1990's. The region's fish contaminant monitoring program, Bioindex and Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer projects are contributing to the resolution of this issue.

b. Remedial Action Plans: The IJC has identified 43 "Areas of Concern" in the Great Lakes, 17 of which lie in Ontario. In these areas, environmental quality is degraded and beneficial uses of the water or the biota are adversely affected. The federal and provincial governments in Ontario are now working toward the production and implementation of Remedial Action Plans for each of these 17 degraded sites. Regional staff are assisting in the development of these RAPs with particular attention being directed toward Hamilton Harbour and the Bay of Quinte where substantial data have been collected, and in the Lake Superior RAPs as well.

Progress of the Parties towards the resolution of these problems is evaluated and reported on regularly by the International Joint Commission. GLLFAS staff interact with the IJC through membership on the Water Quality board and the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers.

2) Great Lakes Fishery Commission The two main and explicit responsibilities of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission under the Canada/U.S. Great Lakes Fisheries Convention, are to control sea lamprey predation and to carry

- v - out research on fish stocks of mutual interest and concern.

Great Lakes fishery issues have international dimensions. Most state and provincial agencies do not have the capabilities to do all the needed research and monitoring. The GLFC has taken steps to draw together information on several issues and has promoted coordinated research.

At present, GLLFAS staff are involved in a lake trout rehabilitation research project along with OMNR and several state and federal agencies in the U.S.A. The Laboratory is also evaluating its commitment to sea lamprey research which has historically been very limited. The zebra mussel problem is also being addressed with DFO participating in research on this exotic species.

The GLLFAS program on the Great Lakes is complementary to two other federal priorities. DFOs "Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat" (October 1986) cites research on factors contributing to the loss of fish habitat as a major strategy for maintaining the productive capacity of Canada's fish habitat. More recently the federal Green Plan (December 1990) has emphasized the need for long term sustainability of Canada's fisheries including the protection of fish habitat. The entire GLLFAS research program is in support of these objectives.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS FROM 1991/92

SENIOR SCIENTIST

The Senior Scientist brought to fruition his work on health-related policy issues as Canadian Co- Chair of the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board. The Board's 1991 Report emphasized the connection between persistent toxic chemicals, particularly organochlorines, and human health. Following this, the International Joint Commission recommended phasing out the production of organochlorines and chlorine feedstocks because of health considerations in its 1992 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality. The Senior Scientist retired after 26 years with the Department on March 31, 1992. He is continuing in an Emeritus capacity to provide environmental education services to primary and secondary schools.

ECOTOXICOLOGY DIVISION

A considerable amount of the Division's effort in 1991/92 was directed at implementing the requirements of the Great Lakes Action Plan, and in particular, activities directly related to Annexes 11, 12 and 14 of the 1987 revised Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Many of the studies undertaken were related to the development of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) at Areas of Concern (AOC). Several of these sites, such as Thunder Bay, Jackfish Bay, Spanish River in the Upper Lakes and Cornwall on the St. Lawrence River, had particular concerns related to the impact of pulp mill discharges. Projects carried out at these sites developed and field tested bioeffects indicators as monitoring tools to tract the response of the biological community to remedial actions.

- vi - Other studies monitored the pathways and fate of key indicator contaminants at these sites and developed bioaccumulation models to predict the significance of reduced inputs of toxic chemicals. Other studies related to RAPs involved the bioassessment of contaminated sediments in AOCs such as Toronto Harbour and Hamilton Harbour. Both lab based and field studies were carried to measure the impact of in-place pollutants on invertebrate populations at the base of the aquatic foodchain.

Ecotoxicology Division continued to contribute to National Dioxin Program by coordinating sample collection and analytical components of the final year of a 4 year monitoring program carried out 46 bleached kraft pulp mills in Canada. The 1991/92 portion of the program was also the final year of the 2 year study to monitor the wholesomeness of domestic and imported fish products in relation to potential dioxin contamination. This portion of the program was conducted on behalf of DFO Inspection Services Branch. More than 1300 samples were processed during the program and analytical results and source data from 1000 samples were summarized for Health and Welfare Canada as part of the human health assessment and consumption advisory protocol. Dioxin research in general was aided significantly by the purchase of a high resolution mass spectrometry system. The system has been augmented with additional features by DOE and the entire system will be operated as part of an Interdepartmental Mass Spectrometry Laboratory. Staff from the Division were closely involved with scientists and chemists from the Pacific Region who were in the final stages of developing an equivalent Dioxin Laboratory at Institute of Ocean Sciences in Sidney, B.C.

Other activities for 90/91 included the further development and refinement of the national Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program being introduced as part of the revised pulp and paper effluent regulations. All 155 pulp and paper mills currently operating in Canada will be required to report the results of their EEM studies commencing in 1996. Joint studies with DIAND continued in the arctic with the 2nd year of the Slave River Environmental Quality Monitoring Program being completed. Burbot and walleye samples from Fort Smith, NWT on the Slave River and offsystem lakes were monitored for contaminant burdens as a method of determining any impact attributable to industrial activities on the Peace and Athabasca River system downstream. A potential source for some of the contaminants has been traced to the Great Lakes.

Members of the Division were involved in a number of other professional activities over the year. These included the organization of the Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop in Edmonton, Alberta, participation in IAGLR as members of the Board of Directors or organizers of special sessions at the annual meeting. Many staff are members of the Society of Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry (SETAC). They served as chairmen of Regional Chapters (NENA) and organizers and session chairs at the annual society meeting. The Society of Aquatic Ecosystem Health and the fledgling Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health have their roots in the Division including the editor-in-chief and several contributors to the initial issues.

- vii - FISH HABITAT STUDIES

Research within Fish Habitat Studies supported the objectives of the national LRTAP program, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, DFO's Fish Habitat Policy, and the Fish Health Protection Regulations.

Long Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants

LRTAP related research in 1991 placed less emphasis on problem identification and more emphasis on the effects of current and predicted loadings of sulphur dioxide on freshwater ecosystems. The LRTAP program is operated out of the Sault Ste. Marie Laboratory at their field station in the Turkey lakes. The Turkey lakes Watershed is one of the 5 hydrologic and chemically calibrated watersheds in Canada. The site is operated cooperatively by Forestry, DOE and DFO and provides a comprehensive and integrated approach to acid loadings, water chemistry and ecosystem response. The Turkey Lakes program is the only Canadian site included in the global ECE Monitoring network.

Impact studies at the Turkey lakes focus on the relationship between acid loading and biological responses. Until recently, the presence or absence of fish species was considered to be an important indicator of acidification. However, during the twelve years of research at the Turkey Lakes, changes in fish species composition have been observed that appear to have no relationship to acidification. We have found that some of the most sensitive headwater lakes have always been fishless. In other lakes, fish species composition has been observed to change from year to year, possibly due to species interactions or by introductions by fishermen or birds. Changes in fish community composition affect benthic and planktonic communities. There is very little good background data on the complex relationships between species, yet this baseline data is essential to understanding the impacts of acidification on natural ecosystems.

Research on production and biomass relationships is continuing. Brook trout were stocked in Lake L2, a fishless headwater lake, to evaluate the effects of stock introductions on the benthic community. Results in 1991 showed that stocking caused a noticeable decline in zooplankton and benthic populations. Brook trout quickly reduced the number of rotifers and cladocerans and larger benthos. Some key species such as Cragonyx were almost eliminated while smaller forms remained unchanged. The overall impact of brook trout introductions has been to reduce the total biomass of zooplankton and benthos and to reshape the community by eliminating the larger animals.

DFO monitors the Algoma Lakes and the Parry Sound Lakes systems as part of the National Biomonitoring Program to identify the impacts of changing acid deposition on Canadian watersheds. All monitoring was completed in 1991 and the data entered into the new Oracle database created in 1990. In 1979, DFO and DOE identified 56 headwater lakes in Algoma that were particularly sensitive to sulphate deposition. The

- viii - lakes have been repetitively sampled once every 3 years from 1979 to 1991. The lakes were resampled again in 1991 for pH, alkalinity, major ions, metals and nutrients. The long term data are invaluable to measure the impact of reduced sulphate loadings on water quality and biota.

Fish Habitat in the Great Lakes

The Great Lakes research program addresses four priorities: the development of Remedial Action Plans in Areas of Concern; the impact of exotic species such as zebra mussels on the fish community; the implementation of the Fish habitat Policy in Ontario; the development of methods and databases to assess the health of the Great Lakes.

Research was continued in 1991 to compare the productive capacity of various littoral habitat types in the Bay of Quinte, Hamilton Harbour and Severn Sound. Although all three sites are Areas of Concern, they have remarkably different fisheries ranging from a highly disturbed system in Hamilton to a relatively unimpacted fish community in Severn Sound. Results show a strong positive correlation between littoral fish biomass and total phosphorus with Hamilton Harbour being the most productive and Severn Sound the least. However, the composition of the fish community is clearly indicative of a highly stressed environment. Piscivores represented only 9 percent of the fish community in Hamilton Harbour compared to approximately 20 percent in Severn Sound and the Bay of Quinte. Exotic species made up almost 63 percent of the Hamilton Harbour fish community compared to only 20 percent at the other two sites. Species richness was almost 30 percent lower in hamilton than at the other two sites and there was a significant larger coefficient of variation in biomass at Hamilton of biomass indicating heterogenous habitat types. These observations have been used to develop targets for fish communities at several RAP sites and with the development of GIS databases will be used to predict the productive capacity for different habitats.

DFO is a partner in the restoration of fish habitat in Thunder Bay and Hamilton Harbour. The Thunder Bay project is proceeding well. Work in 1991 included the removal of debris and slash from a logging site on the Nipigon River, restoration of walleye spawning habitat on historically important shoals in the Nipigon and Current Rivers and introductions of several thousand adult walleye at each site. In addition, the Thunder Bay team created additional littoral fish habitat along the Neebing McIntyre Floodway by excavating small lagoons into the banks and providing riparian vegetation and underwater structure. Engineering design and development of the EARP screening documents occupied most of the year in the Hamilton Harbour project. GLLFAS scientists contributed to the development of Stage 2 Reports in Severn Sound, Quinte, Hamilton Harbour, Jackfish, the St. Mary's River, Detroit River, St. Clair River and the Spanish River. Open lake biomonitoring continued in 1991 to investigate P demand and primary production and zooplankton and benthic community dynamics in Lake Ontario. The Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer study, a wide spatial sampling of benthos, plankton, zooplankton and water quality, was repeated on Lake Ontario in 1991. The results were presented in a special LOTT session at IAGLR.

Research was conducted to monitor the spread of Zebra mussels in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River and to determine their impact on native benthos. Sampling littoral communities in the Bay of Quinte indicate that zebra mussels are having negative impacts on native benthic organisms, particularly other bivalves. A model was developed to predict the impact of zebra mussels on the Bay of Quinte ecosystem.

Fish Habitat provided disease certification for 54 hatcheries in Ontario under the Fish Health Protection Regulations. FISH HABITAT STUDIES DIVISION PERSON YEAR BREAKDOWN 1992/93

Project 9000 9001 9002 9004 9005 9006 9008 9009 9010 9011 9013 9016 9017 Number R. Bonnell 0.9 V. Cairns 0.3 0.1 R. Dermott 0.1 0.1 0.4 J. Fitzsimons 0.1 0.4 T. Heiman 0.1 0.8 D. Hope 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 O. Johannsson 0.1 0.6 J. Kelso 0.7 0.1 J. Leslie 0.1 S. Millard 0.1 0.3 K. Minns 0.1 0.2 0.5 J. Moore 0.2 0.1 0.5 D. Myles 0.3 K. Ralph 0.9 R. Randall 0.1 0.8 M. Shaw 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 M. Thibodeau 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 C. Timmins 0.2 B. Valere 0.8 R. Young 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 Total 1.8 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.7 0.5 2.2 0.4 0.7 2.7 FISH HABITAT STUDIES DIVISION PERSON YEAR BREAKDOWN 1992/93 - Continued

Project Number 9011 9012 9013 9018 9019 9020 9021 9022 9023 Green Total Plan R. Bonnet, 0.1 1.0 V. Cairns 0.4 0.2 1.0 R. Dermott 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 J. Fitzsimons 0.5 1.0 T. Heiman 0.1 1.0 D. Hope 0.2 0.1 1.0 O. Johannsson 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 J. Kelso 0.1 0.1 1.0 J. Leslie 0.9 1.0 S. Millard 0.4 0.2 1.0 K. Minns 0.2 1.0 J. Moore 0.2 1.0 D. Myles 0.4 0.3 1.0 K. Ralph 0.1 1.0 R. Randall 0.1 1.0 M. Shaw 1.0 M. Thibodeau 1.0 C. Timmins 0.6 0.2 1.0 B. Valere 0.1 0.1 1.0 R. Young 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 Total 0.6 0.1 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.2 20.0 GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES & AQUATIC SCIENCES FISH HABITAT STUDIES DIVISION PROPOSED BUDGET ALLOCATION FOR 1992-93 - .- TITLE PROJECT PROJECT A-BASE GLWQ LRTAP CLEANUP OTHER A-BASE GLWQ NUMBER LEADER O&M O&M O&M O&M CAPITAL CAPITAL

Program Delivery - Burlington 9000 V. Cairns 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 14.7

Program Delivery - Sault Ste. Marie 9001 J. Kelso 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Regional Impact Assessment & Modelling 9002 K. Minns 9.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0

Biomonitoring in the Turkey lakes (TWL) and Parry Sound Region 9004 M. Shaw 0.0 0.0 78.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0

Survival & Growth of Invertebrates in Brown Water Lakes 9005 M. Shaw 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0

Turkey Lakes Calibrated Watersheds 9006 J. Kelso 0.0 0.0 55.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0

Response of Ontario lakes to varying atmospheric deposition 9008 J. Kelso 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fish Health Certification 9009 T. Heiman 27.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RAPs Joint Research GLLFAS, Sault Ste. Marie 9010 J. Kelso 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Long Term Biomonitoring Program 9011 0. Johannsson 30.2 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 2.3

Lake Trout Restoration 9013 J. Fitzsimons 10.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Benthic Community Analysis in Lakes Ontario and Erie 9016 R. Demon 13.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 4.0

Productive Capacity of Fish Habitat Great Lakes AOCs 9017 R. Randall 20.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0' 5.5 0.0

Project Quinte 9018 S. Millard 10.0 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 R. Dennott

Larval Fish In Severn Sound 9019 J. Leslie 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0

Lake Ontario/Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Study 9020 0. Johannsson 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 S. Millard

Sea Lamprey Habitat Relationships 9021 R. Young 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.02 0.0 0.0

Aeromonas Salmonicida in Ontario 9022 T. Heiman 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

The Occurrence of Tumours in White Suckers from the Great Lakes 9030 V. Cairns 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.42 0.0 0.0

Fish & Wildlife Restoration in Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise 2011 V. Cairns 0.0 0.0 0.0 800.0 0.0 10.0 0.0

Ameliorative Demonstrations for North Shore of Like Superior AOCs 2012 J. Kelso 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Water Quality Impairments.

Nipigon and Thunder Bay Restoration Demonstration Projects 2013 J. Kelso 0.0 0.0 0.0 932.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ecological Impact - Zebra Mussels 2023 R. Demon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 135.04 0.0 0.0

TOTAL 151.2 130.0 187.9 1732.0 230.4 58.3 25.0 ' DFO, Fish Habitat Management 2 Green Plan Toxics 2 DFO, Sea Lamprey Control Centre ' DOE ECOTORICOLOGY DIVISION PERSON YEAR BREAKDOWN 1992/93

PROJECT 2100 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2118 TOTAL

N. Ali/W.Xu 1.0 1.0

B. Blunt 0.5 0.5 1.0

U. Borgmann 0.8 0.2 1.0

M. Burley 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.0

A. Carswell 0.5 0.5

B. Chisholm 1.0 1.0

S. Huestis 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.0

R. Kiriluk 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.0

M. Keir 0.2 0.6 0.2 1.0

G. Kissoon/C. Jackson 1.0 1.0

M. Leggett 1.0 1.0

L Luxon 1.0 1.0

M. Munswar 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.0

K. Munkittrick 0.2 0.6 0.2 1.0

A. Niimi 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0

W. Norwood 1.0 1.0

D. Sergeant 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.0

M. Servos 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.0

M. Whittle 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.0

J. Yaromich 0.5 0.5

TOTAL 0.5 1.8 0.7 1.3 1.6 0.2 0.3 2.3 0.5 1.0 1.8 0.8 1.0 0.7 1.9 2.4 0.2 19.0

xiv - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ECOTOXICOLOGY DIVISION BUDGET ALLOCATIONS (1992/93)

Project No. Project Title Project Leader 'A' Base GLWQA GREEN PLAN 'A' BASE GLWQA GREEN PLAN CAPITAL CAPITAL O&M O&M O&M 2019 Biotechnology Munawar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2100 Wet Lab Overhead Blunt 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.0 14.0 0.0 2102 Invertebrate Contamination Borgmann 3.5 0.0 0.0 43.0 35.5 0.0 2103 Biochemical Indicators Munkittrick 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.7 2104 Chemical Kinetics Niimi 0.5 0.0 0.0 16.5 5.0 11.4 2105 Environmental Pathways Servos 0.0 35.5 0.0 33.0 22.5 0.0 2106 Temporal/Spatial Trends Servos/Huestis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.0 2107 Chemical Effects (Fish) Niimi 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.5 0.0 2108 AOC Fish Health Munkittrick 0.0 65.5 0.0 18.0 39.0 0.0 2109 Pulp Mill Surveillance Whittle 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 0.0 2110 Genetic Effects Wong 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 15.0 0.0 2111 Contaminants Surveillance Whittle 2.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 63.0 41.8 2112 Phytoplankton Monograph Munawar 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 16.0 0.0 2113 Bioassessment Munawar 25.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 15.5 0.0 2114 Tissue Archive Kiriluk 10.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 0.0 17.1 2115 Program Delivery Whittle 5.2 4.2 0.0 14.1 15.7 0.0 2116 Ultra Trace Laboratory Sergeant 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.0 49.0 0.0 2117 Dioxin TEF's Parrott 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 2118 LOTT/LETT Munawar 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 2121 Data Management Whittle 0.0 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 10.7 2122 Toxic Workshop Niimi 0.0 0.0 9.8 0.0 0.0 6.1 TOTALS 61.2 105.2 16.0 267.9 340.7 205.8

- XV - SUMMARY OF BUDGET FOR GLLFAS 1992/93

PERSON YEARS 0 & M ($000) CAPITAL ($000) OVERTIME Clean Up DIVISION Fund "A" Great "A" Great Green From "A" Great Green Base Lakes Other Base Lakes Plan LRTAP Other DOE Base Lakes Plan $000.

Director's Office 3.0 3.0° 0.53 19.8 132.3 - 171.e 1807.0 4.0 23.6 50.9 11.0 Ecotox. Division 18.0 1.0t2 267.9 340.7 205.8 79.4° 105.2° 16.0 13.0 Fish Flab. Studies Division 16.0 2.0t 0.5° 151.2 130.0 49.4 187.9 27.5' 58.3° 25.0 10.0

TOTALS 37.0 5.0 2.0 438.9 603.0 255.2 187.9 198.5 1807.0 141.7 153.8 66.9 34.0

'From Great Lakes Clean Up Fund in support of restoration activities in Thunder Bay and Nipigon Bay (932.K), Hamilton Harbour (800.K), and other Ameliorative studies in Lake Superior ($75.K).

'Green Plan term PY.

'From Quebec Region to cover permanent transfer of one person (until Sept. 92)

'Partial distribution of person months as follows - (9.5 to Ships, 6.0 to Ecotoxicology and 18.0 to Fish Habitat Studies).

'Includes $25.K from Fish Habitat Management and $2.5.K from City of Hamilton.

°Term LRTAP person years.

'From GLAP DOE Supplementary Fund for enhanced zebra mussel activities and RAP studies ($171.K).

°Includes 61.2 A Base + 18.2 Incremental Vehicle Capital

°Includes 13.1 A Base + 18.2 Incremental Vehicle Capital + 27 Special Incremental Capital

As of November 24, 1992

- xvi DIRECTOR'S OFFICE DIRECTOR'S OFFICE

Overall ObIectIves

To provide effective day to day management to the Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (GLLFAS); to coordinate the Central and Arctic research program in support of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and liaise with Environment Canada; to provide advice to clients and respond to requests for information; to provide advice on regional issues to the Regional Director General and Regional Director of Science; to provide support and advice to the GLLFAS safety and training programs; to support the Regional CODE on freshwater contaminants and toxicology.

Prowess Expected In 92/93

1. Develop and implement a training plan for staff of GLLFAS.

2. Further develop the CODE on Freshwater Fisheries Contaminants and Toxicology by providing dioxin and other analyses as required; by providing advice on contaminant problems; by convening special forums such as workshops for the provision of information to selected Departmental clients and by initiating the GLLFAS contribution to the DFO Green Plan program on toxic chemicals.

3. Participate in the development of a federal Strategic Framework for the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Program (referred to as the Great Lakes Action Plan); participate in the development of a new Canada/Ontario Agreement with other federal and provincial agencies as a means of delivering GLAP II; and by participating in the development of a new Treasury Board submission to sustain the federal Great Lakes Action Plan.

4. Participate through committee assignments to activities in support of goals established by the International Joint Commission and the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and on committees in support of goals of the Parties under the Canada/U.S. GLWQA.

5. Initiate a new project with Dr. Jack Vallentyne as a Scientist Emeritus in the region. The project will focus on supporting Johnny Biosphere presentations at schools in the Region.

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2000 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Director's Office COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: J.M. Cooley TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4568 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. Leatherdale, T. Edwards START: Ongoing COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The Director's Office is responsible for providing overall management to the two operational divisions that comprise the Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

This unit provides management direction and secretarial support to the Ecotoxicology Division (W.A. 1.2) and Fish Habitat Studies Division (W.A. 1.1) of GLLFAS. The Director, GLLFAS, is also responsible for allocating ship resources in W.A. 1.1 and 1.2 in support of Great Lakes programs of both DFO and DOE at CCIW. The Director also allocates GLAP term resources to Winnipeg based programs in consultation with the Regional Director of Science. The unit is also responsible for overall co-ordination of the Department's commitments under the Great Lakes Action Plan and the Canada/Ontario Agreement.

3. RELEVANCE:

The Director's office of GLLFAS provides a focus for the dissemination of information to the Regional Director of Science and Regional Director General in Winnipeg, as well as to the PhysicaVChemical Sciences and Biological Sciences Directors General in Ottawa. This office also provides a focus of involvement for all Great Lakes departmental activities as they relate to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (especially DOE and MOE) as well as research issues involving Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the International Joint Commission.

3 4. WORK OUTLINE:

N/A

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

continue to provide overall management to DFO's dioxin sampling at Pulp Mills. It is anticipated this responsibility will be transferred on or near September 30 to the new dioxin facility in Pacific Region.

develop and initiate a training plan for GLLFAS staff.

Implement an expanded and comprehensive GLLFAS contaminants program to respond to issues identified in Canada's Green Plan.

provide and implement a plan to take full advantage of Central & Arctic Region's newest Great Lakes vessel, the Lauzier.

continue to serve on committees in support of Departmental interests and commitments including: IJC Council of Great Lakes Research Managers; Federal Great Lakes Working Group; GLFC Habitat Advisory Board; Federal Provincial RAP Steering Committee and DFO/DOE Vessel Assignment Committee.

publish as appropriate, results of the federal study on ballast water completed at the end of FY 1990/91.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

Pacific Region assumed the leadership role for the National Dioxin program; GLLFAS continues to offer advice and training of Pacific Region staff as needed. a training plan was produced and implemented for all needs identified in the annual appraisal process - a substantiated emphasis has been put on upgrading staff EDP skills as well as keeping staff certified in CPR.

GLLFAS received new monies under the Green Plan Toxic Chemical program and did upgrade its efforts in several areas including tumour monitoring, work at pulp and paper mills, contaminants monitoring etc. - see individual projects in the Program Plan.

the Lauzier is now fully committed to supporting Project Quinte, Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer and Bioindex projects.

all committee work was maintained - this activity is seen as an important way to communicate with clients and develop integrated programs with other federal and provincial agencies.

the ballast water study that was jointly funded by Transport Canada, Environment Canada and DFO was published as a Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, December 1991, #1822.

4 - published a 25 year anniversary report summarizing accomplishments of the Laboratory.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

support the CCIW Open House by providing both funds and personnel.

undertake renovations necessary to increase the amount of office space and EDP common user space available to staff.

renovate and upgrade the meeting room facilities assigned to GLLFAS.

continue to serve on committees in support of Departmental interests and commitments including: IJC Council of Great Lakes Research Managers; Federal Great Lakes Working Group; GLFC Habitat Advisory Board; Federal Provincial RAP Steering Committee and DFO/DFO Vessel Assignment Committee.

seek revisions to the current ballast water guidelines in accordance with the findings of the federal ballast water study.

begin developing a new Great Lakes Action Plan in cooperation with other federal departments.

provide input for a new Canada/Ontario Agreement respecting Great Lakes water quality.

support the Scientist Emeritus program for "Johnny Biosphere" presentations in regional schools.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

As in previous years the problem of "chargebacks" by DOE for services rendered on site continues to exist. DOE would like the lab to pay for its water (approx. $30K/year) and library ($10K/year) services. The Lab has refused to entertain this request until a comprehensive plan for mutual support by each Department if formalized. Senior management in Ottawa need to resolve questions on "chargebacks" between DOE and DFO at CCIW. Most of the budget int he Director's Office is committed in support of generic services to Division staff including: telephones, photocopier supplies, computer support, priority training, seminars, etc. The Director's office owns and operates two passenger vehicles for use by all staff.

The relationship between Burlington and Winnipeg regarding program integration and cooperation continues to improve, but costs associated with running an integrated program remain high.

5

DIRECTOR'S OFFICE BUDGET SHEET 1992/93

COLLATOR 2920

ALLOCATION CODES

(5337) (5303) Capital Purchases GLAP "A" BASE

Towards purchase of 23.6 4.0 EDP Upgrades for Laboratory

TOTAL: $27.6

0 & M GLAP (5237) TORONTO 1. FACILITY OPERATIONS BURL SSM -2000 -2002 -2008 General Operating (postage, vehicle upkeep & repairs, courier, supplies, etc.) 27.0 4.4 1.5 Typing & Clerical Support 3.0 4.0 Printing Costs 2.5 - Telephones 27.5 7.0 1.5 Photocopier 5.0 0.6

SUBTOTALS 65.0 16.0 3.0

2. PROGRAM OPERATIONS (5203) (5237) "A" BASE GLAP

-2001 Director's Office Travel 14.8 -2003 Special Projects 14.1 -2004 CODE 13.5 -2005 Safety 2.0 -2006 Scientist Emeritus 9.7 -2007 EDP Operations 9.0 -2009 Priority Training 5.0

SUBTOTALS 19.8 48.3

TOTAL 5203 19.8

TOTAL 5237 132.3 3. SPECIAL PROGRAM OPERATIONS DIRECTOR'S OFFICE

Allocation Code

1 5750 (2011) Clean Up Fund - Hamilton Harbour (from DOE) 800.0

2 5750 (2012) Clean Up Fund - Ameliorative Studies on Lake Superior 75.0

3 5750 (2013) Clean Up Fund - Thunder and Nipigon Bay (from DOE) 932.0

4 5750 Supplemental Fund - Great Lakes Action Plan (from DOE) (2019) RAP Bioassessment = 15.0 K (2023) Zebra Mussels = 135.0 K (2029) GLAP Communications = 21.0 K (see Project writeup) 171.0

TOTAL 1978.0

BUDGET SUMMARY FOR DIRECTOR'S OFFICE

PY O&M CAPITAL

"A" Base 3.0 19.8 4.0

GLAP (term) 3.0 132.3 23.6

TOTAL 6.0 152.1 27.6

NOTE: Resources Include Scientist Emeritus and his operating budget (2006) to conduct Johnny Biosphere presentations at schools throughout the Region.

NOTES

Special Projects (-2003) Include:

- CCIW Open House - 25 Year Anniversary Report

CODE (-2004) Special Initiatives include:

-General upgrade of Wetlab facilities and other space available to GLLFAS at CCIW

7 DFO GREAT LAKES ACTION PLAN RESOURCE SUMMARY (INCLUDING "A" BASE) 1992/93

GLAP Toxic Chemical A-BASE (term) Green Plan(term) A-BASE

SCIENCE PY 0 & M CAP PY 0 & M CAP PY I 0 & M l CAP 0-TIME 1. Director's Office GLLFAS, 3.0 19.8 4.0 0.2 132.3 23.6 - - 50.9 11.0 Burlington - CCIW

2. Fish Habitat Studies GLLFAS, 16.0 151.2 58.3 3.5 130.0 25.0 - 49.4 - 10.0 Burlington - CCIW

3. Ecotoxicology Division GLLFAS, 18.0 267.9 79.4 0.5 340.7 105.2 1.0 205.8 16.0 13.0 Burlington - CCIW

4. Ship Division Burlington - CCIW (1.2 Limnos, etc.) 18.5 251.5 - 0.8 90.0 24.0 270.8 (1.1 Bayfield/Lauzier,etc.) 10.5 350.8 - 118.3

5. Cont. & Tox. Research FWI, 12.3 62.1 - - 202.1 90.2 - - - 1.0 Winnipeg

6. Ash Habitat Research Div. 6.5 25.6 4.0 - 98.6 15.0 - 15.0 - - FWI - Winnipeg

7. Regional Director Science 0.2 - • 52.3 - Sub-Total 1128.9 145.7 5.0 1046.0 283.0 1.0 270.2 66.9 424.1 85.0

OPERATIONS

8. Fisheries & Habitat Mgmt. 0.2 7.0 - 1.0 73.7+5.3 22.7+2.3 - Burlington - CCIW

TOTALS 85.2 1135.9 145.7 6.0 1125.0 308.0 1.0 270.2 66.9 424.1

OTHER Great Lakes O&M Not Shown Above

Hamilton Harbour Clean Up Fund: $ 800.K (from DOE) Thunder Bay & Nipigon Bay Clean Up Fund: 932.K (from DOE) Great Lakes Action Plan Supplementary Fund: 171.K (from DOE) Lake Superior Ameliorative Clean Up Fund: 75.K (from DOE) Total from DOE st $1,978.K As of November 24, 1992 GREAT LAKES ACTION PLAN

FEDERAL CLEAN UP FUND

The Great Lakes Action Plan Clean Up Fund, which is administered by Environment Canada, is a 5 year program to help deliver federal responsibility in restoring impaired beneficial uses in the Great Lakes Basin as required by the GLWQA. One such beneficial use is the restoration of lost fish or wildlife habitat.

In 1992/93 DFO through GLLFAS received a total of $1,807. K from the clean up fund to restore a variety of fish habitats in 3 Areas of Concern: Thunder Bay and Nipigon Bay (932. K), Hamilton Harbour (800. K) and other Lake Superior areas (75. K). All projects are described elsewhere in this Plan (Project 2011, 2012 and 2013) in the Fish Habitat Studies Division.

GREAT LAKES ACTION PLAN

SUPPLEMENTAL FUND (DOE)

Every year the Great Lakes Working Group (DOE Chairman, DFO, Health and Welfare, Transport Canada, Agriculture Canada and Public Works) meets to assess the overall needs of the federal program. Based on those discussions and emerging issues, resources (mainly operating and maintenance) are allocated from DOE to other cooperating Departments. In FY 92/93 DFO was allocated $171. K to address several Great Lakes issues related to its mandate or responsibilities in the Canada/United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Project descriptions for these resources can be found elsewhere in the Program Plan and include:

Project Number Division Short Title $000 K 2019 Ecotoxicology RAPs Bioassessment 15.0 2023 Fish Habitat Zebra Mussels, Impact 135.0 2029 Director's Office GLAP Communications 21.0 TOTAL $171.0

9 DFO VESSEL SUPPORT TO THE GREAT LAKES ACTION PLAN

DFO provides vessel support to both DFO and DOE GLAP programs at CCIW. The cost of operating vessels is born by DFO from resources obtained in its 'A' base and from the Great Lakes Action Plan.

In 1992/93, DFO is committing the following to operate both large (Umnos, Lauzier, and Advent) and small vessels:

'A' BASE GLAP

Work Activity PY 0 & M Capital PY 0 & M Capital Overtime 1.2 Limnos 18.5 251.5 - 0.8 90.0 24.0 270.8 1.1 Lauzier & 10.5 350.8 - - - - 118.3 Launches PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2005 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Director's Office COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: J.M. Cooley TELEPHONE: ' (416) 336-4568 PROJECT MEMBERS: V. Cairns, K. Munkittrick, C. Timmins, M. Leggett, B. Blunt, B. Valere, L. Luxon, B. Chisholm, T. Edwards START: 1985 COMPLETION: Ongoing

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Safety

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

GLLFAS Safety Program

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To provide a safe working environment for the staff and educate and train them in areas of safety.

3. RELEVANCE:

The provision and maintenance of working conditions and procedures that are conducive to the operation of the Public Service of Canada in accordance with the Canada Labour Code Part II. The objectives of this Policy are to promote safe and healthful working conditions and procedures, and to provide a program of occupational health services for employees. To this end, departments are responsible for implementing and maintaining occupation safety and health program in compliance with requirements of this Policy.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Mandatory monthly safety meetings and inspections are a requirement with management representation and a majority of GLLFAS safety committee members present. 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Safety equipment purchase for GLLFAS. 2. Safety inspections of labs and offices conducted. 3. Several safety courses given as necessary and available. CPR, St John's Ambulance First Aid, Transport of Dangerous Goods and WHMIS. 4. GLLFAS Safety Committee have monthly safety meetings and inspections of labs and offices. 5. WHMIS implementation complete. 6. Inform and instruct the staff, casual employees, and students to perform safe procedures in the laboratory and field. 7. Arrange and ensure health evaluations are conducted for the employees. 8. Represent GLLFAS on the CCIW Safety Committee, The Radionudides Safety Committee, Toxic Chemical Safety Committee, and the DFO Safety CoMmittee.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. No safety equipment was purchased for GLLFAS from this project. 2. Safety inspections of labs and offices were conducted monthly from April 1991 to August 1991 but than were disrupted in September and did not continue until January 1992. This was also the case for the GLLFAS Safety Committee meetings. 3. WHMIS basic training was given to new employees by their supervisors. A Transport of Dangerous Goods course was given to new employees. CPR and St John's Ambulance courses will be conducted in February and March 1992. 5. WHMIS is still a ongoing process. WHMIS labelling of hazardous chemicals and collecting of MSDS was completed. By law every three years the MSDS require an update which was the Fall of 1991. This has not been accomplished by the GLLFAS labs. 6. Ongoing instruction and information given to the staff, casual employees, and students in laboratory and field situations. 7. Health evaluations were conducted for the employees in the Fall. 8. GLLFAS Safety Officer attended monthly DFO safety Committee meetings and also CCIW Safety Committee meetings until July 1991 when it was dissolved by the CCIW Executive Committee until further notice.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Purchasing of safety equipment and information (videos, books,etc.). 2. Monthly safety inspections of labs and offices. 3. Several safety courses as appropriate, available, and necessary. 4. Monthly safety meetings of GLLFAS Safety Committee, DFO Safety Committee, and CCIW Safety Committee (if it is reinstated). 5. Correct unsafe situations as they occur in GLLFAS. 6. Ongoing instruction and information given to staff, casuals, and students.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

To continue to provide a safe working environment for the staff and to educated them in areas of safety. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2005 Short Title: Safety

Under the Canada Labour Code, Part II (Occupational Safety and Health), the GLLFAS Safety Committee conducted monthly safety meetings. To comply with the CODE, monthly inspections of offices, laboratories, and storage areas were conducted. There was a Iapsed,time of four months (September to December) that no safety meetings or inspections were conducted due to lack of response or time by management.

In September the annual health evaluations were conducted by National Health and Welfare.

In compliance with the federal and provincial WHMIS legislation, chemical inventories were completed, bottles were labelled and MSDS were collected. Process of updating old MSDS's that have expired the three year period has started.

All EC detectors in GLLFAS were radiation leak tested. The detectors were within AECB guidelines. AECB Inspection report of June 27, 1991 requested that work areas will be monitored weekly for contamination when work is in progress. Survey reports will be stored in a separate binder. Inventory procedures will be streamlined. Isotope batches in lab H140 will be coloured-coded to simplify the tracking of inventory, and separate inventory records will be maintained for each group. Empty containers with radiation warning signs will be removed from the common lab area in H140. This practice will be adhered to in future as well.

A refusal to work in the Ultra-Trace lab led to the discovery by the GLLFAS Safety committee that benzene was being used in this lab. Laboratory procedures were not following Treasury Board's Advisory Notice 6-1 "Occupational Exposure to Benzene". Health and Welfare investigated the situation and air-monitored the Ultra-Trace lab. A report was written with the following recommendations:

1. Due to the level of benzene detected near the HPLC equipment and the high potential health hazard associated with this chemical (Confirmed human carcinogen), action must be taken to eliminate fugitive emissions and possible leakages from the HPLC equipment. The efficacy of the Extraction Arm to capture and remove the solvent vapours must also be investigated. Concentration near the equipment should be nonmeasurable, under normal operating conditions.

2. Samples containing benzene should be stored inside fume hood or inside ventilated cabinets - the practice of leaving them on the counter is not acceptable.

A replacement solvent for benzene, a known carcinogen, must be found and used in the Ultra- Trace work. APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY

The following safety courses were completed:

1.CPR - 14 recertified (1 day) 2.CPR - 3 certified (2 days) 3.St. John's Ambulance Basic First Aid - 7 certified (2 days) 4.Transport of Dangerous Goods - 2 certified (1 day)

From December 1990 to December 1991 a total of 6 reported accidents occurred to GLLFAS staff. Some accidents were serious enough to require several days absent from work and two required involvement with the Worker's Compensation Board.

1. Source of Accident (i) Chemical 4 (ii) Physical 2 2. Location (1) Lab 5 (ii) Field 1 (iii)Office 0 3. Personnel (i) Students 2 (ii)Contract 1 (iii)FTC 8 APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2005

Totals WOO) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 2.0

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 2.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PCs (Project: 2005) 0.2

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2029 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Director's Office COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: P. Paquette TELEPHONE: (416) 336-6240 PROJECT MEMBERS: Staff of GLLFAS START: 1991 COMPLETION: On-going

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Communications

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The Regional Communications Services provide a wide range of informational materials and services related to GLLFAS' programs and activities including media and public relations.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To increase GLLFAS' profile by coordinating and developing on-going communications and public consultation activities.

3. RELEVANCE:

The public has a right to know how their tax dollars are being spent in DFO.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The development of a number of public information/education products interpreting and reporting on programs and activities of the GLLFAS for involved and general target publics.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

A series of outreach projects raising awareness and understanding of the various issues being addressed by the GLLFAS. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): As part of an Interdepartmental GLAP Communications Committee, lead the production and development of a GLAP Display; a GLAP factsheet; information kits; children's activity book; promotional tools (fridge magnets and bookmarks); and oversee on-site interviews with the general public at the CCIW June 1992 Open House to be used for the creation of a GLAP video at a later date.

Develop a formal "Johnny Biosphere" brochure to meet the continuous request for presentations and to provide as a departmental promotional tool.

In order to meet the on-going demands of specific target groups, oversee the reproduction of the technical reports Volume 1 and 2 "Toxic Chemical in the Great Lakes,and Associated Effects" with other involved federal departments (Environment Canada and Health & Welfare Canada).

For the public and media to begin grasping the vast complexities of the Great Lakes ecosystem, GLLFAS will become a partner in the development of a series of documentaries entitled GREAT LAKES ALERT. This initiative lead by TV Ontario includes participants from the federal, provincial and other levels of govemments. Fiscal year 1991/92 consists of a Phase I, Research and Development.

A Green Plan GLLFAS Toxic Chemical Program display will be developed. The exhibit will outline some of GLLFAS' green plan initiatives such as fish health, fish tumours, etc...

The Fish Hanger Brochure, Storm Drain Marking Program, will also be party sponsored by GLLFAS. The Storm Drain Marking Program is a joint regional project with Trout Unlimited Canada which consist on painting fish symbols beside storm sewer to get the message across not to dispose hazardous goods in the sewer systems.

In order to increase the level of understanding of the Great Lakes issues to the teachers and students, GLLFAS will participate in a series of localized 'Teachers Action Plan" workshops across the 17 Areas of Concem. These workshops will provide educators with information and resources that will enable them to easily include Great Lakes issues in their current courses of instruction, within existing curricula.

The creation of Fact Sheets. A Great Lakes Invaders Fact Sheet depicting the role of DFO's GLLFAS in the Sea Lamprey Control, Zebra Mussels and Ruffe. As well as the creation of a Fact Sheet on the new acquired "Interdepartmental Mass Spectrometry Laboratory". A variety of media opportunities to take place, especially on the issues such as the Zebra Mussels and the DFO concemed RAPs.

The submission of related GLLFAS articles to various intemal and extemal newsletters and magazines. 7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: On-going public/media relations and communications needs.

The completion of a multi-purpose GLLFAS portable display.

Participation to trade shows and community environmental opportunities.

Possibly more joint/partnership initiatives with govemments and others.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: 'The communications activities assodated with the programs and activities of GLLFAS are numerous for our Region. The research component of this program addresses continuous issues of interest to the public and media. Awareness and educational tools will be designed and implemented for the duration of the program.

- 18 - APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2029 Short Title: Communications

The Regional Communications Services assists in planning and conducting the regional communications and public relations program. The implementation and management of regional communications projects such as news releases, public relations, media enquiries, publications, information bulletins, advertisement, etc... are also coordinated by the Regional Communications Office. Researching, writing and coordination of employee circulars/articles as well as the regional newsletter are part of the day to day operations of the Communications Ser■Aces. Continuous liaison with GLLFAS' publics, as well as DFO's specialist news media clientele, is maintained by the communications specialists in order to provide information on matters of concern.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2029 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

2.5 ii) Field costs

28.0 iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 6.0 Green Plan activities, fact sheets, T.V. Ontario, Activity books, Open House etc. 2.5 iv) Other costs Public of Great Lakes Toxic Chemical Report.

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 6.0 33.0 APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2029) 1.0 From Regional Director General

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) A This project is supported by GLAP funds received from the Supplemental Fund ($21.0K), by DFO funds from the Green Plan ($6.0K) and by other monies transferred by DOE in support of federal communications objectives of GLAP ($12.0K).

-21- SCIENTIST EMERITUS PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2006 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCAT1ON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Director's Office COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: J.R. Vallentyne TELEPHONE: (416) 336 -4586 PROJECT MEMBERS: J.R. Vallentyne START: April 1, 1992 COMPLETION: March 31, 1993

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

J.R. Vallentvne, Scientist Emeritus

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

"Know Your Ecosystem" talks in 40 schools and related educational functions (as "Johnny Biosphere") per year in Central and Arctic Region and contiguous parts of the Great Lakes Basin.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To promote the ecosystem approach to environmental management in educational systems

3. RELEVANCE:

Relates to Canada's commitments to environmental education at the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment; also to 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

To present "Know Your Ecosystem" talks in approximately 40 schools each year and to teachers on P.D. days.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Not directly related. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

Not directly related

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Presentations at 40 schools and related educational functions in the Central and Arctic Region and contiguous parts of the Great Lakes Basin. This will involve approximately 10,000 students, 1000 teachers, and others via the media. Schools beyond the 150 len radius will be grouped to reduce overall travel expenses.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

There is a continuing need to shift our outlook from environment (= house) to ecosystem (us and our environments, jointly = home); and to shift from an environmental (= green) approach to an ecosystem (social, economic, environmental) approach.

I will be devoting my time to this project at no cost to DFO, and will be located north of Winnipeg in the summers and in the Burlington - Hamilton area during other seasons. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2006 Short Title: J.R. Vallentyne, Scientist Emeritus

As DFO Scientist Emeritus Jack Vallentyne will provide the services of "Johnny Biosphere" to 40 schools in the Region on a first - come first -served basis. The aim of the project is to facilitate a shift in outlook from environment ("house") to ecosystem ("home"), something that we see ourselves in even when not there; also to facilitate implementation of an ecosystem (social - economic - environmental) approach to dealing with human - made problems and opportunities. "Know Your Ecosystem" talks in schools will be extended by the media (newspapers, radio, TV), amplifying the message to parents and the community at large. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2006

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

b) O&M Expenses: i) Laboratory 2.5 Supplies & teaching aids ii) Field costs 3.5 Travel to schools iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 1.0 Prof. Trout - Fish Habitat Education

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students vi) Conferences (name & cost) 2.7 Int. Society of Limnology Aug. 21 - 27, Barcelona, Spain

Total O&M 9.7

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2006)

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources)

- 26 - ECOTOXICOLOGY DIVISION ECOTOXICOLOGY DIVISION

Overall Oblectives

Much of this year's effort will be directed at implementing the requirements of the Great Lakes Action Plan under the 1987 GLWQA. Additional work will be required to initiate the 7 projects funded in the Division by the Green Plan Toxic Chemical Program. Activities related to both of these initiatives will focus on defining the impact of toxic chemicals on the aquatic communities throughout the Great Lakes though both research, monitoring and assessment projects. Particular attention will be paid to Areas of Concem with major studies underway at Jackfish Bay on Lake Superior and the Spanish River, Lake Huron and Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. A continuation of previous monitoring programs at Thunder Bay, Lake Superior and Cornwall, St. Lawrence River is anticipated. As part of an ongoing commitment to the Regional CODE for Freshwater Fisheries Contaminants and Toxicology, staff from the Division will continue to participate in national and multi-agency studies related to toxic chemicals. These include the National Dioxin Program, the Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program and the Slave River, NWT, Environmental Quality Monitoring Program. There will be a continuing requirement to participate on provide advice to the various binational committees and workgroups that are struck in response to the needs of the GLWQA and the GLFC.

Prodress Expected in 1992/93

It is anticipated that the first full year of funding under the Green Plan Toxic Chemical Program will result in a significant amount of data being collected on the impact of pulp mill effluents on fish community health, the fate and pathways of contaminants in the Lake Ontario and Lake Superior foodchain, the historical environmental significance of compounds such as coplanar PCBs or chlorinated dioxins and furans and the individual and synergistic toxicological significance of a range of PAHs. Further effort will be directed at establishing a common format for a DFO database on toxic chemicals and developing a protocol for access to the Great Lakes 'Tissue Archive and associated database. A more efficient process for producing the Workshop Proceedings for the Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop will implemented under Green Plan funding.

Activities related to the GLWQA will centre on defining the impact of toxic chemicals from industrial discharges and contaminated sediments on the health and productivity of both fish communities and invertebrate populations. Emphasis will be placed on studies conducted at Areas of Concern with an objective of assisting in the

- 28 - development of Remedial Action Plans for these selected sites. Some of these studies will contribute to the further development of a strategy for the implementation of the national EEM Program as called for under the recently revised pulp and paper effluent regulations under the Fisheries Act. Participation in planning workshops organized through DFO headquarters will be a requirement for some scientists conducting Great Lakes EEM oriented studies. A cooperative arrangement on pulp mill effects studies involving DFO, DOE, ISTC, PAPRICAN and the University of Guelph will continue through 1992/93.

The final portion of the 4 year National Dioxin Program will be completed early in the year with the summary and interpretation of all the data assembled during the study. This database will be forwarded to HWC for their health assessment process and a summary of the DFO portion of the program will be presented at the intemational Dioxin '92 Conference in the fall. Further work continue on the survey of baseline contaminant levels for locally important arctic fish populations. This project will involve DFO, DIAND, DOE, GNWT and the provincial govemments of B.C., Alberta and the Yukon.

CODE related activities will encompass the development of the Interdepartmental Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at CCIW and the transfer analytical methodologies related to HRMS instrument systems to the recently developed Pacific Region Dioxin Laboratory at IOS in Sidney B.C. The fledgling Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health is expected to produce its first issues this year with significant input from Ecotoxicology Division staff both as officers of the journal and contributing authors. The Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, SETAC and IAGLR will benefit significantly from input and organization by Division staff. PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2019 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: M. Munawar TELEPHONE: - (416) 336-4867 PROJECT MEMBERS: R. Dermott, D. Sergeant, M. Burley, G. Sprules (University of Toronto), C. Mayfield (University of Waterloo), M. Legner (University of Toronto) START: 1991 COMPLETION: 1992

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Bioassessment Technoloov of the Great Lakes Areas of Concern: Toronto Harbour Example

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The ever increasing development and industrialization in various parts of the world is a serious threat to the conservation of pristine ecosystems. The discharge originating from municipal and industrial sources continue to contaminate our environment. Around the North American Great lakes forty-two "Areas of Concern," which need immediate attention, have been identified and measures implemented for their decontamination (I.J.C., 1987a; 1987b). Several research initiatives have focused on the environmental assessment and habitat evaluation of the Great Lakes Areas of Concem (I.J.C., 1987a; Hartig & Thomas, 1988; Munawar & Thomas, 1989; Munawar et al. 1989a; 1991a; Munawar & Edsall 1991). It is increasingly apparent that an 'ecosystem health' approach must inevitably deal with whole biological communities within the ecosystem. In other words, a multi-trophic and multi-bioassay approach has to be adopted to attain holistic ecosystem health assessment. Consequently, based on recommendations of various agencies such as the International Joint Commission (I.J.C., 1987a, 1988), and ASTM Sediment Subcommittee, a multi-trophic battery of tests approach has been adopted by Fisheries & Oceans Canada at Burlington.

Our laboratory has been actively engaged in sediment toxicity research for a considerable period of time. We have participated in several projects with various "Areas of Concern" such as Toronto Harbour, Hamilton Harbour, the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels and the St. Lawrence River. Fisheries & Oceans has attempted to focus on specific issues recommended by the International Joint Commission and other relevant agencies dealing with the management of contaminated sediment. We exerted a concentrated effort on the "Great Lakes Areas of Concem" to facilitate the development of Remedial Action Plans, since most of them have the problem of contaminated sediments. Recently, the Annex 7 and 14 (dredging and contaminated sediments) planning committee was established to promote and focus projects on specific research needs of the committee's mandate under the revised Water Quality Agreement. This project is one of the recommended projects by the Annex 7 and 14 planning committee to provide toxicological and biological basis for the development of Metro Toronto Remedial Action Plan.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

a) Assessment of bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants to biota originating from bottom and suspended sediments in Toronto Harbour and its vicinity.

• S b) Development and application of a multi-trophic battery of tests as structural and functional indicators of contaminant stress.

c) Monitoring of benthic fauna community structure to provide a first step in determining the impact of contaminants to indigenous fauna.

d) Evaluation of sediment collection and analytical techniques.

3. RELEVANCE:

• To provide the scientific basis for the development of Remedial Action Plans and Lakewide Management Plans according to the amended 1987 Protocol of the Great lakes Water Quality Agreement;

• To facilitate implementation of DFO's research and monitoring responsibilities under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement;

• Provide toxicological and biological basis for the development and management of Metro Toronto Remedial Action Plan through the Toronto RAP Science Subcommittee;

• To assist in the fulfilment of Annex 7 and 14 mandate of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The following multi-trophic strategy was followed for the bioassessment of Toronto Harbour:

A. Structural evaluation:

Microbial loop assessment

B. Functional evaluation:

The following bioassays were conducted: a. Algal Fractionation Bioassay (AFB) b. 48 hr Daphnia maana test c. Lumbriculus varieaatus burrowing avoidance test d. Lumbriculus varieaatus acute test

C. A benthic fauna survey was conducted in Toronto Harbour to provide a first step in determining what sediments require further testing for their degree of toxicity using both biological assays and chemical analysis.

D. Chemical techniques development: Preliminary work was carried out in the well known Niagara River Olume area to assess and compare routine methods of sediment collection, handling and processing.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

* Bioassessment of Toronto Harbour by means of standard multitrophic battery of tests;

* Preliminary chemical technique evaluation.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): During the fiscal year 1991/92 we focused on the bioassessment of Toronto Harbour and vicinity as a case study, and Niagara River plume. Toronto Harbour was sampled thrice during the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Ashbridges Bay was sampled twice during the spring and fall seasons. A detailed sediment analysis of the Niagara River plume was sampled during the late fall. The work as outlined under general project description was carried out.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

During the past year an attempt was made to develop standardized and sensitive protocols for the bioassessment of contaminated ecosystems such as Toronto Harbour. An integrated and multi-trophic battery of tests strategy was adopted. Originally this project was designed and undertaken for a period of four years with completion slated for 1994/95. Unfortunately, the funds have been drastically reduced from 60K to 15K. Consequently, due to shortage of funds it is impossible to continue the project as planned and achieve the overall objectives initially projected previously. Therefore, during this year, preliminary analysis of data collected during 1991-92 will be conducted.ln addition, some experimental work which may be deemed necessary (based on the results of 1991/92) will be carried out. A report will be prepared.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Preparation of a report on bioassessment of Toronto Harbour

- 32 - APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2019 Short Title: Bioassessment Technology of the Great Lakes Areas of Concem: Toronto Harbour Example

GLLFAS has been actively engaged in sediment toxicity research for a considerable period of time. We have participated in several projects with various "Areas of Concern"-such as Toronto Harbour, Hamilton Harbour, the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels and the St. Lawrence River. Fisheries & Oceans (GLLFAS) has attempted to focus on specific issues recommended by the International Joint Commission and other relevant agencies dealing with the management of contaminated sediment. We exerted a concentrated effort on the "Great Lakes Areas of Concem" to facilitate the development of Remedial Action Plans based on a toxicological and biological basis since most of them have the problem of contaminated sediments.

Recently, the Annex 7 and 14 (dredging and contaminated sediments) planning committee was established to promote and focus projects on specific research needs of the committee's mandate under the revised Water Quality Agreement. This project is one of the recommended projects by the Annex 7 and 14 planning committee. During the fiscal year 1991/92 we focused on the bioassessment of Toronto Harbour and vicinity as a case study, and Niagara River plume. Toronto Harbour was sampled thrice during the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Ashbridges Bay was sampled twice during the spring and fall seasons. A detailed sediment analysis of the Niagara River plume was sampled during the late fall. A multi-trophic strategy was followed for the bioassessment of Toronto Harbour which consisted of structural and functional evaluation. This project was initially planned for four years. Due to shortage of GLAP funding the project will be condensed and completed this year with limited experimental work. A report will be prepared. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2019

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs 1 .0 field expenses

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 14.0 personal service contract, microbial loop, zooplankton analysis, temporary agency help

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 15.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 2019) 0.6 m.m. 0.1, M.B. 0.1, R.D. 0.1, D.S. 0.1, G.S. 0.1, C.M. 0.1

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2100 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: Bev Blunt TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4507 PROJECT MEMBERS: U. Borgmann, K. Munkittrick, A. Niimi, M. Servos, J. Fitzsimons, S. Millard, O. Johannsson START: 1977 COMPLETION: On-going

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Wet Lab Overhead

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This project provides the overhead and support services to all the common user items in the Ecotoxicology Wet Lab (H143/145) plus the water treatment system and the walk-in freezers and incubators (L407).

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

Ecotoxicology studies in the field are reduced to their simplest form in the bioassay laboratory (in this case the Wet Lab).The field portion of Ecotoxicology Division depends on a facility in which controlled exposure systems can be used to validate the observed field responses to contaminant stress. The Wet Lab provides an area in which to carry out experiments with a variety of test species with access to the required support teams needed to assess biological responses to specific stresses.

3. RELEVANCE: The Laboratory is currently supporting the work of five research scientists and three biologists within the Division plus studies for FHS Division,two graduate student programs and a variety of projects run by staff and students from DOE (NWRI). Since the facility is used by such a wide range of program interests the basic operating costs cannot be assigned to any one project. The overhead project was set up to ensure the basic needs of a variety of aquatic toxicology projects were met in a common user facility. 4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Water Treatment System 2. Instrument Repair and Maintenance 3. Laboratory Glassware Wash-up 4. Fish Maintenance and Water Quality Monitoring 5. Laboratory Modifications 6. Safety Equipment and Supplies

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. General Repairs and Maintenance 2. Hiring of a Wet Lab Coordinator

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Repairs and Modifications to Water Distribution System to include automated Temperature monitors 2. Renovations to Phone equipment 3. Safety Supplies Maintained 4. Laboratory Glassware Wash-up contract continued 5. Fish Maintenance and Water Quality Monitoring 6. Emergency air compressor transferred to Emergency power 7. Wet Lab co-ordinator Hired

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Renovation of Water Distribution System 2. Renovation of Water Temperature control System 3. Water Quality Monitoring 4. Laboratory Glassware Wash-up 5. Possible up-date of Bioassay Equipment 6. Maintenance and Repair of Instruments

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The current high demand for use of the Facilities and the limited physical resources will require efficient use of the facility and continual monitoring of on-going studies and species under culture. In addition the water distribution and treatment System requires constant monitoring during peak periods of use. The system is aging and may need some major renovations. These renovations, however would reduce the amount of yeady maintenance and surveillance required. The use of a Wet Lab Co-ordinator will be continuing,but not out of operating budgets. The increased activity in the Wet Lab is tied to the influx of resources associated with the GLWQA and perhaps the Green Plan Protocols. The activities associated with the Wet Lab are vital components of an Environmental Toxicology Program and the operation of the Facility will continue for the duration of the program. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2100 Short Title: Wet Lab Overhead

'This project, as has been stated above, is essential to many other projects. These include various Graduate student programs with both DOE and DFO as well as supporting the work of at least five of DFO research scientists and a large Green Plan study. Without the water system operating all in-lab experiments would be impossible. Parts of the water chilling system have been in place for approaching 15 years. There have been other movements afoot to replace some of these parts but they have never come to fruition. Some of the experiments run in the summer months have been jeopardized by the interruption of service of the chillers. This is due in great part to the compressors being on the roof of R&D. If a new system were installed (at a cost of between $25 and $35K ) replacing these outside units with an inside compressor-chiller and an outside air cooled condenser, we would have less maintenance during the year and more reliable service. The rest of the funds allotted to this project are divided between upkeep of the dechlorination system; charcoal replacement; repairs and maintenance of the temperature control and dechlorination systems; repairs and service to all equipment in residence in the wet lab; lab supplies and nominal amounts for safety reagents.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2100

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 16 14 1. Charcoal Replacement - 2.0K 2. Dechlorination Chemicals - 3.5K 3. Repairs and Maintenance - 10.8K 4. Reagents and Supplies - 12.7 5. Waste Disposal /Demurrage - .5K 6. Safety - .5K

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 6 1. Chiller system Service - 2.5K 2. Glassware Wash-up - 3.5K

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) Total O&M 36

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2100) 1 .0 1.0/B.B.

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 5203-2921-2102 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: U. Borgmann TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4559 PROJECT MEMBERS: W. Norwood START: 1989 COMPLETION: ongoing

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Contaminant Effects On Invertebrates

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Identification and assessment of chemical contaminant effects in aquatic ecosystems using invertebrates.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To supply the scientific data necessary to allow a rapid assessment of the identity and impact of toxic substances (with emphasis on metals) in contaminated areas after measurement of contaminant concentrations in tissues and

2. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach in selected areas where chemical impacts are suspected by identifying those contaminants responsible for toxicity and ruling out others. This is essential before remediation measures can be effective.

3. RELEVANCE: Remediation of chemically impacted areas requires accurate identification of the chemicals responsible for toxicity so that limited resources are effectively used and not wasted in reducing loadings of non-toxic chemicals. Although an extensive data base exists on the effects of toxic substances on aquatic organisms, and although data on contaminant concentrations in water, sediments and biota are often available in contaminated areas, it is still extremely difficult to estimate what the actual impact of toxic substances is in any given area, and which contaminant is responsible for the impact. Chemical concentrations in water and sediments are not satisfactory indicators of contaminant impact on aquatic ecosystems because toxicity is affected by pH, hardness, alkalinity, complexation, adsorption, and other factors. Contaminant bioaccumulation, however, is affected by the same factors, suggesting that body burdens should be useful indicators of effects if these are related to toxicity in chronic (life cycle) tests. Unfortunately, chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation have not usually been determined simultaneously in the laboratory, preventing useful interpretation of body burdens.

Although physiological indicators of toxic stress (other than bioaccumulation) can also be measured, and although such indicators are especially required in situations where the toxic chemical is unknown or not measurable, such indicators cannot replace the use of body burdens as indicators of stress because: 1. they are not chemical specific and cannot identify which toxic substance in a mixture is responsible for most of the toxicity. Furthermore, other (non-chemical) stresses can often cause similar physiological changes. 2. they are applicable only over a narrow range of chemical concentrations (i.e. high enough to cause effects but low enough to not eliminate the population). Body burdens can provide infomiation on how far below a no-effect level the contaminant actually is, and whether the situation is improving or degrading, even if contaminant levels are currently safe (i.e. no life-cycle or physiological effects).

Relevant GLWQA Annexes: Annex 12 Article 5d,5f,5j Annex 12 Article 7a,7b Annex 17 Article 2d,2e,2h Annex 7 Article 4 Annex 14 Article 2b(iii) Also relevant to Annex 15 Article 2b, and Annex 2 Article 6a(i). Also relevant to future regulations for control of mining effluents.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Determine the correlation between body burdens and chronic toxicity in laboratory experiments (concentrating on amphipods), for chemicals likely to have direct impact on lower trophic levels (e.g. toxic metals).

2. Measure body burdens in invertebrates from the field and/or invertebrates exposed to sediments collected from contaminated areas to identify substances responsible for toxicity and rule out chemicals present but not contributing to toxic effects.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

The remaining water and all the Hyalella samples collected during the chronic toxicity tests for copper, lead and zinc need to be analyzed. The mercury experiment will be completed. Additional short term experiments on metal loss rates from experimental flaslcs and metal bioaccumulation will be performed to supplement the chronic test data, depending on results of the metal analyses.

Uptake and depuration studies will be initiated with Cu and/or Cd, arid possibly other metals, to deterrnine the time required for equilibrium between metal concentrations in Hyalella and concentrations in the environment, and the rate of loss of metals from Hyalella. These data are needed to properly design experiments and sampling protocols for assessing the impact of metals to Hyalella in the field.

- 40 - Some additional sediment bioassays with Hamilton Harbour sediments will be performed to supplement previous studies, as resources permit.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): All metal and tissue samples collected during the 10 week chronic bioassays have been analyzed. Short term experiments with copper and lead have been performed to determine the fate of these metals in the experimental flasks. A manuscript comparing chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg in Hyalella has been written.

Preliminary uptake studies with Cu and Zn have been performed to compare accumulation after 1 week with accumulation during chronic exposure. Detailed uptake studies with copper are now being initiated.

Two additional sets of chronic bioassays with Hamilton Harbour sediments have been completed. Some extra tests comparing toxicity of closely spaced sites to deterrnine fine scale spacial variation in toxicity have also been completed.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Uptake studies with Cu and Zn will be performed to determine the optimum exposure time for estimation of bioaccumulation and toxicity. The relationship between body size and metal content will also be determined to allow normalization to a standard body size for animals collected in the field, or for unusually large or small laboratory animals.

Uptake studies (and possibly additional toxicity tests) with Pb will be initiated to determine time to equilibrium and the relationship between accumulation, body size and toxicity. This will be done to determine if the rapid decrease in toxicity with age and body size for Pb is due to the body size:accumulation relationship. If time and resources permit, the bioaccumulation:toxicity relationship for Pb contaminated sediments will be determined to see if this differs from the relationship obtained in waterborne toxicity tests.

The chronic toxicity of ammonia to Hyalella will be determined at different pH levels and with or without sediments. Published reports suggest that ammonia is a common toxicant in sediments. An accurate understanding of ammonia toxicity to Hyalella is required so that ammonia toxicity can be identified and not misinterpreted as toxicity due to metals or other high priority contaminants.

Chronic survival of Hyalella in waters collected from lakes with varying pH and humic acid content will be measured as part of a collaborative study with Margo Shaw, Fish Habitat Studies (project 9005).

A manuscript will be produced on the chronic toxicity of Hamilton Harbour sediments to Hyalella to commemorate the GLLFAS anniversary.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: Once the relationship between toxicity and bioaccumulated metal is clearly established for several metals, amphipods (or sediments to which amphipods can be exposed) will be collected from contaminated areas and analyzed to determine which metals are potentially toxic and where. Studies relating chronic toxicity to bioaccumulation for additional metals will be performed, as time permits. Additional areas requiring research, with respect to the relationship between toxicity and bioaccumulation, include genetic adaptation to metals, toxicity of metal mixtures, and comparisons between different species of amphipods. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 5203-2921-2102 Short 'Title: Contaminant Effects On Invertebrates

The purpose of this project is to supply the scientific data necessary to allow a rapid assessment of the identity and impact of toxic substances (with emphasis on metals) in contaminated areas after measurement of contaminant concentrations in invertebrate tissues. Accurate identification of chemicals responsible for toxic effects is essential before remediation measures can be effective so that limited resources are effectively used and not wasted in reducing loadings of non-toxic chemicals. It is extremely difficult to estimate the actual impact and identity of toxic substances from chemical measurements in water or sediments because toxicity is affected by pH, hardness, alkalinity, complexation, adsorption, and other factors. Contaminant bioaccumulation, however, is affected by the same factors, suggesting that body burdens should be useful indicators of effects if these are related to toxicity in chronic (life cycle) tests. This project is designed to determine the relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation, currently emphasizing metals and using the amphipod Hyalella azteca.

During the last year metal and tissue samples collected the previous year during the 10 week chronic bioassays with Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg have been analyzed. Short term experiments with copper and lead have been performed to determine the fate of these metals in the experimental flasks. A manuscript comparing chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of waterborne Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg in Hyalella has been written.

In addition to the above studies, two additional sets of chronic bioassays with Hamilton Harbour sediments have been completed using Hyalella. Three years worth of data are now available from the same sites, providing a demonstration of temporal variability in sediment toxicity in the harbour. Some extra tests comparing toxicity of closely spaced sites to determine fine scale spacial variation in toxicity were also conducted. Sediments were collected over small scale transects in close proximity to the 2 most toxic sites from the 5 sites monitored over the last 3 years. This provides an indication of how much variability in toxicity tests can be caused by small scale patchiness in sediments, and how much is inherent in the toxicity test procedure itself.

Publications:

Borgmann, U., W.P. Norwood and I.M. Babirad. 1991. Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in Hyalella azteca. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:1055-1060.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5203-2921-2102

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 3.5 (list items and approximate cost) 486 Computer with built in math co-processor, VGA monitor, min. 100 M hard drive, 5.25' 1.2 M floppy drive, 3.5' 1.44 M floppy drive, min. 2 M RAM. b) O&M Expenses: i) Laboratory 1 0 Graphite tubes and electrodes 4K Argon 1K, Cryovials and sample storage 1K High purity acids 1K, ammonia electrode 1K, other supplies 2K

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 15 35.52 Lead accumulation and toxicity studies (Graduate Student: 15K) Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer lease (35.52 K)

iv) Other costs 2 software (WP5.1 and QDOS; 1K), publication costs (0.5K), printer (0.5K)

v) Summer students 16 COOP student (2 terms)

vi) Conferences (name & cost) IAGLR (OK) Total O&M 43 35.52

- 44 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) Prs (Project: 5203-2921-2102) 1.8 U.B. 0.8, W.N. 1.0

*Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2103 + (C&AGP #5,24,29) PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): " 2921 PROJECT LEADER: K.R. Munkittrick TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4864 PROJECT MEMBERS: B. Blunt, J. Parrott START: 1992 COMPLETION: 1997

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Assessment of Relevance and Threshold Exposure Levels for Biological Effects of Pulp Mill Effluents

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The study will monitor impacts of effluents from sulphite, thermo-mechanical, hydrogen peroxide, bleached kraft and unbleached kraft mills on physiological responses of fish, and evaluate the applicability of the data to sites contaminated with PAHs and PCBs.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

a) development of an in vitro assay describing steroid function in immature fish,

b) development of a laboratory assay for impacts of contaminants on steroid function,

c) establish the time course of steroid dysfunction (and MFO induction) assodated with diverse environmental stressors

d) define whether all mill types are capable of exerting effects on gonadal sex steroids,

e) participate in interagency bench-scale waste treatment studies to identify treatment strategies to eliminate steroidal effects,

f) establish whether a common mechanism can explain reproductive dysfunctions observed at sites contaminated with pulp mill effluents, TCDDs, PCBs and PAHs. 3. RELEVANCE:

The biological effects which have been identified near pulp mill discharges include impacts on liver detoxification enzymes and impacts on circulating levels of gonadal sex steroids. The decreases in sex steroid levels are associated with effects on maturation, gonadal size, egg size, fecundity, and secondary sex characteristics in wild fish. Additional effects include liver size, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, growth rates and abnormal stress responses. A joint DFO/DOE/ISTC project is addressing, among other things, the interrelationships between these biological responses.

Regulations to address impacts on fish are required, and the only defensible regulations would be based on eliminating biological responses in receiving systems. DFO and DOE studies conducted downstream of mills which already meet the proposed regulations, have found evidence of some biological effects. Additional research funded by DOE/ISTC is addressing the identity of chemical compounds associated with these responses, and attempting to identify effluent treatment strategies to eliminate these compounds and these biological effects, and to design new, effective monitoring tests.

Recent work conducted by DFO and OME have identified that the threshold responses for MFO induction in wild fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent to be <0.5% effluent, and that some effects were seen at thermo-mechanical and sulfite mills. Remaining issues requiring research include:

• what is the threshold exposure for biological effects, such as steroid disruptions?

• are these types of disruptions seen in fish exposed to all types of non-chlorine bleached mills?

what types of treatment processes can eliminate these biological effects?

The questions would be answered by a series of laboratory studies involving an examination of mills with different bleaching and treatment strategies. Studies on treatment strategies, and their effects on biological responses would be conducted in cooperation with ongoing extemal studies.

Previously, it has been suggested that lipophilic contaminants exerted an impact on reproduction through impacts of elevated MFO activity on clearance and metabolism of circulating steroid levels. During the past four years of studies on Jacldish Bay, we have demonstrated impacts of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on the regulation, production and circulation of gonadal steroids in fish, as well as induction of the hepatic mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes. The reproductive problems we have documented are similar to those described at PAH (steel mills and petroleum industry-related effluents) and PCB sites: PAH and PCB exposure also increase MFO activity, and are associated with depressed serum gonadal steroids and gonadotropin, the elimination of ovarian maturation, inhibition of spawning, and decreased reproductive success. Our evidence strongly suggests that the phenomena of induced MFO activity and dysfunction of the hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis are acting independently. Although the relationship between MFO activity and reproductive disruption is not understood, the similarity of responses found in studies examining BKME, PAHs and PCBs raises the possibility that a general mechanism can be found to explain the impacts of these diverse contaminant groups on fish. These mechanisms must be understood in order to effectively monitor impacts on fish populations in surveillance programs.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

a) in vitro assays for steroid function exist, and appear to be adaptable for examining impacts of contaminants on steroid function.

b) several experiments have been designed to develop an assay for impacts of contaminants on steroid function in immature fish

c) mill effluents will be tested under laboratory conditions to define the time, course and concentration thresholds for steroid disruption (and MFO induction)

d) effluents from various types of mills and treatment scenarios will be evaluated,

e) the efficiency of existing secondary treatment systems will be evaluated for removing these biochemical effects

f) the similarity of reproductive responses in laboratory fish exposed to a chlorinated dioxins, furans and co-planar PCBs will be examined.

6. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

New project.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

New project.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

a) laboratory-based assays will be developed for measuring impacts of exposures on sex steroid production and regulation in mature and immature fish

b) effluent from several mills will be examined for time course and threshold levels of exposures required to affect steroid metabolism and MFO induction

c) the efficiency of existing secondary treatment systems will be examined by comparing laboratory responses to primary and secondary effluent from the same mill

d) laboratory exposures to selected dioxins, furans and co-planar PCBs will be evaluated for threshold responses, time course and recovery

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: Shorterm: Workloads will depend upon cooperation from select mills and successful and timely contracting of qualified personnel. Completion of the waste treatment portions will depend upon cooperation with DOE and outside agencies. Longterm: Answers to these questions would be in support of the Green Plan requirements, the research and development needs associated with Environmental Effects Regulations, and information required for design of future pulp mill regulations. The in vitro assay has the potential to reduce the costs and time associated with evaluating the significance and consequences of exposures to complex mixtures of chemicals. Although the relationship between MFO activity and reproductive disruption is not understood, the similarity of responses found in studies examining BKME, PAHs and PCBs, raises the possibility that a general mechanism can be found to explain the impacts of these diverse contaminant groups on fish. These mechanisms must be understood in order to effectively monitor impacts on fish populations in surveillance programs. Experiments on other lipophilic organic contaminants could lead to the development of new biochemical indicators based on steroid metabolic pathways. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2103 + (C&AGP #5,24,29) Short Title: Assessment of Relevance and Threshold Exposure Levels for Biological Effects of Pulp Mill Effluents

The biological effects which have been identified near pulp mill discharges include impacts on liver detoxification enzymes and impacts on circulating levels of gonadal sex steroids. The decreases in sex steroid levels are associated with effects on maturation, gonadal size, egg size, fecundity, and secondary sex characteristics in wild fish. Additional effects include liver size, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, growth rates and abnormal stress responses.

Recent studies have identified that the threshold responses for MFO induction in wild fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent to be <0.5% effluent. Remaining issues requiring research include:

• what is the threshold exposure for biological effects, such as steroid disruptions?

• are these types of disruptions seen in fish exposed to non-chlorine bleached mills?

• what types of treatment processes can eliminate these biological effects?

The questions would be answered by a series of laboratory studies involving an examination of mills with different bleaching and treatment strategies.

Previously, it has been suggested that lipophilic contaminants, such as those found in chlorine- bleached pulp mill effluents, exerted an impact on reproduction through Impacts of elevated MFO activity on clearance and metabolism of circulating steroid levels. Our recent work suggests that the reductions of circulating levels of gonadal sex steroids found near bleached kraft mills is not directly related to induction of hepatic detoxification enzymes. Reproductive problems documented at bleached kraft pulp mill sites are similar to those described at PAH (steel mills and petroleum industry-related effluents) and PCB sites: PAH and PCB exposure also increase MFO activity, and are associated with depressed serum gonadal steroids and gonadotropin, the elimination of ovarian maturation, inhibition of spawning, and decreased reproductive success. Although the relationship between MFO activity and reproductive disruption is not understood, the similarity of responses found in studies examining BKME, PAHs and PCBs raises the possibility that a general mechanism can be found to explain the impacts of these diverse contaminant groups on fish. These mechanisms must be understood in order to effectively monitor impacts on fish populations in surveillance programs. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2103 + (C&AGP #5,24,29)

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 14.5 chemicals, glassware, disposables

ii) Field costs 8 sample collection

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 105 contract for project manager and steroid assays (post-doc) 36K contract for testing of organic chemicals (post-doc) 36K contract for treatment evaluations (Ph.D. candidate) 25K contract for solid waste disposal 8 K

iv) Other costs 10 ultra trace analytical support

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 2.5 ATV

Total O&M 140 APPENDIX 2 (contlnued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2103 + (C&AGP #5,24,29)) 0.2 0.8 BB (0.8), KRM (0.2)

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources) PAPRICAN/ISTC

- 52 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2104 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: A. Niimi TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4868 PROJECT MEMBERS: G. Kissoon, KB. Lee (NWRI) START: April 1, 1990 COMPLETION: Ongoing

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Chemical Kinetics in Aquatic Ecosystems

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Chemical Kinetics in Aquatic Ecosystems

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To obtain a better understanding of physical and biological processes that influence the chemical species and distribution of environmental chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. To apply this information to predict the occurrence and fate of chemicals between the biotic and abiotic compartments.

3. RELEVANCE: One of the more important factors that have contributed to the degradation of fish habitat is the impact of inorganic and organic chemicals on aquatic organisms. There Is a reasonably good understanding of the environmental behaviour of the priority organic chemical groups particularly in biota. This type of information have been used to develop contaminant dynamic models and provided the basis for developing regulatony measures such as water quality guidelines.

Comparatively little information is available on the chemical kinetics in the abiotic compartment. There have been many studies that have routinely demonstrated that materials found in sediments can be toxic to animals. It is suspect that the toxicity could have a chemical basis, but very little work has been done to systemically examine this hypothesis. Most contaminated sediments contain a mixture of organic and possibly inorganic chemicals which further exacerbate this problem of identifying the toxic component because chemical measurements on sediments are often limited to a few chemical groups like PCBs and PAHs. Hence, while the relative toxicity of sediment from a specific location can be determined, little is known to identify its cause.

There is a need to further characterize contaminated sediments identifying chemicals that are not identified by most routine chemical analyses. Other studies are also required to examine the relative toxicity of these chemicals to develop a better understanding between the presence of chemicals and those that are likely be of toxicological significance. Our current studies have monitored the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of sediments from various locations including Vancouver Harbour. The results indicate the methylated forms of some PAHs like naphthalene occur at much higher concentrations than the parent compound. Methods are also being developed to monitor the nitrogen containing PAHs that have been shown to be highly toxic in mammalian studies. Hence, there is a need to extend our capacity to identify the specific factor, that may or may not be chemically based, that causes sediments to be toxic.

4. WORK OUTLINE: The primary objective is to chemically analyzed sediments collected from different locations for nonroutinely monitored PAHs to derive a better understanding of the importance of PAHs in sediment toxicity. It is probable that nitrogen-, sulfur- and oxygen- containing PAHs will be found, but analytical methods for these substituted PAHs are not readily available. Little is known their about the toxicological importance in aquatic ecosystems. Sediment reconstruction studies will also be done whereby PAH-free sediments will be spiked with parent PAH compounds, and the microbial transformation products will be identified, and possibly tested for toxicity. Sediment spiking studies with parent PAHs is required because of the difficulties of identifying the specific PAH that may be present in the natural environment. For example, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, triphenylene, chrysene and naphthacene have identical molecular weights. Their substituted forms are likely to be present in sediments although extraordinary analytical instruments like MNR would be required to specifically identify their presence in naturally contaminated sediments. A secondary objective of this project is to identify "new" chemicals in aquatic ecosystems that could have some toxicological significance. One possible chemical group are the chlorinated diphenyl ethers near pulp-and-paper mill sites because of their chemical similarity with the chlorinated dibenzofurans.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Determine the kinetics of free and conjugated resin acids in fish exposed to environmental concentrations. Examine the relationship between lethal chemical concentrations in specific tissues, and compare these to concentrations reported in fish from contaminated systems.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): Rainbow trout exposed to nine of the more common resin acids had whole body residue concentrations in the 1-3 mg/kg range after 20 days. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) varied from <25 to 130 among fish exposed to waterborne concentrations of 0.7-4 gg/L. Concurrent analyses for their primary metabolite, the conjugated acids, indicated a significant relationship between decreasing percentage of conjugated/total acid and increasing BCF. (Niimi, A.J. and H.B. Lee. 1992. Free and conjugated concentrations of nine resin acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mvkiss) following waterborne exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Accepted for publication).

The concept of critical body burden is based on the premise that an organism will die once the chemical concentration in the body or specific target organ, reaches a threshold level. This approach could be useful in the aquatic environment because physical factors like pH and alkalinity can influence chemical uptake rate. A series of lethality tests were conducted on rainbow trout exposed to different concentrations of organic and inorganic mercury, and the mercury concentrations were measured in six tissues at death. The results indicated mercury concentrations in tissues at death was dependent on exposure concentration and time to death. Fish exposed to higher concentrations that died within a few days of exposure had lower mercury concentrations than fish that died after prolonged exposure. This trend could suggest mercury toxicity was not the direct cause of death, but was likely an initiating factor. The results of this study is presently being prepared for publication.

Sediments from various contaminated sites have also been examined for the U.S. EPA priority PAHs. This preliminary study indicated the need for a systematic method to identify the more common substituted PAHs for each parent PAH compound.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMEN'TS: Identify the presence and relative toxicological importance of nonsubstituted and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments.

Characterize the more common substituted forms of some of the more common PAHs.

Pending on the results of an initial analyses, examine the presence of chlorinated diphenyl ethers at pulp-and-paper mill sites. Cooperative studies with Dr. C. Metcalfe, Trent University, have shown these compounds can be strong mixed function oxidase inducers.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: This project should provide a better understanding of the presence of chemicals in sediments, and which are toxic to aquatic organisms. This information would be required to provide a better understanding of what measures and options could be used to dispose of contaminated sediments. Shortterm goals could provide a better assessment of the role of PAHs in sediment toxicity by identifying those that are not monitored by routine analytical methods. This project could make an important contribution in the longterm objectives of DFO and Environment Canada by providing the analytical methods and background information on the substituted PAHs in aquatic ecosystems. Substituted PAHs are likely to be present in effluents from the petrochemical industry, and the results of this study could become an important contribution in preparing regulatory guidelines for this industry. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2104 Short Title: Chemical Kinetics in Aquatic Ecosystems

This project will focus on the chemical kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with an emphasis on its importance as a toxicant in sediments. Very little is known about the environmental distribution of PAHs except those identified by the U.S. EPA priority chemical list. There is some evidence from mammalian studies that would suggest the nitro-substituted PAHs are highly toxic to mammals although little is known about the presence in aquatic ecosystems. This study will focus the presence of the nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen substituted PAHs in aquatic ecosystems. The toxicity of these compounds could also be examined.

The products of microbial activity on the parent PAH compounds like naphthalene will also be examined by artificially spiking sediments and monitoring the products produced by microbial activity. There approach could also provide an insight of which PAHs are present in - contaminated sediments.

These results would be used to examine the importance of chemicals in sediments whose extracts have been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms. Many studies have reported that sediments collected from various locations are toxic to aquatic organisms, but few if any have specifically identified the toxic component of the sediment. A toxic-equivalence approach will also be used that examines the toxicological importance of a compound by examining its toxicological potency as well as its environmental concentration.

Continued support of this project by Green Plan funding until FY 96-97 should provide the opportunity of developing an information base that can be used preparing regulatory guidelines for the petrochemical industry. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2104

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 0.5 (list items and approximate cost) Freezer b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 12.0 5.0 Supplies: chemical standards (2.0), solvents (3.0), CG and HPLC chromatographic supplies and maintenance (8.0), glassware and disposables (3.0), misc. (1.0)

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 11.4 Contract: Methods development for DNA adduct evaluation

iv) Other costs 2.5 Publications and misc. (2.5)

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.5 Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop (1.0), Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research (0.5)

Total O&M 6.5 5.0 11.4

- 57 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2104) 1.0 A. Niimi (0.3 PY), G. Kissoon (0.7 PY)

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources)

3. RELEVANCE:

All of the bleached kraft mills on the Great Lakes discharge directly into AOCs. These mills are expected to undergo process changes and install secondary treatment systems in the near future to reduce the toxicity of their effluents. Recent studies have indicated that even expensive process changes and treatment facilities have failed to eliminate all of the biological responses reported at bleached 'craft mills. Considering the enormous cost of remedial options it is essential that we understand the linkages between effluent quality and biological effects in the receiving environment A better understanding of the relationship between remedial actions and resulting residue levels and fish health is critical for the effective implementation of all RAPs and LWMPs (Annex 2, Great LaIces Water Quality Agreement). Under the proposed Environmental Effects Monitoring Program, pulp and paper mills in Canada will be required to conduct regular environmental monitoring programs. The significance of the data generated in these programs will be greatly enhanced if the linkages between the environmental fate and effects of toxic chemicals is better understood.

Total adsorbable organic halide (AOX) was proposed as a regulatory tool for the pulp mill effluents. The industry has opposed this approach because of the ambiguous nature of the chemical composition of AOX. During 1991 the federal govemment abandoned AOX as a regulatory parameter. The preliminary results generated in this project on the Spanish River played a significant role in that decision. To be able to generate new regulations it must be demonstrated that the remedial options will lead to the level of environmental protection desired. The levels of chemicals or the processes responsible for biological responses must be identified and the environmental behaviour of these chemicals examined.

Data generated from studies at these AOCs will be used to develop models to predict the concentration of benchmark chemicals in biota. This type of model will be valuable for interpreting the time scale of recovery and differences in species response to remedial actions in other AOCs. Considering the enormous cost of remedial actions it is important that changes in body burdens and biological responses be directly linked to changes in effluent quality. This approach is not unique to specific AOCs or industrial sectors and therefore applicable to a wide variety of environmental problems.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The objectives of this project will be accomplished through a combination of field and laboratory studies, analytical analyses and modelling efforts.

Field surveys were conducted at a modem bleached 'craft mill on the Spanish River to determine the extent of exposure and effects on fish. Water sediment and selected biota samples were collected to determine the bioavallabilty and fate of effluent derived contaminants. This was done in cooperation with a larger project examining the fate, biodegradation and effects of pulp mill effluents with J. Carey, G. Dixon (U of Waterloo), K. Solomon (U. of Guelph) and five graduate students. The field component of this work was completed in 1990/91 and analysis of samples is underway.

Secondary treatment has recently been installed at the bleached kraft mill at Jackfish Bay. There is a historical data base on the impacts on fish and archived tissue samples are available from this site (see project 2108). This provides a unique opportunity to examine the temporal changes in contaminant burdens resulting from the installation of secondary treatment and to relate these changes to impacts on the fish community. Archived fish tissues from Jackfish Bay (pre and post secondary treatment) will be analyzed for contaminants. Additional water, sediment and biota samples will be collected and analyzed to examine the pathways of exposure and to continue to document and understand the recovery of the site.

During the fall of 1991, white suckers were collected in cooperation with other GLLFAS and University scientists at 10 pulp and paper mills representing different processes and effluent treatments. Each individual fish has been examined for several physiological and biochemical parameters (see 2108). A selection of these unique samples will be analysed for dioxins/furans to evaluate the relationship between body burdens of these contaminants and biological responses in the fish.

To date the chemical(s) responsible for biological responses, such as MFO induction, detected near pulp and paper mills have not been identified. If the chemical(s) could be identified, or the chemical and physical properties defined, a mechanism for eliminafing or reducing them from the final effluent could be developed. We will attempt, using high resolution mass spectrometry to identify some of the important contaminants detected in fish tissues collected from a number of pulp mills under different environmental or experimental conditions.

Laboratory studies will be conducted to support the interpretation of field programs and provide the biological and chemical information required to develop predictive models. This will be accomplished through cooperation with other scientists in GLLFAS, NWRI and the Universities.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

a. Conduct a field survey of the Spanish River, including the Whaleback Channel, to determine the extent of exposure and effects of a modem bleached kraft mill.

b. Initiate contaminant analysis in white sucker in Jackfish Bay before and after the implementation of secondary treatment.

c. Initiate a study on the fate and pathways of exposure of contaminants in Jackfish Bay and the Spanish River by analyzing water, sediment, and selected biota for contaminants. Initiate the development of a food chain transfer model for pulp mill sites.

d. Complete manuscripts on the first year studies on the Spanish River and MFO induction potential of resin acids.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Spanish River.

a. The analysis of samples from the Spanish River 1990 was completed and a manuscript submitted (Servos et al., Wat Res. J. Can.). The study evaluated the impact of a modernized bleached kraft mill, utilizing oxygen delignification, chlorine dioxide substitution, and secondary treatment (aerated lagoon), on the Spanish River, Ontario. Selected fish analyzed for total extractable chlorine (EOCI) showed a significant increase downstream. Fish analyzed for polychlorinated dioxins showed a significant increase downstream but the total toxic equivalents were relative low (e.g. <5). There were no significant differences between the upstream and downstream 'fish in condition factor and there were no significant histological abnormalities (7 tissues examined). Liver somatic indices and plasma glucose levels were elevated downstream and this effect was most pronounced immediately below the outfall. Increased ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity persisted even 51 km downstream of the ouffall. This result is consistent with the minimal reduction of AOX and chlorophenolics observed in the river water. b. The results from early August of 1990 indicated that the fish were still earty in the reproductive cycle and it was not possible to test for an effect on either gonad somatic index or plasma steroids. The survey was therefore repeated in Oct. of 1991 to test these parameters. A minimum of 24 fish were collected at 6 sites in the Spanish River and are currently being analyzed for a variety of biological and chemical parameters. This survey coincided with a DOE study focusing on the water chemistry and the rates of degradation of selected pulp mill derived chemicals in the river (NWRI/DOE, University of Guelph). c. Because of the weak paper market in 1991 the mill on the Spanish River shutdown for a two week period during July and again in September. This unique opportunity was used to validate the previous observations at other sites (see 2108). White sucker and rock bass were collected up stream and downstream of the mill before, during and after each shutdown period (6 trips) and samples were collected for a determination of a variety of parameters, including EROD and steroids. Water samples were taken at site and analyzed for AOX, and a variety of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols. Because of the potential argument that fish may rapidly move in or out of the effected areas during these periods juvenile white suckers were caged and held for 5 days at 4 sites in the river during the same collection periods.

2. Jackfish Bay. a. Preliminary sample collections were conducted at Jackfish Bay in the spring and summer. These samples were to focus the research effort at this site in 1992 and support the ongoing research effort on the biological impacts on fish populations resulfing from exposure to bleached kraft mill effluent. In early May, tissue samples from white sucker were collected during the spawning runs at Jackfish and Mountain Bays. A survey of surface water chemistny, including AOX, chlorophenols and chloroguiacols was conducted in May and repeated in late August. b. Water analyses were conducted for AOX and chlorophenols and chloroguiacols at several cage and netting sites before, during and after a regular maintenance shutdown in September. 3. Resin Acids.

Experiments to determine the ability of resin acid exposure to elevate ethoxyresorufin-o- deethylase (EROD) activity in rainbow trout were completed and a manuscript submitted (Ferguson et al., Wat. Res. J. Can.). Interperitoneal injections or water bourne exposures of individual or mixture of resin acids did not induce EROD activity after 4, 8 or 16 days. These results suggest that resin acids are not the compounds primarily responsible for EROD induction below bleached kraft mills as had been hypothesized.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Research is to focus on issues related to proposed regulations in the pulp and paper mill sector. The major thrust will be: 1. completing an evaluation of the impacts.of a modernized bleached kraft mill on fish populations and 2. isolating and identifying the potential toxic or biologically active components of pulp and paper mill effluents.

1. Complete the analysis (MFO) of caged and feral fish from the Spanish River during shutdowns.

2. Complete the biological (MFO, steroids etc.) and chemical analysis (EOX, dioxins/furans) of fish from the Spanish River in Oct. of 1991.

3. Complete the chemical analysis of water (chlorophenolics) and fish samples (dioxins) from 10 pulp and paper mills in Ontario.

4. Collect and analyze water samples collected from Blackbird Creek during the spring and fall of 1992 for chlorophenolics and resin acids

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

A better understanding of the factors controlling the recovery of ecosystems to changes in contaminant loadings will improve our ability to predict the impact of remedial actions. Methods and models developed for evaluating the exposure and effects of benchmark chemicals on organisms/ecosystems will be applicable to other groups of chemicals, AOCs and pulp mills outside of the Great Lakes Basin. The approach developed for the pulp and paper sector will be directly applicable to other industrial sectors. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2105 Short Title: Environmental Pathways and Effects of Organic Contaminants

Research has focused on issues related to proposed regulations in the pulp and paper mill sector. The major thrusts have been on 1. evaluating the impacts of a modemized bleached kraft mill on fish populations and 2. isolating and identifying the potential toxic or biologically active components of the effluent.

1. Spanish River. a. The analysis of samples from the Spanish River 1990 was completed and a manuscript submitted (Servos et al., Water Poll. Res. J Can). The study evaluated the impact of a modemized bleached kraft mill, utilizing oxygen delignification, chlorine dioxide substitution, and secondary treatment (aerated lagoon), on the Spanish River, Ontario. The survey of the Spanish River was repeated in Oct. of 1991 in order to examine several additional reproductive parameters. A minimum of 24 fish were collected at 6 sites in the Spanish River and are currently being analyzed for a variety of biological and chemical parameters. This survey coincided with a DOE study focusing on the water chemistry and the rates of degradation of selected pulp mill derived chemicals in the river (NWRI/DOE, University of Guelph). Because of the weak paper market in 1991 the mill on the Spanish River shutdown for a two week period during July and again in September. White sucker and rock bass were collected upstream and downstream of the mill before, during and after each shutdown period and samples are being analyzed for a variety of parameters, including EROD and steroids. Water samples were taken at site and analyzed for AOX, and a variety of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols. Juvenile white suckers were also caged and held at 4 sites in the river during the same collection periods. Analysis of these samples has been initiated and is currently under way.

2. Jacldish Bay. a. Preliminary sample collections were conducted at Jackfish Bay in the spring and summer. These samples were to focus the research effort at this site in 1992 and support the ongoing research effort on the biological impacts on fish populations resulting from exposure to bleached kraft mill effluent. In early May, tissue samples from white sucker were collected during the spawning runs at Jackfish and Mountain Bays. A survey of surface water chemistry, including AOX, chlorophenols and chloroguiacols was conducted in May and repeated in late August. These analyses are near completion. APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY

3. Resin Acids.

Experiments to determine the ability of resin acid exposure to elevate ethoxyresorufin-o- deethylase (EROD) activity in rainbow trout were completed and a manuscript submitted (Ferguson et al., Water Poll. Res. J. Can.). Results suggest that resin acids are not the compounds primarily responsible for EROD induction below bleached kraft mills as had been hypothesized.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2105

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 35.5 (list items and approximate cost) computer 5.0K, balances 4K, ECD for GC 10K, flow meter 2K, HPLC pump 12K, homogeniser 2.5K b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 7 10 GC service contract, columns and supplies, gases„ solvents, standards, glassware, waste disposal

ii) Field costs 7 0$100/d

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 11 3 NAA analysis 1K, AOX analysis 2K, personal services contract 11K

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students 10

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 4 2.5 IAGLAR, SETAC-EUROPE, SETAC, Aquatic Tox

Total O&M 33 22.5

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2105) 1.5 MS 0.6, BC 0.7, KM 0.2

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

1991/92 WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: PROJECT NO.: 2106 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCAT1ON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS 2921 DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): PROJECT LEADER: M.R. Servos and S. Huestis TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4708 PROJECT MEMBERS: D. Muir (FWI), M. Whittle, W. Hyatt, K. Munkittrick, G. Dixon (U. of Waterloo), C. Metcalfe (Trent U.) March 31, 1997 START: April 1, 1992 COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Temporal and spatial trends of toxic contaminants in Great Lakes fish

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The temporal and spatial trends of trace organic contaminants including congener specific analysis of dioxins/furans and PCBs (including coplanar PCBs) will be examined using fish samples from the GLLFAS tissue archive and Great Lakes surveillance program.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To use recent advances in analytical chemistry to:

a. reexamine temporal trends in the congener specific profiles of PCBs. b. determine the relative contribution of coplanar PCBs to the total PCBs.

c. determine the relative contribution of specific PCB congeners to the total toxic equivalency.

d. identify major unidentified components in extracts from Great Lakes fish.

3. RELEVANCE: The concentration of PCBs in Great Lakes fish appears to have declined after the ban on their manufacture and use in 1979 but have stabilize in recent years. New toxicological data have focused interest on a group of non-ortho substituted (coplanar) PCBs. The mode of toxicity of these coplanar compounds may be similar to chlorinated dioxins. The TCDD toxic equivalence of these congeners is estimated to be as high as 0.1. Because of the relatively high concentrations of PCBs in fish, these congeners may be greater than 10 fold more toxic than the dioxins and furans. Because the ortho-substituted congeners are metabolized more quickly there is potential for the non-ortho substituted congeners to be enriched as they move up a food chain or as the total PCB concentrations dedine with time.

The Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences has been archiving tissues samples from the Great Lakes Surveillance Program since the early 1970's. Many of the samples have been analyzed for polychlorinated dioxins and furans, as well as other organochlorines, including total PCBs. Recent advances in analytical chemistry (plus the recent acquisition of at High Resolution Mass Spectrometer at GLLFAS) now allow us to reexamine these unique samples not only for co-planar PCBs but a wide range of contaminants which until now were beyond our analytical abilities. There is only scattered data available on the distribution of coplanar PCBs in the Great Lakes and there is no information available on the temporal trends. Our interpretation of the significance of PCBs and related compounds in the environment and potential impact on human health is limited by a lack of data on the temporal and trophic trends in specific highly toxic congeners (e.g., coplanar PCBs). The combination of organochlorine, dioxin/furan, coplanar PCB, High-Res- GCMS and biological assays on individual tissue samples will provide a unique data set that will make a major contribution to the interpretation of historical data bases in the Great Lakes.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Samples will be carefully selected from the GLLFAS archive using the historical data base to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of PCBs and related toxic contaminants. Additional field studies will collect samples from specific sites to address the trophic transfer of these chemicals and other contaminants in the environment. Because a large amount of data already exists for the archive, samples can be selected to make a variety of controlled comparisons. Data generated using new analytical techniques will be compared to that collected and reported previously. The recently developed rat hepatoma cell bioassay will be used on extracts of the samples to determine the relative toxic equivalencies and aid in the interpretation of potential biological effects.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

New project

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

New project

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

a. initiate and test analytical protocols for coplanar PCBs

b. review and select samples from the GLLFAS tissue archive c. submit first series of selected samples for congener specific PCB and dioxin/furan analysis

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

This study will create a unique data set using current analytical protocols that will be useful to a variety of agencies responsible for the management of the Great Lakes. As the data becomes available it will be provided to the agencies responsible for the Lakewide Management Plans described under Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. As the study progress the data will also be released as technical reports and in the scientific literature. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2106 Short Title: Temporal and spatial trends of toxic contaminants in Great Lakes fish APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2106 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) •• b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 3

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 35 Contract for extraction and cleanup of samples

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 2106) 0.6 MS 0.3, SH 0.3

* Other: (Identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2107 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCAT1ON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS 2921 DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): PROJECT LEADER: A. Niimi TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4868 PROJECT MEMBERS: G. Kissoon March 31, 1994 START: April 1, 1991 COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Chemical Effects on Fish

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Assessment of Toxic Chemicals Impact on Fish Health

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): To develop several biochemical or biological indicators to assess the effects of inorganic and organic chemical exposure on the well being of fish. To apply this technology to assess the health risks of aquatic organisms that are present in contaminated ecosystems.

3. RELEVANCE: Various regulatory guidelines have been developed defining the permissible chemical concentrations in fish, but these levels are based on the protection of human health. Little is known about the effects these chemical concentrations have on fish. This is largely attributable to the lack of indicators that could be used to assess the chronic effects of prolonged chemical exposure. Most of the indicators that have been applied to fish has a biochemical basis, with an emphasis on enzyme systems. These indicators have been used with limited success although their focus only on a small aspect of an animal's biological composition. There is a need to develop other indicators that examines the effects of chemicals at a higher level of organization. DNA has received considerable interest as a biomarker because it is a biochemical entity present in all living organisms. The formation of DNA adducts is an important part in the carcinogenic mode-of-action that has been well established in mammalian studies. The presence of these adducts have also been reported in fish from laboratory and field studies. Refinements in DNA adduct analyses using liquid chromatographic techniques have recently been made that could allow its use for broader assessment purposes.

4. WORK OUTLINE: After refining methods to meet the specific requirements to this project, young trout will be exposed to various chemicals to assess the presence of DNA adducts. The technique will also be applied to assess the presence of adducts from fish collected from natural, contaminated systems. This method may also be applied to examine the broader issue of multi-chemical effects that is based on the premise that some chemicals have similar mode-of-actions.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Review and refine method to examine the frequency of breakages in the double helix strands of DNA in fish exposure to chemicals or have various physical anomalies.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): Ongoing studies that have examined the structural integrity of DNA have indicated a higher frequency of breakages in the stands of the DNA among fish the were collected from contaminated areas such a Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, or fish exposed to mercury in laboratory studies. The implications of the increased frequencies on the well being of fish have not been established, but these studies have indicated the DNA could be a useful biochemical measure of chemical effects because if its higher level of cellular integration.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Conduct a series of studies on the potency of various chemical groups to assess their carcinogenic potency. Expand these studies to examine the effects of chemical mixtures.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: The refinement of this method could have important applications in chemical hazard assessment because current methods such as the Ames and SOS Chromotest are based on the response of bacteria. Recent studies have shown DNA adduct formation in fish after 24-48 h exposure that would strongly suggest that young or small fish could be used as the test organism. Studies have also shown a strong correlation between these adduct formation and the development of hepatocellular carcinomas that would be 6-9 months before the symptoms appear. Once the method is developed, assistance will probably be made available to other investigators who would be interest in this biomarker.

The shortterm application of this method can be applied beyond this project because of related studies being done in our Laboratory and nearby universities. DNA adduct analyses have generally done using a laborious method using 32P radiological labelling. A newer method has been proposed that uses a HPLC chromatograph that would greatly increase the number of analyses that can be done. The longterm application of these results could also influence the assessment of toxicological effects. Current views assess chemicals on an individual basis. The results of this project will be used to assess the feasibility of a multichemical approach by demonstrating that different chemicals could have the same mode-of-action. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2107 Short Title: Chemical Effects on Fish

There have been numerous efforts in try to develop indicators that could be used to assess the chronic effects of various environmental stressors, including chemicals, on the well-being of aquatic animals. Some biochemical indicators such as ALAD have been used successfully to assess the effects of lead, while others like MFO have been used will limited success that indicated the organisms were exposed to some aromatic chlorinated chemicals.

The present study examined the efficiency of using the DNA as a biomarker. Some studies have shown that fish collected from chemically contaminated areas, and those exposed to chemicals in laboratory studies, have elevated frequencies in breakages in the strands of the double helix DNA. The adverse effects of these breakages are not known.

Studies on the use of DNA as biomarkers are continuing with emphasis on the format of DNA adducts. The relationship between DNA adduct formation and cancer development have been well established in mammalian studies. This study will evaluate the carcinogenic potential of various aromatic halogenated organic chemicals like PCBs and PDE, and aromatic hydrocarbons like PAHs in fish. This study will also examine the concept that chemical toxicity should be viewed from a multichemical approach because different chemicals could have similar mode-of-actions.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2107

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 13.0 (list items and approximate cost) Benchtop centrifuge b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 1.2 Supplies: chemicals (0.8), glassware, disposable items (0.4)

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 26.6

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 0.7 American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting

Total O&M 28.5

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2107) 0.5 A. Niimi 0.3, G. Kissoon 0.2

* Other: (identify altemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

1991/92 WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 PROJECT NO.: 2108 LOCAT1ON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS 2921 DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): (416) 336-4864 PROJECT LEADER: K.R. Munkittrick TELEPHONE: '' PROJECT MEMBERS: P.L. Luxon, J. Yaromich, M.R. Servos, M. Munawar, G.J. Van Der Kraak (U.Guelph), I.R. Smith (MOE) COMPLETION: Ongoing START: 1990

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Monitoring Environmental Effects of Discharges From pulp Mills and Petrochemical Industries.

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The persistence and relevance of biochemical impacts will be examined at Lake Superior sites exposed to primary and secondary-treated pulp mill effluent. Additional studies will address the importance of chlorine bleaching and similarities of biochemical responses with organic pollution associated with petrochemical and steel industries.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

a. Follow changes in Jackfish Bay fish related to improvements in ecosystem health associated with the initiation of secondary waste treatment in September, 1989.

b. Examine the relationship between MFO induction and the disruption of steroid metabolism, growth and reproductive performance.

c. Assess the suitability of MFO enzymes as indicators of exposure and examine the consequences of increased MFO activity to the integrity of the physiological system.

d. Evaluate the need for standardization of MFO measurements through interlaboratory comparisons. 3. RELEVANCE:

In 1991, the Federal Govemment developed a set of regulations aimed at updating control of biological effects at sites receiving effluent from Pulp and Paper Mills. The regulations require, among other things, monitoring of the environmental effects in the immediate receiving environment of the mills. The Canadian side of the Great Lakes receives effluent from 19 pulp mills, and most of these mills will be required to operate secondary treatment to meet the proposed regulations. This project is attempting to identify the level of impairment of fish communities, and benefits of secondary waste treatment. Jackfish Bay is unique because of the recent initiation of secondary treatment, and the historical data base available describing impacts on fish physiology.

At Jackfish Bay, increased levels of hepatic MFO activity are found in fourlish species, and MFO activity levels have not declined detectably since the initiation of secondary treatment. Increased levels of MFO activity have been found at other kraft mills in Ontario, Quebec, B.C. and the U.S.A., as well as at sites contaminated with PAHs. Although increased MFO activity has not been clearly linked to any biological effects in fish, several species of fish exposed to pulp mill effluent or PAHs show severe impacts on steroid hormones. At Jackfish Bay, these decreases in circulating levels of gonadal steroids are associated with reductions in secondary sexual characteristics and gonadal size, and increases in age to maturity. The biochemical impacts have been confirmed at additional sites which do not have chlorine based bleaching.

We have also identified dysfunctions in the control of reproduction at three levels (pituitary, gonadal and peripheral metabolism). Although the relafionship between MFO activity and reproductive disruption is not understood, the similarities of responses at BKME sites, with those reported for PAHs and PCBs, raises the possibility that a general mechanism can be found to explain the biological responses. This generalized response could be used to examine fish health status at any site receiving inputs of organic pollution.

Relevant GLWQA Annexes: Annex 2 Paragraph 6(a) (viii)(ix) Annex 11 Paragraph 1(c) (i)(iii) Paragraph 1(e) Paragraph 3(a) Annex 12 Paragraph 4(b) Paragraph 5(d) (j) Paragraph 7(a)(b) Annex 17 Paragraph 2(h)

4. WORK OUTLINE:

a. evaluate the effectiveness of secondary treatment in mifigating the impacts of BKME. Two years of pre-secondary treatment data, and two years of post-treatment data are available for comparison with fish performance in 1992/93.

b. identify the physiological basis for reproductive dysfunction, through in vitro and in vivo manipulations, and evaluate the suitability of MFO activity and reproductive hormones as indicators of contaminant exposure. c. evaluate the similarity in target sites for BKME impacts on reproduction to field sites contaminated with PAHs and laboratory trials using co-planar PCBs (77, 126, 169).

d. continue the second phase of an inter-laboratory comparison on EROD measurements.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. morphological and biochemical indicators of the health of white sucker will continue to be monitored, to add to the existing data base. Archived and new liver samples will be submitted for organic chemical analyses.

2. a series of in vitro and in situ experiments will be performed on wild and/or caged fish in an attempt to identify the physiological basis for reproductive dysfunction and suitability of MFO activity and reproductive homiones as indicators of contaminant exposure.

3. preliminary evaluation of steroid and reproductive performance of fish from a PAH site, and laboratory fish exposed to co-planar PCBs, will evaluate the similarity of reproductive responses to those seen at BKME sites.

4. complete interlaboratory comparison and send a second series of carefully controlled samples and revised methodology to laboratories for clarification of factors contributing to inter-laboratory variability in EROD analyses.

5. further attempts will be made to characterize the lesions and abnormalities evident in fish collected from BKME sites. A review of biochemical measurements will be extended.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Extensive spring and fall collections of white sucker and longnose sucker were used to provide morphological and biochemical indicators of the extent of recovery of the fish populations in Jackfish Bay since installation of secondary treatment at bleached 'craft mills. Archived and new liver samples were submitted for organic chemical analyses.

2. Three sets of caging studies were conducted with juvenile white sucker to examine induction potential of the effluent before, during and after the fall shutdown. In situ experiments in the spring involved injection of a number of gonadotropic compounds into white sucker and the monitoring of physiological responses. In vitro analyses of steroid productive capability were conducted during the spring, August and October sampling periods. Additional October experiments involved attempts to identify the biochemical lesion(s) responsible for steroid dysfunction.

3. Laboratory experiments were conducted using injections of PCB-126, which demonstrated effects on MFO activity and steroid productive capability in goldfish. The experiments were duplicated, and follow-up work is continuing. 4. The interlaboratory comparison was completed, and presented at two intemational workshops. The design of the second series of samples is continuing, and several additional laboratories have asked to be included.

5. Due to the extremely warm weather, whitefish captures in 1991 were very low. Samples from another BKME-exposed site were submitted by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and it was determined that lesions were similar to those seen at Jackfish Bay. Detailed reference site samples were examined during the spawning period, and a summary publication describing impacts of BKME on whitefish has been accepted for publication.

6. A detailed study of the effects of sampling stress on 9 blood enzymes and proteins was conducted, and an in vitro assay for interrenal production of cortisol was developed for field use. These collections are addressing the impacts of sampling stress on the interpretability of field biochemical data.

7. An extensive interagency field study involved collection of samples from 10 pulp mills to determine the environmental effects downstream of mills with and without secondary treatment, and with and without chlorine bleaching. Responses monitored included MFO activity, serum steroid levels, receiving water bioassays using fathead minnows and Ceriodaphnia, and chemical analyses.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

a. morphological and biochemical indicators of the health of white sucker will continue to be monitored at Jackfish Bay, to add to the existing data base

b. new in vitro and in situ experiments will be performed on wild and/or caged fish in an attempt to identify the physiological basis for differences in stress responses observed at BKME sites

c. detailed physiological studies will continue in an attempt to identify the site of steroid regulatory dysfunction in fish exposed to PCBs and BKME

d. interlaboratory studies on EROD analyses will be continued

e. the role of historical contamination at Jackfish Bay will be addressed through laboratory testing.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Shorterm: Field work is complicated somewhat by distance to site and weather restrictions. Analysis of samples depends on the continued funding and operation of established ties with Dr. Glen Van Der Kraak (Department of Zoology, University of Guelph) and lan Smith (Ontario Ministry of Environment).

Longterm: Identification that Lake superior white sucker show elevated levels of activity of liver detoxification enzymes, relative to inland reference sites, has implications for managing contaminants for the Great Lakes. The significance and relevance of these types of changes must be understood. The information collected will provide a better understanding of the suitability of MFO activity and serum steroids as indicators of the health of fish exposed to organic contaminants. Further preliminary collections at PAH sites, and laboratory exposures of fish to co-planar PCBs will examine commonalities of responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to persistent, lipophilic, organic contaminants present in all Great Lakes. Results of the study will be summarized and submitted for publication. These results have implications for understanding and managing fisheries resources at any Great Lakes site receiving organic waste. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2108 Short Title: Monitoring Environmental Effects of Discharges From pulp Mills and Petrochemical Industries.

Project No. 2108

Short Title: Environmental Effects Monitoring of Pulp Mills

HYPOTHESIS AND WORK OUTLINE DESCRIPTION

This project is attempting to identify the relationship between induced levels of hepatic MFO activity found in the Great Lakes and changes in production and regulation of gonadal sex steroids found in wild fish. Further work is examining the role played by chlorine bleaching at pulp mills and similarities of biochemical responses seen near pulp mills and responses seen with other types of organic contaminants.

SUMMARY

Over the past four years, we have been studying the impacts of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior. We found increased levels of hepatic MFO activity, significantly lower levels of plasma sex steroids, reduced secondary sexual characteristics and increases in age to maturity. Observations in the two years since process modification and installation of secondary treatment have failed to show improvements in the wild fish, although there are obvious traditional improvements associated with secondary treatment, such as elimination of acute lethality and decreased BOD and suspended solids.

Collections at 10 mills conducted in 1991 have confirmed these responses at bleached kraft and sulphite mills, including mills with secondary treatment. Laboratory fish exposed to PCB126 also have shown similar responses. Although the relationship between MFO activity and reproductive disruption is not understood, the similarity of responses found in these studies raises the possibility that a general mechanism can be found to explain the impacts of PCBs and BKME (as well as possibly PAHs) on fish. These mechanisms must be understood in order to effectively monitor impacts on fish populations in surveillance programs. The relevance of these biochemical changes to whole organism responses is also being studied.

Publications and Presentations:

Munkittrick, K.R., C.B. Portt, G.J. Van Der Kraak, I.R. Smith and D.A. Rokosh. 1991. Impact of bleached kraft mill effluent on population characteristics, liver MFO activity and serum steroid levels of a Lake Superior white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) population. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 1371-1380. APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY

Munkittrick, K.R., P.A. Miller, D.R. Barton, and D.G. Dixon. 1991. Impacts of copper and zinc contamination on macroinvertebrate communities and tissue metal distributions in white sucker. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 21: 318-326.

Munkittrick, K.R., G.J. Van Der Kraak, M.E. McMaster and C.B. Portt. Relative benefit of secondary treatment and mill shutdown on mitigating impacts of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on MFO activity and serum steroids in fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: IN PRESS.

Munkittrick, K.R., M.E. McMaster, C.B. Pont, G.J. Van Der Kraak, I.R. Smith and D.G. Dixon. Changes in maturity, plasma sex steroid levels, hepatic MFO activity and the presence of external lesions in lake whitefish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent. Canadian Joumal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences: IN PRESS.

McMaster, M.E., G.J. Van Der Kraak, C.B. Portt, K.R. Munkittrick, P.K. Sibley, I.R. Smith and D.G. Dixon. Changes in hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity, plasma steroid levels and age at maturity of a white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) population exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent. Aquatic Toxicol.:IN PRESS

McMaster, M.E., C.B. Pont, K.R. Munkittrick and D.G. Dixon. Milt characterisfics, reproductive performance and larval survival and development of white sucker exposed to bleached {craft mill effluent. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety: IN PRESS

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2108

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 65.5 (list items and approximate cost) 386 computer and printer 3.5 K centrifuge 14 K scintillation counter 38 K -80 freezer for sample storage 10 K b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 7.5 7.5 Chemicals, Supplies, Disposables

ii) Field costs 4 11.5 collection of samples

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 9 subcontracts for sample analysis and assistance of commercial fishermen

iv) Other costs 2 2.5 Software, publication costs, drafting

v) Summer students 1 4 Summer student

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.5 4.5 IAGLAR, ATW, workshops in Russia and Germany

Total O&M 18 39

- 84 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWO LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2108) 2.1 KRM (0.7), PLL (0.8), JY (0.4), MRS (0.2), MM (<0.1)

* Other: (identify altemate sources for resources) PAPRICAN/ISTC PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2109 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921

PROJECT LEADER: D.M. Whittle TELEPHONE: (416) 336 -4565

PROJECT MEMBERS: M. Keir & BI - 01 START: 1990 COMPLETION: 1997

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Ecosystem Impact of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The objective of this project is develop a suite of simple biological parameters that can be measured at industrial sites to provide an indicator of fish community stress. The project also requires chemical characterization of the predominant aquatic foodchain at the survey site. Because of the current emphasis on regulating the pulp and paper industry in Canada, the project to date has focused on bleached kraft pulp mill sites in the Great Lakes. Indicators of community stress to be monitored include fin ray asymmetry for forage fish species, vertebral column strength and anomalies for both benthic and pelagic species and some simple blood chemistry measurements. Primary contaminants of concem will be dioxin and furan isomers.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

i. To develop and validate a simple field oriented biological monitoring program to assess the relative impact of bleached kraft mill effluents on the downstream fish community.

ii. To measure the foodchain accumulation of all 2,3,7,8 substituted dioxin and furan isomers and other typical organochlorine compounds found in kraft mill effluents.

iii. To transfer the biological assessment techniques developed for kraft mill effluents to other major industrial effluent sources found in the Great Lakes (Petrochemical, Metal Mining & Refining). 3. RELEVANCE:

Bleached kraft pulp mills discharge effluent into 6 of the 17 Canadian Areas of Concern (AOC) on the Great Lakes. Remediation of these 6 sites is directly related to minimizing the impact of these industrial discharges on the aquatic community. Current Canadian federal regulations proposed under both CEPA and the Fisheries Act will call for all pulp mills to improve effluent quality. The effect of improved effluent quality can be measured by monitoring the response of the downstream fish community and the forage base. Both the measurement of toxic chemical burdens and key biological parameters are effective means of determining the potential for remediation related to the new effluent quality regulations.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The sampling program will concentrate on three kraft mills discharging into Lake Superior, Lake Huron and the St Lawrence River. Samples of fish, invertebrates and sediments have been collected from each of these mills previously. Preliminary data has identified significant dioxin/furan foodchain biomagnification and an increased incidence of vertebral anomalies in fish samples. Future sampling will increase both the data base for both the chemical and biological observations at each of the sites previously monitored.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

i. Resurvey Spanish River upstream and downstream of pulp mill to expand previous data base.

ii. Compare chemical and biological datairom-surveys of Nip mill on Spanish River (secondary treatment) with similar data from pulp mill on Thunder Bay, Lake Superior (no secondary treatment). samples of lake trout from Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior were submitted for isomer specific dioxin and furan analysis.

iii. Monitor fish community for both biological and chemical parameters at non 'craft mill site at Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior.

iv. Expand pulp mill survey to include upstream and down stream sampling in the vicinity of a kraft mill at Cornwall on the St. Lawrence River.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

i. Activity at the Spanish River site was limited to determining dioxin and furan isomer levels in white sucker muscle tissues and both muscle tissue and whole fish samples of walleye. An evaluation of fin ray asymmetry in a portion of the downstream forage fish sample was completed.

ii. No further sampling was conducted on the Spanish River or Thunder Bay in 1990. A limited number of lake trout samples we submitted for dioxin and furan analyses.

iii. A full range of available forage fish species and invertebrates was collected in Whitefish Bay. There were few lake trout samples collected by both DFO and OMNR personnel after several sampling attempts. v. Samples of sediment, net plankton, assorted forage fish species and both adult bottom feeders and top predator fish were collected in the vicinity of the kraft mill at Comwall on the St Lawrence River. No evaluation of these collections has begun yet.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

i. A considerable effort will be focused in the upcoming year on the assessment of forage fish samples collected in previous years from the vicinity of 'craft mill sites. Fin ray asymmetry incidence and vertebral column anomalies will be the primary areas of concentration. Data on haematocrit values from previous sampling activities will be summarized and analysed for any statistical inference related to the effect of !craft mill effluent exposure. s,

ii. Further community sampling is planned at the Thunder Bay, Spanish River, Comwall and possibly the Jackfish Bay kraft mill sites to increase the exisfing biological and chemical data bases.

iii. Sampling and analysis (chemical & biological) of both top predator and forage fish species is planned for a large lake in close proximity to the Great Lakes but isolated from kraft mill inputs (ie Lake Nipigon/Lake Simcoe) to help define the influence of direct vs atmospheric contaminant inputs.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The short term outlook for this project is to assemble and analyze a data base on chemical burdens and simple biological stresses observed fish communities sampled in the vicinity of bleached {craft mills in the Great Lakes. A basic field monitoring protocol will be developed for tracking improvement of the downstream biological community after the implementation of improved effluent treatment systems. The longer term goal is to transfer this monitoring protocol to other major industrial dischargers in the Great Lakes. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2109 Short Title: Ecosystem Impact of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents

The initial portion of this program has demonstrated that there are significant measurable effects in fish communities downstream of bleached kraft mill effluents. Some of the adverse effects detected may not be solely attributable to exposure to kraft mill effluents, The combined action of the total mix of persistent toxic contaminants present in each of the Great Lakes produces a cumulative effect on the ecosystem. Therefore, a sampling strategy must be developed to permit the observation of selected natural fish communities where the toxic chemical inputs are both simple and known. These observations on ecosystem level response will provide a baseline for assessing the impact of other more complex chemical loadings to Great Lakes ecosystems.

Both offsystem lakes in the Great Lakes basin and selected arctic fish communities offer the opportunity to study contaminant dynamics and associated biological responses utilizing a simpler system. Future efforts in this project will focus on defining the natural range of variation in the selected biological parameters, assessing the interrelationship between contaminant burdens and biological effects and describing the limitations of various components of this assessment technique.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2109

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

.1 b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 3.0 Lipid Extractor parts and supplies, Waste Solvent Disposal, Sample preservatives 7 computer software.

ii) Field costs 2.5 25 days @ $100/day

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 3.0 30 days @ $90/day

iv) Other costs 2.0 Field gear (Nets,Trawls & Seines) replacement & repairs

v) Summer students 3.5 50% Salary & Overtime

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 3.0 Dioxin '92

Total O&M 17.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 2109) 0.5 M.W.-0.2, M.K.-0.2, BI-0.1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources)

- 90 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2110 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: P. Wong TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4559 PROJECT MEMBERS: N. Ali START: 1990 COMPLETION: 1993

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Genetic Effects

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Genetic and Biochemical Effects of Metals and Organometals (Butyltin)

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To use genotoxicity and biochemical techniques to evaluate the toxic effects of metals and organometals on aquatic organisms.

3. RELEVANCE:

There has been a good deal of urban and industrial development in Sevem Sound over the past three years. The major concems in Severn Sound are degraded water quality and presence of contaminants in the biota. Work of this nature is necessary to identify any existing problems and facilitate development of remedial action plans.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The SOS Chromotest will be used to assess the genotoxic potential of water and sediment at designated sites in Sevem Sound. Certain enzymes (eg. cellulase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase) as well as energy level indicators (eg. adenine nucleotides) and metallothionein induction will be used as sublethal biochemical indicators. Experiments will involve testing of water, sediment and mussel biomonitoring for metal and organometal contamination (eg. butyltin). 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Chemical analysis of effluents from pulp and paper mill in Thunder Bay. 2. Development of procedures for genotoxicity testing. 3. Genotoxicity and enzyme assays of water and sediment extracts. 4. Metallothionein and adenylate energy charge analysis of caged mussels.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Chemical analysis of effluents from pulp and paper mill in Thunder Bay. 2. Development of procedures for genotoxicity testing. 3. Genotoxicity and enzyme assays (cellulase, phosphatase and dehydrogehase) of water and sediment. 4. Measurement of adenylate energy charge and metallothionein induction in caged mussels placed downstream from the pulpmill.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Chemical analysis of water and sediment from Sevem Sound. 2. Development of cellulase assay for mussel tissue. 3. Genotoxicity and enzyme assays (cellulase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase) of water, sediment and caged mussels (cellulase). 4. Measurement of adenylate energy charge and metallothionein induction in caged mussels.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The shortterm outlook is to identify any biochemical and genotoxic contaminants present in Sevem Sound and estimate levels of metals and organometals. The longterm outlook would be to summarize the results of the study and submit them for publications. Also the genotoxicity and biochemical techniques can be applied to other areas of concern. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2110 Short Title: Genetic Effects

From our ongoing study on the effects of pulp and paper mill effluents, the use of SOS Chromotest and several biochemical indicators has been proven useful in assessing the genotoxic and biochemical effects. From an independent study, butyltin compoUnds were found in sediment and fish in Sevem Sound area. There is no question that the butyltin compounds were related to the use of antifouling paints in boats and docks in the area. The present study, therefore, aims at the investigation of the biochemical and genotoxic effects of metals and organometals, in particular butyltins, on sediment and mussels in Severn Sound area, using the SOS Chromotest and biochemical indicator techniques. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2110

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) .s b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 10

ii) Field costs 3.25

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 2.75

v) Summer students 7.5

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.5

Total O&M 10 15

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2110) 1.2

* Other: (Identify altemate source.s for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

1991/92 WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 PROJECT NO.: 2111 + (C&AGP #20) LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS COLLATOR(S): 2921 DIVISION: Ecotoxicology (4.16) 336-4565 PROJECT LEADER: D.M.Whittle TELEPHONE: PROJECT MEMBERS: M. Keir & BI-01 COMPLETION: On-going START: 1977

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Contaminants Surveillance Program

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This monitoring program provides data on the temporal and spatial trends of a range of contaminants detected in representative top predator and major forage fish species collected annually from offshore sites in each of the Canadian Great Lakes. This program is DFO's contribution to the International Great Lakes Fish Contaminants Monitoring Program defined under Annex 11 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

i. To identify trends in contaminant burdens of representative fish communities and the forage base from each of the Canadian Great Lakes.

ii. To identify what biological variables, including diet composition, lipid concentration and age class structure, are influencing changes in contaminant burdens of the fish communities in each lake monitored.

iii. To identify the significance of recently identified contaminants in the Great Lakes biological community and describe the biological pathways for accumulation at the top of the foodweb.

iv. To describe a range of simple biological observations suitable for defining the degree of integrated contaminant stress imposed on various fish communities throughout the Great Lakes. 3. RELEVANCE: Annex 11 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement requires that monitoring programs be put into place that monitor the response of the whole lake to remedial actions. Annex 12 also calls for the establishment of monitoring programs to identify new and emerging issues in the Great Lakes. Ecosystem contaminants are one of the major focuses of the latest Water Quality Agreement and fish are an excellent contarninant monitoring due to their ability to accumulate and biomagnify a range of contaminants that are routinely non- detectable in water. Additional Annex 2 calls for the development of Lakewide Management Plans which have initially concentrated on contaminants. The Great Lakes Fish Contaminants Monitoring Program provides a major data base to assist with the development of specific Lakewide Management Plans.

4. WORK OUTLINE: Samples of top predator and forage fish including smelt, sculpin and alewife where available, will be collected from a minimum of 9 sites throughout Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior in cooperation with OMNR Fisheries Branch staff. At selected stations in each lake additional collections of Pont000reia, Mvsis and net plankton will be collected. These samples will be analyzed for a variety of organic and trace metal contaminants. Selected samples will be analyzed for non-routine contaminants including 2,3,7,8 substituted isomers of dioxin and furan plus toxaphene, PCB isomers, chlorophenols, chloroguiacols and mirex photo degradation products. Some samples will also be analyzed for chlorodiphenyl isomers. Additional collections of both top predator and forage fish will be collected and stomach contents analyzed to detemine diet composition. An annual summary of all contaminant data will be prepared for by each age category both on a site by site basis and also the lakewide mean by age for each of the four Great Lakes monitored. This information will be presented to the IJC Water Quality Board, COA and at individual lake committee meetings of the GLFC.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

i. Monitor temporal and spatial trends in contaminant burdens in top predator and forage fish species plus major invertebrate diet items at a minimum of 9 sites throughout the Great Lakes.

ii. Continue to monitor the influence of specific biological variables, including lipid content and diet, on the uptake of a range of organic contaminants in the Lake Ontario and Lake Superior foodchains.

iii. Determine trends in the incidence of fin ray asymmetry for forage fish collections from 1985 through 1990.

iv. Revisit intensive survey sites (Whitby Harbour & Bay of Quinte) to determine any temporal trends in contaminant burdens of previously monitored components of the aquatic community.

v. Complete the publication of 3 papers in the primary literature with U. Borgmann, which describe both trends in contaminant accumulation and also model bioenergetics and contaminant dynamics in the Lake Ontario fish community from 1977 to 1988.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

i. More than 800 fish and invertebrate samples were collected from 11 sites on Lake Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior during the period April to October. More than 400 samples have been submitted for routine contaminant analyses and 85 samples are currently being analyzed for ultra-trace contaminant levels. Additional samples were used for lipid and moisture analyses and assessment of skeletal anomalies.

ii. Data from stomach content analyses indicated that a significant shift in forage fish composition of the lake trout diet has occurred from 1985 through 1990. This information when compared to the body burden contaminant trend data for Lake Ontario lake trout and their forage base, indicates that changes in diet are exerting a more significant influence on contaminant burdens than shifts in recent external loadings to the system.

iii. There was limited progress in this area for 1991/92 although all samples collected from 1985 through 1989 (A 0,000) have been assessed and the data entered into the fin ray asymmetry data base. Additional work in 1991 attempted to correlate the incidence of fin ray asymmetry with vertebral column anomalies.

iv. Whitby Harbour was resurveyed in October and samples of carp, pike, invertebrates and sediment were collected and submitted for chlorinated diphenyl ether isomer analysis. Samples of walleye and smelt were collected from the Bay of Quinte and submitted for routine contaminant (PCB, pesticides and trace metals) analyses.

v. Three primary publications have been prepared (see Appendix 1). One paper has been published and the remaining two are scheduled to be published in June 1992 (JGLR & CJFAS).

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Based on the anticipated receipt of supplementary resources under the Green Plan an expanded Contaminants Surveillance Program is proposed through 1997. The expanded program will examine a wider range of contaminants and a more complete foodchain will be analyzed in each of the Great Lakes. The routine program, in place since 1977, will remain unchanged.

i. Continue to monitor temporal and spatial trends in contaminant burdens for top predator and forage fish species plus important diet items from the invertebrate forage base at a minimum of 9 sites throughout Lakes Ontario, Erie Huron and Superior.

ii. Expand the range of contaminants monitored throughout the foodchains in each of the lakes to include a range of specific PCB isomers plus dioxin and furan isomers and toxaphene as a measure of atmospheric contaminant deposition in the Great Lakes basin. Selected samples of both fish and invertebrates will be analyzed for PAH's, coplanar PCBs and Mirex photo-degradation products. Continue to investigate what effects that changes in composition of forage fish in the diets of lake trout are having on contaminant accumulation at the top of the aquatic foodchain. Assemble data on the major variables which may influence contaminant uptake including lipid levels, forage fish community dynamics and diets, levels of salmonid stocking programs and changes in the invertebrate community species composition.

iv. Complete the assessment of forage fish fin ray asymmetry samples collected through 1991 and enter all data into single data base. Combine fin ray asymmetry incidence data with observations on vertebral anomalies obtained from a range of forage fish collections.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The short term outlook is to design and implement a field program to combine the requirements of the long term contaminant trend monitoring program and the enhanced ecosystem contaminant survey under the Green Plan - Toxic Chemicals Program. The longer term goal is to identify what key factors other than direct loadings are now influencing contaminant trends in the Great Lakes fish community. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2111 + (C&AGP #20) Short Title: Contaminants Surveillance Program

From the initiation of the Contaminants Surveillance program in 1977 through to the early 1980's contaminant burdens declined significantly in both the top predator and forage fish species monitored. Since that time there has been a levelling off in this decline-and more recently levels of some organic contaminants such as PCB, DDT and Mirex have steadily increased. This trend is most pronounced in Lake Ontario which originally had the highest mean contaminant levels of all the lakes surveyed and also had the most rapid initial decline. There is considerable evidence that recent external loadings to Lake Ontario have declined significantly which is counter the pattern of contaminant burden increases documented in the fish species monitored. Part of this explanation may be due to a shift in forage fish diet composition for the Lake Ontario lake trout population. The shift from a diet dominated by smelt to a diet with increasing proportions of more highly contaminated sculpin means that the mean contaminant intake has increased. There are no data available yet to determine if the diets of the forage species have shifted so that the mean contaminant intake of this trophic level has also increased. Future studies will attempt to define the relationship between trends in contaminant burdens and changes in diet composition for the fish communities that are monitored in each of the Great Lakes. This type of information will be significant in the development of Lakewide Management which are initially focused on toxic chemical management. The monies from the Green Plan Toxic Chemical Program will allow a greater effort to be focused on this ecosystem contaminant issue. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

_Project No.: 2111 + (C&AGP #20)

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

-e) Capital Purchases: 2.0 (list items and approximate cost) •Iy Micro-centrifuge

b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 6.0 5.0 Solvents,Reagents,Sample Containers,Equipment Repair Waste Disposal & General Lab Supplies

ii) Field costs 5.0 3.0 30 days & $100/day Vehicle Fuel and Repairs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 47.0 45.0 Sample Processing 35 days 6 $90/day OMAF 400 samples @ $110/sample Ultra-trace Contaminant Analyses

iv) Other costs 4.0 5.0 Field Eqpt.(Nets,Trawls,Dry Ice) Support to GLLFAS Ultra-Trace Lab

v) Summer students 3.5 50% of Salary and Overtime

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.5 SETAC & IAGLR

Total O&M 5.0 65.0 55.0

- 1 00 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2111 + (C&AGP #20)) 1.3 M.W.-0.3, M.K.-0.6, BI-0.4

* Other: (Identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

1991/92 WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: PROJECT NO.: 5203-2921-2112 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS 2921 DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): PROJECT LEADER: M. Munawar TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4867 PROJECT MEMBERS: M. Burley, K. Minns, A. EI-Shaarawi (NWRI), G. Sprules (Univ. of Toronto), S. Nielsen, M. Legner, J. Wotherspoon, H.F. Nicholson, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992/93 START: 1986 COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

A MONOGRAPH: DYNAMICS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF GREAT LAKES PHYTOPLANKTON AND THEIR RESPONSE TO NUTRIENTS AND CONTAMINANTS

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: A Monograph: Dynamics and Physiological Ecology of Great Lakes Phytoplankton and their response to nutrients and contaminants.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To prepare a monograph on dynamics and physiological ecology of Great Lakes phytoplankton and their responses to nutrients and contaminants.

2. To evaluate the role of phytoplankton in food web interactions and particle size theory.

3. To relate North American Great Lakes phytoplankton to other large lakes of the world; and convene/edit timely international symposia on the large lakes of the world.

3. RELEVANCE:

1. Revised Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Protocol (1987) as per Annex III "to minimize eutrophication problems and to prevent degradation with regards to phosphorus in the boundary waters of the Great Lakes systems". Evaluating the impact of phosphorus reductions as indicated by the substantial decrease in present levels of algal biomass in Lakes Erie and Ontario; maintenance of the oligotrophic state of Lakes Superior and Huron, and elimination of algal nuisance in bays, etc. 2. Development and implementation of Lake Ecosystem objectives.

3. Development of Remedial Action Plans (RAP) and lakewide management plans as described in 1987 revised protocols.

4. Eutrophication and Great Lakes Toxic Chemicals Committee issues dealing with the Great Lakes Water Quality program, ecosystem health, contaminanVnutrient interactions, bioavailability and toxicity to primary producers and their productivity,

5. Early detection of the effects of toxic substances on natural phytoplankton using sensitive bioassays to monitor ecosystem health.

6. Consulting by various committees relevant to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, RAP teams and the International Joint Commission.

7. Participation in international scientific presentations, publications, and organization of relevant symposia. This will facilitate and implement Canadian Fisheries and Oceans Science objectives.

4. WORK OUTLINE: The phycological records in the Great Lakes date back to the end of the last century. However, this large data base cannot be used with current studies in the evaluation of a relationship between long-term changes in phytoplankton assemblages and water quality conditions. This is mainly attributable to the diversity of taxonomic identification and enumeration methodologies, a shortage of experienced personnel, and a lack of standardization in data processing and report procedures. To resolve these problems and maintain continuity, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans initiated extensive programs to collect phycological, ecological and toxicological data on a lake-wide basis from the North American Great Lakes. Because the data base is unique and the only one of its kind, it is being compiled into a monograph. Furthermore an attempt is being made to evaluate other microbial loop parameters to provide a better understanding of the food-web interactions. The monograph consists of various chapters on Great Lakes ecosystems dealing with the following aspects:

a) Community structure: biomass, group, species and size composition.

b) Productivity, physiological ecology and statistical evaluation.

c) Plankton Size spectra; food-web interactions.

d) Toxicity of contaminants to natural phytoplankton size assemblages: ultraplankton/picoPlankton.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Physiological ecology of Lakes Ontario and Erie An overall organization of the monograph will begin including standardization of format/style, tables, diagrams, appendices and the layout. The following activities will be undertaken on contract:

drafting and computer graphics

word processing of chapters on standard format

evaluation of microbial loop data

scientific and technical editing

organization and convening of an IAGLR symposium "Lake Ontario Ecosystem:Past, present and the future.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): Coordination, synthesis and editing of the Great Lakes Monograph were the central topics of this project. A concentrated effort was exerted during the past year. The complete action flow chart is shown in Fig. 1. that illustrates the complexity of the task. Because of the enormous amount of data available in this laboratory on both taxonomic and physiological aspects of the Great Lakes phytoplankton, the work had to be prioritized and carried out in a series of steps as follows:

1. A large number of preexisting graphs from papers published during past 20 years were traced back and their format was unified (about 120 figures). Lower Great Lakes received priority.

2. Considerable amount of data dealing with the phytoplankton ecology of Lakes Ontario and Erie which only existed in old computer printouts were entered in QUATTRO PRO (copyright Borland International 1987, 1990) spreadsheet files and thus became available for evaluation and publication in the Monograph (about 40 files).

3. The new supporting data on Lakes Ontario and Erie that have not previously been published were transferred to QUATTRO PRO format that permitted creating publishable tables and graphs (90 pie diagrams plus 25 figures,Supplement #5)

4. Bibliography was given standard format and organized in REFMENU (copyright Paul Licht 1985-1990). This database oriented program gives us a tool for storing unlimited number of references with detailed comments and for creating the final reference lists for the Monograph manuscript (2600 items).

5. Considerable amount of text on the phytoplankton of the Laurentian Great Lakes published by GLLFAS during past 20 years has been transferred to WP5.1 word processing format. This text proved to be an optimum resource for generating final version of the Monograph (50 papers). 6. New material covering ciliates and microbial loop was made available in QUATTRO PRO and its integration is planned in the Monograph text (10 figures, Supplement #7,8)

Due to shortage of funds, the work on the project had to be interrupted, although at least part of it was near to completion in publishable form. Monographic treatments represent long-term, unique, time consuming and extraordinary piece of work which demand extreme care, thoroughness and the funding. Therefore, sufficient funding is imperative and critical now for a high quality and decent completion of this huge undertaking. In the further phase of the Great Lakes Monograph development, it has been decided to prepare two volumes dealing with the Lower and Upper Great Lakes separately due to the extensive and complex nature of the data base (see activity chart).

An international symposium sponsored by IAGLR and AEHMS was organized at the IAGLR conference in Buffalo, N.Y. which lasted for the whole day. The symposium was co- convened by M. Munawar, G. Sprules, S. Brandt and D. Stewart. Based on the feed back the symposium was quite successful since it had an extensive coverage of research done on Lake Ontario during the past 25 years and future needs (4,5,6,7,8).

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Physiological ecology of Lake Superior

Focus on Volume I for which the following activities will be undertaken on contract: -drafting and computer graphics -word processing of chapters on standard format as required -scientific review -technical editing -external review

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The publication of an authentic Monograph, Volume I & II. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review. Project No.: 5203-2921-2112 Short Title: A MONOGRAPH: DYNAMICS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF GREAT LAKES PHYTOPLANKTON AND THEIR RESPONSE TO NUTRIENTS AND CONTAMINANTS

The phycological records in the Great Lakes date back to the end of the last century. However, this large data base cannot be used with current studies in the evaluation of a relationship between long-term changes in phytoplankton assemblages and water quality conditions. This is mainly attributable to the diversity of taxonomic identification and enumeration methodologies, a shortage of experienced personnel, and a lack of standardization in data processing and report procedures. To resolve these problems and maintain continuity, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans initiated extensive programs to collect phycological, ecological and toxicological data on a lake-wide basis from the North American Great Lakes. Because the data base is unique and the only one of its kind, it is being compiled into a monograph. Furthermore an attempt is being made to evaluate other microbial loop parameters to provide a better understanding of the food-web interactions. The monograph consists of various chapters on Great Lakes ecosystems dealing with the following aspects: a) Community structure: biomass, group, species and size composition. b) Productivity, physiological ecology and statistical evaluation. c) Plankton Size spectra; food-web interactions. d) Toxicity of contaminants to natural phytoplankton size assemblages: ultraplankton/picoplankton.

The coordination, synthesis and editing of the Great Lakes Monograph were the central topics of this project. A concentrated effort was exerted during the past year. Due to the complexity of the task and the enormous amount of data available in our laboratory on both taxonomic and physiological aspects of the Great Lakes phytoplankton, the work had to be prioritized and carried out in a series of steps as follows:

1. A large number of preexisting graphs from papers published during past 20 years were traced back and their format was unified (about 120 figures). Lower Great Lakes received priority.

2. Considerable amount of data dealing with the phytoplankton ecology of Lakes Ontario and Erie which only existed in old computer printouts were entered in QUATTRO PRO (copyright Borland International 1987, 1990) spreadsheet files and thus became available for evaluation and publication in the Monograph (about 40 files).

3. The new supporting data on Lakes Ontario and Erie that have not previously been published were transferred to QUATTRO PRO format that permitted creating publishable tables and graphs (90 pie diagrams plus 25 figures,Supplement #5) APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY

4. Bibliography was given standard format and organized in REFMENU (copyright Paul Ucht 1985-1990). This database oriented program gives us a tool for storing unlimited number of references with detailed comments and for creating the final reference lists for the Monograph manuscript (2600 items).

5. Considerable amount of text on the phytoplankton of the Laurentian Great Lakes published by GLLFAS during past 20 years has been transferred to WP5.1 word processing format. This text proved to be an optimum resource for generating final version of the Monograph (50 papers).

6. New material covering ciliates and microbial loop was made available in QUATTRO PRO and its integration is planned in the Monograph text (10 figures).

In the further phase of the Great Lakes Monograph development, it has been decided to prepare two volumes dealing with the Lower and Upper Great Lakes separately due to the extensive and complex nature of the data base .

An international symposium sponsored by IAGLR and AEHMS was organized at the IAGLR conference in Buffalo, N.Y. which lasted for the whole day. The symposium was co-convened by M. Munawar, G. Sprules, S. Brandt and D. Stewart. Based on the feed back the symposium was quite successful since it had an extensive coverage of research done on Lake Ontario during the past 25 years including the current research being carried out on the lake.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5203-2921-2112 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

It) Capital Purchases: 5.0 (list items and approximate cost) Laptop 386 computer b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 16.0 16.0 drafting/computer graphics-7K, technical processing-5K, technical editing-5K, scientific editing 12K, scientific (external) review 4K

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 2.0 IAGLR/S.I.L.

Total O&M 18.0 16.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

0.8 c) PY's (Project: 5203-2921-2112) 0.8 A-Base: M.M. 0.4, M.B. 0.3, K.M. 0.1, Total Others: A.E. 0.1, G.S. 0.1, M. L.0.3, S.N. 0.3

* Other: (identify aitemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

1991/92 WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: PROJECT NO.: 5203-2921-2113 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS 2921 DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): (416) 336-4867 PROJECT LEADER: M. Munawar TELEPHONE: PROJECT MEMBERS: D. Bedard (Ministry of the Environment), U. Borgmann, M. Burley, G. Dave (Univ. Uppsala, Sweden), R. Dermott, C. van de Guchte (Inst. Inland Water Management, The Netherlands), M. Legner (Univ. Toronto), D. Lynn (Univ. Guelph), C. Mayfield (Univ. Waterloo), K. Munkittrick, S. Nielsen, G. Sprules (Univ. Toronto), P. Ross (Citadel, S. Carolina), T. Weisse (Univ. Konstanz, Germany) 1993/94 START: 1990 COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

GREAT LAKES AREAS OF CONCERN BIOASSESSMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The ever increasing development and industrialization in various parts of the world is a serious threat to the conservation of pristine ecosystems. The discharges originating from municipal and industrial sources continue to contaminate our environment. Around the North American Great Lakes forty-two "Areas of Concern," which need immediate attention, have been identified and measures implemented for their decontamination (I.J.C., 1987a; 1987b). Several research initiatives have focused on the environmental assessment and habitat evaluation of the Great Lakes Areas of Concem (I.J.C., 1987a; Hartig & Thomas, 1988; Munawar & Thomas, 1989; & Munawar et al., 1989a). It is increasingly apparent that an 'ecosystem health' approach must inevitably deal with whole biological communities in the ecosystem. In other words, a multi-trophic level and multi-bioassay approach has to be adopted to attain a holistic ecosystem health assessment. Consequently, based on recommendations of various agencies such as the International Joint Commission (I.J.C., 1987a); Toronto RAP Science Subcommittee and ASTM Sediment Subcommittee, a multi- disciplinary and multi-trophic battery of tests approach has been adopted by Fisheries & Oceans Canada. 2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

a) Adoption of multi-disciplinary and multi-trophic approach for the evaluation of ecosystem health. b) Application of a standardized batten/ of tests at several trophic levels (bacteria to fish) to assess the impact of contaminants and nutrients on the biota of the Great Lakes Areas of Concem. c) Structural and functional monitoring of the current status of the ecosystem health and its recovery to sustainable state. d) Assess bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants/nutrients to biota, originating from bottom sediments, suspended particulate and effluent in the Areas of Concem. e) Evaluate the impact of contaminants on food web interactions of stressed versus unstressed ecosystems.

3. RELEVANCE:

1. To facilitate development of Remedial Action Plans and lakewide Management according to Annex 2 of the amended 1987 Protocol of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (I.J.C., 1988). 2. To facilitate implementation of Fisheries & Oceans research and monitoring responsibilities under the 1987 Protocol for Annexes 3, 10, 11, and 12. 3. Development of techniques and approaches to assist the mandate of Annex 7 and 14 dealing with dredging and contaminated sediments. 4. Contribution to CoA related projects such as MISA and polluted sediments. 5. Provide technology towards developing effective Remedial Action plans and to monitor their recovery and cleanup.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Fisheries & Oceans Canada have developed several structural and functional tests for the ecosystem health evaluation. Our laboratory has participated in a Joint project with the Ministry of the Environment (M.O.E.) during 1977 to 1989 dealing with Ashbridges Bay under the MISA program (Munawar, 1988). Prior to this we have participated in the assessment of the impact of dredging, disposal and navigational activities in the Toronto Harbour (Munawar et al., 1989b). Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (DFO) plans to conduct experiments on the lower Great Lakes Areas of Concern as shown in Fig. 1, including Ashbridges Bay. The following multi-trophic assessment is proposed for 1991/92:

Structural indicators -Microbial Food Web' consisting of bacteria, picoplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, ciliates, size spectra, and benthos.

Functional tests: -Algal Fractionation Bioassays (AFB), Hvalella azteca seven day acute bioassay, Lumbriculus varieqatus 48 hr. avoidance and 1 week acute bioassay, Microtox bioassay, Selenastrum capricomatum bioassay, Daphnia maana 48 hr. acute and 7 day chronic bioassays. - Sediment Chemistry. 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

• expansion and development of multi-trophic battery of tests; • application of structural/functional tests to selected "Areas of Concern" from Lakes Ontario and Erie or Upper Great lakes Connecting Channels depending on funding .and allocation of ship time.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

A standard worm assay protocol using Lumbriculus varieciatus has been developed and tested in various Areas of Concem. The protocol was presented in a conference and now is in press (Supplement #16). In spite of the unavailability of the technician due to the strike and fire on C.S.S. Advent major objectives of the field work were completed with the help of contract personnel and summer students. Experimental cruises for conducfing multi- trophic tests were conducted in the following Areas of Concem:

* One cruise in summer in Lake Ontario (6 Areas of Concern). * Two cruises during spring and fall in Lake Erie (8 Areas of Concern). * Two cruises in Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels consisting of St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River. (Supplement # 10,16,17,19)

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

expansion and development of multi-trophic battery of tests. application of structural/functional tests to the remaining Areas of Concem from Lake Erie and Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Development of technology for the evaluation of ecosystem health and restoration of Great Lakes Areas of Concern. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 5203-2921-2113 Short Title: GREAT LAKES AREAS OF CONCERN BIOASSESSMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH

Fisheries & Oceans Canada have developed several structural and functional tests for the ecosystem health evaluation. Our laboratory has participated in a Joint project with the Ministry of the Environment (M.O.E.) during 1977 to 1989 dealing with Ashbridges Bay under the MISA program (Munawar, 1988). Prior to this we have participated in the assessment of the impact of dredging, disposal and navigational activities in the Toronto Harbour (Munawar et al., 1989). Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (DFO) plans to conduct experiments on the lower Great Lakes Areas of Concern, including Ashbridges Bay. The following multi-trophic assessment is proposed for 1991/92:

Structural Indicators: -'Microbial Food Web' consisting of bacteria, picoplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, ciliates, size spectra, and benthos.

Functional tests: -Algal Fractionation Bioassays (AFB), Hvalella azteca seven day acute bioassay, Lumbriculus varieqatus 48 hr. avoidance and 1 week acute bioassay, Microtox bioassay, Selenastrum capricomatum bioassay, Daphnia mama 48 hr. acute and 7 day chronic bioassays.

Sediment chemistry: Organic and metal analysis was conducted.

A standard worm assay protocol using Lumbriculus varieqatus has been developed, tested in various Areas of Concern and published. In spite of the unavailability of the technician due to the strike and fire on C.S.S. Advent major objectives of the field work were completed with the help of contract personnel and summer students. Experimental cruises for conducting multi- trophic tests were conducted in the following Areas of Concem:

* One cruise in summer in Lake Ontario (6 Areas of Concern). * Two cruises during spring and fall in Lake Erie (8 Areas of Concern). * Two cruises in Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels consisting of St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River.

In the future the project will be devoted to the evaluation of the Areas of Concem in the Upper Great Lakes. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5203-2921-2113 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) Microtox analyzer and Data System 25.00 .. b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 5.0 Radioisotopes, filters, glassware, chemicals

ii) Field costs 6.0 30 days x $100/day x 2 persons

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 9.5 Personal service contract

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students 6.0 One student

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 3.0 S.I.L. Congress/AEHMS

Total O&M 14.0 15.5 APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

PY's (Project: 5203-2921-2113) 1.2 1.3 M.M. 0.4, M.B. 0.5, U.S. <0.1, K.M. 0.1, R.D. <0.1, D.B. 0.1, G.D. 0.1, D.L. 0.1, M.L. 0.3, C.M. 0.1, S.N. 0.3, G.S. 0.1, P.R. 0.1, T.W. 0.1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2114 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: R. M. Kiriluk TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4861 PROJECT MEMBERS: R.M. Kiriluk, M.J. Keir, D.M. Whittle Ongoing START: 1977 COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Biological Tissue Archive

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The Biological Tissue Archive has been an ongoing project since 1977. Samples of aquatic biota are stored for the purpose of retrospective analysis of presently undetected contaminants and contaminants that had inadequate analyses in the past. Replicate samples of those processed through the Contaminants Surveillance Laboratory are archived for future retrospective analyses. These stored samples are representative of the Great Lakes Contaminants Surveillance Program, the National Pulp Mill Dioxin Survey, and other special projects. Ongoing experimental studies are concerned with defining collection, preservation, and storage conditions required for maintaining sample integrity.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1) To maintain a Great Lakes fish tissue archive.

2) To define appropriate collection, preservation, and storage conditions required for maintaining the integrity of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues, for extended periods, in a variety of biological tissues.

3) To develop and implement a Tissue Archive Data Base.

4) To develop policy and administrative procedures for the management of both the archived samples and the corresponding data to meet both current and anticipated needs.

5) To prepare a catalogue and user guide which includes all pertinent data on archived samples. 3. RELEVANCE:

The 1987 revised GLWQA (of 1978) calls for the identification of emerging problems in the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem by determining the presence of new or undetected problems (Annex 11, Surveillance and Monitoring). Annex 12 (Persistent Toxic Substances) directs that a biological tissue bank be maintained to permit retroactive analysis of toxic substances for the establishment of an early Waming System. Annex 2 of the GLWQA (Remedial Action Plans and Lakewide Management Plans) calls for data, information and advice to be provided on toxic chemical problems within the biological community as related to the restoration of beneficial uses for designated Areas of Concem within the Great Lakes basin and in defining the impact of critical pollutants for the development of Lakewide Management Plans. Sixteen Areas of Concem are presently represented in the Tissue Archive. The Great LakeaScience Advisory Board's 1987 Report to the International Joint Commission (IJC) reccimmended that specimen banks be established for archiving fish tissue. A properly maintained tissue bank provides an early waming system capable of establishing historical trends of previously unidentified contaminants. The optimum conditions for long term storage, preservation and handling procedures must be established for various specimens. With recent trends of specimen banks being established world wide, there is an urgent need to standardize procedures related to the processing and storage of different types of samples. A commonality of data base systems should be established to facilitate information transfer. Administrative protocols must be established to define the conditions under which the samples and data may be released to other agencies and researchers. There are complementary federal sediment and wildlife specimen banks established in the Great Lakes Basin. Central and Regional U.S. specimen banks are being developed based on federal Great Lakes contaminants monitoring programs.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Contaminant residue levels are affected by factors such as field collection procedures, sample preparation, sample volumes, storage containers, storage conditions, and tissue types. The impact of these factors must be determined and controlled in order to maintain a representative tissue archive.

Studies will continue regarding various techniques required to maintain the integrity of biological samples.

Computer data base systems will continue to be updated, modified and developed as required.

Replicates of all samples routinely analyzed for pesticides and metals for the Contaminants Surveillance Program and those processed by the laboratory for special projects will be maintained in the tissue archive.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1) The radio-labelled HCB studies will be completed when time permits. 2) A final report will be prepared describing the changes in levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues, PCB and lipid in samples stored at different temperatures for four years.

3) A final report will be prepared for samples analyzed for PCB isomers.

4) All samples analyzed for the Contaminants Surveillance Program or for other programs that have samples processed through the Contaminants Surveillance Program laboratory will have replicate samples stored in the Tissue Archive.

5) Data base files will be continually updated.

6) The study dealing with the effects of multiple freezing and thawing on,sample integrity will continue.

7) The study describing changes in extractability of contaminants in samples of different sizes will continue.

8) Membership on the IJC Surveillance Subcommittee Specimen Banking Workgroup will continue.

9) Initiation of a study of co-planar PCB's using archived samples. This study will be in conjunction with M. Servos.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1) The radio-labelled HCB studies have been discontinued due to changing priorities within the laboratory. These samples will be retained for future related studies that will be initiated when time permits.

2) The last data set has been received for the study describing the changes in levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues, PCB and lipid in lake trout samples stored at different temperatures for four years. A final report will be prepared.

3) The results have been received for the seventh set of samples analyzed for PCB isomers. A final report will be prepared.

4) Replicate samples of those analyzed for or through the Contaminants Surveillance Program were stored in the archive.

5) All appropriate data was stored in data base files.

6) Continuation of the study dealing with the effects of multiple freezing and thawing on sample integrity.

7) Continuation of the study describing changes in extractability of contaminants in samples of different sizes.

8) The IJC Surveillance Subcommittee Specimen Banking Workgroup has been discontinued. 9) Assistance provided to the Green Plan funded study of co-planar PCB's using archived samples. This study, undertaken by S. Huestis as the basis of her M.Sc. thesis, is in conjunction with M. Servos.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1) Continuation of assistance provided to the study of co-planar PCB's using archived samples. This study, undertaken by S. Huestis as the basis of her M.Sc. thesis, is in conjunction with M. Servos.

2) Centralized relocation of all tissue archive samples into a centralized storage trailer. Subsequent inventory revision of all samples contained within the tissue archive.

3) A final report will be prepared describing the changes in levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues, PCB and lipid in samples stored at different temperatures for four years.

4) A final report will be prepared for samples analyzed for PCB isomers.

5) All samples analyzed for the Contaminants Surveillance Program or for other programs that have samples processed through the Contaminants Surveillance Program laboratory will have replicate samples stored in the Tissue Archive.

6) Data base files will be continually updated.

7) Samples will be submitted for the study dealing with the effects of multiple freezing and thawing on sample integrity. A report will be prepared when results have been received.

8) Samples will be submitted for the study describing changes in extractability of contaminants in samples of different sizes. A report will be prepared when results have been received.

9) Potential involvement in a Great Lakes Regional Specimen Bank Network to be coordinated between specimen banks in Canada and the United States.

10) Initiation of a Green Plan sponsored study to describe the effects of long term storage conditions on lipid levels and the changes in lipid chemistry in archive samples.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

This program will continue to study different methods of sample collection, preservation, and storage in order to maintain long term sample integrity. Results will be reported in publications and presentations.

The tissue archive data base programs will be modified when needed and will be continually updated. There will be development of a mechanism for the exchange of data and samples among other environmental agencies that maintain biological archives. The centralized relocation of all tissue archive samples and subsequent complete inventory revision will provide for a more efficient system of sample retrieval.

There will be greater involvement with otter govemment (Can. federal, provincial, U.S. Federal, state, and other foreign govemment) departments and agencies involved with specimen banking for the exchange of information. There will be involvement in a proposed Great Lakes Regional Specimen Bank with other tissue banks in Canada and the U.S.

Samples from the Contaminants Surveillance Program and from unique studies will continue to be stored for future retrospective analyses. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2114 Short Title: Biological Tissue Archive

SUMMARY:

The 1987 revised GLWQA (1978) directs that a biological tissue bank be established and maintained to permit the retroactive analysis of toxic substances. The Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences has maintained a biological tissue archive since 1977. This archive consists mainly of fish, but there are representative samples from different trophic levels.

Based on studies related to storage temperatures, -80°C is recommended for the fish tissue homogenate samples studied.

Lipoidal material is important to the chlorinated hydrocarbon residues analyzed. Lipid extraction methodology is continually upgraded to improve the efficiency of extraction. The most recent method for lipid extraction involves the use of a commercial fat extractor.

Results of Tissue Archive studies have been requested from numerous national and international groups.

Archived samples have been used for the retrospective analysis of TCDD, TCDF, DPE, PCB, PCB isomers, PCP, PAH's, toxaphene, mirex, photomirex, organotin, and various chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Tissue archive studies have resulted in changes in collection, handling procedures and storage methods for the different biota studied. Ongoing experimental studies are concemed with further defining of collection, preservation, and storage conditions required to maintain sample integrity. The tissue archive data base computer programs have greatly enhanced our ability to record, modify, and trace the history of all samples collected. These programs will be updated and modified as needed.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2114 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 10.0 (list items and approximate cost) -80 ultra-low temperature freezer 10.0K b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 0.5 carbon dioxide gas

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 14.0 sample analysis

iv) Other costs 9.3 3.1 servicing of -80 freezers computer software Tissue Archive storage trailer set-up rental fee (1 yr.) alarm system electrical system CO, back-up system

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 9.8 17.1

- 121 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

,e) PY's (Project: 2114) 0.7 RMK - 0.4, MIK - 0.2, DMW - 0.1

* Other: (identify aitemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2115 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: D.M. Whittle TELEPHONE: '' (416) 336-4565 PROJECT MEMBERS: U. Borgmann. R. Kiriluk, S. Huestis, M. Munawar, K. Munkittrick, A. Niimi, D. Sergeant, M. Servos, and P. Wong. START: 1986/87 COMPLETION: On-going

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Program Delivery

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Provides support for program travel by Ecotoxicology Division staff to attend a variety of meetings and workshops related to the subject of environmental toxicology. Provides funds for the purchase of common user materials and equipment repair for the Division.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

DFO will provide continued support to a range of scientific technical committees (International, Federal, Provincial) addressing aquatic ecosystem issues both in the Great Lakes Basin and other areas dedicated to the study of freshwater systems. DFO is also committed to the training of scientists in post graduate programs at universities and the provision of advice to the private sector in relation to issues related to the study of environmental quality.

3. RELEVANCE: Individuals from the Ecotoxicology Division are requested to represent DFO (C&A Region/GLLFAS) concerns on various International, Interdepartmental, Federal/Provincial and Departmental Committees, Workgroups and Task Forces plus act as Scientific Advisors to Universities (Graduate Student Committees) and the private sector. Participation in these activities is based on the individual's overall expertise in environmental toxicology and is not directly related to the major objectives of any single research study within the Division. 4. WORK OUTLINE:

Membership on a variety of committees whose major emphasis is on the study of environmental contaminants and their impact on freshwater ecosystems. In addition Division staff act as advisors to a wide range of clients. This advice often takes the form of membership on Graduate Student Committees, editorial positions with scientific joumals and participation on the organizing committees of conferences and annual meetings.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

.. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

This project will continue to cover the costs incurred by Ecotoxicology Division personnel for activities related to the communication of current research findings on environmental toxicology to various govemment committees, universities and private sector clients and other related users of this type of information. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2115 Short Title: Program Delivery APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2115 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWO LRTAP Toxics Other * ta) Capital Purchases: 5.2 4.2 (list items and approximate cost) Lap Top Computer AT Computer Terminal & Printer Field Balances

b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 6.0 5.0 Repair of Common User Items Purchase of Division Publications

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 8.1 10.7 Program Travel

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 14.1 15.7

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 2115) 2.0 M.W. 0.4; A.N. 0.4; K.M. 0.2; M.M. 0.2; D.S. 0.2; R.K. 0.1; U.B. 0.2; M.S. 0.2; S.H. 0.1

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources)

- 126 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2116 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: D.B. Sergeant TELEPHONE: " (416) 336- 4863/6233 PROJECT MEMBERS: S. Huestis, M. Leggett, M. Munawar, M. Whittle, K. Munkittrick, M. Servos START: 1983 COMPLETION: on-going

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Ultratrace Laboratory and Contaminants Research

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Ultratrace Laboratory and Contaminants Analytical Research

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): To provide trace and ultratrace analyses for selected persistent organic contaminants and selected metabolites in a variety of different matrices to provide data on toxic chemicals in support of research and monitoring projects on the Great Lakes, which provide essential data for consideration and decision-making by IJC Water Quality Board and Science Advisory Board subcommittees; our CODE-Freshwater Fisheries and Contaminants on both freshwater and Arctic samples; remedial action plans (RAP's); the Nafional Monitoring Program for pulp and paper mill emissions; and cooperative research projects with DOE and university researchers. Many toxic chemicals, at low concentrations, threaten the health of the ecosystem and bioaccumulate in predator species. Singly or in combination they affect the health, diversity, and ability to cope of biological communities and could exert long-term health effects on humans. Economic values of fisheries could also be affected. Contaminant effects are emphasized in the sub-section on 'Trophic Levels of Selected Organic Contaminants" which researches, refines and modifies analytical methods and sampling techniques to determine trophic levels of contaminants and probes the mechanisms of trophic transfer. To support the analytical requirements of various GLLFAS projects and the RAP process. To co-ordinate National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET) chemical analyses (not available in-house) for GLLFAS projects and to manage and control the Interdepartmental Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, which is a joint venture between GLLFAS and NLET (DOE). To provide scientific advice. To provide analyses for chlorinated dioxins and furans and expert advice on quality assurance of these very critical analyses on a national basis for the Department To bring on-line high resolution GCMS capability to address very low levels of contaminants and determination of identities of " unknowns " observed in sample extracts during various analyses.

3. RELEVANCE:

The Ultratrace Laboratory and staff are in a strong position to address and are addressing current and on-going DFO Science Sector Priorities for implementation of the Green Plan, Great Lakes Action Plan, Toxic Chemicals Action Plan, Arctic Assessment and Contaminants Research, and continued research on the effects of pulp and paper effluents on the aquatic environment. Staff can plan and conduct method development research on contaminants on relatively short notice due to state-of-the-art instrumentation and significant expertise in organic analysis. The Ultratrace Laboratory provides DEO and GLLFAS with in-house analytical capability to react to ultratrace contaminant problems and environmental emergencies on an immediate basis. A strong analytical presence is provided in support of our CODE responsibilities. This presence has been considerably strengthened by the acquisition of a fully automated high resolution GCMS/MS system, which is a state-of-the-art research instrument. Major efforts to date have focused on providing improved methods of analyses and high quality analyses of Great Lakes priority chemicals, such as, chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, chlorinated diphenyl ethers, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, toxaphene, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls as an integral participant in monitoring and research projects. These data are required to provide temporal trend information on contaminant levels in Great Lakes biota which will define the success of current regulatory actions and identify areas for future research. The past 4 years Departmental needs for biota analyses for dioxins and dibenzofurans related to pulp and paper releases of these compounds has occupied much of the effort of the unit. Quality assurance of contracted-out analyses and provision of QA advice to DFO - 1.0.S., DSS, DOE, various provincial governments and the CPPA has increased the profile of GLLFAS in these areas. In performing this work our dioxin method has been shortened and numbers of isomers analyzed expanded to include all 2,3,7,8,- substituted toxic congeners.

Annexes 11 and 12 of the 1987 Revised Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 requires identification of emerging problems for persistent toxic substances. Although many toxics have been found in fish little if any data are available for the lower trophic levels. Foodchain bioaccumulation and biomagnification therefore cannot be adequately described nor pathways determined. Research on trophic pathways has been undertaken with the emphasis placed on analytical techniques to produce maximal data from minimal amounts of samples.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

New "unknown" compounds in environmental samples will be identified by developing or adopting analytical methods, often in collaboration with non-DFO scientists, and application of GCMS techniques available in-house with confirmations, when needed, by appropriate chemical-instrumental techniques. Otter projects on effects of contaminants on fisheries and /or fish habitats will be planned and carried out in consultation with co-project leaders, scientists, and partners, some of whom will be in universities and the private sector. Routine analytical requests will be addressed by application of the laboratory's existing validated analytical methods to the various matrices submitted. A wide range of different contaminants will be analyzed.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. To provide organic analyses for the following compounds: 200 dioxins and dibenzofurans; 160 PAH's; 60 toxaphene; 400 OC/PCB/OCS/mirex/photomirex; 25 isomer specific PCB's; 20 chlorinated diphenyl ethers; and 25 chlorophenols 30 lipids; and 30 special GCMS analyses.

2. Continue to investigate trophic level pathways of selected organic contaminants by sampling at fewer sites, specifically on the St. Clair River, for seston, sediment and water ( part of 2113 ). Spatial and seasonal distribution of contaminants will be determined using method modifications , based upon FY 1990/91's work, to meet sample size and matrix problems. Sampling protocols will be revised based upon results to date to reflect difficulties expected in this Area of Concern.

3. Participate as co-project leader ( D. Sergeant ) or project team members ( all Ultratrace Lab. Staff ) in several other GLLFAS projects: - No.2113 Bioassessment Technology for Areas of Concern; 2105 Environmental Pathways and Effects of Organic Contaminants; and No.2106 Temporal Trends of Congener Specific Profiles of PCB's in Great Lakes Fish.

4. Continue to assist DFO's Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., with development and implementation of their dioxin and dibenzofuran analytical laboratory through provision of advice, analyses on method development samples, and training of their staff in the Ultratrace Laboratory's method.

5. Continue to refine the capability of the new high resolution GCMS system by assessing its stability on over-night analytical runs; receive further training in the use and maintenance of the system; and resolve any problems during the initial trial period. Instrument will only be accepted once all of our specifications have been met. This is expected to require significant time form the senior chemists in the laboratory.

6. Initiate development and implementation of methodologies for chlorophenols, chloroguiacols and resin acids in biological tissues in support of project on impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents on biota. 0.1 PY MW,0.1 PY DBS, 0.4 PY CH-2.

7. Provide non-routine low and high resolution GCMS screening and confirmation using different ionization techniques for both Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences programs in Central and Arctic Region and for one joint research project with Dr. C. Metcalfe and G. Balch of Trent University.

8. To continue the recent initiative on development of CRM fish oils and tissue homogenates for dioxin/furan and co-planar PCB's by formalizing the DFO-DOE- provinces-private sector committee participants; obtaining external funding to carry out this research and development; and generate and begin to characterize the first sets of materials. This is a DFO initiated and led project. 9. Participate in IJC and other collaborative studies on Great Lakes priority chemicals.

10. Participate as member ( D. Sergeant ) of DOE Dioxin Quality Assurance and Analytical Committee ( DQAAC). This Committee replaces the DQAC and provides advice to DOE on dioxin/furan quality assurance issues and on the methodologies for the analysis of these compounds in all matrices.

11. Provide emergency priority analyses as requested.

12. Support S. Huestis Master's program in Chemistry.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Samples analyzed and completed to date include 187 dioxins and dibenzofurans; 220 OC's, PCB's, octachlorostyrene, and mirex/photomirex; 56 toxaphene; 76 PAH's; 47 chlorinated diphenyl ethers; and xx lipids. Isomer specific PCB's are provided on request. Quality assurance analyses are included in these numbers and are not broken out.

2. The major focus of this project, which was funded under GLAP, was research into sediment sampling devices at Niagara-on-the-Lake sampling site; developing data on methods of sample homogenization and storage/preservation, which also involved a time-series of analyses to answer these questions; and extraction of several large water samples using Goulden Sampler with the objective of correlating water organic levels with those observed for the corresponding sediment samples. A number of samples were taken late in the field year, processed, and analyzed for routine OC's, PCB's, Mirex/photomirex, OCS, and PAH's. Information gathered will be applied to FY1992/93 project at the same site with trophic transfer being rolled into the plan to complete the seston part of the contaminant distribution research.

3. Participated in all projects by provision of advice, attendance at planning meetings, and analyses for 2113 (Bioassessment Technology for Areas of Concem) and 2105 (Environmental Pathways and Effects of Organic Contaminants) with 2106 (Temporal Trends of Congener Specific Profiles of PCB's in Great Lakes Fish) preparing to start.

4. Continued to assist DFO's Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C. by provision of advice on dioxin and furan methods and analytical standards for use in processing samples; equipment needs; taking a job poster for their CH-03 position to 39th ASMS conference and answering questions of interested potential applicants; and addressing their future needs for QA/QC materials by involving them in the reference material (CRM) development project.

5. Installation of the instrument was delayed when the anticipated space at CCIW did not become available until October 1992. A sharing arrangement was negotiated by DBS and DMW with DOE's National Laboratory for Environmental Testing and DFO's Ultratrace Laboratory. the instrument installation began in DOE space in October 1991, but software, hardware, and other technical problems have made achieving our dioxin/furan impossible to present. DOE upgraded the original instrument to its present MS/MS capable configuration as part of the arrangement. SH and DBS have received some on-site training during the installation phase and can presently acquire data from the system. DBS will be the system manager in charge of time scheduling, maintenance, and that portion of the DFO/DOE shared facility.

6. No samples were submitted as these compounds became a less important part of the biological effects of pulp mills issue.

7. A number of samples ( approx. 8) have been analyzed for the joint Trent University project with data being provided back to Balch/Metcalfe. Advice on possible other families of compounds was passed by DBS based upon chemical knowledge and information gathered at ASMS conference. Some 80 samples were analyzed in full- scan mode and searched against the HP-GC-MSD GCMS's compound library for DOE's Rivers Research Branch and the data supplied to them for use in their research.

8. The negotiating process continued until recently when a much-reduced package of money was accumulated. Extensive efforts were invested in driving forward this initiative, but redesign and scaling down became necessary due to lack of funds. The year-end budget freeze on spending temporarily stopped the RFP process for justification of expenditure however, the 3 CRM's were prepared and shipped to us by the end of the fiscal year. The project remains under DFO leadership (DBS) and the partnership is in place with plans to develop and divide the 3 CRM's based on a formula of contribution to the budget and availability of materials after international round-robin "targets" determination and extensive replicate analyses take place. Intensive replicate analyses are required to take them from reference material status to true CRM status.

9. Participation in 3 collaborative studies has occurred to date : NWRI's National Dioxin Interlaboratory QC Study No.4. The Analysis of Dioxins and Furans in Sediment ; CAPCO Fish Check Sample Program Round : CA-02 ; and NWRI's Federal/Provincial Organic Interlaboratory QC Study No.4. The Analysis of PAH's in Ampules.

10. Main involvement of DBS was in reviewing drafts of a proposed protocol for analysis of dioxins/furans in environmental samples. DQAAC has yet to finalize the document and the committee has not met to date.

11. No requests for emergency analyses have been received.

12. SH has begun course work towards her Master's in Chemistry and written the outline of proposed research that will be conducted in the course of writing thesis. Analytical method development has started.

Unforecast Activities

13. Method development to research whether benzene could be replaced by toluene in current OC/PCB/CDPE/PAH method without compromising data quality had to be initiated pursuant to health & safety concerns by a staff member. 14. Research into advisability of using a large scale DOW cleanup as a replacement for GPC cleanup in dioxin methods was conducted and samples are awaiting analysis by GCMS.

15. Several laboratory modifications were made to correct health & safety concems/problems.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. To provide organic analyses for the following compounds: 300 dioxins and dibenzofurans; 160 PAH's; 60 toxaphene; 400 OC/PCB/OCS/mirex/photomirex; 150 isomer specific PCB's; 50 chlorinated diphenyl ethers; and 30 lipids; and 30 special GCMS analyses.

2. Continue to investigate trophic level pathways of selected organic contaminants by sampling at Niagara-on-the-lake for seston, sediment and water as part of 2113 and 2119. Sampling will be piggy-backed on cruises scheduled for these projects and other sites visited if resources permit. This will be correlated with this FY's work at this site and expand upon the data based established this year.

3. Participate as co-project leader ( D. Sergeant ) or project team members ( all Ultratrace Lab. Staff ) in several other GLLFAS projects: - No.2113 Bioassessment Technology for Areas of Concern; 2019 Bioassessment Technology: An Integrated and Multi-trophic Battery of Tests Strategy, 2105 Environmental Pathways and Effects of Organic Contaminants; and No.2106 Temporal Trends of Congener Specific Profiles of PCB's in Great Lakes Fish.

4. Continue to assist DFO's Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., with development and implementation of their dioxin and dibenzofuran analytical laboratory through provision of advice, analyses on method development samples, intercalibration of standards, and training of their staff in the Ultratrace Laboratory's method. The later would involve their staff travelling to Burlington and working in the Ultratrace Laboratory for 2-3 months.

5. Continue to refine the capability of the new high resolution GCMS system by assessing its stability on over-night analytical runs; determining the tuning stability and frequency of recalibration required during analysis of large batches of samples; training in the use and maintenance of the system. Instrument has been accepted as all of our specifications were met. Management and operation of the instrument package is expected to require significant time from the senior chemists (DBS,SH) in the laboratory. Apply the resolving power of the instrument to identifying "unknowns" in environmental samples as part of collaborative research projects such as 2105 Environmental Pathways(Servos).

6. Manage and supervise the operation of the DFO/GLLFAS and DOE/NLET high resolution GCMS/MS laboratory with its AutoSpec-Q mass spectrometer system to meet the analytical, research, and method development needs of both departments. Instrument and maintenance time will be scheduled to meet operational priorities and conflicts resolved (DBS 0.1PY) 7. Continue to co-ordinate(DBS) inorganic analyses for GLLFAS and NLET. GLLFAS samples are submitted on a by project basis to NLET for a variety of nutrient, major ion, and trace metal analyses and must be controlled to ensure GLLFAS's allotment is not exceeded over the course of the fiscal year.

8. Provide non-routine low and high resolution GCMS screening and confirmation using different ionization techniques for both Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences programs in Central and Arctic Region and for the continuing joint research project with Dr. C. Metcalfe and G. Balch of Trent University.

9. To continue the initiafive on development of 3 CRM fish tissue homogenates for dioxin/furan and co-planar PCB's by co-ordinating the analytical round-robin sample exchange and data evaluation with the partners in this project. The 3-reference materials (approx. 6000 x 10g of each) are prepared by the end of Marcti 1992. This is a DFO initiated and led project and publication of results will be a priority as the research into making these materials will guide other organizations who wish to do similar CRM's in future.

10. Publication of a Fisheries and Oceans technical report on the 1990/1991 trophic transfer research on the St. Lawrence River. The research data showed some interesting contaminant trends.

11. Conduct research into utilization of high resolution GCMS or GCMS/MS for identification of contaminants responsible for MFO induction in fish near pulp and paper mills. This will be conducted in collaboration with M. Servos in project 2105. The background and objectives of this work are:

During the fall of 1991, white suckers were collected at 10 pulp and paper mills representing different processes and effluent treatment. Each individual fish has been examined for several physiological and biochemical parameters. A selection of these unique samples will be analyzed for dioxins/furans to evaluate the relationship between body burdens of these contaminants and biological responses in the fish.

To date the chemical(s) responsible for biological responses, such as MFO induction, detected near pulp and paper mills has not been identified. If the chemical(s) could be identified or the chemical and physical properties defined a mechanism for eliminating or reducing them from the final effluent could be developed. We will attempt, using high resolution mass spectrometry to identify some of the important contaminants detected in fish tissues collected from a number of pulp mills under different environmental or experimental conditions.

12. Participate in IJC and other collaborative studies on Great Lakes priority chemicals.

13. Participate as member ( D. Sergeant ) of DOE Dioxin Quality Assurance and Analytical Committee ( DQAAC). This Committee replaces the DQAC and provides advice to DOE on dioxin/furan quality assurance issues and on the methodologies for the analysis of these compounds in all matrices.

14. Provide emergency priority analyses as requested. 15. Continue to support S. Huestis Master's program in Chemistry.

16. Assess the purity and precise concentration of dioxin, furan, and PCB solutions used in project No. 2117 Toxic Equivalent Factors for Dioxins in Fish.

17. Advise and assist project 5237-2990-9013 on Green Plan project which has the objective of correlation of fish egg contaminant levels to biological responses. Advise on chemicals to be analyzed; conduct QA/QC of contracted out analyses; and verify some of the analyses purchased from contract laboratories.

18. Replace obsolete GC data system on Varian gas chromatographs. Present data system results in too much time spent by the chemist running it to interpret the data, enter the raw calculated data into another PC and generate a final report using RS/1. This is highly inefficient and can be eliminated by any current data system, which will allow complex calculations and custom report formats. Time saved will be applied to research.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Shortterm:

1. To publish research data and outstanding method development work that have accumulated over past year.

2. To complete the dioxin/furan/co-planar PCB certified reference material (CRM) project and publish the results after their presentation at an appropriate scientific conference.

3. To bring the high resolution GCMS/MS into routine use for dioxin and furan analyses; establish ground rules for sharing the instrument between DFO/GLLFAS and DOE/NWQL; negotiate a cost-sharing arrangement for future maintenance of the AutoSpec-Q system; ensure all operators are adequately trained in operation and maintenance; and plan application of this powerful instrument to analytical problems on toxic contaminants.

4. To expand upon the co-operative agreement with NWQL by negotiating other co- operative ventures in areas of sample analyses, equipment use/purchase, and development of personnel of both organizations.

Longterm:

1. Continue to provide organic contaminant analyses on environmental and laboratory exposure samples.

2. Continue to investigate and implement ways to increase productivity for various analyses. 3. Continue to develop increased capability for Ultratrace Laboratory which will evolve more quickly with the addition of the high resolution GCMS system with its state-of- the-art autosampler. This will result in increased productivity.

4. Develop, plan and carry out research projects to identify, quantitate and confirm new or emerging organic contaminants in biota, sediments and water, etc. Publish findings and continue to advise clients of availability of such analyses. Continue to provide advice and input to clients projects, discuss possible approaches to research and co- author research papers.

5. Continue to co-ordinate GLLFAS sample submissions to National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (DOE), while simultaneously exploring new ways of increasing the number and quality of inorganic analyses available to GLLFAS to satisfy the ever- increasing demands for these determinations.

6. PAH metabolite method development will be required at some point. This relates to tumors in fish and thus to the RAP process for areas of concern in the Great Lakes. Since each PAH has many metabolites their identities, concentrations and importance in tumor induction are presently unknown. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2116 Short 'Title: Ultratrace Laboratory and Contaminants Research

'The Ultratrace Laboratory is an organic analytical laboratony. It is equipped with gas and liquid chromatographs and 3 GCMS systems of different capabilities. Two of the systems are quadrupole technology with the Finnigan 4500 being more sensitive than the Hewlett-Packard GC-MSD (mass selective detector), however the Finnigan is a manual system and the HP is an autosampler-based system. This means the HP can process samples over-night etc. while the Finnigan is limited to daytime use. The 3rd system is a state-of-the-art research instruMent capable of running up to 200 samples unattended. It is a true high resolution GCMS system and has MS/MS capability.

The Ultratrace Laboratory and its staff conduct method development work and analyses in support of regional and departmental science priorities. Much of the effort since the laboratory was established in 1983 has been in the area of dioxin/furan analysis and the quality assurance of contract laboratory dioxin/furan data. The usual range and some other exotic organic analyses are performed annually as part of research and monitoring of contaminants in the Great Lakes Basin and in support of our CODE responsibilities for Fisheries Contaminants and Toxicology. Expert advice is provided to the department on analytical problems and emergency to crises is provided. Assistance is also provided on a cost-recovery basis to other federal departments who have need for high quality analyses at less than contract laboratory prices. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2116

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 3.9 (list items and approximate cost) 1. Computer 486/33 for use as GC data system. Chromatographic data system and Varian Star software (purchased FY 91/92)

b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 36.5 26.0 1. Emergency repairs to Finnigan GCMS and other scientific instruments 10.0K 2. Spare parts and specialized tools for high resolution GCMS system 5. OK 3. NWRI waste disposal chargebacks 8.0K 4. NWRI solvent chargebacks 20.0K 5. NWRI gases and demurrage chargebacks 5.0K 6. Reagents and non-NWRI solvents 18.0K 7. Glassware, general lab. supplies, consumables and GC columns 10.0K 8. NWRI drafting support 2.0K 9. Machine shop support 2.0K

ii) Field costs 1.0 1.0 10 days at $100.00 per (GLAP 2019 experiments)

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 2.0 4.0 1. Service contract DEC Data System(2.0) 2. Service contract Varian GC's(4.0) 3. Service contract Hewlett Packard GC-MSD- Chem Station(8.0)

iv) Other costs 3.5 3.5 1. VG AutoSpec training DBS 2. VG AutoSpec training SH 3. Master's courses SH 4. GC training ML

- 137 -

APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

v) Summer students 8.0 14.0 3 Students at 9.0K each 27.0K

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.0 0.5 1. IAGLR 1992 Conference (3 attendees at $350 each) 2. 1992 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry(0.0K Trent U.)

Total O&M 52.0 49.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2116) 2.3 D.B. Sergeant(DBS) 0.5 S. Huestis(SH) 0.8 M. Leggett 1.0

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources)

- 138 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2117 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: Joanne Parrott TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4507 PROJECT MEMBERS: Peter V. Hodson (IML), D. George Dixon (Univ Waterloo), Mark R. Servos (GLLFAS), Kelly Munkittrick (GLLFAS) START: April, 1990 COMPLETION: June, 1992

SHORT PROJECT 'TITLE

Toxic Equivalent Factors for Dioxins in Fish

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The mixed function oxygenase (MFO) enzyme inducing capacity of several dioxin, furan, and PCB congeners will be investigated in rainbow trout. Sublethal and lethal effects of the dioxins will be tested on rainbow trout eggs and fry. Toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) for enzyme induction and egg/fry effects will be determined.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

The aim of this project is to develop TEFs for dioxins, furans and PCBs in fish, and specifically, 1. To examine the enzyme-inducing ability of various orally-dosed polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins), dibenzofurans (furans) and polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) in rainbow trout.

2. To determine relationships between dioxin body burden, tissue distribution and enzyme induction.

3. To examine toxic effects of these same dioxins in water-exposed rainbow trout eggs and fry.

4. To relate toxicity in eggs/fry to dioxin burden.

5. To compare the toxicity of dioxins (in eggs and fry) with their enzyme-inducing abilities. 3. RELEVANCE:

The study of dioxins over the past decades has concentrated on human health effects. There are 75 dioxin, 135 furan, and 209 PCB congeners that differ in potency ten-thousand fold. To interpret the significance of various dioxins, furans, and PCBs, mammalian toxicologists use toxic equivalent factors (TEFs). This system relates each congeners toxic potency to that of the most toxic dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Dioxins, furans and PCBs have been detected in many environmental samples, including fish. Using mammalian TEFs, risks to human health from consumption of contaminated fish have been estimated. However, this approach offers no protection to fish. Since many species of fish are very sensitive to the toxic effects of these compounds, it is necessary to develop dioxin, furan and PCB-TEFs for fish. After a single toxic dose of dioxins, or other similar chlorinated compounds-,•death is delayed, often by months. In mammals, symptoms of dioxin toxicity (death, weight loss, thymic atrophy) are correlated with increases in certain liver enzymes. Thus, enzyme induction by dioxins, a faster and often more quantifiable response, is a surrogate for lengthy lethal tests. These endpoints are environmentally significant as enzyme induction is often seen in wild fish exposed to chlorinated contaminants. Establishing a link between enzyme induction and toxicity is vital. The sublethal/lethal effects of dioxins on rainbow trout eggs will be examined (% hatch, % swim-up, 'Yo edematous fry etc.). These toxic endpoints may be relevant to fish reproduction problems in the Great Lakes (blue-sac disease, lack of hatching success). Dioxins, furans and PCBs are widespread environmental contaminants. It is important that we understand their toxicity so that we may interpret the levels of these chemicals found in view of fish health, and not solely from the point of human health.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Work will continue on the following experiments, already in progress: Rainbow trout will be given furans or PCB capsules by oral intubation. After 8 days, fish will be sacrificed and liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) enzyme activities determined. Rainbow trout eggs will be exposed to dioxins in water (48 h), then removed to clean water and observed until swim-up (8 weeks). Radiolabelled dioxin (tetra, hexa and hepta) burden will be determined in eggs/fry. Any additional experiments will be conducted to wrap-up the study. Clean-up of experimental area and disposal of waste will complete the work.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Finish oral dosing/EROD experiments. Continue tissue analysis for dioxin burden in orally- dosed fish. Design and build dioxin exposure/grow-out system for rainbow trout egg study. Dose eggs/ripe females with dioxin and monitor egg/fry growth for 8 weeks.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Trout were dosed with dioxins and liver EROD activity measured. Various tissues were sampled for future determination of dioxin burdens. Five dioxins were tested: 2,3,7,8-tetra, 1,2,3,7,8-penta, 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa, 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexa, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 2. System for dosing rainbow trout eggs was developed and a grow out tanks for the eggs and fry were designed and built.

3. Rainbow trout eggs were exposed to dioxins in water, then observed until swim up. This phase of the experiments is ongoing.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Expand oral dosing/EROD experiments to include furans and PCBs. Continue dosing and growth experiments on rainbow trout eggs/fry. Analyze tissues for dioxin burden in egg/fry study. Dispose of waste, analyze results, and finish study.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Development of TEFs for dioxins, furans and PCBs in fish. This will allow amounts of the various dioxins found in fish tissue to be interpreted in view of fish health. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2117 Short Title: Toxic Equivalent Factors for Dioxins in Fish

The ecological relevance of dioxin contamination in fish is poorly understood, since there are few data relating tissue burdens to toxicity to fish. In contrast, dioxin toxicity to mammals is sufficiently understood that the sale of fish containing more than 20 ng/kg of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is prohibited. There are 75 chlorinated dioxins that vary in chemical properties and toxicities. The potencies of dioxin congeners and related compounds (PCDFs and PCBs) can be calculated by Toxic Equivalent Factors (TEFs). The TEF for each compound is estimated from its toxic potency relative to that of TCDD, the most toxic congener. TEFs were originally developed to estimate the risks to human health from consuming dioxin congeners, using mammalian models.

While mammalian-based TEFs enable risk estimates for the protection of human health, can they estimate risks to aquatic organisms?

The relative potencies of five dioxin congeners for liver mixed function oxygenase enzyme induction in rainbow trout were measured. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) dosed orally with five dioxin congeners, 3H 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (0.06-2 gg/kg), 1,2,3,7,8- pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PnCDD, 0.03-10 gg/kg), 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 0.3-8 gg/kg), 14C 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD, 0.1-10 gg/kg), or 14C 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD, 0.3-80 gg/kg), showed dose- dependent increases (up to 300 fold) in liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) enzyme activity. Liver EROD activity showed good correlation with oral dose, but the relationship was improved by using the amount of dioxin in the liver microsomes. This was predicted, as the liver is one of the "target" sites of dioxin toxicity. Less than 2%, 6% and 5% of the administered dose was found in the liver, for tetra, hexa and hepta congeners respectively. Approximately 25-50% of TCDD, 10-60% of the HxCDD and 30-60% of the HpCDD in the liver was associated with the post-mitochondrial supematant. Threshold liver concentrations of TCDD, HxCDD, and HpCDD that were sufficient to cause enzyme elevation significantly above control fish were 18, 60 and 610 pg/g.

Comparisons of the amounts required to elicit induction showed PnCDD to be almost as potent as TCDD (TEF = 0.8). Both HxCDDs had TEFs of 0.3, and 1-IpCDD 0.03. All dioxins tested were at least as toxic as predicted by conventional TEFs developed using mammalian species. This implies that regulating the levels of dioxins found in fish tissue with respect to human health may not be adequate for the protection of fish stocks.

These data suggest that fish TEFs would be most suitable for judging risks to fish and that more congeners should be tested for EROD induction. However, before fish TEFs can be fully accepted, the correlation of potency for fish liver MFO induction and potency for chronic toxicity must be established. The next phase of the research will address the question of whether APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY mixed function oxygenase induction parallels sublethal and lethal toxicity in fish exposed to dioxins. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2117

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) •,{ b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 8.0

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 8.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2117) J.L.P. (1.0), P.V.H., D.G.D., M.R.S. and K.M. all <0.1,

* Other: (identify altemate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.2 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 5203-2921-2118 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Ecotoxicology COLLATOR(S): 2921 PROJECT LEADER: M. Munawar TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4867 PROJECT MEMBERS: S. Brandt (Chesapeake Biological Station); U. Borgmann, M. Burley, R. Dermott, O. Johannsson, M. Jones (Ministry of Natural Resources), M. Legner (University of Toronto); G. Leppard (NWRI), D. Lynn (University of Guelph), C. Mayfield (University of Waterloo), S. Millard, S. Nielsen, P. Ross (Citadel, S. Carolina), D. Stewart (SUNY, Syracuse); G. Sprules (University of Toronto); T. Weisse (University of Konstanz, Germany), C.T. Taggart (Dalhousie University) START: 1990 COMPLETION: 1993/94

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

LAKES ONTARIO AND ERIE TROPHIC TRANSFER DYNAMICS

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Lakes Ontario and Erie Trophic Transfer Dynamics (LOTT & LETT)

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): To detect community change in large ecosystems and develop appropriate management responses under the Water Quality Agreement, frequent monitoring of complete food webs is required. Traditional sampling approaches are too cumbersome to achieve the required temporal and spatial resolution of data. We will employ automated optical and acoustic devices in Lakes Erie and Ontario in a program to frequently collect lakewide biomass, size, and taxonomic data on complete food webs from picoplankton to top fish predators. Such data constitute an expanding record of historical and contemporary variation in food webs that can serve as a sensitive basis for monitoring effects of species invasions, contaminant loadings, and piscivore stocking, and the effectiveness of management responses. Bioenergetic and particle-size analyses of the food web data provide parallel information on production that can be used to gauge impacts of such perturbations as the zebra mussel, nutrient abatement and hatchery stocking on potential production of commercially important piscivore species. This is a major, multi-disciplinary and international project in which approximately 20 personnel are participating from Canada, U.S.A., and West Germany. The project is lead by GLLFAS/DFO in which its eight members are participating. The objectives given below are multi-disciplinary and extensive, dealing with the food web dynamics of Lake Ontario, being attempted on such a large scale for the first time:

1. To obtain the information necessary for the assessment of the biomass density, spatial distribution, and production dynamics of pelagic plankton, and fish in Lake Ontario

2. To determine if fish biomass and production is, in fact, close to that predicted from biomass and production at lower trophic levels and estimates of particle-size conversion efficiency

3. To determine if energy transfer efficiency, and hence potential fish production, is different for different food chains (phytoplankton - microzooplankton - alewife in Lake Ontario versus phytoplankton - larger zooplankton - native planktivores in Lake Michigan)

4. To estimate biomass concentration of all sized organisms of the food web namely bacteria, picoplankton, ultraplankton, ciliates, heterotrophic nannoflagellates, micro/netplankton, zooplankton, and fish

5. To measure whole-lake primary production

6. To apply new epifluorescence, optical and acoustic techniques and bioenergetic models to the study of whole food dynamics of large ecosystems

3. RELEVANCE: The fisheries of Lake Ontario has changed immensely since the mid 1970's with the heavy stocking of salmonoids at a rate which is still uncertain if the lower trophic levels in the lake can support. The project deals with the particle size theory, a relatively new and powerful organizing principle in aquatic ecology. The theory contends that much can be known about the production, dynamics and structure of aquatic communities from data on the concentration of living biomass across a logarithmic series of organism size. This model has excited widespread interest amongst leading aquatic ecologists. The project, therefore, plans to simultaneously estimate the biomass of all pelagic organisms from bacteria to fish at a variety of sites covering all of Lake Ontario. To achieve this, the state-of-the-art computer-based and acoustic equipment is needed.

This is a major DFO and intemational initiative proposed to characterize the Lake Ontario ecosystem at different trophic levels. The project is relevant to several annexes of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, revised protocol (1987) such as Annexes 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, and 17. The results will:

a) provide important baseline information about the status of Lake Ontario b) provide a basis of computing estimates of growth and production of all component organisms c) permit a rigorous test of particle size theory d) contribute directly to the management of fish stocks in Lake Ontario

4. WORK OUTLINE:

HYPOTHESIS: Has the fisheries of Lake Ontario changed due to the heavy stocking of salmonoids which in turn has modified the structure of lower trophic levels?

Since the International Field Year for Great Lakes (IFYGL), this project is a major, multidisciplinary and international initiative to characterize the Lake Ontario ecosystem by examining its biological structure at different trophic levels. Such a comprehensive attempt is being made for the first time.A food web energy flow model will be made.to attempt a balanced carbon budget taking in to consideration biological components from bacteria to fish.The results will:

1. Provide data on the status of Lake Ontario biota. 2. Provide a basis of computing estimates of growth and production of organisms belonging to all trophic levels. 3. Permit rigorous test of particle size theory. 4. Provide data to relate trophodynamics of Lake ontario to contaminants including organic chemicals that are not routinely monitored and which do not bioaccumulate appreciably. 5. Develop " chemical markers " to clarify the trophodynamic pathways. 6. Facilitate the management of fish stocks in lake ontario.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The project was not active during the past year due to the unavailability of C.S.S. Umnos. However, due to concerted efforts of the Director one cruise was assigned at the end of October.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): One cruise was conducted during October-November on Lake Ontario. Most of the scheduled samples have been collected, although the cruise was affected significantly by the inclement weather.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: It is proposed to complete the work on Lake Ontario (LOTT) during the spring. The program may be extended to Lake Erie (LETT) subject to the availability of external funding. The following cruises are proposed: 1) Spring cruise on Lake Ontario, May 18-29. 2) Summer cruise on Lake Erie for 12 days in July. 3) Fall cruise on Lake Erie for 12 days between Oct. 1 and Oct. 23. 8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

see Work Outline. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 5203-2921-2118 Short 'Title: LAKES ONTARIO AND ERIE TROPHIC TRANSFER DYNAMICS

Phytoplankton, ciliates, autotrophic picoplankton (APP), bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) in were assessed in Lake Ontario during spring, summer, and fall of 1990 and fall of 1991. Phytoplankton biomass, its species and size composition was analyzed in Lugol- preserved samples using the inverted microscope technique at approximately 30 stations distributed across the lake. The size analysis of phytoplankton was made by a computer program based on the dimensions measured microscopically. The remaining parameters were estimated at several stations distributed across the lake by the epifiuorescence microscopy, settling chamber technique and the Quantitative Protargol Staining method. In addifion, size fractionated primary production was estimated by the Carbon-14 technique.

During the summer 1990, the phytoplankton biomass was higher nearshore in the Toronto transect (#1) compared to the midlake transect (#3). The taxonomic composition of phytoplankton biomass was variable at both transects without prevalence of any specific taxonomic group . In terms of size structure, the phytoplankton biomass was dominated by nanoplankton (2-20 gm) along both the Toronto and the midlake transect. The size fractionated carbon fixation results revealed, however, a high production of not only nanoplankton but also autotrophic picoplankton (<2 gm). Furthermore, an overwhelming increase of autotrophic picoplankton production was observed during 1991 compared to 1990 . These results suggest changes in the size structure of the microbial community which might have significant implications for the other components of the Lake Ontario food web.

Despite certain variability, the biomass of ciliates in the summer 1990 displays considerably higher values nearshore. In both transects, along with elevated biomasses in nearshore regions, there is a tendency for increase in fine filtrators and macropredators . This is consistent with the notion that ciliate biomass mostly increases with increased organic pollution due to higher numbers or growth rates of bacteria and flagellates.

Our preliminary results on APP, bacteria and HNF show substantial differences between offshore an nearshore stations for APP, but only moderate differences for bacteria and HNF. It is in a good agreement with earlier results for L. Ontario.

This is the first time such a comprehensive study has been attempted encompassing all important components of the microbial food web in Lake Ontario. The results clearly indicate the need for simultaneous research on all main trophic levels of food chains in order to understand the complex trophic interactions in the lake ecosystem. Based on our data on lower trophic levels, we suggest that the lake ecosystem of Lake Ontario is in a state of structural change, which eventually may affect its entire food web dynamics.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5203-2921-2118

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

.1 b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 5.0 Filters, radioisotopes

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 5.0 bacteria, picoplankton, ciliates, size spectra

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 5.0 5.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 5203-2921-2118) 0.6 1.5 m.m. 0.1, M.B. 0.1, U.B. 0.1, R.D. 0.1, 0.J. 0.1, S.M. 0.1, S.B. 0.1, M.J. 0.1, M.L. 0.3, D.L. 0.1, C.M. 0.1, S.N. 0.3, P.R.0.1, D.S. 0.1, G.S. 0.1, C.T. 0.1, T.W. 0.1

* Other: (identify altemate sources for resources)

- 150 - FISH HABITAT STUDIES DIVISION FISH HABITAT STUDIES

OVERALL OBJECTIVES

Fish Habitat Studies conducts field and laboratory research in support of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the Canada/Ontario Agreement, DFO's LRTAP program, the Fish Habitat Policy, the Great Lakes Convention Act, and the Fish Health Protection Regulations.

Activities focus on long term physical, chemical and biological processes affecting aquatic production in the Great Lakes. Weekly cruises are conducted at two stations in Lake Ontario from April until November to assess primary, secondary and benthic production and to understand the relationships between nutrient control and open lake productivity. There are now 11 years of comprehensive trophic dynamics studies in the open lake. These data have been augmented for the past three years by intensive spatial sampling in the spring and fall to provide linkages between open lake and nearshore processes. In addition, long-term research at selected sites such as the Bay of Quinte provide excellent case studies of aquatic responses to nutrient control in the near shore. GLLFAS, in cooperation with the Provincial fisheries and environment agencies, has 21 years of detailed process data for the Bay of Quinte. Research activities include the effects of phosphorus control on phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrobenthos production, sediment P retention and recycling, light extinction, ecological impacts of zebra mussels on the aquatic community, aquatic macrophyte production and fish community responses to improved water quality.

The division, in cooperation with IJC, DOE, OMNR, and OME, is participating in the development of Remedial Action Plans for Areas of Concern. This is a three part process requiring problem definition, identification of suitable remedial actions, and implementation of remedial measures. Research supporting the first two activities has been undertaken in the Bay of Quinte, Hamilton Harbour, Severn Sound and Thunder Bay. The Stage 2 Report is complete for Hamilton Harbour and the Bay of Quinte. Draft Stage 2 Reports are at the review stage for the other sites.

Implementation of remedial actions to restore fish and wildlife populations is proceeding at Thunder Bay and Hamilton Harbour. The Thunder Bay RAP was the first site in Ontario to receive funding from the Great Lakes Action Plan Cleanup Fund and habitat rehabilitation began earnestly in 1991. Walleye spawning shoals created in the Nipigon and Current Rivers in 1991 were successfully used by walleye in the spring of 1992. Other mitigation projects at Thunder Bay include the creation of littoral habitats in the Neebing McIntyre Floodway, restructuring of the channelized Kam River, and the creation of wetlands and offshore habitats for young salmonids. Habitat plans are almost complete for the Hamilton Harbour fish and wildlife restoration project which includes the -creation of littoral shoreline in the harbour, rehabilitation of the 250 ha wetland in Cootes Paradise, creation of a pike spawning marsh and a carp barrier between the harbour and the marsh.

The LRTAP program addresses national priorities for research and biomonitoring. Several cooperative research projects are continuing with DOE and Forestry at the Turkey Lakes in Algoma to determine the impact of changing sulphate deposition on the biological community; the effects of acid rain on brownwater lakes, the adverse effects on acid rain on lake biomass and productivity, and the long term responses of the NIS lakes to reduced sulphate loadings. The NIS data has been maintained since the late 1970s and is one of the oldest continuing databases in Ontario.

GLLFAS maintains national biomonitoring sites at the Parry Sound and Algoma lakes. Risk Assessment models are being refined to determine the effects of various loading scenarios on the fisheries of Eastern Canada.

The LRTAP models have provided a good framework for modelling the effects of climate change on inland fisheries resources. Fish distribution and production data from the Provincial database will be used in conjunction with AES climate models to predict the effect of climate change on the distribution and production of important commercial and sport fish species. Impacts on the fishery using the AES climate model predicts increases in the number of species and invasions of exotic species such as carp and white perch.

Research in support of the Fish Habitat Policy is attempting to describe the productive capacity of littoral habitats at Quinte, Severn Sound and Hamilton Harbour. The project is a cooperative study with Ontario and DFO Operations. Results to date have been used to establish fisheries targets at RAP sites and to provide the RAP teams with littoral fisheries data. The extensive fisheries database combined with GIS technology provides the basis for quantifying species richness, biomass, and community integrity for different habitat types.

The recent invasion of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes has prompted a large amount of research on their biology, distribution and effects on the aquatic community. Activities in 1992/93 will determine the impact of mussels on energy flow and nutrient cycling in the Bay of Quinte; the impact of mussel colonization on native benthos and effects on lake trout spawning habitat.

Fish Habitat Studies provides disease certification to 54 aquaculture facilities in Ontario as required by the Fish Health Protection Regulations. The program also provides disease diagnostic support to the Alma Quarantine Facility and represents DFO on the Ontario Aquaculture Research Coordinating Committee. PROGRESS EXPECTED IN 1992/93

Remedial Action Plans

1. Complete the Stage 2 Remedial Action Plans for Severn Sound and Thunder Bay.

2. Conduct detailed habitat surveys at Quinte, Severn Sound and Hamilton Harbour and determine factors affecting productive capacity of nearshore habitats.

3. Integrate fish and habitat data on a GIS in the Bay of Quinte and,in Hamilton Harbour.

4. Continue the habitat and fisheries restoration projects to rehabilitate fish and wildlife populations in Thunder Bay and Hamilton Harbour.

5. Continue monitoring phytoplankton and benthic production in the Bay of Quinte; determine the effects of zebra mussels on native benthic populations; assist Fish Habitat Management to implement a remote sensing of littoral habitats in the Bay of Quinte.

6. Continued involvement with RAP committees.

Long-Range Atmospheric Transport

1. Continue biomonitoring in the Parry Sound Lakes and Algoma Lakes.

2. Continue research in the Turkey Lakes calibrated watershed to determine the relationship between fish production and biomass.

3. Input data to the national database for the Biomonitoring Program.

4. Conduct research on the effects of LRTAP on brownwater lakes.

5. Analyze the NIS data collected in 1991.

Fish and Habitat Associations

1. Continue the bioindex monitoring program on Lake Ontario; continue the Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer Study and expand in 1992/93 to include Lake Erie.

- 154 - 2. Determine the impact of zebra mussels on lake trout spawning shoals in western Lake Ontario; determine the survival of several strains of lake trout depositing eggs on Lake Ontario shoals.

3. Investigate the migratory behaviour and seasonal population dynamics of carp in the Cootes Paradise wetland.

4. Determine temporal changes in the prevalence of liver tumours in white suckers from Lake Ontario and investigate possible chemical relationships.

5. Identify habitat factors affecting fish abundance and diversity in the littoral zone at three RAP sites.

6. Identify procedures for restoring wetland and littoral habitats in Thunder Bay and Hamilton Harbour.

Fish Health Protection Reoulations

1. Provide disease certification for 54 aquaculture facilities in Ontario.

2. Represent DFO on Ontario Aquaculture Research Services Coordinating Committee.

3. Represent DFO on the Alma Quarantine Committee. PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9000 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990

PROJECT LEADER: V. Caims TELEPHONE: - (416) 336-4862 PROJECT MEMBERS: START: COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

PROGRAM DELIVERY

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

To deliver the results of the Fish Habitat Research Program to DFO and to other Great Lakes clients.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To support the activities of Fish Habitat personnel to transfer expertise and information among Great Lakes agencies related to the protection and management of fish and fish habitat

3. RELEVANCE:

In the course of the year, Fish Habitat personnel interact with colleagues from other agencies, committees, and task forces with common interests and concems. Often the expenses of these activities are not appropriately applied against field or laboratory projects. Participation as a means of communicating scientific information and advice is essential if research is to have a meaningful impact. This project acknowledges the desirability and necessity of such professional interaction.

4. WORK OUTLINE: 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Completion of Stage II Remedial Action Plans for Quinte, Hamilton Harbour and Severn Sound.

2. Delivery of DFO's Fish Disease Certification Program to the Ontario Aquaculture Industry.

3. Completion of the Great Lakes Wetlands action Plan.

4. Participation in Remedial Action Plans for 17 RAP sites.

5. Continued representation on the committees, task forces, and work groups listed above.

6. Cooperative programs and support to the Fish Habitat Operations Division in Burlington.

7. Participation in restoration of fish and wildlife habitat in Thunder Bay and Hamilton Harbour RAP sites.

8. Development of Habitat Plan for Severn Sound.

9. Participation in the development of Lake Area Management Plans for Lake Superior and Lake Ontario.

10 Participation in GLFC related task forces and work groups for sea lamprey, lake trout rehabilitation, Habitat Advisory Board.

11 Participation in DFO's Climate Change program by providing estimates of effects of climate change on freshwater fisheries.

12. Participating in international workshops with U.S. agencies to determine the status of Lake Ontario fisheries.

13. Delivery of the nation LRTAP program for DFO.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9000 Short Title: PROGRAM DELIVERY

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9000

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 7.0 14.7 (list items and approximate cost) Truck Cap 7.0K Network cards 3.0K RS1 upgrade 5.0 Refit new common user room 6.7K b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs 7.0 7.0

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 7.0 7.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 9000) 1.8 vc - 0.3, JF - 0.1, SM - 0.1, JL - 0.1, RD - 0.1, KM - 0.1, OJ - 0.1, BR - 0.1, TH - 0.1, JRMK - 0.7

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources)

- 159 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9001 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Robert Young TELEPHONE: - (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: M. Shaw START: COMPLETION: Indeterminate

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Program Delivery - Sault Ste. Marie

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To facilitate the transfer of information and expertise related to fish and habitat studies from the personnel in the Sault Ste Marie lab to other fisheries agencies and Universities in the Great Lakes basin.

3. RELEVANCE:

Personnel have the responsibility of participating at committees, working groups, workshops and task forces whose scope falls outside of current projects. However, these activities are essential to program development and information transfer. This project recognizes the importance and financially supports these activities.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. • Participation in the Lake Superior Initiative.

2. Participation in GLFC task groups and working groups.

3. Cooperative work with OMNR district and local conservation authority personnel.

4. Graduate student review at Laurentian and Trent Universities.

5. Cooperative studies with Freshwater Fisheries Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9001 Short Title: Program Delivery - Sault Ste. Marie

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9001

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

.{ b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 1 0.0 travel

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) Total O&M 1 0.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 9001) 0.1 0. 1 RJY 0 . 1 MAS 0 . 1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1.3 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9002 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: C.K. Minns TELEPHONE: " (416) 336-4874 PROJECT MEMBERS: J.E. Moore, R.G. Randall START: April 1, 1990 COMPLETION: March 31, 1996

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Regional Impact Assessment and Modelling

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This project integrates results from research (laboratory and field), surveys, and inventories on the impacts of regional environmental issues particularly acidic deposition and climate change. Integration enables (i) assessment of tile current status of aquatic ecosystem resources on a regional basis, and (ii) modelling of alternate future, and sometimes past, scenarios to provide guidance to management agencies when evaluating control and regulatory options.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): Assess and predict the regional impacts of acidic deposition, climate change, and possibly contaminants and extensive habitat modifications, on freshwater fish and habitats in sensitive areas of Canada, particularly Central and Arctic Region, DFO

Devise and test models, methods, and procedures for assessing regional environmental alterations from a fish/fish habitat perspective

Assess and predict impacts on scales proportional to the scales of the human activities causing extensive changes, and of control processes

Derive regional estimates of 'critical' loads of sulphur and nitrogen based on biotic measures of impact

Develop novel analytical methods based on statistical analysis and uncertainty assessment, simulation modelling, and geographic information systems technology 3. RELEVANCE: This project includes an on-going component of the national DFO LRTAP program. Outputs from this activity promote and contribute an important integrating mechanism for the many results obtained elsewhere in the LRTAP programs of DFO and other agencies. Integrated assessments of biotic impacts especially those on fish and fish habitat enable a balanced assessment of options, impacts, and uncertainties.

The model development and testing process integrates research and monitoring, points new research to aspects with the greatest uncertainty viz predictions, and provides an evolving set of resource assessments and predictions adaptable to changing data, concepts, management.

The output ensures there is a strong freshwater fisheries component when governments (Canada/US, Provinces/Canada, UN/EEC etc.) negotiate control measures; provides a focus for regional monitoring effects; provides a link with activities in other agencies e.g. DOE,OMNR, OME, etc.; builds a link between management and science; addresses broader regional needs regarding implementation of the fish habitat policy.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

LRTAP: Assemble and analyze inter-regional patterns of fish species presence-absence as a function of Ph to test for the universality of species disappearance curves. Also consider the effects of data uncertainty on the predictions.

Using the existing DFO-ESSA site and regional models as a test-bed, assess the potential for further applications of the concept of predicting species richness and individual species presence-absence patterns. Combine existing models of fish biomass, production, and yield as functions of local and regional variables to forecast regional integrals under different acid deposition scenarios.

Coordinate, discuss, and collaborate with DOE and other agency staff activities and actions directed to re-assembly of regionally integrated impacts assessment spanning from emissions to the socio-economic implications of aquatic ecosystem damage.

Climate Change: Assemble databases and GIS mapbases for work on two examples of climate change impact assessment: a) Impacts of temperature increase and runoff changes on Atlantic salmon stocks in eastern Canada, and b) Delineation of factors determining the range boundaries of freshwater fishes in eastern Canada in general and in Ontario in particular. The results of these studies will be prepared for presentation at the DFO-sponsored conference on 'Climate change and northern fish populations' to be held in October, 1992.

Continue database development broad-scale assessment of the impacts of climate change on freshwater fisheries resources and continue work to formulate a variety of impact assessment models emphasizing regional-scale studies. 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

- a) Continuation and expansion of the effort to validate the DFO-ESSA "site" model using recent time-series and paleo-ecological reconstructions of lake chemistry. Previous work done in 1989/90 was considered insufficient to provide substantial validation and to guide model revision. Data series are available from a range of Canadian and intemational sources. As the validation proceeds, close attention will be directed to the (i) addition of DOC/Colour effects, (ii) inclusion of nitrogen, aluminum, and other chemical species to the charge balance, (iii) the inclusion of nitrogen deposition in the site model inputs, (iv) providing for lake and drainage area size effects, (v) projecting the dynamic response of lakes through time under varying runoff and deposition regimes. The 'site' model will be modified only to the extent needed to improve the accuracy of predictions. This work will be done almost entirely on contract.

- b) Revision and expansion of the input-output structures and data of the DFO-ESSA regional model. The application of DBMS and GIS technology offers significant opportunities to improve the methods by which some input components of the regional model are prepared (deposition, runoff, stratification of regional lake chemistry datasets,etc.) and some of the outputs are examined. Use of GIS will also allow aspects of input uncertainties to be factored into predictions. This work will be done primarily via contract.

c) Continued development and implementation of a fish biomass, production, and yield model and further development of the biotic damage models with allowance for a wider range of regionally-varying environmental and distributional factors. This activity can link to further efforts in DFO and DOE to assess the socio-economic impacts of LRTAP-related fisheries damage.

d) Development of a regional model of fish species distribution based on distribution patterns by tertiary watershed in eastern Canada and specific location in Ontario. The variables to be considered are position, climate, hydrology, physiography, geology, etc. Analyses involve combinations of statistical and GIS techniques such as CART. Further investigation of yield and distributional responses.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

** Once again funds were not made available for many LRTAP projects activities until the FY was one third over. So progress has been slower than expected. Objective a) is being addressed in a contract issued to ESSA Ltd in November, 1991. This contract is expected to be completed late in March 1992. No specific results are available at this time.

For objectives b) and d), since September, 1991, we have pursued the assembly of various pieces of data and essential GIS software for the preparation of a series of GIS-based maps representing physiographic features in eastern Canada, runoff, and climate indicators like mean air temperature and precipitation. Some further GIS training was undertaken to enhance our use of the software's capabilities. Detailed work for objectives b) and d) will be performed between January and April by a university co-op student.

Work on c) centred on the completion of the climate change yield manuscript and preliminary planning for activities to be completed in 92-93 regarding climate change relationships with northern range limits of freshwater fish species and with population modelling of Atlantic salmon stocks.

In addition further work was done to revise and complete the impact assessment report commissioned by a sub-committee of the Royal Society of Canada. That report is now complete and will be published by the Society in the spring of 1992.

Climate Change:

Publications: Minns, C.K. 1990. Modelling the impacts of acidification on fisheries in Ontario, Canada. In Kamari, J.(Ed.), Impact models to assess regional acidification. Kluwer, The Netherlands. p65-81.

Jones, M.L., Minns, C.K., Marmorek,D.M., and Heltcher, K.J. 1991. Assessing the potential extent of damage to inland lakes in eastern Canada due to acidic deposition: IV Uncertainty analysis of a regional model. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:599-606.

Minns, C.K. and Moore, J.E. In revision. Predicting the impact of climate change on the spatial pattern of freshwater fish yield capability in eastern Canadian lakes. Climatic Change.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Complete and submit for publication a MS describing the results of the validation and revision of the site model Complete, present at an international symposium, and submit for publication MSS assessing the impacts of climate change on Atlantic salmon and on the distributional boundaries of several common freshwater fish species

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: For integrated assessment of aquatic resource impacts the three main elements are: 'site' models, regional framework models, and biotic impact models. These elements must be interlinked. Given adequate resources, DFO in partnership with DOE and other agencies will be well-placed to contribute assessments and scenarios for the discussions surrounding renewal of the Federal-Provincial Emissions Control Agreement in 1994.

Many of the features of biotic impact models are common to the assessment of the impacts of acidic deposition and climate change. Indeed, thermal and hydrologic conditions are important determinants of the biotic indicators such as biomass, productivity, species richness which are in turn affected by acidification. The modelling frameworks for chemical modelling of lakes are well developed now and much progress has been made toward securing representative regional survey databases. The role of biotic impact assessment in the decision-making processes is limited by the scope and form of existing biotic damage indicators. Thus the main emphasis in DFO's regional modelling work must be directed to building robust damage models while increasing cooperation with other agencies who assume primary responsibility for non-biotic assessment and modelling. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9002 Short Title: Regional Impact Assessment and Modelling

Work on assessing acid LRTAP and climate change impacts on freshwater biota especially fish overlaps considerably as the development of predictive models of aquatic ecosystem properties and indicators is a prerequisite for assessing the affects of decreased pH and increased temperature. As the understanding and modelling matures, we expect to begin considering multiple impacts simultaneously: acidification, warming, changing hydrologic and nutrient inputs, contaminants. Eventually our goal should be regional cumulative impact assessment. Regionally integrated assessments taking full account of all fish and fish habitat resources are needed if balanced development decisions are to be made.

The resources provided under LRTAP-V for this project have allowed us to proceed with three aspects of regional impact assessment and modelling: (i) validation of the DFO-ESSA site model using a combination of paleo-reconstructed lake chemistries and time series' from groups of lakes in areas where acidic deposition has been changing, (ii) examination of the basic structure of the site model to determine how best to incorporate the newer results on the role of organic anions in the charge balance equations, and (iii) continued work on the assembly of regional physical, chemical, and biological data and map bases to facilitate both the analysis and modelling of factors determining ecologically important attributes of biotic assemblages in freshwaters and the extrapolation of model predictions onto a regional scale. Items (i) and (ii) are currently being performed by ESSA Ltd on contract while item (iii) is an on-going activity currently augmented by the assistance of a coop student. In addition, we completed revision of the report requested by the Royal Society of Canada assessing the benefits of proposed U.S. sulphur emission reductions and the Society will be publishing the final report under its Global Change Program in the spring of 1992.

On climate change, the initial model MS is be revised at present following peer-review. Work has continued on two fronts in 1991. The database assembly process has continued. A newer generation of global climate models are now producing predictions and we are arranging to obtain output databases for these, especially that of the Canadian Climate Centre. The review and analysis of literature and discussions have continued with the intent of identifying additional fish impact models. We are now focusing on two areas: assessing the potential impact of temperature increase and runoff changes for Atlantic salmon stocks on the east Coast and identifying groups of freshwater fish species with climate-defined range boundaries, which may be good early indicators of climate change.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9002

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.0 (list items and approximate cost) Scanner (For rapid incorporation of paper mapped data)

b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 7.0 11.0 GIS and other software maintenance/upgrades (LRTAP $7.0K) Database acquisition & digitizing (LRTAP + Abase $11.0K)

v) Summer students 9.0 GIS Co-op Jan-Apr '93 work-term

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 2.0 Attendance by C.K.Minns at 'Climate change and northern fish populations', Victoria, BC, Oct. '92

Total O&M 9.0 20.0

- 170 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9002) 0.4 0.2- C.K. Minns, 0.2- J.E. Moore

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) .• PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 5212-2990-9004 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990

PROJECT LEADER: Margo Shaw TELEPHONE: - ' (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: M. Thibodeau, D. Hope, students START: 1987 COMPLETION: ongoing

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Biomonitoring in the Turkey Lakes (TLW) and Parry Sound Region (ongoing).

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

We have been monitoring 4 of the Turkey lakes (since 1987) and 4 Parry Sound lakes (since 1989) as part of DFO's LRTAP biomonitoring program. Fish and invertebrate communities are sampled on an annual basis to detect changes in biological communities in response to expected decreases in sulphate deposition. DOE and AES provide water chemistry and deposition chemistry respectively. The sampling protocols have been developed within DFO for all regions, and are continuously reviewed by the biomonitoring working group.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To detect biological and chemical response of aquatic systems to Canadian and proposed U.S. emission control strategies.

2. To measure natural variability in Shield lakes on an annual basis

3. To provide trend-through-time data which can be applied to regional environmental stresses inducing population change.

3. RELEVANCE:

The establishment of a long term biological data base will enable us to evaluate the efficacy of ongoing Canadian and proposed U.S. sulphate emission reductions. Such multi year data bases are imperative to estimate the natural variability inherent in biotic communities. 4. WORK OUTLINE:

Monitoring of the fish community, littoral and profundal benthic invertebrates, and selected plankton is conducted in each of the study lakes. Larger fish species are sampled in the spring (May), smaller species (primarily cyprinids) in mid summer. Benthic and plankton samples are collected in the Fall (Sept./Oct.)

Water chemistry samples for Parry Sound lakes are collected spring, summer and fall. Water chemistry in the Turkey lakes is collected by DOE.

All methods follow DOE (water) or DFO (biological) protocols.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Finalization of lake selection for the Parry Sound region.

2. Monitoring of biota and water chemistry in TLW and Parry Sound.

3. Publication of technical report documenting national site characteristics.

4. Production of annual report on fish and invertebrate communities.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Lake selection was finalized for the Parry Sound region. To achieve budget reduction one of the Turkey lakes will be dropped from the program, and one of the 4 Parry Sound lakes will be sampled on a biannual basis.

2. All fish, invertebrate and water samples were collected from the biomonitoring lakes. Benthic sample processing has been completed, and a contract has been let for their identification.

3. A draft of the site Technical report has been completed. It has been reviewed by all biomonitoring working group, and all changes and suggestions are being implemented.

4. The generation of annual data reports is contingent upon loading current data (1987- present) into the national data base. This is expected to be completed shortly.

5. A contract has been let to convert all biomonitoring data in its current format to the national data base standard.

6. We assessed the survival of stocked fish in Little and Big Turkey Lakes using an MNR protocol. Our evidence of low survival rates of stocked trout will used to try to convince ministry officials to remove these lakes from the stocking list.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Monitoring of fish, invertebrate and water chemistry in 8 lakes. 2. Publication of technical report on national site characteristics.

3. Loading of data for 1987-1991 into national data base.

4. Establishment of permanent storage system for invertebrate samples and reference collection.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

To date sampling sites, field and laboratory protocols have been established, and 5 years of data have been collected. The next step has been to establish a national data base and reporting structure to be able to analyze trend-through-time changes in biotic communities in response to LRTAP deposition. These data will also allow us to examinA the year to year variability in biotic communities, thus providing insight into the factors regUlating aquatic communities. Such insight will be invaluable in the study of the effects of other perturbations on aquatic ecosystems. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 5212-2990-9004 Short Title: Biomonitoring in the Turkey Lakes (TLW) and Parry Sound Region (ongoing).

Canada implemented a program in 1985 to reduce anthropogenic sulphur emissions to 1/2 of 1980 levels by 1994. A commitment was made to monitor the effects of this reduction on the environment. DFO's national LRTAP Biomonitoring program was designed to measure the response of aquatic biota to any changes in atmospheric deposition. Since 1987, biomonitoring has occurred in sensitive lakes and rivers at nine sites across central and eastem Canada.

GLLFAS conducts a biomonitoring program for DFO at two Ontario sites - in Algoma at the Turkey Lakes watershed and in 4 lakes near Parry Sound. The Turkey Lakes site now constitutes Canada's only lakes which are part of the ECE Integrated Monitoring global network. The Parry Sound lakes include lakes with the lowest pH in the Canadian data base. Because deposition is considerably different at Algoma (moderate but variable) and Parry Sound (high, stable), it is expected the lakes from these two sites should provide a reasonable approximation of Ontario's lakes.

In 1991, GLLFAS 1) implemented DFO's biomonitoring protocol in 8 lakes (4 Parry Sound, 4 Algoma), 2) conducted QA/QC procedures to monitor success of invertebrate sampling methods 3) began the arduous task of converting existing data into the national data base format, and 4) drafted a technical report documenting the national site locations and characteristics.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5212-2990-9004

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capltal Purchases: 3.4 (list items and approximate cost) DOS 386 PC 3.4K b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 9.0 chemicals (ethanol, formalin, etc.) chemical storage disposal sampling jars, vials disposable

ii) Field costs 23.7 vehicle operating costs equipment maintenance/repair disposable travel costs (Parry Sound and Algoma)

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 23.5 fish scale ageing (1.5) invertebrate sample processing (6.5) invertebrate identification (11.0) invertebrate verification (3.5) data entry (1.0)

iv) Other costs 2.8 printing of technical report

v) Summer students 16.0 1 COSEP student 1 CO-OP student

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 3.0 Biomonitoring Annual Meeting (0.8) LRTAP Annual Meeting (1.2) QA/QC Workshop (1.0)

Total O&M 78.0

- 176 -

APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Leyel Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWO LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 5212-2990-9004) 0.6 0.4 MS 0.3 MT 0.4 DH 0.3

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9005 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Margo Shaw TELEPHONE: (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: U. Borgmann, M. Thibodeau, D. Hope START: 1992 COMPLETION: 1994

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Survival and Growth of Invertebrates in Brown Water Lakes

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Laboratory and field studies have consistently shown that invertebrates exhibit higher survival and growth rates in coloured water than in clear water of similar pH (Borgmann 1991, Shaw and Mackie 1990). This study was designed to: 1) describe community differences in highly coloured lakes, and 2) evaluate the growth and survival of 2 common invertebrates (Hyallela azteca and Amnicola limosa) in in situ transplant experiments. Candidate systems will be chosen from a set of Parry Sound lakes for which chemical and biological data is already available.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To compare invertebrate communities (community structure, standing stock) in a series of poorly buffered lakes (5) of varying colour.

2. To characterize humic acids contributing to colour (with DOE).

3. Use in situ bioassays to evaluate survival, growth and reproductive success of selected invertebrate species in low to high DOC environments.

3. RELEVANCE:

LRTAP studies have often avoided highly coloured lakes because: 1. These systems tend to respond differently to LRTAP deposition (natural humic compounds may ameliorate acid addition), and 2. Highly coloured lakes tend to support different biological communities. Results of this study will allow us to better predict biotic responses to LRTAP deposition in coloured systems.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Characterize humic acids in each of 6 lakes.

2. Characterize biomass/production of fish & invert communities in 5 lakes.

3. Measure growth and survival of Hvallela azteca and Amnicola limosa in situ in lakes of varying pH and humic acid levels.

4. Determine effect of humic acid at different pH levels on survival, growth & reproduction of Hyallela azteca in the laboratory.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

N/A - new project

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

N/A - new project

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Measure community structure and standing stock of invertebrate communities from 6 lakes varying in pH and humic acid.

2. Measure growth, survival and reproduction of Hyallela azteca and Amnicola limosa in situ in 6 lakes.

3. Document effect of pH and humic acid concentration on success of Hyallela azteca in the laboratory.

4. Characterize humic acids in each system.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

This project is contingent on getting funding for a COSEP student to conduct the laboratory portion.

Brown water lake systems have unique water chemistries because of inputs of DOC and humic acids from their watersheds. As a result, the biotic communities and their population characteristics are different from clear water systems. We expect that water chemistry parameters and biotic communities will react differently to changes in acid deposition than in clear water systems. Restoration of pH and depleted ANC will take considerably longer than clear water systems. Therefore, studies of brown water lakes will be an important factor in understanding response of our aquatic resources in relation to changes in acid deposition. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9005 Short Title: Survival and Growth of Invertebrates in Brown Water Lakes

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9005

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.2 (list items and approximate cost) Toploading microbalance 4.2K b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 3.5 Glassware Chemical reagents Preservatives Disposables

ii) Field costs 7.0 Travel and Accommodation Vehicle Costs Equipment maintenance and repair

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 4.5 Humic Acid and colour analysis

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students 5.0 0.5 COSEP student

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 20.0

- 181 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9005) 0.5 0.1 0.2 ms 0. 2 UB 0 . 2 MT 0 . 2 RY 0 . 1 DH 0 .1 • •

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 5212-2990-9006 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990

PROJECT LEADER: Margo Shaw TELEPHONE: - (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: R. Young, M. Thibodeau, D. Hope, students (GLLFAS), D. Jeffries, R. Semkin, R. Neureuther, G. Lahaie (DOE), N. Foster, J. Nicolson (CFS) START: 1980 COMPLETION: Ongoing

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Turkey Lakes Calibrated Watersheds

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The TLW represents one of five hydrologic and chemically calibrated watersheds in Canada and is operated jointly by DFO, DOE and CFS. These lakes were chosen to evaluate LRTAP effects on terrestrial and aquatic systems in a region of moderate-high sulphate deposition. Results to date have been published in a special volume of Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci (45, Supplement 1). Future research in conjunction with DOE and CFS will include integration of results to date, acidification of a forested catchment downstream of the TLW, selective removal of brook trout from a lake to validate hypotheses, and evaluation of existing data bases for assessing effects of climate change on aquatic systems.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To integrate response of the aquatic chemistry and biota to changes in LRTAP deposition.

2. To evaluate the importance of atmospherically derived nutrients to fish production in Canadian Shield lakes.

3. To link biotic and chemical responses in the TLW to regional change.

4. To monitor response of aquatic systems through time as part of DFO's biomonitoring program. 3. RELEVANCE: The TLW has the best trend-through-time series of all Canadian watersheds, beginning in 1979. To discontinue the program now, we would lose the full benefit from the >$1.2 M invested by DFO, DOE and CFS to date.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Ongoing biomonitoring of 4 lakes in the TLW includes spring and summer sampling of the fish communities, and fall sampling of the benthic and planktonic communities. We continue to monitor the population dynamics of a stocked brook trout population in the lower half of the headwater lake. Selective removal of brook trout from L2 will be completed during spring and summer sampling of 1993.

Experimental acidification of a forested catchment downstream of the TLW will be completed in conjunction with DOE and CFS. Monitoring of effects will be ongoing.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Workshop to integrate responses of aquatic and terrestrial systems to changes in LRTAP deposition.

2. Ongoing monitoring of fish and invertebrates in 4 lakes.

3. Removal of brook trout from L2 as part of productivity alteration experiment

4. Acidification of forested catchment downstream of TLW in conjunction with DOE and CFS.

5. Complete MS "Response of invertebrate community to brook trout introduction in a historically fishless lake".

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Due to a delay in funding the workshop was not held.

2. Biota was sampled in 4 of the basins according to DFO's national biomonitoring protocol.

3. We continued to monitor the brook trout and littoral benthic populations in lower Batchewana Lake.

4. Due to funding uncertainties, DOE and CFS postponed plans to acidify a catchment in the TLW basin.

5. Two manuscripts are currently in the works:

i) The population dynamics of a stocked brook trout population in a previously fishless lake, and ii) The response of invertebrates community to brook trout introduction in an historically fishless lake. A poster paper with this title was presented at the 1991 NABS conference.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Continued monitoring of fish and benthic populations of the TLW as part of the LRTAP biomonitoring program.

2. Continued monitoring of the brook trout and littoral benthic populations in lower Batchewana Lake.

3. Completion of two manuscripts: .. . i) The population dynamics of a stocked brook trout population in a previously fishless lake, and ii) The response of invertebrates community to brook trout introduction in an historically fishless lake.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

1. Ongoing sampling of 4 lakes as part of DFO's LRTAP biomonitoring program.

2. Ongoing monitoring of effects of catchment acidification on the biotic community.

3. Ongoing monitoring of the effects of fish productivity alteration on lake systems. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 5212-2990-9006 Short Title: Turkey Lakes Calibrated Watersheds

The Turkey Lakes Watershed Study (TLWS) was initiated in 1980 to evaluate the effects and processes of anthropogenic perturbations to Shield ecosystems. This study was designed to provide an in-depth analysis of the biogeochemical processes that control pollutant-ecosystem interactions so that system models could be developed and validated. In particular, the stimulus for research in the TLW came from the desire to assess and understand the aquatic and terrestrial effects of acidic deposition.

The TLW is 1 of 5 hydrologically "calibrated" basins in eastem Canada that are devoted to process-oriented research into "acid rain" effects. They were selected to cover a wide range of climatic and hydrological conditions, deposition magnitudes, and terrain characteristics. The TLW represents moderately sensitive terrain receiving elevated but not maximum levels of acidic deposition. The basin has high relief and receives high levels of precipitation (ca. 1200 mm Between 1976 and 1985, wet deposition of SO42- ranged from 23 - 40 kg hal .

Currently, the 4 of the TLW basins are sampled as part of DFO's LRTAP biomonitoring program. Other research projects include monitoring a population of brook trout into an historically fishless lake, and evaluating the effect on invertebrate communities. Results of these activities are reported to the global ECE monitoring group, as the only Canadian site in this network.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5212-2990-9006 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.0 (list items and approximate cost) fume arm 4K b) O&M Expenses: 2.8 i) Laboratory chemicals chemical storage/disposal disposable/misc. 5.6 ii) Field costs equipment maintenance/repair vehicle operating costs disposable

HO Contracts (vadue &purpose of each) 10.0 fish aging (1.5) benthic reference verification (3.0) data analysis (10.5) 32.0 iv) Other costs Shared cost of annual watershed operating expenses 2.5 v) Summer students Part of COSEP student salary 3.0 vi) Conferences (name & cost) LRTAP Workshop

Total O&M 55.9

- 187 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) Mrs (Project: 5212-2990-9006) 0.3 0.1 0.2 ms 0. 2 RY 0 . 1 MT 0 . 2 DH 0 . 1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 5212-2990-9008 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Margo Shaw TELEPHONE: (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: M. Thibodeau, D. Hope START: 1991 COMPLETION: 1995

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Response of Ontario lakes to varying atmospheric deposition

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

DFO's biomonitoring program focuses upon 24 lakes. Of these, only 30% are likely to respond to changes in atmospheric deposition (Minns, 1989). The Biomonitoring program was not designed to provide regional estimates of damage/recovery (DFO unpublished, 1986). However, since LRTAP is a regional environmental perturbation (Kelso et al. 1986), we must deal with impacts on a regional basis. Kelso and Jeffries (1988) have already reported on changes in a set of sensitive headwater systems 1979-85. We must capitalize on lakes with a good historical record if we are to provide a linkage from the Biomonitoring program to regional evaluation of lake and fish responses to LRTAP.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To document regional responses of lakes to acidic atmospheric deposition on a trend- through time basis.

2. To provide a regional context for DFO's biomonitoring program.

3. RELEVANCE: LRTAP is a regional (national) environmental issue. In order to translate trend-through-time responses documented at biomonitoring sites, intermediate (mesoscale) monitoring is needed to effectively describe system response on a regional basis. 4. WORK OUTLINE:

A group of 56 headwater lakes in Algoma have been repetitively sampled for water chemistry from 1979 to 1991. Data indicate that these sensitive lakes respond very rapidly to changes in sulphate deposition. We will continue to sample these lakes every 3 years following methods outlined in Kelso and Jeffries (1988).

After fall overturn in 1993, we will resample 40 headwater lakes near Parry Sound and Sudbury for chemical change using methods identical to Kelso et al. (1986). We will then be able to compare the chemical response of lakes under differing sulphate deposition conditions.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Catalogue sensitive lakes with good historic chemistry, and select suitable candidates for resampling.

2. Resample up to 56 lakes for water chemistry following fall overtum.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Published paper on historic and recent (1979-1988) changes in chemistry and biota of headwater lakes in Algoma (Kelso, Shaw and Jeffries 1992)

2. 56 headwater Algoma lakes were resampled in the fall of 1991 for pH, alkalinity, major ions, metals and nutrients.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Statistical analysis of trend-through-time responses of Algoma lakes to changes in sulphate deposition.

2. Selection of sensitive NIS lakes with good historic chemistry for resampling in fall of 1993.

3. Checking of Sault Ste. Marie lab's alkalinity data, with that of the Great Lakes Forestry lab to help explain consistent differences between our results.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Results from sampling of the Algoma headwater lakes have been widely published (Kelso et al. 1985, Kelso and Jeffries 1988, Kelso and Shaw 1992, Shaw and Kelso 1992). We plan to further capitalize on this 12 year data set. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review. Project No.: 5212-2990-9008 Short Title: Response of Ontario lakes to varying atmospheric deposition

The Algoma headwater lakes provide a unique and productive opportunity to place results from the Biomonitoring Program in a regional perspective. Fifty-six headwater Canadian Shield lakes have been repetitively sampled from 1979-91 (every 3 y) to determine their response to changes in acidic atmospheric deposition of the period. Wet sulphate loadings varied, 1976- 1988, between 38-83 meq.re with highest deposition in the late 1970's. Median pH of 56 lakes increased 0.42 pH units from 1979-85 following a decline in atmospheric loading and decreased by 0.15 units 1985-88 following an increase in atmospheric loading. These pervasive chemical changes indicate that lakes are responsive to changes in sulphate deposition and response times likely approximate water renewal times (mean for these headwater lakes = 1.1 y). In 9 lakes that were fishless in 1979, 4 were found to be historically fishless (based on the continued presence of Chaoborus americanus in sediment cores). Evidence from examination of C. americanus also indicated that 4 lakes historically had fish populations that were lost by 1979 when pH ranged between 4.6 - 5.3. In 3 of these recently fishless lakes, reinvasion of fish occurred 1980-84 concurrent with increase in pH. This timetable of events approximates the improvement in water quality and resumption of fish recruitment in Sudbury lakes some 300 km distant.

Recent fluctuations in Algoma lake pH's (decline in 1988, increase in 1991) emphasize how responsive these systems are. As a result, we suggest that the resampling of NIS and mesoscale lakes be undertaken in 1993, to compare lake responses in under different sulphate deposition conditions.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5212-2990-9008

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 1.6 chemicals standards for QA/QC checks disposables

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 0.8 data entry

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.6 CCFFR/SCL conference

Total O&M 4.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 5212-2990-9008) 0.3 0.2 MS 0.2 MT 0.2 DH 0.1

Other: (Identify alternate sources for resources)

- 192 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

1991/92 WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 PROJECT NO.: 9009 LOCATION/LAB: TORONTO/GLLFAS/FISH HEALTH CERTIFICATION 2990 DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): (416) 763-1161 PROJECT LEADER: Thom Heiman TELEPHONE: PROJECT MEMBERS: Robert BonneII co-op student COMPLETION: Continuing START: 1981

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Fish Health Certification

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Under the Fish Health Protection Regulations, of the Fisheries Act, any cultured salmonid fish, alive or dead, entering Canada or being transported from province to province, must be certified to be free of specific pathogens. The fish health certification laboratory provides this service to the private aquaculture industry of Ontario. Facilities may join the program by indicating that they wish to develop markets in provinces outside of Ontario. They must then undergo one successful inspection in the case of dead product or four successful inspections in the case of live fish before a certificate may be issued. Once certified, subsequent inspections must be performed to confirm the continuing health status of the facility.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): The long term objective of the program is to prevent the spread of serious infectious diseases to wild fish stocks. This is accomplished by providing a fish disease certification program to the private aquaculture industry in order to identify facilities which have an established history of being free from specific named pathogens. Only cultured salmonids from these 'Certified' facilities may be transported into Canada or between provinces. Information from the analysis of fish stocks is used to determine the distribution and range of each pathogen of interest.

3. RELEVANCE: The Fish Health Protection Regulations of the Fisheries Act protect Canada's fisheries resources from the adverse effects of infectious diseases by restricting the importation or inter-provincial transport of diseased fish. All aquaculture facilities in Canada that export live or dead fish must be certified free of certain named diseases. Hatcheries exporting food fish are subject to annual inspections. Those that export live fish, including fish eggs, must be certified twice annually. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans is also responsible for controlling the entry of cultured salmonid fish into Canada by monitoring fish health certificates and issuing import permits.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The issuing of fish health certificates involves the inspection, sampling and analysis of fish from participating aquaculture facilities. The analytical methods are described in the Fish Health Protection Regulations Manual of Compliance and involve bacteriological, virological and parasitological examination of fish for the presence of specific pathogens.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Site inspections of approximately 54 facilities will be completed in the 1991/92 work year. As new species of fish are released for culture from the Alma quarantine facility this number may increase.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

Site inspections were completed at 54 facilities in Ontario in 1991/92 and involved the analysis of approximately 9,000 fish. These inspections involved 40 semi-annual inspections for facilities wishing to obtain or continue certification for live fish production, 31 annual inspections for producers of dead fish product, and 3 additional inspections conducted at the Sault Ste. Marie Hatchery, the Alma Quarantine Facility and at one facility which is a party to a technology transfer agreement with the DFO aquaculture group in Winnipeg.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Approximately 54 inspections will be completed at private facilities in the 1992/93 work year. These will involve the inspection of sites, and sampling and analysis of about 9,000 fish. As new species of fish are released for culture from the Alma quarantine facility this number may increase.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Factors which will affect the performance of the fish health certification lab include the availability of resources for co-op student, unanticipated submission or withdrawal requests for certification by private sector facilities, conversion to Schedule II by some facilities, and the addition of alternate species.

The prohibition of transfer of dead fish product between provinces will be removed pending legislative review. This is expected to occur early in fiscal year 92-93. Such a change would substantially decrease the number of facilities requesting certification.

Changes in the types of species permitted to be cultured in Ontario is also pending. If the list of species is expanded as anticipated, the amount of work involved in inspecting each facility will increase substantially. Such a trend is already evident with the release of Arctic charr to 10 facilities and of Atlantic salmon to 5 facilities. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9009 Short Title: Fish Health Certification

The fish health certification lab provides facility certification service to the private aquaculture industry in Ontario under the Fish Health Protection Regulations of the Fisheries Act.

-

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9009

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

.. b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 16.0

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 13 Co-op students. Two terms.

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) Total O&M 29.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 9009) 1.7 TGH 0.8 RGB 0.9

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9010 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: DR J.R.M. KELSO TELEPHONE: (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. KELSO R. YOUNG W. MacCALLUM (OMNR, Thunder Bay), C. GREENWOOD (OMNR, S.S. Marie), OMNR (RAP-Thunder Bay, Nipigon Bay, Spanish R.), D. BODALY (DFO, Winnipeg) START: COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

RAPs JOINT RESEARCH GLLFAS, SAULT STE MARIE

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): To 1) participate in the RAP process in Thunder Bay, Nipigon Bay, Terrace Bay, Peninsula Harbour and St. Mary's River as a RAP team member 2) continue evaluation of acoustics for stock assessment in small lakes and 3) complete analysis of lake trout spawning habitat assessment.

3. RELEVANCE:

1) Under the Remedial Action Process in the Great Lakes, the Canadian and U.S. governments committed to restore and protect beneficial uses in Areas of Concem. Stage 1 (assessment) documents are in various stages of completion for the Upper Lakes AOC's. The process of restoration is long term and time commitments are extensive. DFO has a major role to play in terms of fish as an ecosystem component and habitat as it is included in restoration directions. 2) Acoustics is a realistic tool for use in stock assessment. However, few attempts have been made to evaluate acoustic results in relation to other measures of biomass and abundance particularly in small lakes. GLLFAS, with OMNR and FWI (Bodaly) will pool results.

3) We will use FY 91/92 to consolidate results of 3y of field research directed at assessing lake trout spawning site characteristics.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1) Attend RAP, PAC, BPAC meetings as required. Contribute to writing/review Stage 1 reports. Develop restoration plans.

2) Complete target strength analysis using FWI dual beam processor. Cornplete both 20/40 Log R data analysis.

3) Analyze results, write reports/publications.

- project components do not involve collection of new data.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1) Continued development of RAP process.

2) Accumulate fish data - catch data, community composition, growth rates from all AOCs.

3) Attempt to evaluate stress response of fish communities in all AOCs and identify major perturbations.

4) Push for a solution to low productivity using acoustics data.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1) Contributed to the writing of Stage One documents for the Peninsula Harbour, Jackfish Bay, Nipigon, Thunder Bay, and St. Mary's River AOCs. Participated in the on-going planning and administrative functions of all four North Shore of Lake Superior RAP teams. Provided input to the St. Mary's River RAP development team.

2) Completed draft report on fish community composition in all Canadian and bi-national AOCs. A contract was let for the gathering and summarization of fish community data. This contract also resulted in preliminary analysis of the similarity/differences in community structure between the AOCs.

3) Identification and listing of major perturbations in all Canadian and bi-national AOCs was initiated. This includes the summarization of beneficial use impairments, physical disturbances, and biological/chemical impurities. 4) Analysis of acoustics data continued. A contract was let for the analysis of 20LogR and 40LogR data collected with a 200 kHz dual beam system, and system test data.

5) Conducted a scuba diving survey of whitefish egg deposition on shoals in the St. Mary's River to support OMNR and FHS requests.

6) Participated in the conceptual design of potential new projects for all four North Shore of Lake Superior AOCs, and in drafting a proposal for their inclusion under future Clean-up Fund financing.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1) Continue the development of the RAP process (i.e. Stage 2 optionS)...

2) Complete the identification of major perturbations in all Canadian and bi-national AOCs and summarize in a draft document. Continue the evaluation of fish community structure especially as it relates to the presence/absence of individual and/or combined sets of these perturbations.

3) Continue the evaluation of acoustics results in relation to other measures of biomass and abundance.

4) Attend meeting(s) with regard to the pending Lake Superior Initiative.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

-reduced involvement in lake trout early life history studies

-joint studies with OMNR consolidated under RAP/restoration program. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9010 Short Title: RAPs JOINT RESEARCH GLLFAS, SAULT STE MARIE

Under the Remedial Action process in the Great Lakes, the Canadian and U.S. govemments committed to restore and protect beneficial uses in designated Areas of Concern. DFO's role in this regard is to ensure that habitat issues and fish as an ecosystem component both receive serious consideration in the design of restorative programs. Our continued involvement in the RAP process is necessary to protect and prioritize these issues.

One by-product of the RAP process has been the accumulation of physical, chemical, and fisheries community data for each AOC. These data represent a wealth of low cost (to DFO) information which we have begun to accumulate and summarize. Thus the RAPs have provided a cost efficient data resource for use in evaluating fish community response to perturbations and comparison of methodologies in evaluating abundance and productivity. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9010

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) •• b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs 7.0 4 RAP meetings: airfare 2.0 trvl allowance 1.0 2 lakewide meetings 3.0 publication costs 1.0

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 7.0 pers. services contract re: perturbations analysis 7.0

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 14.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9010) 0.2 0.3 RY 0.3 DH 0.1 JRMK 0.1

* Other: (Identify alternate sources for resources)

- 202 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9011 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Ora Johannsson TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4708 PROJECT MEMBERS: Scott Millard, Ron Dermott, Karen Ralph, Debra Myles START: 1981 COMPLETION: continuing

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Long Term Biomonitoring Program

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

BIOINDEX - Long term monitoring of off shore waters in the Great Lakes.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

The primary objective of the program is to monitor for long term trends in nutrient levels, physical conditions and community structure, which might be expected to change in response to interventions to the system. In order to interpret results and improve on the parameters measured, the second objective is to define interactions within the open-water ecosystem and determine the relative importance of physical, nutrient and predatory forces. The third objective is to report regularly on the status of the open lake.

3. RELEVANCE:

Through the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements of 1978 and 1987 the federal government is committed to biological monitoring of ecosystem health. The Bioindex program contributes to this commitment by examining the lower trophic levels in Lake Ontario, and compliments other work done by GLLFAS on fish health in Lake Ontario (Project 2111). The program also contributes to our ability to effectively monitor biological systems by developing new indices and assessing the performance of present measures.

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans, under the Fisheries Act, is responsible for protecting fish habitat. The Bioindex program assesses fish habitat in that it monitors the biomass and productivity of the off shore food base. The information generated by the Sioindex program is valuable to other people, such as modellers and fisheries biologists (OMNR, USF&W). An energetics model is presently being developed for Lake Ontario through the Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer Study to evaluate the impact of fish stocking versus nutrient reduction in the lake. Information from the Bioindex program will be incorporated in this model. Such models can also be used to examine contaminant flow in the system.

4. WORK OUTLINE: Measures of physical state and samples for chemical and biological analyses are collected weekly from April until November at two stations in Lake Ontario: one, midlake and one, in the Kingston Basin. Larger invertebrates and more seasonal groups are collected less frequently: hypolimnetic calanoids and mysids, once a month; benthos twice a year, and ciliates and rotifers weekly through June and July.

Additional research includes regular estimates of primary productivity using shipboard incubator technology and computer programs both developed by E. J. Fee of the Freshwater Inst., measures of phosphorus demand in some years (1988-1990, 32PO4 turnover times, calculations of zooplankton community grazing rates based on filtration of 14C-labelled Chlorella and 32P-labelled natural phytoplankton (1989-1991), and diet of Mvsis relicta based on gut contents and feeding rates (1991-92) (collaborative work with Dave Lasenby, Trent University).

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Maintain the basic sampling program and continue with data entry and verification.

2. If the seasonal pattern of zooplankton grazing is similar in 1990 to that in 1989, we plan merely to evaluate the representativeness of the 14C-labelled Chlorella estimates at stations 41 and 81 by comparing them with estimates based on 32P-labelled natural phytoplankton. If the patterns are different then we shall have to do more extensive measures of grazing. We plan to proceed towards a paper on the role of zooplankton grazing in Lake Ontario, progress will depend on the amount of field work required.

3. Estimates of photosynthetic parameters using the shipboard incubator, light extinction and solar irradiance will be continued at the same frequency as 1990. Measurement of P demand will not be made. Data from several seasons on photosynthesis and P demand will be analyzed along with similar data from the Bay of Quinte. The goal will be to produce paper(s) for the primary literature emphasizing the trophic gradient from the upper Bay of Quinte to the offshore waters of Lake Ontario and the variability of factors such as light and P supply and the role they play in determining productivity.

4. Analyze as much of the benthic data from the years 1985 to 1988 as possible. Continue with the collection and preliminary examination of the 1990 and 1991 samples.

5. Produce a technical report on trends in physical, chemical and biological variables in the open waters of Lake Ontario. Some of this information will be condensed for inclusion in the Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit Annual Report and some will be presented at the annual meeting of the IJC Lake Ontario Committee. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): 1. The basic sampling program was completed and samples are being analysed. Additional mysid samples were collected for gut analysis, a joint program with Dr. D. Lasenby of Trent University. Water Quality parameters are 75% complete and analysis is continuing. The 1991 zooplankton and phytoplankton samples were submitted to the external contractors in October. The 1988 and 1989 phytoplankton data, which had been verified by the contractor, required some additional editing, when an error in one of the calculated parameters was discovered. Corrections on this data base have been completed and "final" printouts are currently being verified as correct. The 1990 zooplankton data were entered on the computer and verified. The zooplankton vertical distribution samples for 1989, and 1991 were counted and the size distribution of Bosmina and Daphnia retrocurva determined: the 1990 samples had already been done. The 1990 and 1991 mysid samples have been enumerated and mysids measured.

2.Zooplankton community grazing estimates for 1990/1991 based on 14C-labelled Chlorella were completed and compared with 32P-labelled natural phytoplankton estimates (1990 and 1991). Zooplankton were collected to determine compositon and abundance through the time course of the grazing experiment in order to extend results to the entire water column. The 1990 samples have now been counted and individuals measured; the 1991 samples are in progress.

3. Estimates of photosynthetic parameters and integral photosynthesis were continued along with associated parameters such as light extinction, chlorophyll, mixing depth and solar irradiance. Analysis of past data is still underway and publications should be forthcoming in 92/93.

4. Analysis of the benthic data from this past year has not been completed because of the time constraints made on the Department to investigate the zebra mussel problem. Presentations at IAGLR 91 of pontoporeia, total oligochaete and sphaerid trends at the Lake Ontario Bioindex stations 1981 to 1989. Collection of 1991 benthic samples and extra samples at the Niagara station for impact of zebra mussels on sand dwelling benthic fauna was completed successfully

5. A preliminary analysis of trends in physical, chemical and biological measures between 1981 and 1988/89 was published in the 1990 Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit Annual Report produced by OMNR, and reported on to the Habitat Subcommittee of the GLFC, at the Lake Ontario Fisheries Commission Meeting and at IAGLR. The analyses of all data were then brought up to 1989, and changes in community structure of the zooplankton and phytoplankton were investigated with the use of the seasonal dissimilarity index. All these data, together with an assessment of replicate variability, were incorporated into a 'strawdog' technical report. This report was used by the Bioindex Group to come to a concensus on reporting and publication of the Bioindex data base.

PUBLICATIONS

Primary Literature: Johannsson, Ora E. (in press) Life history and productivity of Mvsis relicta in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. (Nov. 1990). Johannsson, Ora E., and R. O'Gorman. (1991). The role of predation, food and temperature in structuring the epilimnetic zooplankton populations in Lake Ontario. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 120: 193-208. Taylor, W., and Ora E. Johannsson. (1991). A comparison of estimates of productivity and consumption by zooplankton for planktonic ciliates in Lake Ontario. J. Plank. Res. 13: 363-372. Johannsson, Ora E., E.L. Mills, and R. O'Gorman. (1991). Changes in the nearshore and offshore zooplankton communities in Lake Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sci. 48: 1546-1557.

Reports:

Johannsson, 0.E., K.M. Ralph, E.S. Millard, D.D. Myles, R.J.J. Stevens and M.A. Neilson. 1991. Trends in nutrient and biological variables in the off-shore: a preliminary report of the Lake Ontario Biomonitoring Program. Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit 1990 Annual Report.

PRESENTATIONS

Dermott, R. 1991. Overview of the bottom fauna in Lake Ontario. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6. Johannsson, 0.E. and R. O'Gorman. 1991. Interaction of zooplankton and alewife in Lake Ontario. Canadian Society of Umnology Conference, Guelph, Ont., Jan. 3-4th. Johannsson, 0.E. 1991. Changes in the Lake Ontario ecosystem during the 1980's. Habitat Subcommittee Meeting of the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Budington, Ont., Feb. 5th. Johannsson, 0.E. 1991. Report of the Lake Ontario Biomonitoring Program: Trends in the open water between 1981 and 1989. Lake Ontario Committee Meeting, Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Niagara Falls, N.Y., March 28 Johannsson, 0.E., K.M. Ralph, and D.D. Myles. 1991. Mvsis relicta distribution, abundance and production in Lake Ontario. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6. Millard, E.S., D.D. Myles, and 0.E. Johannsson. 1991. Primary production and phosphorus demand in lake Ontario - whole lake assessment. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6. Ralph, K.M., 0.E. Johannsson, E.S. Millard, and D.D. Myles. 1991. Changes in the planktonic community and environment of Lake Ontario during the 1980's. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Maintain the basic sampling program on Lake Ontario but at a reduced level to allow two spatial surveys of Lake Erie. Continue with sample analyses and with data entry and verification.

Two spatial surveys of Lake Erie will be conducted as a background for designing a monitoring program, similar to that on Lake Ontario, to commence in 1993. If possible these will be undertaken as part of a more extensive trophodynamic program similar to LOTT on Lake Ontario and have been described and budgeted under Project Number 9020.

Estimates of photosynthetic parameters using the shipboard incubator, light extinction and solar irradiance will be continued at the same frequency as the review year. Measurement of P demand will not be made. Data from several seasons on photosynthesis and P demand will be analyzed along with similar data from the Bay of Quinte. The goal will be to produce paper(s) for the primary literature emphasizing the trophic gradient from the upper Bay of Quinte to the offshore waters of Lake Ontario and the variability of factors such as light and P supply and the role they play in determining productivity.

Assess the use of accoustical techniques for the monitoring of mysid acoustical and size structure.

Collaborate with Dr. D. Lasenby to determine the feeding rates of mysids.

Complete analysis of the zooplankton grazing rate data base and commence the write-up of this information.

Write paper for inclusion in the 25th anniversary edition on trends in the open-lake ecosystem.

Continue writing of the technical report.

Report on the trends in benthic populations and minor community structural changes between 1981 and 1991.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Short-term In 1992 we plan to commence studies to design a 'bioindex type' monitoring program for Lake Erie by conducting two spatial surveys, one in June and the other in late- summer.

Long-term We shall continue to concentrate on data analysis, integration of bioindex data with models developed by LOTT etc and on reporting and interpreting information on trends. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9011 Short Title: Long Term Biomonitoring Program

PROJECT NO.: 9011

SHORT TITLE: Long Term Biological Monitoring Program - LOWER GREAT LAKES

The Bioindex Program is designed to obtain baseline information on the sub-vertebrate biotic community and the chemical and physical environment they inhabit, and to put these measures in the context of normal annual variability. This information includes measures of species composition, abundance, and production because these parameters measure the basic structure and energy flow through the ecosystem. Changes or stresses that do not modify these parameters are within the compensatory mechanisms of the system and are less important. Changes or stresses that modify these parameters may alter the functioning of the system and need to be detected. Bioaccumulated toxics are the exception. These toxics are best detected by monitoring levels in top predators (Project 2111). Other functions of the Bioindex program include the obtaining of baseline data on biota which are not part of the core program, improving methodology when necessary and developing a better understanding of the functioning of the system

HYPOTHESIS AND WORK OUTLINE DESCRIPTION:

That a monitoring program based on a combination of physical, chemical and biological measures collected frequently from a few key locations can track the state of the ecosystem.

1. Biological Parameters

a) phytoplankton - weekly epilimnetic (or 0-20 m) samples for species composition and biomass - bimonthly measures through the euphotic zone of primary productivity, using a shipboard incubator, and of nutrient limitation b) zooplankton - weekly epilimnetic and metalimnetic (or 0-25 m) samples for species composition, abundance and productivity - monthly bottom to 50 m samples for species composition, abundance and productivity of deep water species c) mvsids -monthly samples (4 replicates) for abundance, cohort analysis and productivity d) benthos -biannual sampling for abundance and productivity APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY

2. Chemical Parameters

The following parameters are measured in integrated epilimnetic samples and in discrete depth samples from the metalimnion and hypolimnion: POC,PON, chlorophyll a, TKJN, NO3-NO2, NH3,TP, TFP, SRP,Si02, DIC, CI, pH, and conductivity. Dissolved oxygen is measured only from discrete depth samples including one from the mid-epilimnion.

3. Physical Parameters Transmissometer and electrobathythermograph profiles are recorded and Secchi Disc depth is taken when appropriate.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9011

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 11.7 2.3 (list items and approximate cost) flow through turner fluorometer b) O&M Expenses: i) Laboratory 6.2 primary productivity 2.0 bioindex sampling 4.2

ii) Field costs 1.0 ship stipend

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 19.0 phytoplankton 6.0 zooplankton 6.5 benthos 6.5

iv) Other costs 4.0 Publishing, page charges 3.0 water quality support 1.0 v) Summer students 20.0 one co-op (2 terms) and one summer student

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 50.2

- 210 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9011) 2.2 OJ 0.6; KR 0.9; SM 0.3; DM 0.3; RD 0.1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9013 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCAT1ON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: John Fitzsimons TELEPHONE: - (416) 336-4865 PROJECT MEMBERS: R. Randall (DFO) B. Valere (DFO) J. Casselman (OMNR) C. Schneider (NYDEC) R. Peterson (UW)

START: ongoing COMPLETION:

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Lake Trout Restoration

GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Factors affecting lake trout reproduction

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

Primary: To determine factors affecting reproductive success in Great Lakes lake trout in order to develop predictive models.

1. To determine the strain composition of naturally deposited lake trout eggs in Western Lake Ontario relative to the strain composition of potential spawners.

2. To determine if segregation by strain is occurring at Western Lake Ontario spawning sites and if it's related to habitat factors.

3. RELEVANCE:

A joint goal of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the 1987 revision of the 1978 GLWQA is the re-establishment of self-sustaining lake trout stocks. To accomplish this goal millions of hatchery reared juvenile lake trout are stocked each year by fisheries agencies throughout the Great Lakes. This action accompanied by effective lamprey control has resulted in the rebuilding of adult populations up to and in some cases exceeding historic levels of abundance. Unfortunately despite this effort significant natural reproduction by hatchery reared fish has been limited to Lake Superior.

Despite exceptionally heavy stocking of lake trout in Lake Ontario to the point where significant recruitment should have occurred, recruitment remains virtually non-existent. One of the factors involved may be the strains and numbers of lake trout stocked. There is increasing evidence that deposition of eggs on shoals is inversely proportional to the number of lake trout stocked of a particular strain. While this may indicate a density dependant effect on spawning, separation by strains for particular habitat attributes may also be occurring although those shoals sampled to date are qualitatively similar to each other and to shoals used historically. Moreover more than one strain of lake trout is depositing eggs at each of these shoals. To determine how representative the current situation is it's necessary to identify and sample additional shoals.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Egg samplers will be deployed prior to spawning at known/suspected spawning shoals in Western Lake Ontario with emphasis on brealwalls/piers.

2. Samples of eggs will be examined for viability, habitat relationships and analyzed electrophoretically under contract to determine percent composition by strain.

3. The strain composition of the eggs will be related to the strains initially stocked in the area and to the strain composition of mature females in assessment netting prior to spawning.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. A report on the effects of elevated temperature on lake trout embryos during early embryogenesis.

2. A report on whether testicular anomalies in lake trout represent a sex-reversed state.

3. A preliminary report on the mortality of Lake Ontario eggs fertilized in vitro and potential relationships with contaminants.

4. A preliminary report on mortality of naturally deposited lake trout eggs in Lake Ontario.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Data analysis is proceeding on a temperature effect report.

2. Due to less than anticipated growth, fish for the testicular anomaly study will be maintained for an additional six months when they will be examined. 3. Data analysis is proceeding on mortality observations for 1991 and 1992 while contaminant.results have yet to be received. Preliminary 1991 data was presented at the BOTE Lake Trout Task meeting in Ann Arbor last June.

4. Data analysis is proceeding on the 1991 and 1992 collections. A report was made to the BOTE Lake Trout Task meeting on the results of the 1991 collections.

5. Collections of naturally deposited eggs similar to 1990 were made this past.fall at both Burlington Pier and Fifty Point to evaluate the importance of habitat factors as well as sources of mortality.

6. Collections of artificially fertilized eggs were made in Western and Eastern Lake Ontario to further evaluate occurrence and sources of mortality. Subsamples were shipped to Pat Guiney at University of Wisconsin to determine the dosimbtry of dioxin to Lake Ontario lake trout eggs.

7. A presentation was made at the Lake Ontario Committee Meeting in March summarizing research on lake trout spawning habitat in Western Lake Ontario and embryonic mortality.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Determine the strain composition of lake trout eggs being deposited at six spawning sites in Western Lake Ontario.

2. Determine the habitat spawning relationships for lake trout in Western Lake Ontario and whether there are any strain specific relationships.

3. Analysis of 1988 to 1991 data and preparation of reports.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

While its important to identify active spawning shoals in Western lake Ontario, historically the greatest number was concentrated in Eastem Lake Ontario. It's anticipated that shoal studies in the eastern end will be carried out during the fall of 1993 similar to the ones proposed for 1992. These studies are contingent upon OMNR identifying new sites as part of a radio-tracking study proposed for the fall of 1992.

The identification of factors currently limiting natural recruitment of lake trout in Lake Ontario will be directly relevant to resource agencies throughout the Great Lakes. Their collective inability to date in achieving the goal of restoration of self-sustaining lake trout stocks is due in part to a lack of inforrnation on the relative importance of the perceived limiting factors. Lake Ontario with its size, diversity of lake trout strains used and well developed stocking and monitoring programs provides a good opportunity to evaluate the range of potentially limiting factors (eg. water quality, contaminants, predators) found here.

The strategy to affect lake trout restoration in Lake Ontario to date has been to stock large numbers of yearlings and limit fishing and lamprey mortality so as to achieve large numbers of spawners. The observation that egg deposition by strain appears to be inversely proportional to the number stocked brings into question this strategy. If true the same level of recruitment may be achievable with a smaller spawner population which would also act to reduce impacts on the forage stock reduce cannibalism by adult lake trout and reduce the age of maturity of females but increase their fecundity and egg size. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9013 Short Title: Lake Trout Restoration

Based on two spawning shoals in Westem Lake Ontario up to 90% mortality of naturally deposited eggs is occurring during the first month after spawning. The greatest part of this mortality appears to be due to a lack of fertilization. This is based on a lack of embryonic differentiation that can't be related to sampling effects, and high fertilization and low pre-eye-up mortality rates of artificially fertilized eggs. High survival of artificially deposited eggs indicates that spawning habitat quality in Southwestem Lake Ontario is likely not a factor in this high early mortality. Based on fall and overwinter incubations in shoals survival in this area is similar or better than that for Eastem Lake Ontario shoals and similar to that for Southem Lake Superior shoals.

The high rates of early mortality in Western Lake Ontario for naturally deposited eggs are similar to an Eastem Lake Ontario shoal (Stony Island) where mortality to two weeks post- spawning averaged 68%. However these rates are higher than in Lake Superior (eg. 29%) and Algonquin Park (eg. 27%) where stocks are self-sustaining.

Where naturally deposited eggs had high mortality early in embryogenesis, mortality of artificially fertilized eggs was generally low until swim-up. At swim-up the eggs of nine of twelve females examined developed a mortality syndrome characterized by loss of equilibrium, anorexia and hyperexcitability which resulted in virtually complete mortality. While fry so affected responded to thiamin therapy, the occurrence of the syndrome can't be related to egg concentrations of the vitamin.

Egg deposition at a small 6m2 man-made shoal at Burlington Pier was extremely high ranging from 10000/m2 in 1990 to 30000/m2 in 1991. Highest deposition occurred on cobble substrate at the top of a slope whose depth contours ran parallel to prevailing currents. In contrast egg deposition at a 6000m2 natural spawning shoal at 50 Pt. was approximately 360/m2.

At the Burlington Pier site Clearwater Lake strain eggs predominated in collections of naturally deposited eggs followed by Lake Manitou > Killala Lake > Lake Superior. The pattem of occurrence of the four strains in the egg collections was the converse of the numbers of the different strains stocked as fingerlings/yearlings in the westem basin of Lake Ontario. In this regard Burlington Pier is similar to Stony Island in Eastem Lake Ontario where Seneca Lake strain lake trout eggs are predominate in egg collections yet this strain comprised only 5% of the numbers stocked.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9013

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) .• b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 1 9.0 electrophoretic analysis, agency person, aging

iv) Other costs 2.0

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) Total O&M 21.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 9013) 0. 1 JF 0.1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9016 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: R. Dermott TELEPHONE: " (416) 336-4868 PROJECT MEMBERS: C.Timmins, O. Johannsson, E.S. Millard, J. Moore, M. Munawar, D. Barton, Univ. Waterloo. START: 1982 COMPLETION: 1993

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Benthic Community Analysis in Lakes Ontario and Erie

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Process benthic data and preparation of reports for studies in Lake Ontario, Bay of Quinte and Lake Erie

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): Complete the analysis and write up of data collections in support of the GLLFAS longterm project, Bioindex (1881-1992), Project Quinte (1972-1992), Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer project (1990-1992), Hamilton Harbour RAP(1989), as well as the initiated DFO studies into impact of invading zebra mussels on the near shore benthic community(1990-1991). Preparation of DFO technical reports on benthic fauna of the Bioindex and LOTT surveys, Hamilton Harbour sediment assays, Lake Erie benthic survey. Eventually complete manuscript on energetic model of amphipod Pontoporeia in Lake Ontario, Long term effects of lampricide treatments on stream communities and taxonomy of new oligochaete genus in eastern Canada.

3. RELEVANCE:

Issues concerning: 2 RAPs Lake Ontario LAMP GLWQ agreement for Lakes Ontario, Erie and Hamilton Harbour. Lake Ontario Fisheries Management The Fisheries Act for protecting fish habitat. Green plan on toxic sediments

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Transfer benthic data for Bay of Quinte from M. Johnson' DIF files to text files, Conversion of Quinte data to comparable formate of to whole lake surveys,and Bioindex format. Update of species codes to include hundreds of unlisted inshore fauna. Conversion of old species codes to new for all whole lake data, Superior, Georgian Bay, Erie, & Ontario.

Trend analysis of benthic data from Bioindex 1985 to 1990, preparation of data and technical reports.

Write up and historical comparisons of Lake Erie whole lake survey, 1979, and publication of Can. Fish & Aquatic Tech. report.

Calculation of whole lake benthic biomass in Lake Ontario from LOTT data, estimates of size frequencies of major species present and benthic biomass by species., depth contours and transect lines for fisheries energetics model.

Publication of technical report on Hamilton Harbour sediment assays and procedure protocols for testing sediment toxicity to Pontoporeia, Chironomus and Lumbriculus.

Publication of paper on growth and production of invading zebra mussels into Lake Erie, as well as the size and structure of the benthic community associated with the zebra mussel beds.

Analyze the pre-invasion data on nearshore invertebrates in Quinte, 1990-1991,. Ensure the collection of minimal monitoring of bacterial, nanoplankton, and zebra mussel abundance for baseline data in Quinte during the invasion of mussels in 1992.

Attend 10 RAP committee meetings for Sevem Sound area of Concern.

Attend and presentation of paper at IAGLR 1992.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Expertise and personnel deferred from this project 1990 to 1991, see project forecast # 4547, 1989-1990.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): Data collection for all the above except that on invading zebra mussels in Quinte have been completed. Preliminary data for LOTT presented at IAGLR conference and LOTT workshop at CCIW. Data on growth and production of zebra mussels collected and analyzed in Lake Erie.

PUBLICATIONS

Primary Literature: Dermott, R.M. 1991. Deformities in larval Procladius spp. and dominant Chironomini from the St. Clair River.

Reports: Dermott, R. , C. Timmins and J. Leslie. 1991. Distribution of zebra mussels on navigational buoys from Lake Ontario and upper St. Lawrence River, in December 1990. GLLFAS February 1991. Mongeau, F., B. Jacquaz. 1991. Abondance et distribution des moules zebrees (Dreissena polymorpha) dans le Fleuve Saint-Laurent. Centre Saint -Laurent, Ecotoxicologie et Ecosystemes, Montreal. Mars 1991.

PRESENTATIONS Dermott, R. 1991. Overview of the bottom fauna in Lake Ontario. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6.

Dermott, R. & M. Munawar. 1991. A simple and sensitive assay for evaluation of sediment toxicity using Lumbriculus variegatus (Mullen). Sediment- Water Interactions. Uppsala, Sweden, Aug. 1991.

Dermott, R. & M. Munawar. 1991. Seasonality of sediment toxicity to invertebrates from Hamilton Harbour. Sediment- Water Interactions. Uppsala, Sweden, Aug. 1991.

Dermott, R. 1991. DFO research activities on zebra mussels in the Great Lakes. Manitoba Technical Advisory Committee. Winnipeg, Oct. 2.

Dermott, R. & D. Barton. 1991. Benthic community associated with zebra mussel colonies. Second International Zebra Mussel Conference, Rochester, N.Y. Nov. 19-22.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Transfer benthic data for Bay of Quinte, 1972 to 1990 to IBM, or ASCII format from current Apple DIF files before all Apples are removed from CCIW. Analyze benthic data from Bioindex project from 1985 to 1990 in preparation of technical report on longterm changes in the lake. Publication of technical report on bioassays of Hamilton Harbour sediments on survival of Chironomus, Pontoporeia and oligochaete worms. Complete analysis of benthic data from the Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer (LOTT) project for lake wide biomass and size frequency. Publication of technical report on whole lake benthic survey of Lake Erie (1979) prior to initiation of Lake Erie Biomonitoring or trophic studies projects proposed in 1992-1993. Publication of invited chapter on impact of invading zebra mussels on the benthic community of Lake Erie. Collection of minimal near shore benthic data on the first year of invasion into the Bay of Quinte at previously sampled sites. Analysis of pre-invasion data from Quinte, 1989 to 1991. 8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: The benthic community analysis in Lake Ontario is an integral part of the biomonitoring program. There are 11 years of benthic data on Lake Ontario, representing the most comprehensive data set available. The data have been used to monitor changes in the trophic status of Lakes Ontario.

The longterm outlook will be to maintain the Lake Ontario sampling and to expand the program into Lake Erie. Expansion will require additional resources in 1993/94. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review. Project No.: 9016 Short Title: Benthic Community Analysis in Lakes Ontario and Erie

GLLFAS is responsible for examination of lower trophic levels under the GLWQA. Formally the lab as GLBL was also responsible for descriptive biology of the Great LaIces including examination of community structure as a measure of ecosystem health. To satisfy .this mandate several benthic surveys and experimental work were requested over the last decade dealing with the fauna of LaIce Ontario, Bay of Quinte, Lake Erie, St. Clair River, and lamprey treated streams. Data on these projects as well as more recently collected material dealing specifically with the latest issue of invading exotic species have been accumulating. As storage and archival space in GLLFAS is no longer available this material must be summarized and synthesized into a more concentrated form. Otherwise the raw material must be disposed of to make room for more space.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9016

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.5 4.0 (list items and approximate cost) .• working sink far L428 3400, new Ekman 1000, computer table. b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 2.0

ii) Field costs 4.0

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 3.0 9.0 Diver sampling 3 dates = 3000, Benthic invertebrate taxonomy and enumeration.

iv) Other costs 3.0 four technical reports @ 750/ .

v) Summer students 16.0 students, (1) summer and (1) in fall semesters

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 1.0 IAGLR 1992, NABS 1992, L.Ont. Workshop, Zebra Mussels Conference

Total O&M 13.0 25.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other '

c) PY's (Project: 9016) 0.7 CT 0.2, JM 0.1, MM. 0.4

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources)

- 223 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9017 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCA'TION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: R.G. Randall TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4702 PROJECT MEMBERS: V.W. Caims, C.K. Minns, J.E. Moore, B. Valere START: April 1, 1989 COMPLETION: March 31, 1995

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Productive Capacity of Fish Habitat: Great Lakes AOCs

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Factors affecting fish and fish habitat associations in Great Lakes Areas of Concern

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM): To formulate and test hypotheses conceming the links between fish habitat features and the success of fish populations in nearshore Great Lakes ecosystems, especially Hamilton Harbour, The Bay of Quinte, and Severn Sound.

To develop habitat assessment and analysis methods (based on GIS technology) which integrate biological, chemical, and physical components of the ecosystem.

To develop predictive models of fish habitat requirements in relation to fish production for use as management tools in the assessment of proposed changes to fish habitats throughout the Great Lakes. The utility of using HSI models in nearshore Great Lakes habitats will be evaluated.

To evaluate fish habitat restoration methods

3. RELEVANCE:

The terms of the 1988 GLWQA require, under Annex 2, that the agencies develop Remedial Action Plans for all Great Lakes Areas of Concern. Much of the degradation in these ecosystems has been associated with lost marshes, restructured shores, infilling, poor water quality (eutrophication and toxic discharges), and undesirable fish communities. Many of these factors co-occur, resulting in severe degradation or complete elimination of important fish habitats in Areas of Concem. Unfortunately, we know very little about techniques to successfully restore and develop habitats. Our lack of understanding is reflected in almost all of the Stage 2 reports to the IJC. Most agencies charged with developing remedial options readily admit that habitat restoration is experimental management and that mitigation cannot occur without research to identify the relationships between habitat characteristics and fish community composition and biomass.

DFO's Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat is founded on the principle of the 'net gain of productive capacity of fish habitat' and is achieved through mitigation and compensation. the policy assumes that DFO can properly assess the effects of proposed undertakings on the quantity and quality of fish habitat and relate habitat alterations to net gain or loss of productive capacity. There are good relationships between habitat type and quantity and specific life stage requirements of many fish species. However, the relationship between habitat type and productive capacity are in the early stages of development

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Field studies:

collect fish data from inshore control sites, by electrofishing 20 transects in lower Bay of Quinte, and 20 transects in upper Natawasaga Bay (Christian Island/ outer Penetang peninsula);

estimate the catch efficiency of yellow perch and pumpkinseeds in Penetang Bay; determine the effect of day vs. night and abundance of vegetation on the catch efficiency. (Experiments on catch efficiency will be completed during the 1992 field season);

determine GPS co-ordinates for the beginning and end of all survey transects;

2. Data analyses:

using fish and habitat data collected in three AOC's from 1988 to 1991, links between localized fish biomass and micro-habitat features will be determined. The following micro-habitat variables will be considered: aquatic vegetation, substrate, Secchi disc readings, light extinction, water conductivity, nearshore structure, proximity to cut-off areas and fetch. Initially, data will be analysed using step-wise multiple regression models; however, other statistical procedures may be used if necessary.

the effects of vegetation, day versus night sampling and other variables on fish catch efficiency during electrofishing surveys will be examined. In addition, the suitability of using the removal method for estimating fish abundance in experimental nearshore enclosures will be evaluated.

an appropriate GIS 'universe' for Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise will be finalized. Similar data sets for Severn Sound and Bay of Quinte, which have already been initiated, will be expanded. 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Measuring capture efficiency of electrofishing gear in different habitat types in different RAP areas. Estimates of capture efficiency are needed to convert fish data from a relative index (numbers and biomass captured per 100 m transect) to an absolute index (numbers per unit area). Factors that potentially affect fish capture efficiency which will be investigated will include: day vs night, fish size, species, presence and abundance of macrophytes, substrate types, water clarity and temperature.

Capture efficiency will be determined by installing enclosures in littoral areas, determining the total fish density within enclosures using removal and/or mark- recapture models, and comparing numbers of fish captured during one electrofishing pass with total density. For each factor (eg. day vs night) being investigated, at least 3 replicate estimates of efficiency will be determined. For logistic reasons, most efficiency experiments will be done in Hamilton Harbour; however, additional sampling will also be done in Sevem Sound and perhaps Bay of Quinte.

2. Detailed assessment of habitat conditions at a subset of transect locations electrofished in 1990 in Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, and Sevem Sound (Midland-Penetang and Hogs Bay). The object is to substantiate assumptions about the differences between habitat types and to create quantitafive datasets for joining data from all three RAP sites in unified analysis and modelling.

Sublets of 4 sites in each area will be randomly selected, based on the results of the 1990 fishing program, representing areas supporting maximum, average and minimum fish biomass, for a total of 12 sites per area. Measurements of slope, morphometry, substrate over delimited area will be completed in early summer. Extensive macrophyte surveys will be conducted in July and August using an echosounder to determine heights, growth forms). Once sampling in late July-early August of bottom benthos and macrophytes at 5 points along transects to determine biomass of major groups on bottom and on plants per unit area.

3. In conjunction with objectives 1. and 2. above, determine spatial variability in growth rates of several ubiquitous fish species in Hamilton Harbour. Biological sampling will be conducted in major habitat types on three dates (spring, summer, fall) to determine the age composition and growth characteristics of each species.

4. Focus of GIS work will be topographic modelling of transect sites and extrapolafion to whole area of each RAP.

5. Determine the suitability of HSI models for 4 selected species (walleye, pike/muskellunge/largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, white crappie, yellow perch) as predictors of presence/absence and abundance at the 100 transects sampled in 1990.

6. Adapt the various HSI variables and their relationships to each other to represent Great Lakes conditions. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Experiments on the capture efficiency of the electrofishing gear were carried out in Hamilton Harbour from 1 June to 7 July, 1991. An experimental enclosure was designed and successfully used in nearshore habitats. A total of 9 successful sets were made. Efficiency was estimated using mark-recapture data after known numbers of alewifes, white perch and bullheads were released into the enclosure. Four replicates of efficiency were estimated in each of two treatment conditions (day versus night and vegetated versus unvegetated areas). In addition to the habitat variables, information was also collected on the effect of fish species, sampling effort, fish density and fish size on the capture efficiency. All data have been analysed; results will be presented at the 1992 IAGLAR conference.

2. Detailed habitat surveys were completed at 12 transects in each of three. areas: Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte and Penetang Bay. Information collected included: depth, proximity of transects to drop- off areas, echo-sounder tracings of macrophytes, substrate, light extinction, conductivity, water temperature, and nearshore structure.

Most of the data (echo-sounder tracings are presently being digitized) were put on computer file and verified. In addition, scuba-diving surveys were conducted at a subset of transects (total = 00) to determine species composition and stem densities.

3. In conjunction with activities in 1. above, samples of alewifes and white perch were collected from 4 different sites in Hamilton Harbour to determine spatial differences in age and growth characteristics. Samples are presently being aged.

4. Much progress was made on the development of a GIS 'universe' for Hamilton Harbour. As a result, preliminary comparisons were made between fetch (as calculated from GIS data) and fish biomass at localized sites in Hamilton Harbour; results indicated that fetch had a significant effect on fish distribution.

5&6. Much of the recent literature material on HSI models was reviewed. HSI models have been used for lacustrine habitats, but on a whole lake basis, rather than for localized habitats within lakes. Thus, although data from the nearshore sites will be analysed in an HSI context in the long term, much work remains to be done to modify these models before they can be applied to localized habitats within the AOC's.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

The following papers will be prepared during the 1992/1993 planning year:

1. Effect of habitat stress on the species composition and biomass of fish in nearshore habitats of three Great Lakes 'Areas of Concern' - Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte and Severn Sound. ( A draft of this technical report has been prepared).

2. Evaluation of two methods for conducting macrophyte surveys in littoral habitats - visual surveys and detailed scuba-diving surveys. (A draft of this technical report has been prepared). In addition to the technical report, a primary publication comparing the two techniques may be prepared.

3. Effect of macrophytes, light and species composition on the capture efficiency of fish during surveys in littoral habitats using electrofishing gear. Primary publication.

4. The accuracy of estimating the abundance of fish in nearshore areas by the removal method. Primary publication.

5. The relationship between micro-habitat features and the species composition and biomass of fish in nearshore areas of the Great Lakes.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Fish Habitat Management and Fish Habitat Studies are in the fourth year of a 5 year project to develop quantitative relationships between productive capacity and habitat type. Over the course of the project, Science and Operations will develop a set of comprehensive fish habitat models covering the complete fish assemblages in each of three Areas of Concem (Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, and Severn Sound). These models will identify critical habitats in each area, predict the current productive capacity of the areas, predict the consequences of various future human development activities, and predict the impact of proposed remedial actions. Ultimately, the models will be used by FHM to guide the development of Fish Habitat Management Plans in these sites APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9017 Short Title: Productive Capacity of Fish Habitat: Great Lakes AOCs

Research on the productive capacity of littoral habitats in three Great Lakes 'Areas of Concern' (Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte and Severn Sound) was initiated by the Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences in 1988. Electrofishing gear was used to conduct surveys of the fish populations in the littoral habitats. Information on micro-habitat features (slope, macrophyte abundance, substrate, water clarity etc.) was collected at the same transect locations. The primary objective of the project was to identify how fish production varied spatially in different littoral habitats, and to develop models whereby fish production could be predicted from different habitat features. Ultimately, the habitat and fish data, and the resulting predictive models, would be used in future remedial action plans designed to rehabilitate aquatic habitats in the Areas of Concern.

Considerable progress was made on this project during the 1991/1992 work period. Most of the fish and habitat data (including data collected during the 1991 field season) have now been put on computer file and verified. A preliminary analysis was made of fish data collected from the nearshore habitats from 1988 to 1990. Species composition and biomass of fish was related to macro-habitat features, namely eutrophication and habitat stress. Production rate of fish was high in all littoral habitats, and it was positively correlated with average seasonal levels of total phosphorus. Despite high levels of production, however, habitat stress had a negative impact on the structure of the fish populations. Production of native species, biomass of large piscivores and the diversity of fish species were all highest in the least stressed environments. Thus, we were able to identify the major factors affecting fish production among the different Areas of Concem. The next challenge will be to determine links between micro-habitat features and the localized biomass of fish within individual Areas on Concem. Preliminary analysis have indicated that both macrophyte abundance and fetch have a significant effect on the distribution and biomass of fish. Therefore, the potential for developing useful models is considerable.

Progress was also made during 1991 in determining gear efficiency. Preliminary results from Hamilton Harbour indicate that catchability is dependent on fish species, fish size and sampling effort, but independent of light (day versus night sampling) and the presence/absence of macrophytes. These results will be confirmed during the 1992 field season. Mark-recapture data from Hamilton Harbour have also shown that fish densities can be estimated accurately in experimental enclosures by the removal method. Information on catch efficiency will be used to convert the fish data from a relative index (kg/transect) to an absolute index of abundance (kg/ha).

Research priorities during the 1992/1993 planning year will be to: 1. develop models to link fish abundance with micro-habitat features within the Areas of Concern; 2. complete field observations on the catch efficiency of the electrofishing gear; 3. collect fish and habitat data at APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY a small subset of non-AOC sites to act as control data. Considerable emphasis will be placed on data analysis and documentation.

.•

- 230 - APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9017

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 5.5 (list items and approximate cost) .• Back-up 7.5 hp generator for Smith-Root electroshocker b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 5.0 General supplies: plastic bags, vials and bottles, aging material

ii) Field costs 15.0 5.0 Electrofishing efficiency: 20 days X 3 people X $100.00 . 6.0 K Additional costs for material and installation of barrier nets: 3.0K GPS data collection: 10 days X 2 people X 5100.00 = 2.0K Electrofishing control sites: 30 d X 3 people X $100 = 9K

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 5.0 4.0 Efficiency: 20dX1X100 . 2K (biologist travel) GPS 2K(biologist) Electrofish: 30dX1X100 .. 3K

v) Summer students 15.0 21.0 Electrofishing: 3 students (18 wks) X $9.0 . 27K GIS/Database: 1 COOP student (18 wks) . 9K

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 20.0 25.0 25.0 APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLIM) LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9017) 2.7 RR 0.8 KM 0.5 VC 0.1 JM 0.5 BV 0.8

* Other: (identify altemate sources for resources) Fish Habitat Management PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9018 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Scott Millard TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4702 PROJECT MEMBERS: D. Myles, K. Minns, J. Moore, R. Dermott, O. Johannsson, K. Ralph. START: 1972 COMPLETION: Unknown

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Project Quinte

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

A long-term multi-trophic level project investigating the effects of P removal at sewage treatment plants and other remedial actions on the Bay of Quinte ecosystem.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To understand the relationship among nutrient loading, ecological characteristics and processes, and societal benefits of the Bay of Quinte ecosystem. To continue to monitor water quality, biomass and species composition of various biota, and rate processes within and linking trophic levels as the response to reduced P loading is transferred through the ecosystem. Measuring the response can determine whether conditions meet the goals of the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) for the bay.

To understand the relative importance of phosphorus (P) management (bottom up influence) vs. the fish community (top down influence) on the observed biomass of phyto- and zooplankton. To understand how the interrelationships between various trophic levels and other factors (water levels, P loading etc.) result in observed levels of biomass. To understand the importance of sediment regeneration of phosphorus in delaying rehabilitation of the bay.

3. RELEVANCE: The Bay of Quinte has been designated as an Area of Concern by the IJC. It is one of a number of sites around the Great Lakes where restoration and cleanup has been given a top priority. As part of this action a RAP is being prepared (Stage I complete, Stage II in prep.) and the Project Quinte study team has an intimate involvement in this process. Clients include other involved agencies (OMNR, OME, Queen's Univ.) as well as the IJC with respect to the RAP. Project Quinte can fulfil the monitoring indicated in the RAP that is needed to assess its success.

Project Quinte is an ongoing, multi-agency cooperative research project that arose out of the 1972 water-quality agreement. It was implemented to follow the success of P loading reduction in an ecosystem where the effects of cultural eutrophication were extreme and where many factors such as depth and sediment-P regeneration might work against the success of the proposed P management. It was felt at the time that, monitoring the Bay of Quinte ecosystem might be provide information on long term success of the P management program in the lower Great Lakes.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Sampling cruises to be carried out similar to 1990. Stn T (Trenton) in the upper bay will be visited more frequently than 1989 (6-8 times summer and fall).

2. Measurement of photosynthetic rates to continue but P demand measures to be dropped.

3. Benthic sampling to be carried out at four index stations only with five replicate samples per station.

4. The analyses of the 1989 and 1990 zooplankton grazing patterns will be completed. Further field measurements to be carried out only if the depressed seasonal trends in 1989 were not confirmed in 1990. Ken Nichols (MOE) has requested that the feeding by copepods on the diatom bloom in the spring be examined. Several measurements in May and early June will be made.

5. Phase II of biotics modelling to be carried out. Project participants will be required to work up and supply data and participate in a workshop.

6. Data on photosynthesis and phosphorus demand to be analyzed along with similar data from Lake Ontario and incorporated into papers for primary publication.

7. Continued involvement by SM and KM in the Quinte RAP coordinating committee. The responsibility for producing the 1990 Project Quinte Annual Report may be transferred to the RAP depending on the relationship between Project Quinte and the RAP.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Sampling cruises for water quality, physical parameters, biomass and species composition of phyto- and zooplankton and photosynthetic rates were successfully carried out at stations B,N,HB,C. Staton T was visited more frequently in 91 as planned. This station was sampled regularly from June to October. 2. Measurements of photosynthetic rates continued but P demand measurements made in 88 & 89 were not made.

3. Benthos sampling carried out at index stations. Transects in Adolphus Reach sampled as part of the pre-zebra mussel invasion survey. Extra stations sampled throughout the bay as part of this initiative. Funding for transects and extra stations from zebra mussel project. Data from one of the Quinte Bioindex stations used for IAGLR presentation on benthos in Lake Ontario.

4. Zooplankton grazing measured in May and June using 32P-labelled natural phytoplankton communities at Belleville. Seasonal measurements made using the 14C technique at the same location. Seasonal trends analyzed up to Aug 1991 for the Project Quinte annual report. Further analysis is underway. • -

5. Phase II of the biotics modelling not carried out for several reasons. The Phase I report was not received until well into the current fiscal year and thus put a time constraint on a new contract. Delivery of Phase I which included modelling options for lower trophic levels cast doubts on the feasibility of the project. Underfunding and lack of commitment on some of the participants with important data sets were also problems.

6. Analysis of photosynthesis and P demand data to be continued late in fiscal year 91/92 and extend into 92/93. Some analysis done during progress of the project and for presentations at IAGLR. Data is well organized and tabulated to final form for final analysis.

7. Involvement by SM and KM in the Quinte RAP coordinating committee continued.

8. Responsibility for producing the 1990 Project Quinte Annual Report remained with SM. The report was printed as a RAP document for the second consecutive year. This work may be contracted out in next fiscal year because of the complexity the task has assumed with increased input from the Glenora Fisheries Assessment Unit.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Sampling cruises to be conducted as in 91. Continued sampling at Trenton will depend on the consensus of the Project Quinte research group. A meeting will be held before the start of the 92 field season.

2. Photosynthesis measurements to be carried out by an experienced summer student.

3. Benthos sampling at index stations.

4. Analysis of zooplankton grazing data to be completed. No field work anticipated.

5. KM to supervise a contract on developing a predictive nutrient budget for the bay. This project is part of Quinte RAP work plan and is dependant on MOE RAP funding.

6. Continued involvement of SM & KM in the Quinte RAP coordinating committee. 7. The responsibility for producing the 1991 Project Quinte annual report may be transferred to the RAP or be contracted out by GLLFAS because of the complexity and size of the task. Some level of support will be necessary for SM if the job remains in GLLFAS.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Longterm Outlook

Project Quinte will provide data in forthcoming years that can determine the success of remedial actions. The relationship of Project Quinte to the RAP and its role during an implementation phase is not clear at this time. It is clear however that future direction of Project Quinte is geared toward the RAP as the primary dient. 'The project has and can continue to provide data on the success of P removal strategies in a shallow eutrophic environment. In addition, long-term data sets such as Project Quinte provide information on the influence that factors such as natural variability, food-chain interactions and climate change have on aquatic ecosystems. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9018 Short Title: Project Quinte

SUMMARY:

Project Quinte is a continuing multi-agency project started in 1972 to study the response of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario to reduced phosphorus (P) loading from sewage treatfnent plants. The project involves scientists from DFO, OME, OMNR, and Queen's Unvi. The project ran unchanged from its inception in 1972 until 1982 with 1978 the first year of P removal. After 1982 major reductions were made in the number of stations and the sampling frequency to produce a less costly monitoring program that would still meet the requirements of the project(i.e. to detect long-term changes in the trophic status of the bay).

Detailed nutrient and flow budgets for the bay have been constructed. Results of studies on the physical and chemical limnology of the bay and most of the major biotic components have been published in Special Publication #86 of the Canadian J. Fisheries & Aquatic Sc. titled "Project Quinte: Point-Source Phosphorus Control and Ecosystem Response in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario.

In the first years following P control there were substantial declines in levels of algal biomass. However, in recent years (84,85,87,88) algal biomass has increased to levels similar to pre- control values in spite of drastic reductions in point-source P loadings and P concentrations in the water. However there have been some recent years with both low total P levels (1986 seasonal mean=25 ug/L lowest ever recorded in the upper bay) and low levels of algal biomass.

The mechanism for the increase in algal levels in some years since P controls are not clear but sediment P regeneration and changes in the structure of the fish community are the factors most likely responsible. There has been an increase in top predators (walleye), a decline in white perch and a gradual increase in alewife since P control was implemented. Interactions among these fish populations and with zooplankton communities must have important effects on zooplankton and in tum algal biomass. There is a positive relationship between algal biomass and catch per unit effort of alewife plus white perch suggesting that food-chain interactions are affecting biomass of lower trophic levels independent of P management. However the mechanism is not clear since zooplankton biomass does not show a negative relationship with planktivore abundance nor do algal levels correlate negatively with zooplankton biomass.

Multiple regression analysis by Nicholls (OME) and Hurley (OMNR) yielded and accurate predictive relationship for algal biomass with planktivore/benthivore biomass, nutrient concentrations and water levels as the important explanatory variables. The current hypothesis suggests that changes in planktivore/benthivore biomass and thus feeding on chironomids alters grazing pressure on Melosira and results in the fluctuations in biomass. Most of the APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY fluctuations in algal biomass since P controls have been due to the diatom Melosira and it is known that chironomids consume this alga at the sediment surface. The importance of food- chain interactions relative to P management requires more study.

At the same time, recent studies on sediment P and riverine inputs of particulate P indicate that the vast reservoir of sediment P that was thought to exist has already dissipated or was overestimated originally. These studies also indicate that particulate P sedimented during high flow periods in the spring may become available during the same season. This means that river inputs of P may have become relatively more important at maintaining high. levels of algal productivity because point-source inputs have been so drastically reduced.

Studies of algal P demand (1988-90) indicate that in the upper bay, phytoplankton are P deficient primarily in the spring. Algal communities exhibit moderate P deficiency in the summer but this occurs at peak biomass. Although dynamic measures of P demand (P uptake) prior to P control were never made, analysis of primary production and light data suggested that in the upper bay phytoplankton communities became light-limited at maximum biomass. Moderate P demand is now occurring at peaks of chlorophyll that are high (40-60 ug.1:1 but less than maximum values in the pre-control period(70-100 ugi.:1). This indicates that the upper bay may be heading toward a more P-limited situation compared to the pre P-control period and algal communities are at times responding linearly to P supply.

The future of Project Quinte is dependent on the success and the needs of the FtAP. Results from the project will be the key to determining the success of remedial options that have been chosen. Clearly, there will be a more immediate need for the scientific results and mechanisms to make maximum use of this data in a timely fashion will have to be explored. However, the need to increase our understanding of scientific aspects of the bay such as the influence of food-web alterations on biomass of lower trophic levels, the link between habitat types and fish communities, the role of sediment-P feedback and riverine inputs of particulate P, and the relationship between P loading and algal growth should not be overlooked. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9018 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.0 (list items and approximate cost) Vacuum pump 1.0, Schindler-Patalas zooplankton traps 3.0 b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 10.0 Isotopes, filters, fluor, vials, bottles and jars, preservatives, waste disposal, equipment repair.

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 10.0 Zooplankton 5.0 Benthos 5.0

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students 9.0 Maximum cost to hire an experienced summer student.

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 10.0 19.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 9018) 1.5 SM 0.4, DM 0.4, RD 0.2, KM 0.2, JM 0.2, OJ 0.1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources)

- 239 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9019 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCAllON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: J.K. Leslie TELEPHONE: - (416) 336-4865 PROJECT MEMBERS: C.A. Timmins START: 1988 COMPLETION: 1992

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Larval Fish in Severn Sound

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Larval Fish Ecology in the Penetang - Sevem Sound RAP area

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

Sevem Sound RAP was scheduled for completion in 1990. Results of field surveys during 1988-1992 will be examined by RAP writing team to evaluate status of the ecosystem and suggest measures for remediation.

3. RELEVANCE:

Sevem Sound was identified as a RAP area mainly as a result of a continuing depressed walleye recreational fishery. Spawning and nursery habitat for all species of fish continue to be degraded or lost. Habitat requirements for fish in the Sound must be known before rehabilitation can be considered.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

Seasonal collections of young-of-year fish offshore and at the shore. Fish Habitat will be quantified, described. Biological and physical variables will be measured.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Ecological surveys of larval fish in Penetang Harbour, north shore and bays on the southem perimeter of Severn Sound; walleye hatching success in the Moon River and Pt. Severn (Lock 45) confirmed. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

Majority of fish collected in 1991 have been processed; species identified, counted; species occurrence and distribution have been determined; abundance estimates of each species determined for each area or bay sampled in Sevem Sound.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Determine abundance of walleye larvae in traditional spawning areas of the Sound; estimation of biomass of one or more dominant species and determine diurnal movement of recruited fish in selected areas. 8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: .•

Larval fish surveys have identified spawning and nursery habitat for most fish species in Sevem Sound. With this baseline information, remediation plans can specify measures for protection and management of fish communities.

In the short term, a summary report will be written on larval fish ecology of Sevem Sound for inclusion in a special issue (1992) of the Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for indusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9019 Short Title: Larval Fish in Severn Sound

Historically, the main spawning habitat for walleye in Sevem Sound is located at the Pt. Severn dam (Lock 45). Since 1989, we have sampled this site and have collected three walleye larvae (in 1991). Clearly, this site is not at present utilized to any extent (if at all) by wallgye. However, the Moon River is the main source of walleye in the Sound. Evidence of larvae in the Moon River at least establishes a documented spawning population. Intensive sampling in April and May resulted in a total of 28 walleye larvae, and 4200 larvae of nine other species, principally rainbow smelt and yellow perch.

Ecological surveys throughout spring and summer of larvae in Severn Sound (and Penetang Harbour) were completed. Typically, the dominant and most abundant species collected in the Sound were yellow perch, pumpkinseed, brook silversides, largemouth bass, blackchin shiner and bluntnose shiner. Shallow sheltered bays on the north shore near Pt. Sevem and Hog Bay and Sturgeon Bay on the south shore are prime locations for spawning and nursery habitat, whereas lowest species diversity appears to be along the outer harbour of Penetang.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9019

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.0 (list items and approximate cost) .• computer & RSI b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 2.0

ii) Field costs 5.0

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 2.0 Stomach contents of Perch Larvae

iv) Other costs 1.0 2 Publications

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 5.0 5.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

c) PY's (Project: 9019) 1.5 J.R. Leslie 0.9 C.A. Timmins 0.6

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) •

PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9020 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: O. Johannsson, S. Millard, R. Dermott TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4868 PROJECT MEMBERS: Munawar - Dermott, Johannsson, Millard et al. START: May 1990 COMPLETION: March 1994

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Lake Ontario/Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Studv

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

Lake Ontario/Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Project - a lakewide description of physical and chemical conditions, biological distributions, composition, and production, and trophic interactions. A program similar to the Bioindex program (9011) will commence on Lake Erie in 1993. The spatial pattems for key chemical and biological parameters in 92 will be used to choose the long-term monitoring sites for Lake Erie. If funding is not available for project 9020, then additional funds will be required in project 9011 in order to do these spatial surveys.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

To relate community structure and physical characteristics of the lake to energy flow and fish biomass in offshore Lakes Ontario and Erie.

To determine suitable long-term monitoring stations for Lake Erie and to determine how large an area these stations represent.

BENTHOS • To understand the current lakewide variability in populations of benthic fauna in the whole of Lake Ontario sampled over a short time span.

• To determine the depth distributions and examine the relative habitat associations of the dominant fauna in Lake Ontario. • To supply data on the biomass size frequencies (>0.18 mm) of the bottom fauna at different depths and locations in Lake Ontario.

MYSIDS • To determine the lakewide distribution of adult (males and females) and juvenile mysids as effected by depth, substrate type and season.

• To calculate lakewide productivity and the relative importance of production at different depths.

• To evaluate the usefulness of sampling at one station to follow trends in annual abundance and production. •• ▪ To determine the minimum number of stations, and their locations, required to calculate whole lake production.

ZOOPLANKTON

▪ To determine the spatial variability in zooplankton composition and abundance in Lake Erie, with particular reference to onshore-offshore gradients. This part of the study was done by Dr. G. Sprules on Lake Ontario.

• To estimate lakewide patterns of grazing rates of zooplankton from abundance and composition of zooplankton and grazing relationships developed in the Bioindex program.

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND PHOSPHORUS DEMAND

• To determine spatial variability in the key nutrients for phytoplankton growth (N,P,Si).

• To estimate whole-lake primary production.

• To determine the spatial variability in photosynthetic parameters of the phytoplankton community and associated parameters such as chlorophyll and light extinction.

• To investigate the degree to which light or phosphorus limits phytoplankton growth both spatially and seasonally.

• To determine the spatial variability in vertical mixing depth and the interrelationship with transparency in determining the mean level of irradiance in the water column. This factor is the key to determining the extent which nutrients or light limit phytoplankton growth.

3. RELEVANCE:

1) The fisheries of Lake Ontario has changed immensely since the mid 1970's because of the heavy stocking of salmonids. It is still uncertain whether the lower trophic levels in the lake can support the present stocking rate over the long term. Information on the quantity, pathways, and constraints on energy flow will help to assess the potential of the lake to support piscivores.

2) Lake Erie is composed of three basins increasing in mean depth and decreasing in eutrophy from west to east, and has traditionally supported economically-important warm-water fisheries such as walleye and perch. Water clarity has increased and 'shifts in energy flow from the pelagia to the benthos are suspected since the zebra mussel colonization of most of the available substrate in the lake. Comparison of energy flow in the three basins and with Lake Ontario will help us to understand the impacts of lake size and morphometry and the shifting importance of benthic versus pelagic pathways on the fish community.

3) Lake Ontario population estimates of benthic fauna, especially the amphipod, Pontoporeia, have been made using data from the Biological Index Monitoring Program. The validity of using data from only 2 stations to make whole lake estimates of the biomass has to be verified and if necessary corrected. The same situation will arise in Lake Erie with the start of a Biomonitoring program in 1993. Similarly, we need to assess the validity of determining trends in mysid abundance and production from samples at only one station.

3) The survival of Pontoporeia is being used as the habitat indicator of clean environments in the 1987 GLWQA. Reproductive success of this amphipod has been shown to be greatly reduced under the influence of trace contaminant levels. Again, in order to assess the representativeness of the information from Biological Monitoring Program stations, we need to examine the variability in the whole lake data.

4) Size frequency distributions of pelagic, offshore ecosystems has been proposed as an estimate of the health and transfer efficiency of the ecosystem. The mysid and benthic biomass spectra will be incorporated into multi-trophic spectra as part of the study on the relationships between the size frequency distribution of the community and trophic interactions in Lakes Ontario and Erie.

5) There have been no lakewide estimates of primary production or of the photosynthetic parameters that determine integral production in Lake Erie since the early 1970's. Estimates of primary production for the whole lake should give an indication of the potential for production at higher trophic levels and indicate transfer efficiency to higher trophic levels. Lakewide estimates would increase the confidence we have in applying weekly estimates of these parameters made at a few stations on the Bioindex cruises to larger areas.

6) There is considerable spatial variability in both lakes in patterns of warming and setup of stratification. These patterns are important in determining the timing and spatial differences in phosphorus or light limitation of phytoplankton production. Results from the Bioindex project suggest that some nearshore areas (north shore) in Lake Ontario tend toward phosphorus limitation even in the early spring at full mixing depths of 34m (eastern basin). This may be important in determining the biomass that is produced and exported to offshore areas to support zooplankton in the deeper offshore waters where phytoplankton growth is extremely light-limited in the early spring. Localized nearshore enrichment may be important and be reflected in lower P deficiency compared to offshore waters under similar conditions. Consequently, it will be important to establish the spatial pattems in mixed-layer irradiance and extent of phosphorus deficiency.

7) Knowledge of the spatial patterns of biological, physical and chemical parameters, particularly the nearshore-offshore gradients, will allow us to choose long term monitoring stations and calculate the area of the lake they represent.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

BENTH IC FAUNA

Data on the single sample grabs for the May and October collections will be available by early April 1991 and will probably not be in any form to be presented until late 1991 God willing . The data will be made available to anyone capable of integrating it into trophic size spectra modelling.

MYSIDS

The mysid data will be analyzed using the GIS to obtain lakewide production estimates. The data will be presented at the International Conference of Great Lakes Research. The production of a draft paper will depend on whether field work is continued in 1991.

PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND P DEMAND

Complete description and analysis of data with the GIS should be completed. Some results will be presented at IAGLR 91 but publication may depend on whether field activities continue in 91. Publication will also depend on the wishes of the various researchers for a coordinated publication. The stage of analysis for other data sets could delay publication of data sets ready in the planning year.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

In June, we participated in a special symposium on Lake Ontario at the International Association for Great Lakes Research conference where we presented the results of the LOTT project. At that point, the data had been analyzed in terms of spatial distribution of parameters using GIS, regression relationships and contour maps; lake-wide and regional productivities of phytoplankton and mysids had been estimated and trophic relationships suggested.

An autumn cruise of 55 stations was completed on Lake Ontario. Samples and data are still being analyzed. Additional mysid samples were taken in the nearshore to assess the relationship between substrate type and abundance. PRESENTATIONS

Dermott, R. 1991. Overview of the bottom fauna in Lake Ontario. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6.

Johannsson, 0.E., K.M. Ralph, and D.D. Myles. 1991. Mvsis relicta distribution, abundance and production in Lake Ontario. 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6.

Millard, E.S., D.D. Myles, and 0.E. Johannsson. 1991. Primary production and phosphorus demand in Lake Ontario - whole lake assessment 34th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, N.Y. June 2-6.

.11 7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

One cruise on Lake Ontario in the spring has been requested because there is no fish data for that time of year. Mysid abundance and size structure would also be measured to confirm the 1990 distribution patterns and to provide a measure of the food resource for certain fish stocks at that time. Primary productivity and P demand would be repeated to confirm earlier work and to further investigate light limitation vs P-kinetics as the thermocline develops. Benthos will not be collected because the 1990 distributions confirm distributions and abundances from earlier studies.

Two spatial cruises of approximately 50 stations are proposed for Lake Erie, one in June and the other in August/September. Temperature and light profiles will be taken and samples will be collected for nutrient analysis, POC, PON, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton composition. Primary productivity and P-kinetics will be measured. Mysids will be collected from the eastern basin stations (no mysids occur in the other two basins of the lake) and zooplankton samples for comparison with the Lake Ontario Bioindex data base will be taken from all stations. The benthos will be studied by Trefor Reynoldson (NWRI).

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The distribution and timing of production of the lower trophic levels will be integrated with information on trophic size spectra and fish distribution and diet. Comparison of lakewide estimates of various parameters collected on LOTT should validate the approach taken on the Bioindex project. LOTT/LETT will influence future sampling strategies in the Bioindex Program in Lakes Ontario and Erie APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9020 Short Title: Lake Ontario/Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Study

Lake Ontario/Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Study

The trophic transfer studies focus on the quantity and pathways of energy flowin the Great Lakes as they are affected by the physical morphometry of the lakes, the size spectra of the biological communities and the seasonal cycle of physical, chemical and biological variables. The integrated concepts and data will be used to evaluate the state or health of different lake systems, to provide information on resources bases and top-down/bottom-up factors for fisheries managers, and to better understand the interactions within the Great Lakes ecosystems.

Within the context of the study, the spatial distribution of abundance and composition of the different trophic levels are described for the spring, summer and autumn. The production of the various trophic levels/dominant organisms are calculated for the whole lake, relating production to season and physical structures of the ecosystem; eg. temperature structure of the water column, substrate type, depth etc. Rates of consumption are being estimated from accessory studies, literature information and diet. Energetics models are being developed for the major fish species and mysids. The data will be integrated at the whole lake level through a variety of models: size-spectra models, network analysis, and energetics/contaminant flow models are being discussed at our January meeting.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992193

Project No.: 9020

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 10.0 phytoplankton 5.0 zooplankton 5.0 mysids (in house)

iv) Other costs 8.0 water quality analyses for Lake Ontario 2.0 water quality analyses for Lake Erie 5.0 workshop 1.0

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 18.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9020) 0.8 OJ 0.1, SM 0.2, DM 0.3, RD 0.1, KR 0.1

* Other: (identify altemate sources for resources)

- 250 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9021 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: R. Young TELEPHONE: ' (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. Kelso START: 1991 . COMPLETION: 1996

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Sea lamprey habitat relationships

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

In cooperation with the Sea Lamprey Control Centre (SLCC) & DFO (Moncton), we will examine the relationship between density of sea lamprey ammocoetes and spawners with stream habitat characteristics. This project is aimed at further quantifying the relationship between habitat characteristics and sea lamprey abundance. Our goal is to develop predictive relationships between lamprey use and habitat characteristics.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. Determine the relationship between ammocoete abundance and stream habitat characteristics from Catamaran Brook in cooperation with DFO - Moncton.

2. Determine the effect of varying substrate characteristics on densities of sea lamprey ammocoetes.

3. Review the characteristics of sea lamprey spawning habitat characteristics.

4. Determine the relationship between habitat characteristics and use by spawning sea lamprey in the St. Mary's River, in cooperation with SLCC.

5. Review the effects of sea lamprey barrier dams on the passage of fish.

3. RELEVANCE:

Young et al. (1990 a, b) examined the relationship between habitat characteristics and sea lamprey ammocoete density semi-quantitatively. This project will enable us to significantly improve our understanding of sea lamprey population dynamics by quantitatively assessing habitat and population variables. In tum, these quantitative relationships are important to the integrated management of sea lamprey (IMSL) process, and subsequently, more efficient management of sea lamprey.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Examine the relationship between ammocoete densities with habitat characteristics (physical and chemical) in Catamaran Brook, as a time series.

2. Review existing literature on habitat choice by spawning sea lamprey.

3. By S.C.U.B.A., determine nest density and egg survival in a gradient.of habitats in the St. Mary's River.

4. Review existing knowledge (or lack thereof) of the effect of sea lamprey barrier dams on fish passage and movement.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Determine density, age structure and growth of sea lamprey from Catamaran Brook. (Data supplied by DFO - Moncton).

2. Determine relationships between habitat characteristics and sea lamprey densities.

3. Review literature on habitat choice by spawning sea lamprey.

4. Initiate study of nest density and egg survival along a habitat gradient in the St. Mary's River.

5. Review literature on effects of barrier dams on fish movement and passage.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. Evaluation of electrofishing efficiency at different parameter values completed at Catamaran Brook in cooperation with Cunjak (Moncton).

2. Ammocoetes and habitat data collected during summer and fall surveys at Catamaran Brook in cooperation with Cunjak (Moncton).

3. Completed review of sea lamprey spawning habitat.

4. Completed review of sea lamprey barrier dams on the passage of fish.

5. Completed swimming performance experiment and prepared draft of paper in cooperation with T. McAuley, SLCC. 7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Continue work with Cunjak (Moncton) on density, age structure, and growth of sea lamprey from Catamaran Brook.

2. Examine relationships between habitat characteristics and sea lamprey densities.

3. In cooperation with SLCC, initiate fishery assessment of proposed velocity barrier at the McIntyre River, Thunder Bay.

4. Work with the GLFC through the SLIC to develop long-term DFO research program which examines population dynamics of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes and develops/evaluates new alternative technologies to chemical control of lamprey.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The sea lamprey management program funded by DFO through the GLFC is required to prepare quantitative assessments of sea lamprey populations in support of management activities. The ability of SLCC to provide this information is constrained by lack of quantitative information for sea lamprey. This project is designed to partially fill this research void. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9021 Short Title: Sea lamprey habitat relationships

Significant changes to Fisheries and Ocean's sea lamprey control program will occur because of requests or demands for more quantitative assessments and development .of control strategies that are not dependent on chemical application to streams. This study addresses gaps in sea lamprey population dynamic information that will lead to advances in quantitative assessment of ammocoetes and development of altemative technologies for lamprey control.

In this fiscal year, we have cooperated with DFO-Moncton in the analysis of ammocoete and habitat data. This information will help in delivering our long-term goal of developing a habitat based model for ammocoete stream production. In addition, we have worked with the SLCC in their velocity barrier development program. We modelled spawning-phase sea lamprey swimming performance in the range of 2.0 - 3.5 m .see and 9.0 - 22.0°C variable range. Our results suggest that lamprey are significantly poorer swimmers than teleosts in this variable range. This information will be incorporated into the design of this new control technology.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9021

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxic.s Other * a) Capital Purchases: 4.0 (list items and approximate cost) Radio telemetry receiver b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs 2.0 10.0 Travel Scuba maintenance Boat supplies Radio telemetry transmitters

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs 2.0 1.5 GLFC travel

v) Summer students 9.5 Summer student for McIntyre R. study

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 4.0 21.0

- 255 -

APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other *

,c) PY's (Project: 9021) 0.2 0.1 RJY 0 . 1 MIK 0 .1 DRH 0 . 1

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) GLFC PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9022 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: TORONTO/GLLFAS/FISH HEALTH CERTIFICATION DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Thom Heiman TELEPHONE: (416) 763-1161 PROJECT MEMBERS: Robert BonneII, co-op student START: 1992 COMPLETION: 1995

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Aeromonas salmonicida in Ontario

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

This project will collect information about the distribution of Aeromonas salmonicida in that portion of the Great Lakes watershed of Ontario. This will include information on .differences in biochemical and serological reactions, antibiotic sensitivities and species of fish affected by the pathogen.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

The objective of this project is to determine if the strains of Aeromonas salmonicida found in various parts of Ontario are similar in their biochemical profile, serological reaction, antibiotic resistance and host range. Once this is established, then the results will be compared with similar findings for strains of Aeromonas salmonicida which are found in other parts of Canada.

3. RELEVANCE:

Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative bacteria of furunculosis in salmonids and erythrodermatitis in carp and gold fish. Trout producers in Ontario have established markets for eggs and young fish in other areas of Canada and the U.S.

Recently proposed changes to the fish health protection regulations will expand the number of species of fish which are subject to the regulations, and will initiate a system of zoning for the purpose of transporting fish known to be infected by certain pathogens. Currently the host range and taxonomic diversity of Aeromonas salmonicida in Ontario is not known. Such information will be important when these changes to the fish health regulations come into effect.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

determine which biochemical reactions are important in differentiating the types of Aeromonas salmonicida

Collect samples from fish populations which are known to be potential hosts of the pathogen. These include wild and domestic salmonoid populations and wild carp. These samples will be tested for the presence of Aeromonas salmonicida.

New isolates will be compared with samples from our collection, which has-been isolated from aquaculture sources, and with samples requested from the collections of other investigators. This comparison will use biochemical reaction profiles, serological relatedness, and antibiotic sensitivities to determine if different strains of the bacteria are present in the waters of the province.

Finally, we will relate findings to reference strains from other areas of Canada and North America to determine whether Aeromonas salmonicida in Ontario is similar to or distinct from strains in other regions.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

n/a

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

n/a

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Establish testing protocols, collect and test samples from potential host populations in Lake Ontario watershed.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK: APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9022 Short Title: Aeromonas salmonicida in Ontario

The "Aeromonas salmonicida in Ontario Study" will determine the biochemical profiles, serological relatedness, drug sensitivity and host range of A. salmonicida in Ontario waters, and relate these findings to similar information from other areas of Canada.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9022

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) .• b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 2.0 growth media and disposable plasticware, reagents for determining antibiotic sensitivities

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each)

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) Total O&M 2.0

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9022) 0.2 TGH 0.1 RGB 0.1

* Other: (identify aitemate sources for resources)

- 260 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 9030 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: Victor Cairns TELEPHONE: '' (416) 336-4862 PROJECT MEMBERS: John Fitzsimons (DFO), Kelly Munkittrick (DFO), Ian Smith (OME), Dave Rokosh (OME), Tony Hayes (U of G), Chris Metcalfe (Trent) START: 1992 COMPLETION: 1996

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

The occurrence of tumours in white suckers from the Great Lakes

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The project will begin in 1992 and continue through 1996/97. We propose to collect 200 adult white suckers from 3 locations per year. The fish will be aged, and a number of measurements made relating to the health status of the population such as size at age, fecundity, condition factor, growth, steroid levels and liver mixed function oxidase activity. Samples will be taken for pathological analysis consistent with the 1985 sampling survey. All samples will be analyzed on contract to OVC at the University of Guelph. Sediments from sites where tumour frequency is highest and lowest will be sampled for chemical contaminants and tumour induction trials will be performed where chemical analyses suggests the presence of chemical carcinogens.

2. OBJECTIVES fLONG TERM):

The long-term objectives of this project are:

1. To more fully describe the geographic distribution of liver and skin tumours in white suckers from polluted sites on Lake Ontario and Lake Huron.

2. To determine if the frequency of liver and skin tumours on white suckers has declined from the high levels observed in 1985, after the most severely affected age groups have been replaced by a new generation of fish reflecting current chemical inputs;

3. To identify chemical exposure of affected fish and possible etiological agents; 4. To identify population or individual indicators of stress in white suckers from affected sites.

3. RELEVANCE: GLLFAS, Fish Habitat has a large database describing the frequency of skin (n=28 sites) and liver tumours (n=8 sites) in white suckers from the Great Lakes, with special emphasis on Lake Ontario. These data were collected in 1985-86. That was the first time white sucker liver tumour surveys had been conducted. The results identified elevated tumour frequencies in the westem end of the lake, between Toronto and Burlington and at Port Hope. This work led to chemical analysis of contaminated sediments and tumour induction experiments, and eventually to remedial actions to remove carcinogens from contaminated hot spots in Hamilton Harbour. However, we were not able to identify the causative agents at Toronto, Humber, Sixteen Mile Creek or at Port Hope. Although the 1985 study provided good spatial coverage of tumour prevalence, the survey failed to tell us if the occurrence of tumours was increasing or decreasing. We had no reference point to assess trends in prevalence. We would certainly be alarmed if tumour incidence had increased steadily over the past 10 years, suggesting an active source of carcinogens. Six years have passed since the original survey, and the older fish, the most affected segment of the population, have been replaced by the younger generation reflecting exposure to current chemical sources. If tumour frequency remains elevated in the most contaminated sites such as Hamilton Harbour, Sixteen Mile Creek and Humber River, we propose to characterize chemical exposure of indicator species by analyzing contaminants in sediment and food, and by determining population and individual (histological and histochemical) indicators of chemical exposure. If necessary, we propose to conduct tumour induction experiments with sediment extract using the protocol that we developed in 1988.

4. WORK OUTLINE: The long term work outline is described below:

1992 Tumour collections in Hamilton Harbour, and the Credit and Ganaraska Rivers (May 1992). Autopsies and histological preparation (May 1992). Samples collected for chemical analysis (June 1992). Ageing (Sept 1992). Histological preparation and preliminary analysis (Feb 1993). Report on tumour frequency in first 3 sites (June 1993).

1993 Tumour collections at Humber, Bronte, Toronto and offshore in Lake Ontario. Autopsies and histological preparation (May 1993). Ageing (Sept 1993). Histological preparation and preliminary analysis (Feb 1994). Report on tumour frequency (June 1994).

1994 Tumour collections at Rouge, Coburg, Sixteen Mile Creek Autopsies and histological preparation (May 1994). Ageing (Sept 1994). Histological preparation and preliminary analysis (Feb 1995). Report on tumour frequency (June 1995). 1995 Tumour collections at Quinte, Maitland River, (L Huron)., Bayfield River, (L. Huron). Autopsies and histological preparation (May 1995). Sediment samples collected from all sites (July 1995). Ageing (Sept 1995). Histological preparation and preliminary analysis (Feb 1996). Report on tumour frequency for all sites (June 1996).

1996 Tumour induction study for sites with elevated tumour frequency using sediment extracts collected from six sites.

Sediments collected July 1995, extracted and analyzed by January 1996, induction trials started in April 1996, complete by December, 1996 and histological analysis completed by March, 1997. Summary induction report completed by.July, 1997.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

This is a new project initiated in 1992

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

This is a new project initiated in 1992

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Tumour collections in Hamilton Harbour, and the Credit and Ganaraska Rivers (May 1992).

2. Autopsies and histological preparation (May 1992).

3. Samples collected for chemical analysis (June 1992).

4. Ageing (Sept 1992).

5. Histological preparation and preliminary analysis (Feb 1993) Report on tumour frequency in first 3 sites (June 1993).

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Monitoring white suckers to establish current tumour levels will be straightforward. However, we have no data on other indicators of individual health such as steroid hormone levels. It is quite possible that this avenue will expand the scope of the study. It is highly unlikely, given the large number of variables, that cause and effect studies will do more than present strong circumstantial evidence of a chemical or biological etiology. However, we will undoubtedly leam more about chemical exposure and identify potential carcinogens. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 9030 Short Title: The occurrence of tumours in white suckers from the Great Lakes

This is a new project. Review summary will be available after the first year of tumour collection. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 9030

Totals WOO) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) .• b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 49.4 Contract for fish collections, autopsies, histology, fish ageing, steroid analyses, MFO analyses

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 49.4

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 9030) 0.2 vc - 0.2

* Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) Histological interpretation provided by Tony Hayes

- 265 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2011 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: V. Cairns TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4862 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. Hall, B. Randall, K. Minns, J. Moore START: 1991/92 COMPLETION: 1995/96

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Fish & Wildlife Restoration in Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The rehabilitation of fish and wildlife populations in Hamilton Harbour is one of many projects in the Remedial Action Plan to restore beneficial uses to the harbour and the community. This is a cooperative project with other federal, municipal, and private partners; twenty-nine in all. Fish and wildlife rehabilitation on such a large scale is unusual and is in a very large part experimental management requiring the combined expertise of resource managers and scientists. Rehabilitation of beneficial uses will be accomplished primarily by restoring habitats and restructuring the fish and wildlife communities.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

The long term goals of the project are to improve water quality in Cootes Paradise and Hamilton Harbour; to alter the fish community from one dominated by pollution tolerant species such as carp, white perch, and alewife to a community dominated by native fish species and controlled by top predators; to provide spawning, nursery and adult habitats for fish; to recover lost wetlands; to create habitats for shorebirds, waterfowl, reptiles and mammals; to create nesting and loafing habitats for colonial nesting birds (such as cormorants, black-crowned night herons, common terns and Caspian terns) and feeding habitat for waterfowl, and finally, to provide much needed access to the waterfront and the restored wetlands, to improve aesthetics in the harbour, and to provide educational opportunities.

3. RELEVANCE:

The Stage 1 Report of the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan described the Stakeholders goals for self-sustaining fish and wildlife resources. The Report identified a number of water quality and habitat issues that have to be addressed before the goals can be achieved. A Remedial Options Report was produced in 1990 which recommended various mitigation strategies for restoring beneficial uses in Hamilton Harbour. Recommendations to rehabilitate fish and wildlife resources were further developed at a multi-agency workshop in late 1990. These recommendations were used in a proposal to the Department of Environment's Great Lakes Cleanup Fund. The proposal was accepted and funding for 4.2 million dollars over three years was approved conditional on Partner contributions for the remaining 9.8 million dollars needed to complete the project. Marsh and littoral habitat rehabilitation in stressed sites such as Hamilton Harbour is definitely experimental management. The problems of poor water quality, lost habitat, declining wetlands and stressed fish and wildlife populations that are issues in Hamilton occur throughout the Great Lakes. Rehabilitation technologies developed in Hamilton will be applicable throughout the basin. DFO is one of the many public agencies involved in implementing the restoration project.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

The project will be managed by the Project Manager. DFO will chair the Restoration Steering Committee which will implement the 1992 workplan. IN general, the 1992/93 program will focus on completing the EARP and the detailed technical drawings. We anticipate that 1992/93 will begin construction of the pike spawning marsh and construction of the planting exclosures for Cootes Paradise. Much of the actual planting will begin in late spring of 1993. Specific objectives for the 1992 workplan are listed below in the expected accomplishments for the planning year.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Develop a multi-agency Steering Committee and hire a Project Manager to administer the Fish and Wildlife Restoration Project.

2. Secure public and private partnership funding for 8.4 million dollars.

3. Initiate an Environmental Assessment and Review of the project components and clarify the role of the Provincial Environmental Assessment Process in the project.

4. Prepare reports to address public concerns on the following topics related to EARP:

Postible adverse effects of proposed islands on water currents and sediment deposition in Hamilton Harbour.

Demonstrate that carp exclusion is necessary for the restoration of the Cootes Paradise and Grindstone Creek marshes.

Determine the effects of increased vegetation in Cootes Paradise on water levels and potential for flooding the Town of Dundas.

Determine the potential effects of zebra mussel colonization on the restoration of Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise.

Determine the movement of carp into and out of Cootes Paradise to establish the temporary nature of the carp barrier in Desjardines Canal.

5. Create littoral habitat off the Pier 4 and Harbourfront Parks

6. Develop an aquatic plant nursery on the Royal Botanical Gardens property.

7. Identify native plant reserves on the properties of the Hamilton and Halton Region Conservation Authorities for transplant into Cootes Paradise.

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

1. The project is managed by the Hamilton Harbour Restoration Steering Committee which is chaired by DFO, the financial manager of the Clean-Up Funds on behalf of the Department of the Environment. 'The 15 member Steering Committee represents landowners, the Public Advisory Committee (Stakeholders), the Bay Area Restoration Council (BARC), the RAP Writing Team, federal, provincial and municipal governments, and private interest groups such as the Hamilton Naturalists (attachment 1). The Steering Committee reports to the BARC, which in turn, reports to the Stakeholders for the Hamilton Harbour RAP. In this way, the executive overseeing the implementation of the Fish and VVildlife Restoration Project is directly connected to the Remedial Action Plan and to the RAP executive.

Mr. John Hall, Resource Planning Division Manager for the Halton Region Conservation Authority (HRCA), and the HRCA agreed to a three year secondment for Mr. Hall to manage the fish and wildlife restoration project. The Project Manager's office is located in the Hamilton Harbour Commissioners Office which was kindly provided by the Commissioners.

2 The total project will cost approximately 14.2 million dollars over 5 years. The Clean-Up Fund has committed 4.2 million dollars and we are seeking private and public funding for the remaining 10 million dollars. Some of these funds have been secured.

Steering Committee members have made many presentations to municipal and regional govemments and to private interest groups looking for partnerships. We have received written and verbal support from the following: The Department of the Environment, the City of Burlington, the Region of Hamilton Wentworth, the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Dofasco Angling Club, the STELCO Angling Club, the Firestone Angling Club, the Hamilton (Police) Association, the Waterdown Rod and Gun Club, the Good Times Fishing Club, the Hamilton Bassmasters, the Golden Horseshoe Angling Club, the Hamilton Naturalists, the LaSalle Marina Association, the Burlington Boating Club, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, the Canadian Wildlife Service, the Department of Fisheries, the City of Hamilton, the City of Burlington, the Burlington Chamber of Commerce, The Izzac Walton Fly Fishing Club, the Halton Region Conservation Authority, and the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.

3. The EARP consumed most of 1991/92. A contract was issued to produce three sets of four concept drawings of the finished projects which would be used in workshops and open house displays. As part of the public consultation process, the Project Manager and the Steering Committee members made at least 30 presentations to special interest groups and participated in 6 public RAP workshops.

4. In support of EARP, a contract was issued to develop the public information campaign, which consisted of writing a summary report, creation of a project information brochure and questionnaire, a mailout to 1800 homes, preparation of a summary report analyzing the results of public consultation, preparation of fact sheets, issues charts, newspaper advertisements, and organization of an open house. A contract was issued to McMaster University to model the effects of island construction on water currents and sediment deposition in the Harbour., Clean-Up funds were provided to the Biology department at McMaster University to determine the effects of carp exclusion on plant success in Cootes Paradise. A contract was awarded to Paragon Engineering to determine the effects of revegetation and the carp barrier on the potential for flooding Cootes Paradise and the town of Dundas. A contract was awarded to ESSA to model the effects of zebra mussel colonization on the biology of Hamilton Harbour. Because there are insufficient data available in Hamilton, the model relied upon data from the Bay of Quinte, however, the results are directly applicable to the Harbour. All contracts were completed before April.

Because of the federal freeze, we were unable to proceed with a contract to monitor the movement of carp into Cootes Paradise and with a contract to identify historical benthos in the harbour.

5. The Clean-Up fund provided $90,000.00 towards the enhancement of underwater habitat off the Pier 4 and Harbourfront Parks. To date, the City has spent one million two hundred thousand dollars ($1,200,000.00) on the Pier 4 Park for access, education, recreation, and shoreline treatment. They are also in the process of removing contaminants from the Harbourfront Park, which is adjacent to the Pier 4 Park. The City has committed seven million four hundred thousand dollars ($7,400,000.00) for this project. These are the only two sites on the south shore of Hamilton Harbour that offer any possibility for public access, education, recreational fishing and littoral habitat improvement. The 1991 federal contribution to the total eight million six hundred thousand dollars ($8,600,000.00) spent by the City in 1991/92 is ninety thousand dollars ($90,000.00).

6. To provide suitable acclimated plant stocks for the Cootes and Grindstone marsh restoration projects, the Royal Botanical Gardens refurbished an aquatic plant nursery adjacent to Cootes Paradise. The Fish and Wildlife Restoration Project committed forty-five thousand dollars ($45,000.00) to the aquatic plant nursery, and experimental planting (carp exclosures, plant protection, and physical planting) in Cootes Paradise and Grindstone Creek in the spring of 1992.

7. The Halton and Hamilton Region Conservation Authorities share jurisdiction over the Hamilton Harbour watershed. The two agencies control large wetlands in the harbour watershed, and have agreed to provide the plants necessary to restore the marshes in Cootes Paradise and Grindstone Creek. In addition, the Hamilton Conservation Authority is taidng a proactive step towards enhancing littoral habitat in Hamilton Harbour by offering to develop a procedural manual to help landowners and contractors who are contemplating shoreline works in the harbour. Projects to enhance littoral habitat in the harbour will be implemented under HRCA's Fill and Construction Regulations.

The Halton Conservation Authority is a partner in the construction of the pike spawning marsh in the Grindstone Creek in addition to providing aquatic plants from their wetlands.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

To manage the rehabilitation project and administer federal funding for the project.

To obtain partner support for the restoration of the Cootes Paradise marsh and the creation of fish and wildlife habitats in Hamilton Harbour.

To complete the Environmental Assessment and Review Process for the eight aspects of the project.

To identify EARP related issues, prepare relevant reports to resolve them if possible.

To complete technical project design for the wetland rehabilitation and island construction sub-components.

To construct an aquatic plant nursery on RBG property to serve as a source of plant materials for the marsh restoration program.

To begin marsh planting in Cootes Paradise and Grindstone Creek; to develop a preliminary design and test carp exclosures; to assess the behaviour and morphometrics of carp; to install underwater habitats off the Pier 4 and Harbourfront Parks.

To complete pre-construction monitoring of the littoral fish community and aquatic plant distribution.

To develop a formal computerized database for fish and wildlife in Hamilton Harbour.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Although the federal govemment is funding this project through the Cleanup Fund for four years, the project may take 10 years to complete depending on the availability of partner support and resolution to outstanding issues of land ownership and long term maintenance of islands and boardwalks. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2011 Short Title: Fish & Wildlife Restoration in Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise

The Stage 1 Report of the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan described the Stakeholders goals for self-sustaining fish and wildlife resources. The Report identified a number of water quality and habitat issues that will have to be addressed before the goals can be achieved. A Remedial Options Report was produced in 1990 which recommended various mitigation strategies for restoring beneficial uses in Hamilton Harbour.

Recommendations to rehabilitate fish and wildlife resources were further developed at a multi- agency workshop in late 1990. These recommendations were used in a proposal to the Department of Environment's Great Lakes Cleanup Fund. The proposal was accepted and funding for 4.2 million dollars over three years was approved conditional on Partner contributions for the remaining funds needed to complete the project.

Although the project received notification of funding in April 91, work was delayed pending partner support. The project manager and management team were working by October, and substantial progress was made towards the development of the overall plan, particularly in the development of the EARP. A contract was awarded in early 1992/93 to develop the technical aspects of the eight projects. Each project was guided by a science advisory committee made up of government and private stakeholders. The final plan is expected in the late summer for 1992 and the EARP will be completed in the fall of 1992. Construction will begin in spring of 1993. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2011

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: 1 0.0 (list items and approximate cost) Nearshore electrofisher for sampling in Cootes Paradise b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 800.0 Project management and support staff 100K Technical design 450K DFO fisheries monitoring 15K Fisheries and wildlife database 12K Marsh exclosures and planting 150K McMaster marsh planting 30K Current modelling 20K Carp movement studies 23K

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost)

Total O&M 800.0

- 272 - APPENDIX 2 (contlnued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2011) 0.6 VC 0.4, BR 0.1, BV. 0.1

* Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources) Great Lakes Cleanup Fund 800K PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 5750 2920 2012 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: Dr. J.R.M. Kelso TELEPHONE: " (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. Kelso, R. Young, M. Shaw, D. Hope, D. Geiling, J. Vander Wal (OMOE), K. Cullis (OMOE), J. Murphy (OMOE), E. lwachewski (OMNR) START: September 1992 COMPLETION: March 1996

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Ameliorative Demonstrafions for North Shore of Lake Superior AOCs Water Quality Impairments

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The listing of the four North Shore of Lake Superior AOCs (Thunder Bay, Nipigon, Peninsula Harbour, and Jackfish Bay) by the International Joint Commission largely resulted from similar causes - pulp and paper mill effluent, municipal WPCP discharges, and physical habitat losses. Despite significant improvement in effluent water quality from pulp mills and municipal WPCPs, Hg and other heavy metals, suspended organic material and persistent organics (eg. PCBs) continue to impair uses in the North Superior AOCs. In cooperation with DOE, OMOE, OMNR, municipal governments, and private industry, we are participating in one ameliorative demonstration project for water quality impairment in each of the four North Superior AOCs.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1) Eliminate the need for beach closings due to bacterial contamination at Chippewa Beach, Thunder Bay.

2) Reduce the supply of mercury from known sediment hot spots to biota in Peninsula Harbour.

3) Reduce the transport of resuspended solids from Moberly Lake to Jackfish Bay.

4) Develop a wet pond/marsh complex to ameliorate the problems associated with urban runoff and seasonal flooding of the unnamed creek in Nipigon. 3. RELEVANCE:

Under the mandate of Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and DFO's Fish Habitat Policy, DFO is committed to the protection and restoration of fish habitat. The International Joint Commission has identified Nipigon, Thunder Bay, Peninsula Harbour, and Jackfish Bay as Areas of Concern with respect to degraded water quality and habitat. These 4 projects, in cooperation with other govemment agencies and private industry, afford us an opportunity to make significant improvements in the quality of the fisheries in the North Superior AOCs. As well, methodologies for restoration will be developed that can be applied to other AOCs around the Great Lakes.

4. WORK OUTLINE: •• 1) Modify the beach area landscape to divert local runoff, which carries fecal material deposited by resident waterfowl, away from the swimming area. The landscaping will be designed to protect both the water quality of the swimming area as well as waterfowl habitat.

2) Evaluate a preferred subset of options to contend with the mercury hot spots in the sediment of Peninsula Harbour. Emphasis will be placed on determining the most effective combination of selenide addition (as Na2 Se 03), clay addition, and increasing sediment pH. Effectiveness will be estimated both in terms of the potential for reduction of the bioavailability of mercury, and economics. In situ testing of the selected option or combination of options will follow.

3) Blackbird Creek receives effluent from a fully bleached kraft mill and runs through Moberly Lake, emptying into Jackfish Bay. Over the years, suspended solids in the effluent have settled out in Moberly Lake, reducing the mean and maximum depths of the lake. The preferred option is to blast out some of the rock at the outflow of the creek and reduce the water level in the lake. A channel through or around the existing lake basin would be allowed to form naturally if possible, or be dredged and stabilized if required. The existing lake basin would then revert to a terrestrial environment, thus isolating contaminated sediments from the creek and Jackfish Bay.

4) In Nipigon, the objective is to design and implement a scheme which will provide benefits to the aquatic environment of the creek while addressing the problems of urban runoff and flood events. The concept is to construct a number of sediment forebays and a wet pond/marsh complex. The wet pond/marsh complex is to be designed such that it fills during spring runoff and storm events, and maintains a minimum water depth during periods of low flows. Unrestricted fish passage between the ponds and the Nipigon River/Bay is another important design consideration. It is hoped that community groups will become actively involved in the design and implementation of this project, thus providing educational opportunities to the public while decreasing the cost of the project.

5) Design and implement monitoring programs tailored to each of the four projects. 5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

New Projects

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

New Projects

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1) Conduct detailed design with options and cost estimates for the Chippewa Beach project.

2) Commission a hydrology survey of Peninsula Harbour focusing on current patterns, wind and wave influences, and sediment particle size distribution in the areas of the mercury hot spots. Based on this information and an assessment of Hg uptake by selected fish and invertebrates (in situ bioassays), begin to evaluate ameliorative options.

3) Initiate the Class E.A. process for the Moberly Lake water level reduction project. Determine water and sediment depths in the lake and produce a model to predict the likely locations of channel formation. Determine the required reduction in the height of the oufflow to allow for the lake to drain and a channel form.

4) Design the sediment forebays and wet pond/marsh complex for the creek in Nipigon. Initiate an extensive public consultation program to start during the design phase and last through project implementation.

5) Design and implement project specific monitoring programs for each of the four projects.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

Seed funding from the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund will be required for all four of these projects. Funding for future years will be contingent upon the amount of progress which can be made on each project this fiscal year. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 5750 2920 2012 Short Title: Ameliorative Demonstrations for North Shore of Lake Superior AOCs Water Quality Impairments

This second round of Great Lakes Cleanup Fund projects includes one water quality rehabilitation project in each of the four North Shore of Lake Superior Areas of`Concem. These projects include: reducing bacterial contamination at Chippewa Beach, Thunder Bay; controlling urban runoff and flood events, Nipigon; reducing the resuspension of contaminated sediments, Jackfish Bay; and reducing the bioavailability of mercury from contaminated sediments, Peninsula Harbour. For each AOC, partnerships including Federal, Provincial, and Municipal govemments, the public and private sectors have been formed to carry out the projects.

The first round of Cleanup Fund projects for the North Shore of Lake Superior AOCs focused on rehabilitative and restorative works for degraded physical habitat. This new set of projects places emphasis on reducing the bioavailability of contaminants. The objective of this new set of projects is to develop and demonstrate cost effective treatments for these contaminant issues. These treatment methodologies could then be transferred to sites facing similar problems around the Great Lakes. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 5750 2920 2012

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory

ii) Field costs 5.0 Peninsula Harbour technical assistance 3.0 Jackfish Bay investigations 2.0 iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 70.0 Engineering design - Chippewa Beach 20.0 Hydrology Survey - Peninsula Harbour 20.0 Engineering Design & Public Consultation - Nipigon 20.0 Hydrological Modelling - Moberly Lake - 10.0

iv) Other costs

v) Summer students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) Total O&M 75.0 APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 5750 2920 2012) 0.2 0.1 JRMK 0.1 RJY 0.1 MAS 0.1

4• * Other: (identify alternate sources for resources) Great Lakes Cleanup Fund - Environment Canada PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2013 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCATION/LAB: Sault Ste. Marie/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2920 PROJECT LEADER: Dr. J.R.M. Kelso TELEPHONE: (705) 942-2848 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. Kelso, R. Young, M. Thibodeau, D. Hope, J. Vander Wal (OMOE), D. Pugh (OMOE), K. Cullis (OMNR), E. lwachewski (OMNR),R. Swainson (OMNR), L. Townes (OMNR), D. Geiling START: August 1990 COMPLETION: March 1994

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Nipioon and Thunder Bay Restoration Demonstration Proiects

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

In cooperation with DOE, OMOE, OMNR, municipal govemments, and private industry, we are participating in 12 habitat rehabilitation projects in the Nipigon and Thunder Bay AOC's. These projects are aimed at demonstrating our capabilities in restoring degraded fishery habitats, increasing habitat diversity through the expansion of littoral habitats and creation of wetlands as well as developing experimental techniques to restore historic fish populations. Our goal is to improve ecosystem health in the Nipigon and Thunder Bay AOC's and increase fishery and wildlife opportunities for the public.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

Thunder Bay

1) Create spawning and nursery habitat, rehabilitate and expand the littoral zone and create wetlands along the McKellar River.

2) Stabilize river banks, create instream cover, and establish a diverse aquatic flora in the lower Neebing-McIntyre floodway.

3) Create wetlands, establish cover and improve fishery access to the mouth of McVicar Creek. 4) Rehabilitate lost walleye spawning habitat in the mouth of the Current River and improve salmonoid access to the upper sections of the Current River.

5) Stabilize river banks, create instream cover, expand and diversify the aquatic flora, and enhance the aesthetic value of the Lower Kaministiquia River.

Nibioon

1) Rehabilitate the walleye fishery in Nipigon Bay to historic population levels.

2) Remove debris (logs, bark, sediments) from historic walleye spawning areas in the lower Nipigon River.

3) Develop techniques to facilitate flushing of silt and debris from spawning beds.

4) Restore a wetland adjacent to an abandoned sawmill and reopen the access of the wetland to the Nipigon River.

5) Develop an optimum water management strategy for the Nipigon River.

6) Develop appropriate concepts and materials to be incorporated in an Interpretative Centre, focusing on Great Lakes Water Quality, the Nipigon AOC, and Remedial Action Plans.

3. RELEVANCE:

Under the mandate of Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Great Lakes Fisheries Convention Act, the DFO policy for the management of fish habitat and the Environmental Protection Act, DFO is committed to the protection and restoration of fishery habitat. The International Joint Commission has identified Nipigon and Thunder Bay as Areas of Concem with respect to degraded water quality and habitat. These 12 projects, in cooperation with other govemment agencies and private industry, afford us an opportunity to make significant improvements in the fishery habitat in Nipigon and Thunder Bay as well as develop methodologies for restoration that can be applied to other AOC's around the Great Lakes.

4. WORK OUTLINE: •

Thunder Bav

1) To expand wetlands, two lagoons along the south shore and one at the mouth of the McKellar River will be constructed. The fill from these projects will be placed along the south shore of the McKellar to expand the littoral zone thereby reducing the impact of historic channelization of this river. As well, a series of small islands will be constructed fo protect inshore areas from wave action. A monitoring program involving collection of benthic invertebrates and fish, waterfowl and shorebird surveys, and aquatic vegetation mapping will be conducted to evaluate the impact of this project. 2) Boulder weirs will be constructed opposite one another every 100 m along both banks of the lower kilometre of the Neebing-McIntyre Floodway to create instream cover and stabilize stream banks. Aquatic vegetation will be established in the areas sheltered by the structures. Trees will be planted along the stream banks to further stabilize the stream banks and provide shade for the stream. A program that includes monitoring of benthic invertebrates and fish populations as well as mapping of aquatic vegetation will be used to assess the impact of this project.

3) Two islands 80 m x 50 m will be built off the mouth of McVicar Creek to facilitate fishery cover on the rip-rapped windward shores and nursery areas in the wetlands created on leeward shores. Materials dumped in the mouth of McVicar Creek during road construction will be removed allowing fish passage into the stream and providing spawning substrate. Fish and benthic invertebrate surveys will be cdhducted to monitor the changes in ecosystem health induced by this project.

4) Walleye spawning material will be retumed to the mouth of the Current River in order to rehabilitate a historic spawning area. A fishway will be constructed to allow passage of salmonids over the Boulevard Lake Dam. Egg sampling devices will used to determine the change in use of this area by walleye for spawning.

5) A workshop with the participation of partners of the projects and other habitat restoration workers will be organized to review results of current projects, suggest improvements and facilitate transfer of methodologies to other AOC's.

Nipioon

1) Up to 10000 walleye averaging 400 - 500 g will be stocked in Nipigon Bay. Sources of walleye will include Lac des Mille Lacs and Lake Nipigon to initiate the rehabilitation of historic walleye populations. The fishery in this area will be closed to maximize the reproductive capacity of the introduced population. Population estimates will be made at least annually to monitor the success of the introduction. As well, a telemetry program will be initiated to aid in the identification of impaired areas of the habitat and an uptake study will be conducted to monitor contaminants and taste/odour impairments.

2) Initially, we will remove logs and debris in historic spawning areas of the lower Nipigon River to promote flushing of organic material in these areas. If natural flushing of material is not successful, vacuuming and washing of the substrate will be conducted.

3) Coarse substrate removed during construction of a bridge across Hwy 17 will be replaced. Areas of coarse material that are currently clogged with debris will be cleaned with high pressure hoses and a deflector system to be developed. Egg samplers will be placed in plots of new material, cleaned material, and uncleaned material to evaluate the effectiveness of the spawning bed rehabilitation program.

4) Logs, pilings, debris and sawdust that is currently infilling a wetland near an abandoned saw mill will be removed. In addition to rehabilitating the wetland, this action will reopen the migratory corridor to the Nipigon River. A monitoring program

involving the collection of benthic invertebrates and fish and the mapping of aquatic vegetation will be used to assess the impact of this project.

5) A consultant will be hired to develop concepts and materials to be included in an Interpretative Centre that will focus on Great Lakes Water Quality, the Nipigon Bay Area of Concern and the Remedial Action Plans.

5. REVIEW YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Thunder Bav

1) Let contracts for construction of ponds, littoral zone and offshore islands and establish aquatic vegetation in the McKellar River project. The seasoaal,biological assessment/monitoring program will continue.

2) Let contracts for construction of boulder weirs and establish aquatic vegetation in the Neebing-McIntyre Floodway. The seasonal biological assessment/monitoring program will continue.

3) Let contracts to clear mouth of the McVicar Creek and add spawning substrate as well as to begin construction of offshore islands. Seasonal monitoring of fish populations will continue.

4) Let contracts to clear debris and replace spawning substrate in the mouth of the Current River. Assessment of use of the Current River mouth by walleye and salmonids will be initiated.

5) Finalize concept, design and engineering specifications for the Kaministiquia River Project.

6) Develop concepts and begin implementation of workshops at 2 levels; a) Great Lakes and, b) Thunder Bay and Nipigon.

Nipicion

1) Introduce 3000-5000 walleye of various ages to the Lower Nipigon and Nipigon Bay. Monitoring of walleye movement, survival and spawning activities will be initiated.

2) Complete the removal and dean-up of large debris from the Lower Nipigon.

3) Complete the clean-up Of the Old Mill site.

4) Finalize concept and design criteria for rehabilitation of walleye spawning shoals in the lower Nipigon River.

5) Form study team, determine information needs and finalize a study plan for Nipigon River water management plan.

6) Produce education/communication materials for interpretative centre. 6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92):

Thunder Bay

1) McKellar River embayments will be fully designed with engineering specifications by the end of the fiscal year. The environmental assessment process has been initiated with completion and acquisition of the necessary permits expected early in the coming fiscal year. This project has been delayed one year from our projected milestone to allow time to address issues of land tenure, zoning, funding, and future maintenance responsibilities with the City of Thunder Bay and the Lakehead Region Conservation Authority. Financial reprofiling by the Cleanup Fund also contributed to causing the delay. The seasonal biological assessment/monitoring program was continued. .•

2) In-situ work in the Neebing-Mclntyre Floodway complete. A contract was let and construction completed on 12 fish habitat modules in the lower Floodway. The work involved the excavation of embayments, the addition of log mats, pilings, and rock shoals, and the planting of shoreline trees and shrubs. Biological monitoring included benthos sampling, electrofishing, seining, and trawling.

3) Improvements in McVicar Creek will be completed. A contract was let to stabilize the creek banks and enhance the substrate in the lower 130 metres of McVicar Creek. Construction was well under way by Jan. 10, 1992, with completion expected in the current fiscal year. The proposed island and wetland complex has been delayed until next fiscal year to allow finalization of partner funding, completion of the environmental assessment process, and resolution of City concerns about future maintenance of the site. These concerns should be resolved and the appropriate assessments and permits in place by early in the coming fiscal year. Biological monitoring, including electrofishing and seining, was continued.

4) In-situ work in the Current River complete. A contract was let to enhance the spawning and nursery habitat at the mouth of the Current River in combination with the McVicar Creek contract, as described in (3). All construction at this site was completed by Dec. 31, 1991. Biological assessment included a tagging program to estimate the walleye spawning population and a scuba diving survey of egg deposition and fry emergence.

5) The Kaministiquia (Kam) River Bank Cleanup Study report has been received, complete with a design and engineering specification package to be used in tendering the construction. Preparation of a federal EARP Screening Document and finalization of partner funding are the only remaining hurdles prior to implementation. The speed in which these issues are resolved will determine whether construction can commence in the current fiscal year. Should construction be delayed until the coming fiscal year, then the reprofiling of funds (approx. $125K) into next year's budget may be necessary. Whatever the starting date of construction may be, the scope of this project is so broad as to require many years before total completion. Thus, the various components of this project will each develop over time and be implemented as resources permit. 6) Several partnership workshops on a local level (Thunder Bay - Nipigon) were held. These included a planning session early in the fiscal year and an open house held in Thunder Bay in November. A planning session for the coming fiscal year will be held in February or March. On a broader scale, a Great Lakes workshop with the GLFC is in the planning stages, but is not anticipated to occur until the coming fiscal year.

Nipioon

1) A total of 4000 adult walleye from three different stocks (Lac Des Mille Lacs, Ombabika Bay, Georgia Lake) were stocked in Nipigon Bay and the Nipigon River, meeting the current year's target. Assessment of the population status of walleye was also completed on schedule. A contract was let to provide us with 20 purified mtDNA samples and electrophoretic signatures from each of the three donor stocks to aid in future assessment of the success of the stocking program. Radio and/or ultrasonic tagging of walleye during the spring spawning run was delayed until the coming fiscal year due to the late arrival of equipment and the abnormally high spring flows which made work on the spawning beds in the Nipigon River too dangerous.

2) Removal and cleanup of large debris in the lower Nipigon River was completed on schedule, meeting our objective.

3) A contract was let to complete the cleanup of the Old Mill site. This work is very close to completion, with the finishing touches to be applied by the end of the current fiscal year.

4) An extensive review of the literature on walleye spawning habitat and on-site investigations at the Nipigon River have provided the basis for the concept and design criteria for the rehabilitation of the existing walleye spawning shoals. Monitoring of spawning activities in the coming fiscal year will allow fine tuning of these criteria prior to choosing and implementing the particular rehabilitative techniques to be used.

5) A study team developed a draft Nipigon River Water Management Plan that is currently being reviewed by the agencies involved.

6) A contract was let to investigate the relationships between groundwater discharge and river flow rates at brook trout spawning grounds in the lower Nipigon River.

7) Concepts and design ideas for educational and communication materials for the Nipigon Environmental Interpretive Centre were provided to the consultant for the project. It is anticipated that these ideas will lead to the actual production of materials by the end of this fiscal year. Input was also provided to the consulting agency regarding the design for waterfront development in the town of Red Rock. Input included recommending and designing the restoration of degraded shoreline and riverine habitat and the addition of fish habitat elements on a breakwall around the proposed Red Rock Marina. 7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Thunder Ba

1) Complete the environmental assessment process and acquire the necessary permits for the McKellar River project. Let contracts for construction of ponds and littoral zone and establish aquatic vegetation in the river. The seasonal biological assessment/monitoring program will continue.

2) Continue the biological assessment/monitoring of the Neebing-Mclntyre Floodway. The existing program will be amended to indude a comparison of the utilization of the new fish habitat modules relative to the 'natural' habitat. .• 3) Complete the environmental assessment process and acquire the necessary permits for the McVicar Creek island construction project. Successful completion of these stages will hinge on our ability to resolve the long term direction for development at the mouth of McVicar Creek with the Thunder Bay Harbour Commission. Should this issue be resolved in favour of the island project then the issue of partnership funding will be addressed. If all issues can be resolved by early in the coming fiscal year, then a contract will be let for the construction of this island. Continue the seasonal monitoring of fish populations.

4) Continue assessment of the use of the Current River mouth by walleye and salmonids. Emphasis will be placed on assessing the utilization of the existing and recently enhanced areas of the walleye spawning shoals.

5) Begin/continue construction of the embayment/backwater and island complex in the lower Kaministiquia River. Firm up partnership funding and implementafion timetables for the other components of the Kam River Project, if possible.

6) Complete planning and implement a workshop at a Great Lakes (as opposed to local) level.

Nipioon

1) Introduce 3000-5000 walleye from the same three donor stocks used in 1991/92 to the lower Nipigon River and Nipigon Bay.

2) Initiate radio and/or ultrasonic tagging of walleye during the spring spawning run in the lower Nipigon River to help determine movement patterns and spawning ground locations. Initiate an egg deposition assessment program. Construct and install in- situ egg samplers.

3) Should the existing walleye spawning shoals fail to support reproduction, construct an experimental in-situ substrate cleaning system.

4) Continue monitoring of the walleye population, including the implementation of a seining program in Nipigon Bay directed at finding Young-of-the-Year. 5) Complete the review and amendment process for the Nipigon River Water Management Plan.

6) Assist with defining the design, scope, and contents of the Nipigon Environmental Interpretive Centre.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The benefits to fishery habitat in the Nipigon and Thunder Bay AOC's accrued as a result of these projects are obvious. However, the long-term value of these projects also includes the development of habitat restoration expertise within DFO. The structure of the partnership workshops will allow transfer of the acquired expertise to other AOC's around the Great Lakes. We view these projects as a start in a long term initiative.lo rehabilitate fishery habitat around the Great Lakes. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2013 Short Title: Nipigon and Thunder Bay Restoration Demonstration Projects

The Clean-up Fund Program was developed by Environment Canada to support clean-up of the Canadian Areas of Concem. One aspect of the Great Lakes Clean-up Fund is that partnerships must be formed with other agencies, to assist in carrying out the projects. Each of the projects benefits from the expertise, ideas, funding, and human resources that the partners contribute. Without the cooperation of the partners, many of these projects might not have been canied out for many years.

Partners for the various Clean-up Fund projects in Thunder Bay and Nipigon are: the Canada Departments of Fisheries and Oceans, and Environment; Ontario Ministries of Natural Resources, Environment, Northem Development and Mines, and Culture and Communications; City of Thunder Bay; Lakehead Region Conservation Authority; Thunder Bay Salmon Association; North Shore Steelhead Association; Lakehead University; 'Thunder Bay Field Naturalists; Ontario Hydro; Townships of Nipigon and Red Rock; Domtar Packaging; and others. Projects involve restoring aquatic habitat, enhancing fish stocks, and increasing public environmental awareness.

Since the inception of this program in the 1990/91 fiscal year, in-situ restoration/enhancement projects have been completed in McVicar Creek, Current River, and Neebing-McIntyre Floodway. Clean-up of large debris has been completed in the lower Nipigon River and the Old Mill site at the mouth of the river. Concept and design packages have been completed for the McKellar and Kaministiquia River Projects, as well as the McVicar Creek Island Creation Project. Concept and design ideas for educational and communication materials have been provided to the consultant for the Nipigon Environmental Interpretive Centre and several partnership workshops have been held on a local level. In all cases where restoration/enhancement projects have been completed or planned, comprehensive biological data have been secured for use in the future assessment of the effectiveness of the particular techniques employed.

APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2013 Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost)

b) O&M Expenses:

0 Laboratory 7.0 Lab reagents 1.0 Preservatives 2.0 Bags, Boxes 1.0 Slides, glass, bottles 1.0 Software 2.0

ii) Field costs 17.0 Airline travel to T.B. 3.0 Field expenses (30 days x 2 ppl x $100) 6.0 Vehicle/Boat gas & maint.3.0 Radio/ultrasonic tags 5.0

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 693.0 Program administrator 60.0 Program biologist 45.0 Temp. help, lab & field 60.0 Invertebrate I.D. 35.0 Walleye collection 32.0 Aircraft rental 5.0 Design & engineering 100.0 Construction & clean-up 350.0 Vehicle rental 6.0 iv) Other costs 70.0 Administrative support 50.0 DSS/DPW commissions 20.0

v) Summer students

5.0 vi) Conferences (name & cost) AFS Bioengineering Symposium 5.0 792.0 Total O&M

- 289 -

APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2013) 0.3 0.2 RJY 0.2 DRH 0.2 JRMK 0.1

* Other: (identify aitemate sources for resources) Great Lakes Clean-up Fund PROJECT DESCRIPTION CENTRAL AND ARCTIC REGION GREAT LAKES LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

WORK ACTIVITY: 1.1 REVIEW YEAR: 1991/92 PROJECT NO.: 2023 PROJECT PLANNING: 1992/93 LOCAT1ON/LAB: Burlington/GLLFAS DIVISION: Fish Habitat Studies COLLATOR(S): 2990 PROJECT LEADER: R. Dermott TELEPHONE: (416) 336-4868 PROJECT MEMBERS: J. Fitzsimons, O. Johannsson, K. Minns, J. Cooley START: 1990 COMPLETION: 1994

SHORT PROJECT TITLE

Impact of zebra mussels on Great Lakes biota

1. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The ecological impacts of zebra mussels on Great Lakes communities are not well understood. There is good evidence that mussels affect almost all parts of the aquatic ecosystem. For example, we know that zebra mussels restructure benthic communities by eliminating some species and enhancing others. They alter energy transfer in the littoral zone by redirecting energy from the water column into benthic production, ultimately affecting water quality, trophic transfer, and pelagic and benthic fish production. In addition to their effects of trophodynamics and community composition, the physical presence of zebra mussels on historically important lake trout and walleye spawning shoals may render these shoals unsuitable.

2. OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM):

1. To determine the impact of zebra mussels on benthic communities in the Bay of Quinte by:

a. Examining changes in the bottom fauna of the littoral habitat in the Bay of Quinte as the mussels colonize the bay.

b. Estimating the production of both zebra mussel tissue and other common invertebrates particularly the shrimp Gammarus living among the zebra mussels at three sites in eastem Lake Erie and the Bay of Quinte.

c. Determining changes in microbial composition in areas of the Bay of Quinte having a gradient of nutrients during the first year of colonization by zebra mussels.

d. Compiling all Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario benthic, phytoplankton and zooplankton data onto an Oracle database to ensure data integrity and permit comparison of pre and post zebra mussel invasion.

2. To study the impact of zebra mussel colonization on the spatial pattems of energy transfer between trophic levels in Lake Erie by:

a. Determining the fate of ingested nutrients which are encapsulated and sedimented in pseudofaeces, and the effect of removing algal biomass and total P from the water column.

b. Determining the utility of offshore monitoring to detect the effects of nearshore communities of zebra mussels.

c. Calculating the influx of chlorophyll a to the mussel beds and estimating the rate of removal of chlorophyll a increased water transparency.

d. Estimating the energy flowing into the benthic food-web through the zebra mussels.

3. To study the impact of zebra mussels on the selection and use of lake trout spawning reefs in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario by:

a. Examining changes in zebra mussel populations at known or suspected spawning reefs.

b. Determining the effect of zebra mussel infestations on the successful use of spawning reefs and the effects of ice scour on habitat selection and use.

c. Determining the effects of zebra mussel infestations on the water quality (dissolved oxygen/ammonia) in the interstitial spaces of lake trout spawning reefs.

3. RELEVANCE:

Under the GLWQ agreement Annex 16(i), the Federal Government is committed to determining the impact of non-native species on fish and wildlife populations and habitats. The introduction of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polvmorpha (zebra mussel) into the Great Lakes is having a large food web impact on the areas colonized. The ecological impact of mussels on the aquatic resources are unknown. However, they appear to be having an adverse effect on native benthos, phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. Their effects on reef ecology and impacts on reef spawning fish in the Great Lakes is unknown.

4. WORK OUTLINE:

1. Sample the littoral community in the Bay of Quinte. 2. Develop a secure database for benthos, plankton and nutrients in the Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario.

3. Conduct zooplankton and phytoplankton analyses to determine the effects of zebra mussels on the ecology of Lake Erie through the Lake Erie Trophic Transfer Study.

5. REVIEW. YEAR (1991/92) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Determine the distribution of zebra mussels in Lake Ontario.

Determine impact of zebra mussels on Lake Erie benthos.

Determine the impact of zebra mussels on walleye spawning success in lake Erie.

Develop model for the impact of mussels on Bay of Quinte ecosystem.

Conduct phytoplankton and zooplankton surveys in Lake Erie under the LETT' project (Lake Erie Trophic Transfer).

6. ACCOMPLISHMENTS FOR REVIEW YEAR (1991/92): Distribution of mussels predicted and confirmed in Lake Ontario and results presented at zebra mussel conference.

Benthic sampling of littoral habitats completed in the Bay of Quinte and samples sorted and analyzed.

Live walleye eggs were collected on spawning shoals in Lake Erie which were completely covered with zebra mussels.

A.model of the impact of mussels in the Bay of Quinte was completed.

Two cruises were completed in Lake Erie.

7. PLANNING YEAR (1992/93) EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

1. Provide data describing changes in the bottom fauna of the littoral habitat, production of mussels and benthos, and microbial composition in the Bay of Quinte.

2. Prepare a report on the impact of mussels on the benthic community in the Bay of Quinte.

3. Provide a secure database for benthos, plankton and nutrients in the Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario.

4. Publication of contract report on modelling the impact of zebra mussels on the Bay of Quinte ecosystem.

5. Collect, analyze and prepare a draft report on the impact of mussels on energy dynamics in Lake Erie.

- 293 - 6. Complete a report on the effects of zebra mussel colonization on walleye spawning success on a westem Lake Erie shoal.

7. Prepare a preliminary report on the impacts of zebra mussels on lake trout spawning habitat selection.

8. SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK:

The effects of mussels on the ecosystem will not be apparent for years. Long term monitoring is needed to establish their ecological impacts and to assess the effectiveness of new ballast water guidelines at preventing further invasions of exotic species. APPENDIX 1 PROJECT SUMMARY

Provide a brief (one page maximum) summary suitable for inclusion in a yearly review.

Project No.: 2023 Short Title: Impact of zebra mussels on Great Lakes biota

Adults zebra mussels colonize all hard substrates and filter out a wide range of particles (1-40 um) from the water. The species' high fecundity has resulted in populations in westem Lake Erie that can filter the overlying water about twice each day. As a result, the transparency of Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie has doubled since 1987. Energy, formally consumed by both the zooplankton and benthic communities is now being bound up as mussel tissue. The shrimp Gammarus is one invertebrate species that appears to be benefiting from the presence of the mussels. Gammarus is an important prey to young and yearling fish in the Great Lakes, and there may actually be an increase in potential littoral fish production where the mussels have colonized.

The Great Lake Fisheries Commission, DFO, OMNR and the commercial fishing industry all lack information on the impact the zebra mussels will have on the fisheries of the Great Lakes. Survival of young fish in their first summer determines the year-class strength of commercial stocks several years later. The Department of Fisheries has conducted several years research (1984-1990) for an extensive data base on the phytoplankton, zooplankton, bottom fauna populations in the Bay of Quinte, eastern Lake Ontario. The main population of Dreissena Dolvmorpha is expected to reach eastern Lake Ontario in the spring of 1992. As a result, a repeat of what is now occurring in Lake St. Clair and westem Lake Erie is expected to occur in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario during 1991-1994.

Two years of pre-invasion sampling has been collected from 5 sites in the Bay of Quinte, as well as two years data from eastern Lake Erie during the first colonization of that lake. These data can be used to compare the nearshore production of benthic invertebrates before and during the arrival of the zebra mussels to determine if a potential net increase in nearshore fish populations might be expected in areas invaded by the mussels.

The impact of zebra mussels on energy flow and nutrient cycling in the Great Lakes is not known. Zebra mussels utilize pelagic production and tie up nutrients in their own biomass. Total phosphorus (P) levels, relative to inputs, should be lower now compared with pre-zebra mussel conditions in the western basin because of P sequestered in mussel biomass. In addition, feeding mussels transfer materials to the sediments and into benthic food chains. A portion of the ingested material is encapsulated and sedimented in pseudofaeces, thereby removing algal biomass and total P from the water column. The fate of sedimented P in pseudofaeces is unknown. Rapid recycling (days to weeks) of this P back to the water column to support algal production during the warmer more productive months may occur. Alternately, release may occur at a slower rate with a time lag (weeks to months).

Slow recycling should result in a drop in total P in the open water during the warmer months. The marked increases in transparency that have occurred suggest that algal biomass and other particulates are removed through very effective grazing. With a scenario of slow recycling, APPENDIX 1 (continued) PROJECT SUMMARY available P should be low and the algal community dominated by small, rapidly growing species. Small algal species can withstand heavy grazing pressure and can satisfy phosphorus requirements at low supply. P demand as measured by the P-Deficiency Index should be high and the ratio of soluble reactive P (SRP) to total P would be similar to low values in Lake Ontario.

If sedimented P is rapidly recycled as soluble P then the P-Deficiency Index should be more moderate and the ratio of SRP to TP higher. Small phytoplankton species would continue to dominate and algal biomass would be low because of filtering pressure from the mussels. Measures of TP, SRP, chlorophyll a and P-Deficiency Index will be made during the Lake Erie Trophic Transfer cruises and will help to answer these questions.

Zebra mussels live in dense settlements in the shallower regions around the edge of the lake. Decreases in chlorophyll a and increases in transparency in these regions have been attributed to their rapid filtering of the water column. Long-term monitoring stations in the central regions of the lake basins will track changes in zebra mussel effects on the open lake pelagia. Spatial surveys of light extinction, chlorophyll a, algal composition, zooplankton composition and nutrients will quantify the extent and intensity of zebra mussel impact over the whole lake. These data will indicate whether long term monitoring should include a nearshore station or transect for a few select variables, in addition to a central station, to assess zebra mussel impacts.

There is some question of the extent to which zebra mussels have been responsible for the increase in transparency (decrease in algal biomass) in the western basin. Some argue that increased grazing by larger zooplankton could account for the changes. Although zebra mussels can filter a large volume of water each day, we do not know how much of that water column is actually available to them. Horizontal water flow along the bottom substrate is very strong, especially in the nearshore. Vertical profiles of chlorophyll a and current speed over mussel beds in Sept. 1991 showed marked decreases in chlorophyll a and current speed at the substrate surface. Pre-zebra mussel profiles do not show this drop in chlorophyll a. APPENDIX 2 Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Project No.: 2023

Totals ($000) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * a) Capital Purchases: (list items and approximate cost) b) O&M Expenses:

i) Laboratory 6.0 2 Schindler traps, 2K, chlorophyll analyses 1K, filtering apparatus 2K, airlift 1K

ii) Field costs 10.0 field sampling in the Bay of Quinte, Dunkirk, and Lake Erie

iii) Contracts (value & purpose of each) 96.0 Benthic analysis 15K, zooplankton analysis 10K, agency contracts 22K, oracle database development 35K, diver support 14K

iv) Other costs

SunnrneT students 18.0 2 Co-op students

vi) Conferences (name & cost) 5.0 Support to international zebra mussel conference

Total O&M 135.0

- 297 - APPENDIX 2 (continued) Project Level Resource Profile 1992/93

Totals (PY) Green Plan A-Base GLWQ LRTAP Toxics Other * c) PY's (Project: 2023) 1 .0 , RD - 0.1, JF - 0.5, OJ - 0.1, CT - 0.2, BV - 0.1.

.• * Other: (Identify altemate sources for resources)