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The Spanish Colonial Architecture of Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico

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The Spanish Colonial Architecture of Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico THE SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE OF PECOS PUEBLO, NEW MEXICO Archaeological Excavations and Architectural History of the Spanish Colonial Churches and Related Buildings at Pecos National Historical Park, 1617-1995 by James E. Ivey History Program Division of Cultural Resources Management Intermountain Region Professional Paper No. 59 June, 2005 "Contrary to the information given to me by architects and a student of historical church architecture, the fortified church was not uncommon in the New World. It was almost without exception the only type constructed during the 16th century in New Spain. However, so far as is presently known, the type is exemplified in New Mexico only by the Pecos structure and the building remains unique in all respects.” Jean Pinkley, "Monthly Report, Pecos Archeo- logical Project, February 1968," March 5, 1968 "At the beginning of the 1968 field season, no two people in the Park Service agreed on the best approach to what is now called the `Pecos problem' instead of the Pecos project." Gary Matlock, Park Archeologist, Pecos National Monument, in Larry Nordby, Gary Matlock, and William Cruetz, "A Stabilization History of Pecos National Monument: 1974 and Before," 1975, p. 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..........................................................v Table of Figures .......................................................... vi Foreword ................................................................ ix Acknowledgments ....................................................... xvi Part I — Administrative History .............................................1 Chapter 1: The Creation of Pecos National Monument .....................3 Part II — The Archaeology of Spanish Colonial Pecos: The Pueblo Area .....................................................7 Chapter 2: Introduction to the Archaeology ............................11 Chapter 3: The "Lost," or Ortiz Church ................................23 Chapter 4: South Pueblo ...........................................39 Chapter 5: The Western Buildings ...................................75 Part III — The Archaeology of Spanish Colonial Pecos: The Church and Convento ..........................................107 Chapter 6: Early Investigation in the Church and Convento, 1880-1929: Bandelier, Kidder and Nusbaum .................109 Chapter 7: Bill Witkind's Excavations of the Convento, 1939-1940 ........137 Chapter 8: After Witkind: Pecos Becomes a National Monument ..........193 Chapter 9: The Excavations of Jean Pinkley, 1966-1969 .................211 Chapter 10: Recent Research, 1969-1995 ..............................265 Part IV — Structural History of the Pecos Spanish Colonial Buildings ...........305 Chapter 11: The Seventeenth-Century Construction at Pecos ...............307 Chapter 12: The Eighteenth-Century Reconstruction at Pecos ..............349 Chapter 13: The Decay and Collapse of the Pecos Mission ................395 Chapter 14: Pecos in the Context of the New Mexico Missions .............419 Bibliography ............................................................435 5 TABLE OF FIGURES Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. Plan of the Spanish colonial structures of the Pueblo of Pecos discussed in this report. .....................................9 Figure 2.2. The John Percy Adams model of Pecos Pueblo and mission. ........20 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1. Bandelier plan of the “Lost” Church. ...........................23 Figure 3.2. Stubbs and Ellis pencil field plan of “Lost” Church. ...............26 Figure 3.3. The “Lost” Church in 1966. ..................................27 Figure 3.4. Stubbs and Ellis excavation of “Lost” Church. ...................28 Figure 3.5. The Stubbs and Ellis reconstruction of the appearance of the Ortiz Church. ..............................................31 Figure 3.6. White plan of “Lost” Church. .................................33 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1. Bandelier’s field sketch of the north half of the pueblo. ............39 Figure 4.2. Bandelier’s published plan of South Pueblo. .....................39 Figure 4.3. South Pueblo from the northwest in 1880 as Bandelier saw it. .......40 Figure 4.4. South Pueblo and West Pueblo ................................42 Figure 4.5. The plan of the 1920 and 1925 excavations on South Pueblo. ........43 Figure 4.6. Guthe’s note cards for his excavation of two rooms in the South Pueblo – plan and west elevation of Room 105. .................45 Figure 4.7. Guthe’s note cards for his excavation of two rooms in the South Pueblo – plan of Room 106. ................................45 Figure 4.8. Kidder’s cross-section and plan of Room 106, based on Guthe’s notes and drawings in Figure 4.7. ...........................48 Figure 4.9. The Carr-Corbett map of February-March, 1940. .................52 Figure 4.10. Bandelier’s drawing of a stone firebox on the second floor of South Pueblo Room 29. .......................................54 Figure 4.11. The Stubbs and Ellis map of their excavations on South Pueblo, attached to the south end of the Carr-Corbett map. ........59 Figure 4.12. 1966 aerial photograph of South Pueblo. .......................59 Figure 4.13. Plan of the north end of South Pueblo at Pecos. ..................62 Figure 4.14. Plan of the Franciscan rooms at the west end of Mound 7 at Gran Quivira (Las Humanas). ..................................62 Figure 4.15. Brother Hans Lentz sketch of his excavations at the south end of South Pueblo in 1968. ................................64 Figure 4.16. Plan of rooms re-excavated in 1972-1976 at the north end of South Pueblo. ...........................................66 Figure 4.17. Composite plan of archaeology on South Pueblo. ................69 6 7 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1. Bandelier field sketch plan of Pecos. ............................75 Figure 5.2. Bandelier plan of Pecos. .....................................75 Figure 5.3. Bandelier’s field sketch of South Pueblo and the West Pueblo. ......76 Figure 5.4. Bandelier’s published plan of South Pueblo and the West Pueblo. ......................................................76 Figure 5.5. Kidder’s trenching and Valliant’s excavation of rooms of the West Pueblo buildings, with apparent wall traces dotted in. ........77 Figure 5.6. Aerial photograph of the West Pueblo buildings made in 1966. ......77 Figure 5.7. Kidder’s photograph of an adobe brick wall in his “low mound west of South Pueblo” ....................................79 Figure 5.8. Bandelier’s field sketch of the “Enclosure” ......................85 Figure 5.9. Bandelier’s published redrafting of the field sketch. ...............85 Figure 5.10. Kidder’s plan of the “Enclosure” .............................85 Figure 5.11. Measured drawing of the “Enclosure” .........................86 Figure 5.12. 1966 aerial photo-graph of the structure. .......................86 Figure 5.13. Bandelier’s field sketch of the “Square Ruin” ...................87 Figure 5.14. Bandelier’s published plan of the structure. .....................87 Figure 5.15. 1993 surveyed plan of the “Square Ruin” ......................89 Figure 5.16. 1966 aerial photograph of the structure. ........................89 Figure 5.17. The northwest corner of “Square Ruin,” showing the multiple episodes of wall construction here. ......................90 Figure 5.18. Square Ruin as compared to Rancho de las Cabras, an eighteenth-century mission ranch in Texas. .......................92 Figure 5.19. Bandelier’s field sketch of the Casa and Corrales structures. ........95 Figure 5.20. Bandelier’s published map of the Casa and Corrales structures. .....95 Figure 5.21. Kidder’s plan of the Corrales, on the left, and the rooms he tested of the Casa, in the center. ...........................96 Figure 5.22. Hayes’s plan of the “Corrales” ..............................101 Figure 5.23. Hayes’s plan of his excavations on the “Casa” ..................101 Figure 5.24. 1993 plan of the Estancia complex. ..........................105 Figure 5.25. An aerial photograph of the Casa, on the east of the north-south road, and the Corrales, to its west. ......................105 Figure 5.26. The Pecos “Estancia” on the left compared to the estancia buildings at LA 20,000, on the right, at approximately the same scale. ...106 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1. Adolph Bandelier at Pecos in September, 1880, standing just south of the south wall of the post-Revolt convento. ..............109 Figure 6.2. Bandelier’s field sketch of the ruins of the church and convento, made while at Pecos. ..................................110 Figure 6.3. Bandelier’s published version of the field sketch. ................110 8 Figure 6.4. A. V. Kidder standing at the arched pulpit doorway through the south nave wall of the Pecos church during his 1911 visit to the site. ..111 Figure 6.5. The church in 1915, just before excavation began. ...............112 Figure 6.6. The original Adams survey of the Pecos mesilla. .................113 Figure 6.7. The Arquero tracing of the later Academy map of the Pecos mesilla, drawn about 1925. ................................113 Figure 6.8. The Adams/Nusbaum plan of the Pecos church and convento, drawn late in the 1915 excavation season. ..........................114 Figure 6.9. Cross-section drawing of the convento as shown on the Adams contour map superimposed on Hayes’s 1970 cross-section of the excavated convento, looking east. ...........................115 Figure 6.10. A reconstruction of the appearance and surface contours of the Pecos mission about 1915, before any
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