View Truth, Serves As a Touchstone for This
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UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI _____________ , 20 _____ I,______________________________________________, hereby submit this as part of the requirements for the degree of: ________________________________________________ in: ________________________________________________ It is entitled: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Approved by: ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ SEEING WITH OTHERS’ EYES: PATTERNS OF IMPOSITION AND FREEDOM IN SHAKESPEARE’S COMEDIES A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) in the Department of English and Comparative Literature of the College of Arts and Sciences 2003 by Patricia A. Corrigan B.A., Xavier University, 1974 M.A. Xavier University, 1982 Committee Chair: Dr. Jonathan Kamholtz University of Cincinnati Abstract Seeing With Others’ Eyes: Patterns Of Imposition And Freedom In Shakespeare’s Comedies by Patricia A. Corrigan Committee Chair: Professor Jonathan Kamholtz Department of English In Much Ado About Nothing, Claudio asks the distraught Leonato, “Are our eyes our own?” (4.1.71). Claudio’s question, a demand for confirmation of truth as Claudio, under the influence of Don John has come to view truth, serves as a touchstone for this study of four Shakespearean comedies--A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, Measure for Measure, and The Tempest—and Othello. My project is rooted in an analysis of two umbrella-like structures found in the plays, one of which I call comic imposition and the other, tragic imposition. In the context of comic imposition, I explore Shakespeare’s representation of misdirected love, moments of grace and forgiveness, and the inadvertent intertwining of eyes and perception which occurs as characters choose to love freely. In the context of tragic imposition, I consider the dramatist’s representation of the fragility of human perception- -its easily corrupted nature--and the degeneration of will which seemingly accompanies corrupted perception. In addition, I consider various modes through which individual acts of imposition take shape, as well as instances of resistance, a dynamic privileged especially in the comedies. Concerns central to my project include the comic conventions of disguise and magic, the vice of slander, the elusive forces of grace and love, and finally, the elemental magic of an island cosmos that “cares” (The Tempest 1.1.16). In the only tragedy to be included here, Iago’s command to Othello, “Wear your eyes thus” (Othello 3.3.201), sets the stage for Shakespeare’s representation of corrupted vision and the limitation of resistance. In contrast, the comedies privilege another dynamic: Egeus’ courtly imposition in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is countered by Theseus’ forest resistance, while the potentially-tragic modes emblematic of Twelfth Night are balanced by “A natural perspective, that is, and is not” (Twelfth Night 5.1.215). Vincentio’s admonition to Mariana, “Against all sense you do importune her” (Measure for Measure 5.1.431), transforms the Duke’s fear-bound journey underground in Measure for Measure into one of love and resistance, while The Tempest, with its representation of an island’s power to subvert tragic imposition and its intimations of a Cosmic Consciousness transcending human perception, closes this study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my doctoral exam committee—Professors James Hall, Wayne Hall, William Lasher, and Jonathan Kamholtz--for their graciousness as mentors, insight as teachers, and integrity as individuals and friends. I would also like to thank Professor Russell Durst at UC, who taught me more than I imagined could be learned about “Teaching College Composition,” and whose courage and integrity are always with him. I thank my dissertation committee—Professors Jonathan Kamholtz, and James and Wayne Hall for the same graciousness, insight, and integrity that they extended to me during my exam preparations. Their teaching, critical feedback, and above all, patience with my measured pace of writing and work proved essential to my progress. I especially thank Professor Kamholtz, my Director, for his willingness to nurture my writing, a willingness that extended beyond any measure of generosity that can be imagined during the different drafts of my project. I thank my family—Pete, Peter, Patrick, and Jordan—for their patience during the times when I spent long hours at the computer or in the library; all of the extended family members, especially my beloved sister-in-law, Bonnie, in Rockport, Massachusetts, for her support, love, and many presents of encouragement and phone calls to check on my progress; and Tom and Kelly, who opened their home in Cleveland to us these last many years. Your warmth and generosity will always live in our hearts; your graciousness in extending a home to us has allowed us to become immeasurably closer to you. Finally, I would like to thank Prospero, who first showed a child “flowers in the crannied wall,” swans on the Slaney, and sunlight chasing shadows on the hillsides of that island, so close to Shakespeare’s own, upon which I am convinced The Tempest must be set. I likewise thank Ariel, who cared for her there, and Vincentio, who these past years lifted a burden from my shoulders and carried it for me. Without all of your help, love, and support, I never could have finished. 1 Table of Contents Introduction: “Are our eyes our own?”: Tragic and Comic Imposition and Character Resistance in Shakespeare’s Comedies and Othello 2 Chapter One: “One sees more devils than vast hell can hold”: Courtly Imposition and Forest Resistance in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream 22 Chapter Two: “Mine eye too great a flatterer for my mind”: Comic Imposition and Tragic Seeming in Twelfth Night 71 Chapter Three: “Wear Your Eyes Thus”: Corrupted Vision and the Limitation of Resistance in Shakespeare’s Othello 113 Chapter Four: “Against All Sense You Do Importune Her”: The Journey as Love and Resistance in Measure For Measure 160 Chapter Five: “His tears run down his beard like winter’s drops / From eaves of reeds”: Prospero and The Tempest’s Cosmic Resistance 217 Works Cited 267 2 INTRODUCTION “Are our eyes our own?”: Tragic and Comic Imposition and Character Resistance in Shakespeare’s Comedies and Othello Therefore, good Brutus, be prepar’d to hear And since you know you cannot see yourself So well as by reflection, I, your glass, Will modestly discover to yourself That of yourself which you yet know not of. (Julius Caesar 1.2.66-70) In Much Ado About Nothing, Claudio asks the distraught Leonato, “Are our eyes our own?” (4.1.71).1 Claudio’s question, a demand for confirmation of truth as Claudio, under the influence of Don John has come to view truth, serves as a touchstone for this study of four Shakespearean comedies--A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, Measure for Measure, and The Tempest—and Othello. 1 William Shakespeare, The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston: Houghton, 1974). All citations of Much Ado About Nothing are to The Riverside. 3 My project is rooted in an analysis of two umbrella-like structures found in the plays, one of which I call comic imposition and the other, tragic imposition. In the context of comedy, I explore Shakespeare’s representation of misdirected love, antidotal flowers, and the inadvertent intertwining of eyes and perception which occurs as characters in these plays choose to love freely. In the context of tragedy, I consider the dramatist’s representation of the fragility of human perception--its easily corrupted nature--and the degeneration of will which seemingly accompanies corrupted perception in the plays. In addition, I consider the various modes through which individual acts of imposition take shape, as well as instances of resistance to these acts, a dynamic privileged especially in the comedies. Concerns central to my project include the comic conventions of disguise and magic, the vice of slander, the elusive forces of grace and love, and finally, the elemental magic of an island cosmos that, notwithstanding the boatswain’s words, “cares” (The Tempest1.1.16).2 In the only tragedy to be included here, Iago’s command to Othello, “Wear your eyes thus” (Othello 3.3.201),3 sets the stage for Shakespeare’s representation of corrupted vision and the limitation of resistance. In contrast, the comedies privilege vision of another sort: Egeus’ courtly imposition in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is countered by Theseus’ forest resistance, while the potentially-tragic modes emblematic of Twelfth 4 Night are balanced by “A natural perspective, that is, and is not” (Twelfth Night 5.1.215). 2 All citations of The Tempest follow the Arden edition, eds. Virginia Mason Vaughan and Alden T. Vaughan (Surrey, UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1999). 3 All citations of Othello followed the Arden edition, ed. E. A. J. Honigmann (UK: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 1997). 4 All citations of Twelfth Night follow the Arden edition, eds. J. M. Lothian and T. W. Craik (London: Methuen & Co., 1975). 4 Vincentio’s admonition to Mariana, “Against all sense you do importune her” (5.1.431),5 transforms the Duke’s fear-bound journey underground in Measure for Measure into one of love and resistance, while The Tempest, with its representation of an island’s power to subvert tragic imposition and its intimations of a Cosmic Consciousness transcending human perception, closes this study. My dissertation focuses upon the dramatic representation in these plays of multiple variations on one theme--the malleability of individual human perception in the face of external influence. Indeed, efforts to alter character perception and resistance to such efforts serve as catalysts to action in the plays, propelling characters upon courses which change not only their own trajectories, but also those of the wider dramatic community as well.