Public Water Supply and Sanitation Services in France Public Water Supply
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Public water supply and sanitation services in France Public water supply BIPE - Le Vivaldi and sanitation 11-13, rue René-Jacques, 92138 Issy-les-Moulineaux Cedex services in France Tél. 01 70 37 23 23 Fax 01 70 37 23 00 Economic, social E-mail [email protected] www.bipe.fr and environmental data FP2E Fédération Professionnelle des Entreprises de l’Eau 48, rue de la Bienfaisance, 75 008 Paris Tél. 01 53 70 13 58 Fax 01 53 70 13 41 E-mail [email protected] Fifth edition www.fp2e.org March 2012 Auteurs Raphaël DEMOULIERE Joy BENSAID SCHEMBA Joshua BERGER Ahmed AÏT KACI Fanny ROUGIER FP2E/BIPE March 2012 Introduction The publication of the fifth edition of the FP2E/BIPE report into public water supply and sanitation services in France coincides with a major international convention: the 6th World Water Forum, to be held in Marseilles from 12 to 17 March 2012. This year several thousand participants from all backgrounds will again convene to discuss the crucial issues of access to water and sanitation across the globe: state representatives, ministries, local authorities, professionals, NGOs and charities... Among them, water companies will provide valuable input concerning solutions they are developing throughout the world in conjunction with organising public authorities, industrial players and local populations. Their contribution to key global challenges is essential and was acknowledged by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2010, at the time when the UN voted to recognize legally access to water and sanitation as a new human right. From among the key factors for success of the policies undertaken on this issue (of concern to all of us), some may not be immediately obvious as a priority: openness and education. Of course, technology, research & development, governance, funding methods and workforce expertise are also essential to the success of large-scale water access and public health worksites. However, a lack of access to information leads to a similar lack of knowledge, discussion of ideas and performance improvement. This is why, for several years, French water companies have worked to make their daily activities more open and transparent (sometimes even anticipating changes in legislation in this regard). This is also the reasoning behind the collaboration between experts from the consultancy firms BIPE and FP2E, who, for the last six years, have co-produced information gathered about public water and sanitation services in France. This in-depth activity combines data aggregation and objective analysis to provide the majority of information necessary to understand how the French model functions: the state of water resources, international organisation and governance, quantified economic information, key players from the water sector, social data and service performance measurements. We hope you enjoy reading this report. Olivier Brousse, Chairman of the FP2E Pascal Le Merrer, Chairman of the BIPE 1 Contents Water resources The quality of water supplied 21 and their use 5 Surface waters require a more complex purification 6 The water cycle treatment than groundwater 21 Water resources vary widely from one 6.6 million analyses per year European country to the next 6 in the contracted services 22 3 A reserve of 2,000 billion m Sustained, high-performance levels 22 of water in France 7 Consumers largely satisfied Water abstraction and use of water with tap water quality 23 resources in France and across the globe 8 The implementation Quantitative management of a water mediator, to be increasingly of water resources: a major challenge 9 receptive to consumer concerns 25 Groundwater essentially Network maintenance and resource used for drinking water 10 conservation 26 In France, one fifth of total water An increased effort within the services abstraction is used managed by the water companies for drinking water supply 11 to replace lead connections 27 Sanitation of waste water 28 The status of water resources 13 5 million residences and a population Objective: achieve of 12 million in areas with independent ‘good ecological status’ sanitation 28 of European water bodies by 2015 13 Maintenance of sanitation networks 29 In France, the objective set for 2015 concerns 2/3 of all water bodies 14 Most major WWTPs managed by the water companies 30 The Water Development Regulatory compliance of WWTPs, and Management Master Plans: a major challenge for the conservation management tools to achieve of the natural environment 31 ‘good’ water status 16 70% of wastewater sludge Scheduling of the Water Framework is recycled in agriculture 33 Agreement 16 e24.4 billion will be invested in WDMMP programmes between 2010 and 2015 17 Institutional organisation 35 The water agencies’ budget 17 Public water and sanitation Protecting drinking services in France 36 water intakes 18 A local service involving Two main approaches to protection 18 multiple players 37 532 ‘priority’ drinking water intakes, in terms of protection actions 20 35 thousands of local public services 37 FP2E undertakes a partnership-based Numerous funding approach with the agricultural profession 21 and inspection bodies 40 Public water supply and sanitation services in France – Economic, social and environmental data – © BIPE 2 The water sector economy 43 Public water service companies 59 The volume 44 3.8 billion m3 of water supplied Activity of private per year 44 operators in the public The cost of the service 45 water services 60 Local prices for local services 45 Tightly-controlled procedures 60 Price trends since 1994 47 5.2 billion Euros in revenue in 2010 62 Since 1999, water service price In terms of population, the water increases remain below increases companies manage two thirds to the French minimum wage 48 of drinking water services and just Continuous price trends 48 over half of the sanitation services 63 Stability of proportion related 126 million Euros invested to sanitation and drinking water in research and development 64 in the “excluding tax and charges” price 49 Water companies actively involved in controlling Average price of water stands water consumption 65 at e3.28/m3 in the five largest cities in France 50 Water companies actively participate in helping the lowest-income Water: 0.8% of household budgets 50 households 65 Forward-looking spotlight Internationally recognized on three key local presence 66 development factors 52 A wide range of management models Activity in the water sector develops in Europe 69 under the influence of different factors 52 Employment and Migration flows: southern and westerly training within the water directions 53 companies 70 Transformation of household structures 53 More than 65,000 employees Behaviour of households dedicated to water and sanitation 70 and industries,factor involved in lower Jobs distributed throughout France consumption levels 54 73 Skills development 75 Funding 54 Diversity trends 77 A total of 12.35 billion Euros billed 54 Continued social dialogue 78 Water and sanitation are among the key investment priorities Limiting the impact for local authorities 55 of private operator activities 5.62 billion Euros invested in 2009 56 on the environment 79 Financial flows involving Developing ISO 14 001 certification 79 multiple players 56 Limiting greenhouse gas emissions 80 Performance indicators for contracted services in 2010 82 Developments in 2008-2009 83 Supplement - Linear index of losses 84 FP2E - BIPE - Methodology 85 3 Water resources and their use Public water supply and sanitation services in France – Economic, social and environmental data – © BIPE 4 Water resources and their use 5 Water resources and their use The water cycle Water resources vary widely from one European country to the next All countries are not equal in terms of the availability of water resources. Some countries face multiple problems, covered by the terms ‘water stress’, ‘water scarcity’ and/or ‘droughts’1. According to the European Commission, The term ‘water stress’ is applied when over the last thirty years there has been an annual water resources are below 1,700 m3 ever-increasing number of droughts, with per capita; the term ‘water shortage’ applies increasing intensity, in the European Union when the annual water resources drop below (EU). Between 1976 and 2006, the number 1,000 m3 per capita. of regions and populations affected by To date, at least 11% of the European droughts has increased by roughly 20%. population and 17% of EU territory have One of the worst droughts occurred in 2003 experienced water scarcity-related problems. and affected more than 100 million people across one third of EU territory. MAP OF WATER STRESS SITUATIONS IN EUROPE Source: European Environment Agency, 2007 Water stress in Europe Water stress in Europe (river basins) LREM-E forecast – (river basins) in 2000 scenario in 2030 0% to 20% low water stress > 40% high water stress 20% to 40% average water stress Not included in study 1- While «drought» means a temporary decrease in water availability due, for instance, to rainfall deficiency, «water scarcity» means that water demand exceeds the water resources exploitable under sustainable conditions - Source European Commission. Public water supply and sanitation services in France – Economic, social and environmental data – © BIPE 6 At a global level, water stress affects a significant proportion of the population. As WORLD MAP OF THE WATER STRESS INDEX PRODUCED illustrated on the map opposite, no continent BY MAPLECROFT IN 2011 Source: Maplecroft, 2011 is spared from the problem. The most highly populated areas affected are: Asia - India and China; Africa - North and South Africa and the Arabian Peninsula; the Americas - the United States and Mexico. Note : the water stress index used here corres- ponds to ratio of domestic, industrial and agri- cultural water consumption, against renewable supplies of water from precipitation, rivers and groundwater. The index is calculated for areas of 10 km². The term ‘water stress’ is applied when annual water resources are below 1,700 m3 per capita; the term ‘water shortage’ when the annual water resources drop below 1,000 m3 per capita.