GIPE-002798-Contents.Pdf (1.868Mb)
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GENERAL 5.KETCH
OF EUROPEAN HISTORY
BY EDWARD A FREEMAN, D.C.L., LL.D., , LAya FELLOW o. TIlP'ITY COLLEGE. OXFORD; C.:JID.ESPOYDIJlfG MBlIBEJl OF THB IJiPERJAL ACADIDIY OP SCJBJrfCES O' SAUlT P8T2aSBUItG
1[onboll MACMILLAN AND CO. AND NEW YORK 1895 p,.i"led 6y RlCHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIM1TED, LONDON, September, 1872, Repn'"led February 1873. July 1873, October 1873. Revised Edition, WIth Index and new ,Maps, June 18]4, RejriHted 1876, 1877, 1878. 1880, 1582. 188S. 1887. 1889, 18g1, 1893, 18gS. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION .
•THE present edition has been thoroughly revised throughout. A Chronological Table, a full Index, ,and several Maps, illustrating historical Geography at different periods, have been added. In such a mass of names and. dates it is impossible wholly to avoid slips both of the pen and of the press. I have tried to correct all that I found in earlier editions; but I fear that some may have escaped me. I shall be sincerely thankful to an} one who will point out to me any that he may come across.
SOMEB.LEAZE, WELLS ApriI3"!, 1876; PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
THE object oC the present series is to put Corth .1e3.1 and correct views of history in simple language, and in the smallest space and cheapest Corm in which it could be done. It is meant in the first place Cor schools j but it is often found that a book for sch,!ols proves useful for other readers as well, and it is hoped that this may be the case with the little books the first instalment of which is now given to the world. The present volume is meant to be introductory to the whole course. It is intended to give, as its name im. plies, a general sketch of the history of the civilized world, that is, of Europe and of the lands which have drawn their civilization from Europe. Its object is to trace out the general relations of different periods and different countries to one another, without going minutely into the affairs of any particular country, least of ~ into those of our own. This is an object of the first importance, for, without clear notions of PREFACE. general history, the history of particular countries can nev6- be rightl}" understood. This General Sketch I will be followed 'by a serles of special histories of par ticular countries, which will take for granted the main principles laid
SOllllUU.E.UB, WltLl.s, AIIG'''' 2J, 1872. CONTENTS.
CHAP'l"'ER L Il1GnI or THE XAnon • • . . - . . . . CHAPTEll IL .1
CHAPTEll IlL 49
CHAP'TER IV. lilt HUTBDf ElIPllUt • • • • •
CHA.PTER V. lilt unl' CJmlS'l'LUI ElIPIIlE. •
CHAPTER \"L HE aOJlAlf EJiPfRE L'I THE 1tAS1'. • • • • • II S
CHAPTER VIL
Hlt RA.'tIlSB ElIPDlK. • • • • • • • • • 130
CHAPTER VTIL BE SAXO:or EJlnllOIIS • • • • • • • • • . uti x CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX \ PAC. THE FRANCONlAN EMPERORS. • • JS~
CHAPTER X. GENERAL VIEW OF TltE MIDDLE AGES • • • • 168
CHAPTER XI. THE SWABIAN EMPERORS • • • • • • • • • 184
CHAPTER XII. THI DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE • • • • • • • 209
CHAPTER XIII. THE GREATNESS OF SPAIN. • • • • 244
CHAPTER XIV. THE GREATNESS OF FRANCE • • • • :l9J
CHAPTER XV. THE RISE OF RUSSIA. • • • • • • • • • • 316
CHAPTER XVI. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. • • • • • • • • 339
CHAPTER XVII. THE REUNION OF GERMANY AND ITALY. LIST OF MA PS.
NORTH AMB8.ICA 1111 1875. Front.
THB GUEIt C9LONIES • To face Jare 25
DOMIIIIIO!fS 0'6 ALI!XAIIIDIIIl AIIID HIS SUCCESSOI!.S" • 43
THB )U!DlTEIlIlANI!AIII LANDS AT THB BBGINNIIIIG OF THII SBCOIIID PUNIC WAIl • • " ROMAN EMPIIlB AT ITS GIlII.ATBST EXTENT. 91
II.UIlOPE AT III11D 0'6 5TH CKNTURY 109
BUIOPE VNDBI JUSTINIAN 118
DOMIIIIIOIIIS OF TllII BAIlLY CALIPHS 125
EUROPE UIIIDEI CIIAIlLES THB GllEA'r • 135
EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 9TH CENTURY. 139
EUROPE 1111 THE 12TII CEIIITUIlY 166
EUROPB TOWARDS THE END OF THB 14TH
CBNTURY.
EUROPE UNDRE CHARLES THB FIFTH
THB SPAIIIISH AND PORTUGUESB COLONIES
EUROPE UNDER LEWIS THE 14TH.
EUROPE UNDBR BUONAPAIlTil
EUROPE ACCORDING• TO TREATY OF VIENNA J!VIlOPE till 1871 " CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B.C. 'It[essenian W us 743-66a Solon gives laws to Athens • 594 ,Peisistratos, Tyrant of Athens 560-5!a7 Sardis laken by Cyros. • • 546 Poems of Theognis of Megara 544 Babylon laken by Cyros • • 5aa Hippias driven out of Athens 510 The Tarqninii driven out of Rome. 510 Battle of MarathOn. • • • • • 490 Battles of Thermopylai and Salamis 480 Battles of Plataia and Mykale • 479 Confederacy under Athens • • • 477 Leadership of Perikles at Athens • 444-4S119 Early Greek Dramatic Poets. • • 471a-3aa Beginning of the Peloponnesian Wu . 431 Thncydides, /I. • • • • • • • • C. 431-411 Xenophon, ft.. • • • • • • • • C. 410-362 Athenian expedition against Syramse • 415 Defeat of the Athenians • • • • 413 Dionysios I., Tyrant of Syracuse • • 406-367 BattIe of ~.potamos • • • • • 405 Government of the Thirty at Athens • 404 Deliverance of Athens by Thrasyboulos 403 Veli taken by Camillus " • • • 396 xiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
&ttle of the Allia ; Rome taken by the Gauls . • 3 Spartan eampa.i{:n.s in Asia Minor. • • •• 399-39.~ CorinthillU War'. • • • • • • • • • 39 Peace of Autalkidas • • • • • •• •• 3&1 Kadmeia of Thebes tnken by the Spartans • • •• 3al The Spartans drh-en out ~ Thebes; leadership of Pelo- "'1~ pidas and Epamein6ndas • • • • • .. Olynthian Confederacy suppressed by Sparta. 37 Battle of Leuktra • • • • • • • 3'1i Dionysios II., Tyrant of Syracuse. • •• 367-351 The Arkadian Lea"nue; foundation of M~orolis 36Sj Rf'Storation of M~~ • • • • • • • !6. Lu«'usoScxtius-firsttrl'lebeian Consul • • • ..eel Battle-or Mantineia;, death of Epamein&adas S6~ rhilip, King of Macedonia 35. Demosthen~ fl. ,', S56-3a9 OlyntllOS taken by Philip • 347 First Samnile War • 343 Latin'Var • • • • • 340 Battle of Chaironeia • • 33a AleJla!lder the Great, King of Macedonia, 336 Thebes destroyed by Alexander • 335 Battle of the Granikos. • • 334 Battle of Issos • • • • 33$ Foundation of Alexandria 339 Battle of Arbaa. • • 331 Second Samnite War. • 396 Death of Alexander • • 393 The Lamiu War • • • 393 Submission of Athens to Antipatros 399 Beginning of Kingdom of Percamos • .ao Agathokles, Tyrant of Syracuse c, 310-fi1a. Battle of Ipsos. • • • • • • • 301 Third Samnite War. • • • • • • .98-Sl90 I'yrrhos, King of Epeiros • • • • • ..5 894 D@m@trios Poliork@t~ King of Macedooia .- War between Pynhos and the RomllllS • 881 Gaulish ID\'&Sioa of Greece and Macedonia ._ .ao CHRO.VOLocrcAr.lABLit~~ , \"'~,
~\., - ~.':W ItniYal ollbe Achaiaa Leagw '\\'\1.).. C\~ 't 'WO :;.....rashSd·JrmentinAsia •• ~.eO .~~ ~'79 Ibuleol ~ ••••. 0 •• iQ\OV-'
Death ol I'Jnbas at Alp • • . . 0 0 • H,criia IL, King ol Spw:me. o. . 7o-sJ8 r-mlPanic War • • • • • • • • ...... 1
5il..-,6e joins the Achaiaa l.eag-.>e 0 • • • • 851 !We ol the Puthiaa Dyusly • • • • • • Sl50 o\nIos, GcDeraJ ol the Ac:baiaD I.coj;ue • • • 847 lIami1ar Bua.s. General ol the ~ 845 KI--es, Kmg ol Sputa. • • • • • sse War bdweea Rome aDd IlIyria. • • • • 889 War betweea Sputa aDd the Ac:baiaD Leope ~7 CoriatlI giwD up CD ~ oa.r.. . U3 8anle ol Sdlasia • • • • • • • • • 881 Death ol Klrcwneo.k • • • • • • • 881 H2IIDibaI, GeDer:ol ol the ~ • 881 ~ Confedcnle War. • 880-817 Sn:ODd Panic War. • • 81a The Scipias in SpaiD. • • • • • • .18-806 Ibnle ol Lake Trasimene. '0 • • 817
&ttle ol C_. . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 818
Fint ".""""-jo- War. • 0 • 0 • 0 ° 81s.a05 Publi. CoroeIi18 Scipio in Africa. • • ° A08-AOI PhiIopoim&I. GeDer:ol ol the Achaiaa Laog..c aoa
Ibnle at:lama. • • • • • • • 0 ° aoa
Seeoad MJIaIdoaiaa War. • • • • • 0 800
Bau1e ol KJII05I<~ • 0 • • • • • 197 Dd"eat ol ADIiochas the Geat at TbenaopyIai • 191 ll.omaa CaDqaest ol ClSllpiDe Gal 191 Dd"eat ol Autiochas at )(~ 190 R..wa Cc.qucst ol ..£IoIia • 189 Po!ybios," • • • • • ~ C. 18.. 14. Third MJIaIdoaiaa Wu 171
The Lybuo l..e:&p:. 0 ° lea Eattle ol I'fu.. . . ° lea ThinlI'IDIic War • • ° 14. FomtJo )b...... ia. War • 14. ~aqdgnia o..x-es. a.- Pnmace 148 ni CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. D.e. '\Ariliage taken by the Romans. • • • • • • • 148 War between Iiome and Achaia; destruction of Corinth 146 AttaIos bequeofihs Pergamos to the Romans. 133 Roman Conquest of Numantia. • • • 133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus • • • • 133 First Roman Province tn Transalpine Gaul Il15 Tribunate of Caius Grac:chus • • • • Il13 Jugurthine War •••••••• 111-106 Invasion of Gaul by Cimbri and Teutones 109 Cains Marius, Consul • • • • • • 107 Defeat of the Teutones at Aqwe Sextiao lOll Defeat of the Cimbri at Vercellie • 101 Tire Social War • • • • • • • 90 Civil War between Marius and Sulla 88-8l1 First Mithridatic: War. • • • • 88 Battles of Chair5neia and Orchomenos 87 DictatorshIp of Sulla • • 8:a Second Mithridatic War • • • 74-64 Roman Conquest of Syria 64 Jerusalem taken by Pompeins 63 58-51 Conquests of Czsar in Gaul • " Cresar's Invasions of Britain • 55-54 Parthian Expedition and Death of Crassus 54-53 Civil War of Pompeius and Czsar 49 Defeat of Pompeius at Pharsalos 48 Perpetual Dictatorship of Cresar 45 Death of Cresar • 44 Second Civil War • • • • • 43 Battle of Philippi • • • .' • 41.1 War between Czsar and Antonius. 3:a DattJ.e of Aktion • • • • • 31 Title of Augustus taken by Cresar • 27 Beginning of the Roman Empire Sil7 Campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany. 11-9 A.D. Defeat of Varus by Arminius e Tiberius. Emperor • • • 14 Campaigns of Germanicl15 15-16 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xvii.
A. Do ~::aligula, Emperor • tV ;:laudius, Emperor • .. 41 1:laudius in Britain • .. 43 Nero, Emperor • • '. 54 ':;alba, Otho, Vitellin., Emperors 68·69 i
~e Goths cross the Danube. • • Battle of Hadri:mople • • • • • 37:-7] Thcodosius the ~reat (sole Emperor) .' 39 Arcadius and Honorius 39.!! Alaric in Italy • • • • • 401il Stilicho defeats Alaric. •• 403 Rome taken by Alaric. • 410 The Roman Legions leave Britain • 410 Beginning of the Gothic Kingdom in Spain and Gnu! 414 Settlement 01 the Vandals in Africa 4a9 English Conquest or Britain. • 449-547 Defeat of Attila at Chalons. • • 451 Majorian, Emperor in the West. • 457-461 ReWiion of the Empires under Zeno 476 Odoacer governs Italy as Patrician 476 Reign of Theodoric in Italy. • • 493-51i1e Justinian, Emperor. • • • • • 627-565 Chosroes or N ushirvan, King of Persia 531 Campaigns of Delisa .... ,s in Africa • 534 Italy recovered by Belisarius and N arses 536-555 Lombard Settlements in Italy 568 n;rth of Mahomet • • • • • 569 Maurice, Emperor • • • • •. 5811 Chosroes Parvi., King of Persia 590 Conversion of the English &97-681 Phokas, Emperor • • • • • 60a Beginning of Mahomet's Mission 609 Heraclius, Emperor 610 Campaigns of Chosroes • • • 611-615 Heraclius overthrows the Persian power 6211-6aa Death of Mahomet; Abu-Bekr Caliph 639 Saracen Conquest of Syria • ·639-639 Saracen Conquest of Persia • 63a-651 Saracen Conquest of Egypt • 638 Saracen Conquest of Africa • 647-709 First Siege of Constantinople 673 Carthage taken by tl,e Saracens 698 Saracen Conquest of Spain. • • • • • • 710-713 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xix.
A.D. Second Siege of Constantinople 7J111 Leo the Isamian, Emperor • • .. 718 Iconoclast Controversy in Italy. • 7S8 Battle of Tours j defeat of the Saracens by Charles Martel • • • • • • • • 73S Constantine KoprOnymos, Emperor , • 741-775 Pippin, King of the Franks. • •.• .' 753 End of the Ommiad Dynasty at Damascus •• 750 Abd·a1.rahman fonnds the Ommiad Dynasty in SpUn. 755 The Saracens driven out of Gaul • • • • • •• 755 Charles the Great overthrows the Lombard Kingdom 774 Deposition of Constantine VL 797 Charles the Great, Emperor of the West • 800 Ecgberht, King of the West·Saxons 80s-As7 Lewis the Pious, Emperor 814 Saracen Conquest of Crete 8SS Saracen Conquest of Sicily 8S7 -878 Treaty of Verdun • • • 84S Alfred, King of the West-Suons 871 The Macedonian Emperors in the East 867-IOS8 Paris besieged by the Northmen 885 Division of the Karolingian Empire • 887 Settlement of Rolf in Gaul • • • . 913 Edward the Elder, Lord of all Britain. 9S4 Otto the Great crowned Emperor 96S Otto the Second, Emperor • 978 Otto the Third, Emperor. • 983 Mahometan Invasion of Iudia 1001-IOS6 Danish Conquest of England 1013-1016 Cnut, King of all England 1017_1035 Edward the Confessor. • • 1048 Conrad II. • • • •• King IOS4,· Emperor IOS7 End of tbe Ommiad Dynasty in Spain 10SI Union of Burgundy witb the Empire • • • • •• lOSS
• ID the case of the Western Empezo", the first date is that or e1«:tioa aJ:d ool'ODatioD J King or, ill the case or a KiDg croWDed ill Iii. rath..... lir. ti-. his acccssioD as sole KiDIl ; the _ date is that or "'" c:orGIIaUon ali Emperor " a xx CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
AoD. thnry III. • 0 • • •• King 1039,Emperor 1048 Rise of the Seljuk Turks; • • • • • • • .-. 103b Togre! Beg helPs the Caliph AI Kayem against the Dilemites • • • • • 1055 Henry IV. • • • •••• King 1056,Emperor 1085 Norman Conquest of Sicily. 1060-1090 Battle of Senl:!c • • • • • • • • 1066 Battle of Manzikert • • • • • • • 1071 Revolt of the Saxons again.t Henry IV. 1073 Henry IV. at Canosa. • • • • • 1077 Alfonso of Leon takes Toledo 1084 Dynasty of the Almoravides in Spain 1087 Dive,;ion oC the Seljuk Empire 10911 Council of Clermont •••• 1095 The First Crusade. • • • • • 1096 Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders. 1099 Henry 1_, King of England. • • 1100-1135 Henry V.. • • • • •• KIng 1108,Emperor 1111 Alfonso of Aragon takes Zaragoza 1118 John Komnenos, Eastern Emperor 1118·1143 The Concordat of Worms • 1122 Norman Kingdom of Sicily 1130 Lothar of Saxony. • • King lUI5,Emperor 1133 Conrad III., King. • • • • 1138 Manuel Komnenos, Eastl:m Emperor 1143 The Almohade Dynasty in Spain 1146 The Second Crusade • 1147 Henry II. o( England 1154 Frederic Bru-barossa • King 1151a,Emperor 1155 The Lombard League. 1167 Conquest of Ireland • • • • • • •• 1171 Saladin overthrows the Fatimite Dynasty 1171 Manuel, Eastern Emperor, defeated bv the Turks. 1176 Philip Augustus, Kin;:- of France • 1180 Pc!acc of Constanz. • • • • . • . • •• 1183 Saladin takes Jerusalem\. • • • • • • • •• 1187 Henry VL • • • • ;,. King 1190, Emperor 1191 Conquest of S!cily by Her.ry VL • • • • • •• 1194 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxi
A.D. Battle of Alarcos '. • • • • • •.• • • 1114 John, King of England •• • • • • • ! 1199 Alliance between the Crusaders and Venetians ~ • lAO 1 First Latin Siege and taking of Constantinople UI03 Second Latin Conquest of Constantinople • -lA04 Theodore LaskarSs, Emperor of Nikara • lA04 Invasion of the Mogttls under J enghiz Khan 'lAOS Crusade against the Albigenses lA08 Battle of Tolosa • • • • • • • lAIA James the Conqueror, King of Aragon U1l3-IA7R Battle of Bouvines • • • • • lAI4 The Great Charter granted by John lAIS Henry III., King of England • IAIS-li7A Ferdinand III., King of Castile • lAI7-IA5A Frederick II. • • • •• King IA1S, Emperor lAao John VatatzSs, Emperor of Nikaia laaSl Mogul Invasion of Persia • • • • • la2A Saint Lewis of France • • • • • • laAS Frederick II. crowned King of Jerusalem la28 The County of Toulouse joined to France 1229 Ferdinand IlL unites Castile and Leon 1230 The Teutonic Order conquers l'russia 1..a30-laso Kingdom of Granada lA37 Rise of the Ottoman Turks. • • 11140 Battle of Lignitz • • • • • • la41 Jernsalem taken by the Chorasmians la44 First Crusade of SI. Lewis of France lA48 Death of Frederick II. Conrad IV., King lASO End of the Swabian Dynasty 1llS4 ihe Interreguum • • • • IAS4-1273 Manfred, King of Sicily. .' .laS8 End of the Bagdad Caliphate illS 8 Michael Palaiologos, Eastern Emperor laS9 Recovery of Constantinople lASl BattIe of Evesham • • • • • • lASS_ Dante bOnl. • • • • • ;- • • lASS Conqnest of Sicily by Charles of Anjou , 'lASS Gregory X., Pope • .• • • • • • • • la7l xxii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D. i!.Jward I., King of England lla7la Rudolf of Habsburg, King. • lla73-U19la The Sicilian veSpers • • • lla8A Wales united to Ehgland lla8la Albert, Duke of Austria • • • • • • lla8la Genoese Defeat of the pfsans off Meloria lla84 Acre taken by the Mahometans lla91 Beginning of the Swiss League. lla91 Adolf, King. • • lla9la Albert I., King lla99 Battle of Courtmy 130la Boniface VIII., Pope lla94-1303 Cle~ent V., Pope • • 1305 Edward II., King of England. 1307 Popes at Avignon. • • 1309 Robert, King of Naples 1309 Henry VII. • • • •• • King 1808, Emperor 131A Lewis or:Bavaria King 1814, Emperor 13laB Philip the Fair annexes Lyons to France 1314 Battle of Morgarten • • • • 1315 Edward III., King of England 13a7 Independence of Scotland • • • • • 13la8 First Passage of the Turks into Europe. • 1341-1347 Lewis, King of Hungary • 134A Joanna J., Queen of Naples 1343 Battle of Crecy • • • • 1346 Rien.r.i at Rome • • • • 1347 Dauphiny of Vienne )lecomes an appanage of France. 1349 Charles IV. • • • •• King 1346, Emperor 1355 The Golden Bull • 1356 Battle of Poitiers. • • 1356 Peace of Bretigny. • • 1360 Philip of Valois, Duke of Burgundy. 1361 Hadrianople taken by the Turks 1361 Battle of Najam. • • • • 1366 Rise of Timour • • • • • • c. 1370 Return of the Popes to Rome • 1376 Beginning of the Great Schism 1378 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxiii A.n; Beginning of the Waz of Chiog'gia 18:D6 Timour conqners Persia. • • • '. 1880-1398 John the Great, King of Portugal 1385 Battle oC Sempach 1386 Union of Poland and Lithuania 18S8 Bajazet, Sultan of the Ottomans· ! 1389 Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan • 1395 Victory of l!ajazet at Nikopolis • • 1398 The Union of Calmar • • • • • 1397 Bajazet defeated by Timour at Angora 1409 John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy 1404 Death of Timour • • • • • • 1405 Pisa hecomes &ubject to Florence 11°6 Sicily united to Aragon 1409 Couucil of Pisa 1409 Sigismund. • • • • • • King 1410,Emperor 1433 Henry V., King of England l1413 Battle of Agincourt 1415 Council of Constanz • • • 1415 John Huss bnrned. • • • 1415 Alfonso V., King of Aragon 1416 Jane n., Queen of Naples • 1419 Philip the Good. Duke of Burgundy 1419 Henry V. takes Rouen 1419 Treaty of Troyes • • .' 1490 Amurath II., Sultan • 1491 Siege of Constantinople 1499 Conncil of Basel • 1481 Treaty of Arras 1435 Council of Florence 1439 Frederick IlL • • • . King 1440, Emperor 1459 Battle of SI. Jacob near Basel 1444 Battle of Varna 1444 Death of Filippo Maria VISCOnti, Duke of Milan .. 1447 Christian I., King of Denmark 1448 Constantiae Palaiologos, Eastern Emperor 1448 Francesco Sforza Duke of Milan 1450 Mahomet II•• Sultan. • • • • • 1451 IllUII CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D. lJd of the Hundred Years' War J453 The Turks take 'Constantinople 1453 Warsof York aLd Lancaster 1455-1485 John Huniades driyes back the Turks from Belgrade. 1456 Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary • • • • • 1458 Mahomet II. conquers th't Empire of Trebiwnd • 1461 Casimir IV., King of Poland, wins West Prussia from the Teutonic Knights • • • • 1466 Union of Castile and Aragon • • • . • 1471 Ivan Vasilovich frees Russia from the Moguls 1477 Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope 1486 Conquest of Granada •• -. • • • 14911 Christopher Columbus discovers America 14911 Cha?\es VIII. of France enters Italy. • 1494 Florence gets rid of the Medici 1494 Fisa regains her liberty • • • • _ 1494 Lewis XII. of France conquers the Duchy of Milan. 1500 Shah Ismael, first Sophi of Persia • 1501 Ferdinand of Spain and Sicily conquers Naples 1504 League of Cambray • • • • • • • • • 1508 MllXimilian L takes the title of Emperor-elect • 1508 Henry VIII., King of England 1509 Pope Julius II- forms the Holy League. 1511 Ferdinand conquers Navarre 15111 Battle of Ravenna. • • • • 15111 The Medici return to Florence ISla Selim the Inflexible, Sultan 15111 Germany divided into Circles • 15111 Christian II., King of Denmark an.t Norw"y 1513 Francis t, King of France. • 1515 Battle of Marignano • • • • ISIS Charles V., (1-) King of Spain 1516 Beginning of the Reformation • 1517 Charles V. elected Emperor. • 1519 Ulrich Zwingli preaches at ZUrich.. 1519 ::hristian II. of Denmark becomes King of Norway.. 15110 .lexico conquered by Hernando Corta • .' 1519-SI1 iuleiman the Lawgiver. S!i1taD ••••••• 15110 CHRONOLOGICAL TABU. a1' A..1'. Suleiman takes Belgrade. • • • '. • • " Urn War between Charles V. aDd Francis L . ISBa Luther before the Diet of Wonns. • • 15lill Knights of St. Johu driven out of Rhodes 15lUI Gustav'~s Vasa, King of Sweden • • • • 1523 Frederick I., King of Denmark aud ~orway 1523 Battle of Pavia • • • • • • • • • 1525 Foundation of the Duchy of Prussia. • • 151U. Lewis IL of Hungary killed at the Battle of Mohacs 1526 Baber, Emperor of Hindostan. • 1526 Sack of Rome by ~e Imperialists • 1527 The Medici driven ont of Florence 1527 Peace of Cambray. • • • • \529 Diet of Speyer. • • • • • 1529 Sultan Suleiman besieges Vienna 1529 Charles V. crowned E.mperor • 1530 Fall of Florence • • • • • 1530 Confession of Augsburg • • • 1530 The Port1lg1lese colonize Brazil • 1531 The Smalcaldic League • • • 1531 Death of Zwingli. • • • • 1531 Peru conquered. by Francisco Pizarro • 1532.1536 Ivan IV. (the Terrible), Czar of Russia • 1533 Duke Charles of Say;)y besieges Geneva 1534 The Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola. 1540 M3l)', Queen of Scots 1542 Nizza besieged by the Turks 1543 Council of Trent • 1545 Death of Luther • : • 1546 Henry II. of Franoe. • 1547 Edward VI. of England • • 1547 Henry II. of France seizes the Three Bishopricks. 155li1 M3l)', Queen of England 1553 The Fall of Sienna 1555 Abdication of Charles V. 1555 Peace of Augsburg 1555 Philip II. of Spain 1556 Akbar, Emperor of Hindoslim. 1556 &Xvi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D. C~mo de' Medic~ Duke of Florence, Itela Dossession of Sienna. • • • • • • • • • • • • 1667 Battles of St. Qu~ntin and Graveline. 16&7 The French take Calais. • • 1558 Elizabeth, Qu~en of Engl;nd • • • 1668 Peace of Clltellu-Cambresls. • • • 16Se Franci. II. of France • • • • • 16Se Frederick II. of Denmark and Norway. 156e Charlel IX. of France • • • 1560 Death of Gustavus Vasa. • • • 1660 Religiou. Wars in France begin 166a First French Settlement oC Carolina 166a Cyp~1I taken by the Turks. • • 1671 BattIe of Lepanto. • • • • • 1671 Massacre of Saint Bartholomew 167a Tbe Polish CroWD becolllCl purely elective • 1673 Henry III. of France • • • • • 1674 Philip II. annexes Portugal to Spain • 1680 Charlell Emmanuel, Duke oC Savoy 1680 Union of the Seven Provinces. • • 1681 Death of William the Silent 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh founds the Colony ()f Viq;:inia 1586 Mary oC Scotland beheaded ••••• 1687 Philip II. sends tbe Annada against England 1688 Christian IV. of Denmark and Norway. U88 Henry IV. of France • • • • • 158e End of the Dynasty of Rurie in Russia 1589 Pbilip III. oC Spain • • • • 1598 Treaty of Lyons • • • • • UIOI Jame. I. oC England. • • • 160a Jehangir, Emperor of Ilindostnn • • 1605 Lewis X I II. of }<'ranee • • • • • uno Expulsion of the Moriscol from Spain 1610 Union oC Prussia and Brandenburg • UIU Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden • • leu Beginning oC the RomanolT Dynasty in Russia ••• 161a Beginning oC the Thirty YeIlrs' War • •• .' 161a Philip IV. oC Spain • • • • • • • • • • • 16al CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii A..l'. Massacre of Amboyna • • • • • • • ., • • 16b Clrristian IV. of Denmark Head of the Protestant League •••••.••• • 1695 Charles I. of England • • • • • • • • • • 1695 !\bah J ehan, Emperor of Hindostan, • • • • • 1697 GustaVllS Adolphus, Head of the Protestant League • 1630 Battle of Liitzen 1639 Christina, Queen of Sweden • • • • • • • 163S1 l"erdinand III•• Emperor • • • • • • • • 1637 Beginning of the Dynasty of Braganza in Portugal 1639 Engli>h Settlement at Madras • 1640 Lewis XIV. of France 1643 War of Candia ~45 Peace of Westphalia. • 1648 Charles I. of England beheaded 1649 Oliver Cromwell, Protector of England . 1653 Prussia independent of Poland • 1657 Death of Oliver Cromwell • • . . 1658 Leopold I. Emperor • • • • • • 1658 Aurungzebe, Emperor of Hindostan • 1658 Peace of the PyreneeS • • • • • 1659 Restoration of Charles IL of England 1660 Treaties of Oliva and Copenbagen 1660 Denmark becomes an absolute Monarchy 1660 Charles IL sells Dunkirk to Lewis XIV. 1663 War between England and the United Provinces 1654-1667 The Plague of I.ondon • • • • • • • • 1665 The Great Fire of London. • • • • • • 1666 Lewis XIV. conquers Franche Comtti and part 'of Flanders • • • • • • 1667 The Triple Alliance against Lewis XIV. 1668 The Turks take Candia • • • 1669 William ilL, Stadholder 1679 John Sobieski, King of Poland 1674 Peace of Nimwegen • • • • 1678-1679 Lewis XIV. seizes Strassburg • 1681 Sweden becomes an absolute Monarchy. 168S1 °rhe Turks besiege Vienna • • " • • 1683 xmil CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D. l\owis XIV. revokes the Edict of Nantes • 1685 James IL of England • • • • • • • 1685 The Hungarian trown becomes hereditary • 1687 Lewis XIV. seizes Avignon • • • •• • 1688 William and Mary, King and Queen of England. 1689 Peter the Great, sole Emperor of Russia • • • 1689 Russian Conquest of Azof • • - 1696 Peace o((Ryswick. • • . . 1697 Charles XII., King of Sweden 1697 Augustus the Strong, King of Poland 1697 English Settlement at Calcntta 1698 Peace of Carlowit& • • • • 1699 BattLe oi Narva • • • • • 1700 War oCtile Spanish Succession 1700 Frederick I., first King of Prussia. 1701 Anne, Queen of England 1709 Stanislaus, King of Poland. • 1704 Gibraltar taken by the English. 1704 Joseph I., Emperor • • • • 1705 Union of England and Scotland 1707 Beginning of the East India Compa.,y 1708 Charles VI., Emperor •••• 1711 Treaty of Utrecht. • • • • • • 1713 "ictor Amadeus II. of Savoy, King of Sicily • 1713 Frederick William I., King of Prussia 1713 George I. of England • • • • 1714 Lewis XV. of France 1715 War between AUitria and Turkey. • 1715 The Turks 'Yin back Pcloponnesos from Venice 1715 Jacobite Rebellion in England. 1715 Peace of Passarowit&. • • • • 1718 Death of Charles XU. • • • • 1718 Quadmple Alliance against Spain 1718 Victor Amadeus II., King of Sardinia 1720 The Pragmatic Sanction 1720 Mahmoud I., Sultan. • • • '10 1730 War of the Polish Election • 1733 Peace of Belt.TJ"ade 1739 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D. Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 17"" Frederick IL (the Great) of Prussia .. 1740 Frederick conquers Silesia • • • \ 1740 War of the Austrian Succession 1741-1748 Charles VIL, Emperor • 17413 Francis L, Emperor • • , • 1745 Second]acobite Rebellion 1745 Battle of Culloden 1746 William IV. Hereditary Stadholder 1747 The Seven Years' War • • • 1756 Suraj.ad.dowla takes Calcutta. 1756 Battle of Plassey • • • • 1757 English Conquest of Canada 1759 George IlL of England. • 1'60 The Family Compact. • • 1761 CatJiarine Ii, Empress of Russia' • 17613 Peace of Paris. • • • • • . 1763 Joseph II., Emperor. • • • • 1765 Annexation of Lorraine to France 1766 Annexation of Corsica to France • 1768 First Partition of Poland. • • • 17713 Abolition of the SocIety of ] esus • 1773 Peace of Kainardji • • • • • 1774 Lewis XVI. of France .• • • 1774 Revolt of the American Colonies 1775 Declaration of Independence • 1776 Independence of Ireland 17813 Russian Conquest of Crim Tartary • 1782 Convocation of States-General in France 1789 Constitution of the United States. 1789 SeUm III., Sultan 1789 Leopold IL, Emperor 1790 Francis II., Emperor • 17913 National Convention in France 17913 Treaty of Jassy • • • _ • 1798 Wars of the French Revolution 17913-1815 Second Partition of Poland. : 1793 Execalion of Lewis XVL • • • 1793 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. LII. ~ Pnrtition of Poland • 1785 Batavian Republll: • 1785 Paul, Emperor of RllSSia. • 178. Helvetic Republic. • • • • 1788 Battle of the Nile. • • 1788 Union of Great Britain a"d Ireland 1800 Aleunder, Emperor of Russia • 1801 Peace of Lunevilb 1801 Peace of Amiena • • • 180A Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French 1804 Buonar-arte, King of Italy 1805 Battle of Austerlita 1805 Peace of Pressburg • • 1805 Bat~ of Trafalgar 1805 Francis IL resigns the Imperial Crown 180. Battle of Jena. • • 180. Peace of Tilsit •••••••• 1807 Mahmoud IL Sultan. • • 1807 The Peninsular War begina. 1808 Battle of Wagram 180.. Revolt of the Spanish Colonies in America 1810 French Invasion of Russia. • • • • • 18Ua War between England and the United States 181S-1815 Rattle of Leipzig • • • • • • • 181S First Pcace of Paris • 1814 Abdicntion of Napoleon Buonaparte • 1814 Congresa of Vienna • • • • • • 1815 Return of Buonaparte. Battle of.Waterloo • 1815 Second Peace of Paris 1815 The German Confederation. 1815 Greek War of Independence 18Al Separation of Brazil from Portugal 18A. Charles X. of France 18A4 Nicholas, Emperor of Russia • 18A5 Battle of N avarino •••• 18A7 War between Russia and Turkey • 18A8 French Revolution of Iuly. : .. 1830 Separntion 01' Bcll:ium (rom the N etherlanJs • l.aO CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. XXXI
A.D. Insurrection in Central Italy 1~1 Polish Re\'Olution. • 1831 Civil War in Sp~ 1833 Independence of Egypt 1841 Pius IX., Pope. • • 1846 Was of the Sonderhund in Switzerlantf 1847 Frederick VII. of Denmask 1848 Second French Republic. • • • • 1848 Louis Napoleon Buonapme, President 1848 First Was of Independence in Italy • 1848 War of Sieswick and Holstein • 1848 Swiss Federal Constitution. • • • 1848 Battle of Novara • • • • • • • 1849 Victor Emmanuel II., King of Sardinia. 1849 Fall of Rome and Venice • • • • • 1849 French Republic destroyed by Louis Napoleon Baona- parte. • • , • • • • • 1851 , Baonaparte calls himself Emperor. 1859 , The Crimean War. • • • • • 1854-1856 Alexander II., Emperor of Russia 1855 Indian Mutiny. • • • • • • " 1857 Freedom of Lombardy • • • • 1859 Garibaldi frees Sicily and Naples • 1860 Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy. 1861 Secession War in America • 1861 Polish Revolt • • • • • • • 1863 Battle of Konigsgrlitz 1866 Sieswick and Holstein joined to Prussia . 1866 France declares war against Prussia. 1870 Battle of Sedan • • • • • • • • 1870 Rome the Capital of Italy. • • • • 1870 William L of l'russia, German Emperor 1871 Surrender of Paris. 1871 Peace of Frankfurt • • • • . • . 1871 INDEX.
•.£rolia, rise of its peopl', ".: League of, 47; war with the Achaians and teD : French annexation or, :wB Macedonians. 48; alliaDcc with '.as, (orefather of the dynuty of Rome, 66; Roman conquest of, 67 : .. Abbassides, '3" Africa, its geographical character, YO· , ~des, dynasty of. overthrow the Roman province Qf, 65; settleme& i'mmiads, 131 ; end of, 206 laI-nhmau founds the Ommiad dy- ~! :::: l.:~!,y B!.l..nre.:'.':~~ Saracen conquest of, 123 ::r.r:~~IIt, I&ip~ ~tness Agathokl!s, Tyr.mt of Syracuse, 6. f the MahometaD power 10 SpaiD Ag@silaos, Kin;: of Sparta, his cam ~DdeJ', 162 ~aigns in Asia, 37; returns &0 .I-Beltr, first Caliph, IU, 124; his Greece, 38 ·'us with the Empire, 122 . Agincourt, battle or, 221 ;ss.inian war, the, 379 Agis, King of Sparta, attempts ~ .. die, French colooy or 'aCl1.uired by throw off the Macedonian yoke, 44 :ritain, 3'+ S~I Nova Scotia. Agricola, IUs conquest of Britain, R!j Agrippina, wife of Genndicus, dead ~i~~th~r=~ of:f~7f.:x= of, B7 ion of, ;D. ; war o~ith Sparta, 4B ; A"rippina, wife of Claudius, poisom lclped by Anligonos nason, iI.; him, B7 esigns Corinth to him, ill. ; in alii Aigos-potamos, defeat of the Atheniam .oee with Philip, ill.; helps him .... ]6 Ail<, ..6 Aquae Sextiae :f~::e~i6~~~=ilie: i!::u~ Akarnania, Leaeue of, 48'; helps PhiIiF ry j war with Rome, w.; dissolution against Rome, 66 'f the League, 68; Principality 01; Akbar, Mogul Emperor, 311 '99 Aktion. battle of, aI .t of Mediation, 354 Te, taken by the MahometaDs, 197 ~k:~t1~i":i.:'West-Goths, take! lolr of Nassau, King, 212 Rome, '04 • tius. Roman general, commands at A1beroni, Cardinal, minister of PhiIiF t..:hiloDS, 105 V. of Spain, 3,8 Ifrecl, IU Alfred Albeit I., King, son of Rudolf of neas, 5S Habsburg, grant or Austria to, 212 ; Oea5 Silviu5o, ue Pius II. murder of, ih. quians, their wars wuh Rome, 58 Albert II.. King, 214 5thyl.... 35 Albert of Brandenburg, Duke of Prus- .thell:M:rbt, King of Kent, BretwaIda, sia, 277 • 141 ; connned by Augustine. ill. All;tigenses, O'Usades agains~ 200.-201 :thc:ln:d the U yeady, Danish inva AllX3.nder the Gre¥, succeeds Philip, sions of England in his reign, '152 : driTeD out by Swegeu, iI. tis; Y~ri::~td~:ee:,i::; cc; INDEX.
A. JEtolia, rise of its peopl~, 44: League of, 47; war with the Achaians and Aachen; French annexation of, 348 Macedonians. 48; alliance with Abbas,~ forefather of the dynasty of Rome, 66; Roman conquest 0(, 67 the Abbassides, 131 Africa, its geographical character, 10· Abbassides, dynasty of, overthrow the Roman province Qf, 65; settleme.a.. Ommiads, 131 ; end of, 206 of the Vandals, 107; recovereQ Abdal-rahman founds the Ommiad dy to the Empire by Belisarills, 118; nasty at Cordova, 132 Saracen conquest of, 123 Abd-al-rahman III., Caliph, greatness Agathokl~s, Tyrant of Syracuse, 61 of the Mahometan power in Spain Agesilaos, King of Sparta, his cam~ under, 162 paigns in Asi(J, 37; returns to Abu·Bekr, first Caliph, 122, 124; his Greece, 38 wars with the Empire, 122 . Agincourt, battle of, 227 Abyssinian war, the, 379 Agis, King of Sparta, attempts "'. Acadie, French colony of "acquired by throw off the l\Iacedonian yoke, 44 Britain, 314. Su Nova Scotia. Agricola, his conquest of Britain, 89 Ao:.::haia~ later importance of, 46; be.,. Agrippina, wife of Germafk)jcus, deatl ginning of the League of, 47; exten of,87 sion of, ih. ; war of, with Sparta, 4B ; Agrippina, wife of Claudius, POiSOllf helped by Antigonos Doson, i,. ; him, 87 resigns Corinth to him, ib. ; in alli Aigos-potamos, defeat of the Athenian~ ance with Philip, ib.; helps him at, 36 against Rome, 66; becomes the ally Aix, see Aquae Sextiae of Rome,ib.; extension of the League, Akarnania, L.a~ue of, 48-; helps Philit: 67; war with Rome, ib.; dissolution against Rome, 66 of the League, 68; Principality of, Akbar, 1Iogul Emperor, 311 199 Aktion, battle of, 81 Act of Mediation, 354 Alarcos, battle of, 204 Acre, taken by the Mahometans, 197 Alaric, King of the West-Goths, takef Adolf of Nassau, King, 212 Rome,104 . Aetius, Roman general, commands at Alberoni, Cardinal, minister of PhiH;; ChaloIls, 105 V. of Spain, 318 IElfred, see Alfred Albert I., King, son of Rudolf of Ai:neas, 55 Habsburg, grant of Austria to, 212 j Mneas Sil viu!), see Pius II. murder of, ib. iEquians, their wars with Rome, 58 Albert II., King, 2'4 IEschylus, 35 Albert of Brandenburg, Duke of Prus- IEthelberht, King of Kent, Bretwalda, sia, 277 Ql 0 ' 141 ; converted by Augustine, lb. Al;b,igenses, crusades against, 200, 201 tEthelred the Utr.eady, Danish inva Al~xander the Gre'lt succeeds Philip, sions of England in his reign, 152 : 40; takes and destroys Thebes, ib. ; driven out by Swegen, ;0. his victories at the Granikos, Issos, c c o INDEX. aDd ArWLt, .': tall.. Tyro. iJ.: Amadeul. Duke. I)' AO"'ta. c.tw.a Kinl' of Spain, 17~; .bdi,atcs, u. I dri.'!:'~ i.!rl...,,,;,,~.f~u:~:;j,': COD.queaU, II. A':~b.:i;.;:":.lr 1~h~~:\': ~~ ~:- I Alexaadv Seve..... Emperor, lake. America. diKoftl'! 0(, .86 j; Mgin of c.h. D&lDe or AntoniDu-. 9'1. bis its Dame, iI. : S~ni.. h ~tllC'm(,llb wan .;th Penia, 93 in, al71 'reDcb, En&luh. and AI ...... d .. I. of R ...... his ",lalion. DUlth leUIe:menl. in. .~"JO; wi.b Buonapane. 357 '1]; American War or Iodcpend. AI ••and .. II. of It...... aboliliota 01 encc, ).); ... YOI,. of the Spaoi>b _nap under, J14 colonies. J81 Alexaader II., Pope, aan
Assembly, national, ~ommon amona Austria, origin C.r the Duc.hy, '.,; ArytlD peoples, 6, sS, s6. 13; Roman, grant of to Albeit of H.bsburg. becomes Coo large, 7. ; eJ.Iects of the 218 : maRy of its Dukes chosen Em· feudal tenures 00., 175 i namre of perors, .14; early dealings, wilh J:-94 Fra~ce, 19:1o 194. in England, Swiss League',. 2)0; dynasty of in Spain, .50; .ts Archdukes Kings AstolC, King of the Lombards, 127 of Hungary, 819; its power, 304; Astrakhan, taken by l'tall the F 01Uth, rivalry with Prussia, "317 i loss of .78 Italian dominions,- 319 i wars under Athaul(, King of tbe West notbs, Charles the S""h 3,8; with begins the Gothic kiDgdom in Gaul Prussia, 320, 321: Genoese revolt and Spain, 104. against, 327: share of, in the final Athens, commODwealfh cr, .7; tyranny partition of Poland, 3JO i wars with of Peisistratos, 30; reiorms of So16~ Buonaparte, 346, 348, 350; domiuion 31 ; expulsion of HippiaS. 33;- head of in Italy, 353, 370; war with of the League against Persia, 34 i greatness oC undO! PeriklGs, 3S; wars r::;· ~ ;1:~aDPd:r!i:u~:: ~ with Persia, ib.; warwith Sparta, i/J.; 317; relations with Hungary, 372 expedition l'b Syracuse, 36; sur Austrian SuC C. Cabot. Sebastian, di"",,___ tha mala land or AmeriQ, 086 Cad;"_Gades C_, title of. 81. 96 Cesar, . Caius )ulius Octa~.... _ A\l~I~ntS Cesar c..sar. Caim]uli.... IUs birth and cha racter, ,a: IUs coDquests in Gaul, ;j,; IUs campaicns in Germany and lIritaia, ~: his civil war with P0m pei.... 190 80: his dictaoorship and d ..th, 80: his writi..,.. 86 o.iu. Cesar, sumamed Caligo .... Emperor, S, o.l~is, English ....~"est of, ..s; ..... ",ken lit., the French 065. ~ 1 Calc"tta, ~lish ...il6nent at. 3n: ('..'ii~ .:.~i~:;;!~~:.. Caliphate" Easnm, hqinniUJ or, ." : di,;sioa of, .as, 1)1: dcqJ or. iQ 100h ce.hl'Y. 164 Cali,>hat .. W~, beJinniUJ of, '3" : end or. r60 Calmar, uniOD o~ 139 Calvi... Joha, h.. ('oenna" folio..... ", 064 : ....chiUJ or. a66 : his settlement at Gene.... I,. Camb",y, l.e.oJuo or. lses Camillus. Marcus turiu~ Dictator• ... Ices VIii, flo c.n&",nites. nab .. IWM 01 the W.... nicialuit •• • Ca ...d ... Frend> ...tlentel1t ~f... 0119.1 Eneli"" COIICIue5I or. 335 l ._ tebelliOll ill, 3" - iNDEX. 391 Cavour, Count, his: share in the unioD Castile, :ISS j·his wan in Italy. -57'; makes peace with F .....c:!sr 2s8 Cao;.!.':!!''I~cb colony or, 2ll9. ]66 crowned at Bo~ ill.; hIS deal; Celrs, tbe earliest Aryan settlen in Western Europe, 13; remains of ~7J.. Wlt!.h~Kai;~'S~ fa:: their IaDguages, I], 133 ; their place 279; tak.. TUllis, 080 ia history, s6; their &ett1ements in Chari.. VI., Emperor,~; become. Spain, 70: in Britai~ I:" KiDg or.the T~ S"=!lies, ~18; his Ceylon, 313; ac'Iluired by the English, Pra~tiC Sanction, i6.; hia wars, 3tg1 death of,-.32o ~8neia, victory or Philip at, 4"; Cliail.. VlI=Emperor (Elector 01 Bavaria), • tes tho claims .. u:m:,r ;~at~ encamp at, • Maria Th 320; his eJection 120 and d ...&h, ii. Cbal1.i%~ ~ or, conquered Chari.. r. or Eagland, ezecutiOll or, Ch~ODS, battle or, 105 &iJ'fr. or ingland, restorotioa or, 3DO; his iDtrigues with Lewis XIV., ~~:'lI\:t."'£~~~ar~~~ 301 ; joiDs with him against HoIlaV, b ;6. ch!1e:. ,¥>::n.,1'l:ame, dellven Charles V. or France, breoks the Peace ViellDll &om the Turks, 304 of llretigay, y6; his title or nall- Qarl.. Edward Stuart, (the Young ~~ 2~. oC F .....ce, .;, ~i!.eol=:i~3~ISavOYJ272 Chari.. VIL or France, crowaed at CharI .. ElDIDaDUe( the Third, Duke 01 Rheims, ~l27; murden Jolm the Savoy IIIId Kiog of Sardinia. his ex Fearl.... 032 ehaage or kiDgdOllUl with Charle. Charles VIII. of France, bis couquest and Joss of Italy, :ISS; marries Anne :lihe~:~~'~19the war of Britaony, 26" Charles Martel defeats the Saraceas Charles IX. of Fraace, .66 at Toan, 105; mayor of the palace, Charles X. of France, illegal acts and ..8 deposition of, 365 ' Charles L or SpoiD, ..4 Chari.. V.? O::~es:1 s1cil;:'ao~~ t:eskintfe Emperor islaDc1, ocn Charles IL oC Spain, pirt or his do- CharI.. the Bold, Duke or Burguody, ~0hl. ~':~ ~thLe.t' JJ~ :h!!n~'t~n~~X.~: ;2til ~ovinces ~; death of, 29B' with the Confederates, 233; death= Charles II!. of Spain, King oC the 0(, w. Two Sicilies, 327: rise of SpaiD CharI.. the Great, coaquers Lom- ~:'1~30r SpaiD, 353; aWicatiOD ~,!!:ro~:sJ. ~~~~l~his :~e;:, of, ill. CharI .. X. or Swedea, 308 Ch~;sbt~edB!rd,lilmC of the West Franks and Emperor, 135; his 'king- C~:"orX~ ~!:;.e~;~~..i:!"!d:- 3Q8; Sweden becomes an absolute ch!.~j;!l! Fat, Emperor, union ohhe Fraakish kiDgdoms under, I~; d .. ~i'lLu::e~w~den, exploits and posed, ii. death oC, 308 ; abets the attempt of Charles the Simple, Kiag or the West. the Old Pretender, 322 F ....ks, his ~t te Rolf, 145 CharI .. XIII. of Swedea, 356 Charles IV., Emperor, croWDed Kiaf. Charles XIV. of Swedeo, 378 Chorles XV. or Sweden, 378 i1.~=(~0:6; ~t~~C:~: Charlotte, Princess of EnglaDc1, 316 ..6 Charter, the Great, \-rested fro", JoOO, Charles V., JmJ>eror (the 1'"_ of Spain), !lis !' Greeks, :ao, .6; kin~ltip in, 08: its Flanders, Counts of. 139: a fierlofthe greatness under Pyrrhos. 45; reck French crown, 220; united to the oned as a Greek state, i/J. ; becomes Duchy of Burgundy, 232; freed a Federal commonwealth, 48; helps from homage to France, 2S8 ,M'acedonia against Romc,66; Roman }t~lorence, Council of, 218; subjection conquest of, 67; despots of, 199 of Pisa to, 221 : constitution of, 221 Epidamnos, submits to Rome, 65 223 : ~wer of the Medici in, 2U; Estates, assemblies of. 19~ established the buthplace of Dante, ill. ; gets rid E:~h~:;:c:!y Philip th~ air 1~3, 194 of the lItedici, '56. obliged to take them. back, 2S7; siege and subjuga- Etruria, doubtful origin of its people, ;;:1; Confederation of, iIJ. ; Gaulish ~f.n;6,f,:2~~: ~1~t~~.~ut: lDvas10n of, 58. • comes the temporal}' capital of Italy, Eugenius IV., Pope, 211; holds a 371 council at Ferrara and Florence, 218 Florida, Sp",\ish co.lony, 3"5; ceded .to Eumenes, King of P..-gomos, 6g England, ill. ; "yen back to Spam, Euripidh, 35 336 Europe, its geographical character, Forest Cantons, the three, league 10 ; its three great peninsulas, n i formed by, 229 ~ttlement of the Aryans in, 12-15 i France, origin of name, "0'1: Duchy its characteristics in modern times, of, 139; beginning of the kingdom "'40: end of her connexion with E:t.~.:::r:~t~~:anity in, 0.8 the Empire, 149: relations of. with England, 160, 161 ; effects of the Nor F. man conquest on, ill. j effects of the Feudal Tenures on. 176; the crown Family Compact, 3.6 becomes hereditary, 177: relations Farel, William, 211 . of, with England under Henry 11., Fatimites, their Caliphot.. m Egypt, .Sg ; conquest of English possessions '95; put down by Saladin, '96 in. 19o; growth. of the royal 1;'ower Federation. nature of. 46 in, 191; advance of her dOffilwon, Ferdinand III. of Castile, finally 192; constitution of, 193. 194 i sup • unites C~:tile and Leon. 204. his pression of TempJars in, 216: allied. • conquests from the Mahometans, ib. Ferdinand, King of Naples 0~8 :~ S:t~:1 T~i~!t~g!~~~=:: ~ Ferdinand «Aragon, marnes Isa- further extension of her dominion. bella of Castile, 038 : their conquest 828; Duchy of Burgundy annexed to, of Granada, .39 i his conquest of :l3~. 25. ; peasant revolts in, 242 ; ac Navarre, as:I; his treaty with q,uues RoussilloD and Artois, 254; Lewis XII, .~6 ;.. his conquest of rivalry of, with Spain, 2S5. 257 i ad Naples, ,'0, : joms'in the: League ot vance of the power of, 26.f. j her Cambray, ,"D. ; his death, 257 annexation of Britann,,;o.; her wars Ferdinand VU. of Spain,& 353, 375; death of, ill. i1~ :;g!:!'!ftt; :h~si:~~.xs, Ferdinand I Emperor, 06. annexes the three Lolharingian Ferdinand If., Emperor, his successe.. bishopricks, ,'!;.: her wars with Spain. in the Thirty Years War,.80; hi. death, .8. irj' l:ai~:ti:r: !i! ~:'O~1i:: Ferdinand III., Emperor, 281 her part in the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand V., of Hungary and Austria, 281 j iurther annexatlons of. 283 i 37!, 312 . her settlements in America, 289; Ferrara, Council 0(, :118 greatness of, under Lewis XIV" 894i Feudal Tenure. origin of, 174; its dif Grand Alliance fonned against, "98 ; rerence &om allodial tenure" ,'0. ; persec:utions of Protestants in, .9~ ; eifects of, 114, 115 wars of. 318. 319.323: position of, III Fiefs, su Feudal Tenure 18th century. 324: her aJlD.ex&.tions Finlant!, Russian (.onquest of, 356 of Lorraine and Cozsica, 3"5'1 allied Fins, a remnant of the non-Aryaw with Spain against Fortuga. 3Sl6i . p..!ople of Europe, I her wars with Englad:a in India, 333. FI~mininus, Titus Quiuctius, proclaims 334: her loss of Canada. 335: b.. eIle freedom of Greece, 6Ii I:inninl:' of the Rovolutiou, 3.'. INDEX, 397 divided into departments, if,; an· Frederick I., Emperor, surnamed nexes VCDaissm and AvignOD, w. i Barbarossa, ,86 ; his dealings becomes a Republic1 342 ; wars and with the Italian cities. ;D.; witb conquests of the Revolution, ill.• the Popes. .187; with the Kings g( rule of Buoaaparte, 343 : exteDt of ~icily ~ ill. ; with the ~astem Em~" his Empire, 346; restoration of iIJ. ; dies on the TbinI Crusade, iIJ.; the Bourbc:ns, 347; her~orth-Ameri ,gil can posocssious bough. by U oiled Frederick II•• Emperor. his two elee.. tions, 188; called the "WODder of ~:~.J. ,;;I:u:::~~~i!:i. the '2'1orld/' w. ; flourishing state of iA Sicily UDder, iIJ.; his dealings with ."rancbe Com.e. _ Burgwuly Uennany, Italy, and the Popes, iIJ. ; F,~ lIlCaDings of the oam.~ IO"/J wins back Jen·;alem, ,gil; lavows '7>; ex.... t uuder Charles the Great, 1 Teutonic knights, 203 Frederick 1.1., last Emperor crowned Fr~cis L or Fnuu:e, hio rivalry with Charles V., 257: his wars in Italy, F!J!i~"I~'ku1g or DetUDaJI< and ;6.; bis captivity and release, w.: Norway,2-,6 • makes peace with Francis, 258 ; his Frederick II., w. conquest of Savoy, 26S; character frederick III. or Demnark, the king:' and death or, iIJ. dom becomes an absolute monarchy Francis II. or France, mp or, 066 under, ;308 persec:u.tioo of the Huguenots under, Frederick VIL of'Deomark grants a iIJ.; matries Mazy or Scotland, free constitution, 317 274 Frederick. Elector of Sa:z:onyJO pr~ "ran~ Duke of Lonaine, marries (ector of Luther, 262 Mana Theresa, 3'9; ...cceeds to the Frederick. Elector Palatine, choseD Grand Duchy of Tuscany iIJ.; '" King of Bohemia, 280; driven out, Francis L, Emperor iD. Francis I., Emperor, 320 Forderick of Aragon, King or Sicily, irancis IL, Emperor. 'PI : resigns the ... Imperial crown, ~8; his title or Frederick or Austria, double election of, with Lewis of Bavaria, 213 ~r~~~::~ Frederick of Swabia brother or Coo reigu 0(, 311 "'" Ill., ,86 Francis Joseph or Ausbia, 372: Frederick William L, the Oroat Elec crowned King of Hungary, iIJ. tor of Brandenburg, 217; joins the Francis, SaiDt, fOlUld .. or the Fnmcis- league against Lewis XIV., 2g6 . F==' I~e:r, foundation oJ:, Frederiek I., &.st King 0/ Prussia 277• .3C?3 f~c.onia, origia of the name, 1(55 Frederick William L, king Prussia, franooaiaD Emperor.;, '55; eruI or 303 .• their dynasty, .0;6 Frederick II. (the Great) or Prus.ia, FrankeD, Me Franconia his claims to, and conquest of Silesia, Frankfurt (am Main), Cree city, 3,50; 320; growth of Prussia under, 321 ; """""ed to Prussia, 7>9 his share in the partition or Poland, FnDks, first beard of, 94: their settl.. ments in Gaul, 1.06; their advance F~k Wtlliam III. or Prussia, his UDder Chlodwig. 106, IfYJ; their annexatiOD of Hanover, 349 doalWloD in Italy, 121; gnat FrederickohaU, Charles the T ..e1ftlJ DeS5 of, under Charles the Great, killed at,)OlI .33; divisions of their kingdOUlS, Freedmen obtaiD Roman c:itizensmp, J3S: unioo of, under Charle&the Fat, 74 ,]6; EaSIetD. use or the aame, ,6, FrtDCb, Dukes of, 139 Franks. East, choose Arnulf king, '37 ; French, Romance speech or Northern • :.eir kingdom gn>II'5 into Getmany, Gaul, III, 1)9; use ...{, iL EDgIJPd, lfio, 242; its medizva! literatme, Franks, West,-cb'i"'" Odo kinJ<, '37; IISI, 241, 291 their kingdom gn>II'5 into FtaIlce, Fruissart. his history or the 1I1JIIdP.d 'J9 \'eaJ"$·War.a.... INDEX. G. beginnlno; of tho kingdom, 136. 146 ; wars WiUl the Hungarians. ill. i GAdes, Ph~n,cian colony, I] Saxon kings of. 1.7; union with the Galatia, settlement of, .4 Roman Empire, .... : becomes the Calha. Emp'-cror, 88 centre of the Empire, 17', effects or Ga!lienus, Emperor. 93 the Feudal Tenures in. 176 i eleetion Ganl{lUlelli, _ Clemeut XIV. Garibaldi, ~71 :~:i:r~l:~ II:, i J~~: Gascony, Ducby or, 1~9 of, 181; ~wth of towns in, 182: Gaul, Cisalpine, 51 : :Roman c0Wl-"est reign of Frederi~ II. in, 188; or, 69, 70: invaded by Cimbn and decline of the kingdom, 192, ao8: 'routoDes. 72 effects of the Great Interregnum. G:ml. 1.'ransalpinc. ~eek colonies on III; King of, use of the title, 816 i the coast, '5,71: Roman Province in, • its division into circles. 861; the i6.; Cesar'. conquest of, ,8; reason Reformation in, ~; results o( of Its importance} 79; settlement of }1urgundl&lls anO .ranks in, 106: ~:::. ~!~fo~U;t,~~ ~:t~~:i~l. Romance nations and languages in. aner the Peace of Westphalia, ISa ~ 109-111 ; Safacens in, U3; driven state of literature in. '91; liberation -...ut of, us i invasions and settle- of,from Buonaparte~3.6; effects o(the ments of N orthmeu in. 144'; IH }I'rench Revolution lU, 347-3.9. end frantIC of the kingdom of, 3.7, ~48; can· Gnuls, their invasioa of Greece and feden.tioll 0(, 350: formation of the Macedonia, ... : their settlement in Zoll~rein in, ~68; revolutiolLl in, Galatia. ,"II.; defeat Romans at the iD,; union and Eo:rire of, 369 AlIia, S8 i take Rome. i6.. help Ghibelin. origio an mea.niu, of the SamDites against Romo, S9 name, 186 G IHon, tyrant of Syracuse, 61 Ciao Galeazzo Visconti. IN Visconti General Councils, "' Church Gibraltar. taken by tho English, "990 Geneva, ~reaching of li'arel in, 871: 301'; defence of. ".13 Clabro, Manius Aolius, defeats AutiOoo t:i~i~~S in~rue~~ki:. ~7~v:~e:J chos at 1'hermopylal. 67 • to France. 3~i: freed, 3~ Gods, names of. common to Aryan .c=~~~~!~~ t!:mi!'ron:l~t Is~t nations, 6; Roman and Greek con· by Lewi" XlV., 096: revolt 01 G!lf~~~f lloulogtle, King 01 J orlSa Corsica from, 3-5; revolutions in. lem, 165 Golden Bull. the, or4 Gi:~~~~~~~n~ !ri~'~~::'h~sband 01 Good Hope, Cape 0(, its discovery I att S Empress Matilda. 161 Geography of Europe, 10 &~~~ =k:::J ~1:::~ warsor, with George I. of En~).ndt 302, 3" Romans, iIJ.; defeated by Claudius, George II. of England, 3,.. il>.: converted by Ulfilas. i6. : I"'SS Georgo Ill. of Enltland, 303 into the Empire, w.; defeat Vah-ns George of Denmark, KlniI of Greece, at Hadrianople, ill.; their settle ment in Dacia, 103 oiJ:ge, Caemi. 'revolt of Servia IUldcr, Goths, East, their rdominion in Italy, 338 107, 109; overthrow of their king· Georgia, colony of, rounded, 314 dom, 118 German Con{ederalioD\ tbe. 350 Goths, West, take Rome, 104 ; their Gorman Emperors of th.o West. 131 kingdom in Gaul and Spai\l~ 104. German 1an~.s". Teutonic.. Dutch, .c6 i lose and recover part of ~paiD, High and Low-Germany JIB. UI Germanicus\ oria;in of his name. 87: Gotland, Isle of. annexed to Sweden, death of, .~, 876 Germans. early government or, 6; Gotthard Kettler. Grand Master 01 Livonia, his cessions to Poland. .,7 ~~i:n~dwJ~itr:';I:~tslo.~ t~~! Government, earliest Conn. of. among Empire. 108 _ Aryan nation!, 6. .a; forms at, iD Germany I campaigJs of Cesar in, 79; Greece•• S; in ancJ-.:nt Rome, 54; UDited under CI.. rl •• the Great. 133 ; etTects 01 Slandin, annie. upon, • ., INDEX. 399 Graccbus Tibeiius and Cains. 74 cities "Yen up ~ Persia. ~8 i spread Granada, Mahomctao kiDgdom. of, 2-4° j of the1l' civilization in Asia. 4~ 43 i coDqueRCi by F crdiDand and Isa their colonies in Southern Italy 52. bella, 2;?9 53; their colouies in Gaul, ,. Gr.ond AlliaDce, the, og8 G~d, Scandinavian settlemen~ Grao.ikos. battle of, 41 C; .....SOD, battle or, '3~ Gregory L (the Great), Pope, seDiIs Gratian, E.mperor, extmction of pagaDo Augustine to Britain. T4'l ism under. S02, 10] Gregory II., Pope, withstands the GrueliDes, battle or, 265 1~S,'27 Great Britain, kiugdODl of, 3CD, Gregory Ill., Pope, withstands the 323; rewlt of the American colo IconOclasts, T27 nies from, 32]. 335. position ~of. Gregory, VII. Oiildebrand) Pope, is 18th ee:ntury. 324; Irelaud united .disputes of, with Henry IV., .56: to, 3SS; ~ abroad, 359; driven out by Hemy, iD.j his designs. atcDSlOD aDd iDcreased ind~Dd 157 enee of her colonies. 378 : less mter Gregory lX., Po~, opposes Frederick ference of, in continental affairs" 319 : IL, 196; preaches ausade agaiDSt later wars of, il.; 6rm won of, 313- the Prussians, 2103 ~ Gregory x., Pope, his measures ~ G~ M~ title or, 31], 379 pacification, 2T4, 2TS; his death, iD. Great Schism, 216 Greo:o G=~:r;,;itome, 83 IL Grec4 their kindred with Italians, 12, ~ 5~ ; first Aryan nation mentioned in wntteD history. T9 ; their relations to the ncighbounng nations• ., j their relations with the Pbanicians, ~3; extent of tbeir colonies, 2], 2.t; distinction between them' and the Barbarians, 26; their forms of go-.emmeot, ~; their religionr JO; CODquest of their cities in Asia MiIIor, by Cr=us, 33; by Cyrus, u.; their clislIutes, with Persian Kir>gs, i#.; subllUssiOD of their 'colo na to Xues, 34; their •Asiatic: INDEX. Hamilcat Barkas, !P'Of/th oC the Car Henry I. of England marries M .tild", thal;inian pewer m Spain under, 64 daughter of Malcolm of &.'"Otland,161 Hanmbal, general of the Cartha Henry II. of England, pedigree of, Jtlnia.ns, takes Sa gun tum, ~; his 16.1; marries Eleanor of Aquitaiue, fo'lml?aigns in Italy, ,6.: defeated by w. ; dominions of. IS8: death of. SeiPlO, 6.4; makes a league with 190: conquest of Ireland ander. 19. Philip of Macedonia, 66 Henry IlL of England, reign of, '9', Hanover, Electorate of, joined to his watS with France. 19'1 ; civil wars Prussia, 340; kingdom of, 350 i of his reign. 193 • annexed to Prussia. 369 8" Henry V. of Englai1d, his French Hanseatic League, fonnation of, 182; victories, 227 its wars with Scandinavia, 239; Henry VI. of England, crowned at dimmution of its t-ower, ~82 i itS cities annexed to Francc..3So; JOins' H~is,vilI. of England takes Bou~ the German Confederation, w. logne, 265; aspires to the Emp~ Harold Btaatand, Dl¥Jish King, wars 272: throws ott the Papal pow.:r,27] of Otto 11. with, 149 i conversion of. Henry I. of France, 161 ;6. ~ Henry II. of France, his wars with ~rold Hardraaa, of Norway, invades the Empire. v6S; annexes the three J!.ngland, 159 Bishopricks, ."6.; per.;ecution of Hu Harold, King oC the English, defeated guenots under, 266 H~~~~4 the Co'lqueror, 159 Henry ilL of France, lI66, 067 Henry IV. of France and N ~varre, Hastings, battle Qf, 159 leader of the Huguenots, a66 ; Hastings, Warren t 334 his possessions, oz6or: turns Catholic, Ha~J :il86j revolutions in, ,360 i6. ; his murder, il1. Henry, Don, IDfant of Portugal, mari ::d::i~' Q~::iti:tj!!l~J, marries time discoveries and eonQUest5 under, JagelloD. Duke of Lithuania, 240 238 Heligoland, English possession of, 359 Henry or TmstamaJa, civil war of. Hellas. meaning of the word, 20 with Pedro of Castile, "37; kills Helvetic Republic, 345 Pedro, 238 (denry, Duke of Saxony. elected King Herakleia. long independence of, 44- r of Germany, 147 i his wars with the Heraclius, Emperor, 120; his Persian 'Magyars, ,'6. campaigns, 121' Henry the Li\,n, Duke of Saxony and Hermann of Salza, Grand Master 01 Bavaria, his wars with Frederick I., the Teutonic Order, 203 s87 : marries Matilda. daughter of H@rodotos, history of, 32 Henry II. of England, it..: loss of Heroes, children of the Gods, 30 domini Heroic Ages, ~8 Henry II., eror, 149 Hessen-CAsseI,Electorate or, 348 Henry III mperor, his dealings High - Dutch tongue, iniIuence 01 with the cy, ISS i L1s alliance Luther on, 291 with England, 156 Hier6n. King of S}'Tacust:. helps Car Henry IV.• Emperor, revolt or the thage against Rome, 6a; makes an Saxons against, 156. disputes aJ.liance with Rome, 13 between him and Gregory VII., 156 : Hildebrand, favours the designs of his wars with his sons. W. ; drives William the Conqueror. 15910 su Gregory from Rome, ;6.. crowned also Gregory V II. Emperor by Clement III., w. Hindostan. Aryan settlements in. 9 Henry V., Emperor, his war with his Hippi"", Tyrant of Athens, 33 father. 156j his disputes with the Hispaniola. sre Hayti Popes, il1. ; marries Matilda. daugb· ter of Henry I. of England. i6.; ends H:d\v~~~e:~liff~~:~~~!::!~ the Franconian dynasty, ih. s; division of. into penods, 1'7; how HenJY. VI .• Emperor, his conquest of Sicll¥." 187 c.. :oCo~~~~i::~. ~~ ~8 i~~~:~ Henry VII., Emperor, revival of thf French writers of, 241 Empire under, 2I2j'.:oronationsof, at Hohensklufen. House ~ 18S Milan and Rome. ib. i death or. Hol.gou Khan, ends Caliphate 01 ,t.. Bagdad, 006 INDEX. Diad, 6t, HomJic Poems H~!~o!~.kJd='lrDi~d rro: Illyrla, Greek settlements in. -5; war vinees of, with Rome, 6s; Roman: Em Holstein, Duchy of, its relatWDS with perors from. 92, 94, cfi Deomark, 239. 33', 357. 377; a fief ["'}WaUI' title o~ 80, S, of the Empire 239; joined to Imperial ChambeJ, oM P""""a. 377 Infantry, use· of, in war, 242 Holy League, the._:;6 India. Aryaa. settlements in, 9; begi~ Homeric Poems, their value, 31 Honorius, Westdu EmpuorJ 104 E~:~M:"D=~:i:i=:t:%. Horace, 86 311 ; Mogul rule in, iD., 313 ; begin Hospitallen, foundatioa of, lBo. 195; Ding of the Ccn!Jpany in. w. : French ODd EDliilish IlriJggles for supremacy :::=m:t~ ~,:t:-of'~':~~ in, 333; powth of English pow.. HOWie of Commons, origin of. 194- in, 334. 359; mutiny of the Dative: House of Lords. origin of, 194- Hugh lhe Great, Duke of the French, ~~ 1f.~; :'::bve:::,':.~tw~- I ..... his wan with Lewis, ill. Indies, West, discov~of, by Colum H~l';!g, ~e of the French. bus, oB6 ~=: ni'_.p~, '~ls; his dcalings H==:o~!i:ue 0&oi!: wilh Jobn of England, '91 Innocent IV_. Pope, deposes Fred H~dred Ye ..... War. "51 compared erick II., d8, 19:1; protests against with PeJoponneslan War, iI.; end the taking of Zara, 19B, 200; prO" of. 227 claims a crusade against the Albi Hungarians, their sett1ement in genses, 200; offers croWD of Sicily Europe, 1"5, 1.f6; their wars with to Edmund of England, 20:1 ' Germany and conycrsion. "47, 177 IDDocent VIII., Pope, 223 Hungary, kiDgdom 0(, founded, 141. Interregnum, the Great, 211 172 : rav.ages of the Mogu.1sio, .,.; ; Ionian Islands. Republic of. formed under E.,glish protection, 356: in.. :: A::e-:'ODK:,~~mtC:~ corpolllled with Greece, ~13, 31S· by the Turks. iI.; desips of Austria loniaDS, their Asiatic colOnies, 3:1 OD, 2.p ; Turkish conquests in. 279 ; Iran. meaning of the oam... S crOWD passes to House of Austna, Ireland, Celtit: inhabitants 0(, n2: iI.; revolts against FeJdlDand 11.• u :zBo; reigo of Leopold, 303; Turks ~:nco: ;: ~b~~w!fits; !: dri9~ oat C?f, 30" i. crown_ ma;de hereditary, ill.; evil wars m, ill.; ~ilifa...°~11~~ ii:1eu;:!deC:~ ~r. dealings of Joseph II. with, 3"'; 323; rebellicm in, 3SS; union 0(, revolution and re-couquest, in, 311, with Grea~Britain. i6.; disaffection 372 ; restoration of, 373 in, 31'; diiestablishment of Cburch Huniades, JoIm, exploIts 01; agoinst in, ;6. • the Turks, ... Irisb. a Cellie people, 110, ... Scots HUDS, driven out of China, 103; Irish tongue, I] enter Europe, ill.; their dominion Isabella, wife ef Edward II. of Eng under Attila, :lOS; their defeat at land, "5; EdwaJd III's claim to Chilons, "'. the Freach croWD lhIouf1h her. "'. Russ, John, burning or, 211 Isabella, Queen of Castile, marries Hussite War in Bohemia, 217 fo=~ ilJO:: =::::t :l~~~: I. I.::\b' if!; ~~.! 0!I '~~aiu, reigw Ihrahim lays waste PelopGlllleSOS, 373 ~ Jconoclasts cootroversy, 126,149 1'::':=Italian, a Romance ::5 tongue,• no; Aed JIJIl"';US Loyola foUllds the Order of Jt~~= i!ith the Greeu. lk!=~' ~ '0£ Seljait Turks ia J" Sa_ 59; their ..relatiOll& to RolU~ Asia Minor, 166 • 60; rue againsl Rome,75 • D " INDEX. lIal¥, ...... of che three kfeat J:uropeaa James theCoaqueJor, Klngal Aragoo, peDinsubs, II; its Aryaa and pre reign of. _ _ Aryaa lubabitaDts, '.. '110 ~ 521 James V. of Scotland. death of, "74 I:eograpily of, ,.,; elfect o( .ts ge.... James I. of England (VL of Scotland), praphy em its history, 52; language, unioll of England and SootJand rdigiou aad ~D.t iDt s.t: under. 21S: his foreign policy. iD. Leagues.in, iI.; ROIIIaII "",!quest "(, James II. of England, reign and .1>-. 59- 6.: mvade4 by IianDibal, 6t; dieatioD of. sg8. 30- end of Emperors ill, 105; passes James Fr.uacis Edward Stuart fOld into 1be hands ..r tbe BarbLrians, Pretender). attempt 0(, ahound by .06: rule of' Odoacer in, i~.; Lewis XIV., 32.: by Spain and East Gothic kingdom in, '''7; flour Sweden, 16. L"hing state of, ullder TheodoriC; Jamteland ""naed to Sw Leagues, nature of, 27ft}D later Greece.. Lewis IX. (Saint) or Franoe, 19'; growth of the kingdom =dOl. '92: ~~:inluth.~=~ ,::r~1l.iw~ his crusades and death, '97 181; revival of. in Italy, 218. 5119; in Lewis XI. or France, his annexation ntb, '4th, and ,5th centuries, ILl' : or Provence, ..8 j)romoted by Leo X .• s60; in 16th Lewis XII., his Italian won, "56: and J7th centuries. 2go, 291 ; decline his death, 5157; his maniage with of. in Thirty Years' war, iJJ. ; in 18th Anne of Britanny, 06t; his reign i& century, 315 339 i revival of. in Ger.. France, 26s Y Lewis XIII.. '57: bio death, .B, Le':',i : ~~e of; 346 • Lewis XlV., a.ccession of, .8t, 295: Leo Ifl., Pope, croWDS Charles the his seizure of Oronge, .83: his chao Great, '29 • racter and absolute dominion, Leo x.. Pope, his aUiance with Charlese 1195, 324; his wars and annexations, V., '57: hi. policy and ~courage 5196, 298; his devastation of the Pa ment of learnmg, 260 latinate, ill.; his persecution of the Leo the Isaurian. I!mperor, dereats Protestants, ~; revokes the Edict of Nantes, ill.: his intrigues with :!:ve~a;a~~ds~r:7j: ;Id:cli~of c:; Charles II.,)Or; recognizes the ~perial power in Italy under, 121 c1aims of the Old Pretender, 322 Leon, its growth and UDiOD with CaS- Lewis XV. or France, his oeigD and r:a!jd~' ~:o:r 4;parta, killed at Le~vt 3:1 France, bio oeigD and Thermopylai, 34 Leopold I., Emperor, alliance of, with Le'="~~I'lror3¥rance, his restora- the United Provinces,.cp; rep of. tion and reign, 347, 36s 03; gives up Hungary to hiS SOD Lewis the Great, King or HWlgar}' joseph'l04 . and Poland, ".0 Lewis II. or Hungary, killed at ~:d .!I~' !m~d ~e ~.j:! Mohacs, "79 Lewis Buonaparte. KiDg of Holland, L'::ciId~nuke of Austria, defeated at 35+ *' Morgarten, 330 Ligmtz, bottle or, 005 .,Leopold of Austria, defeated at Sem. Liguria. iobnbitants ot 51: Roman pacb,03' conquest of, 70 Leopold, Kiag of Belgium, 376 Lincoln,Abraham, President or United Lepanto, defeat or the Tull,s at, "54 : States, 38a ; murder of, i/J. .80 Lithuania, ia!1guage of, 16. _. !106 : its Lepidus, Marcus JEmilius, B, conversion, growth, and union with Leuktra, defeat of the Spartans at, 3B Poland,1I40 Lewis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 135 i Literature, Roman, under the Empire. divisions of the Empire UDder, w. B~ : early Teutonic, 18,: Italian, boo Lewis, the Germao. .,.~elll or his gmning or, 208, Rl8 kingdom, 136 Liudprand, King or the Lombards, 127 Lewis II., EmpOlOr, his reign Iu Italy, Livonia., conquest of. by the Teutonic '36 Knights, do, 803 : Swedish conqueSl Lewis the Child, lost or tho KarliDgs of, 308, gioen up to Russia, 309 in GennanYt..'37 Livy, 86 Lewis IV., J!;mperor, bis disputed Lodi, seeks help trom Flederick election, 213; hiS deposition, ,./J.: his aUiance with Edward Ill. of Ellg. x1~":"th:. aloll~~W~~6fre. land• • 25 Lewis IV., King or the West-Franks, Lombard'4" League, IB,. its wars with 140 Frederick Bart..ross&, ,87 Lewis V., lost oFthe Western Karlings, Lombards, their conquests iD Italy. 14· Jl8; take RaYeODat u7: victoriel of Pippin over, 128; conquered by t:~ ~\'I~orW=~~~C)O; goes 011 CharI.. the Great, ill. Lombard:r and VeDice, kingdom of, ~St Le~i. SV"i'Inl ~F'j::';?t.. EDgIisT. London. Plague of; 3ft: G_I rll8 cro... dered to, by the Barons, 119 of, '-11. INDEX. T.tOnoaine, modern Dame of Lotharingia, "Mahomet, born" at Mecca. 121 j spread 1"3' : Duchy of, its relations to M~=!~li8:"s~":n, c:a1led the Con- ~~le:e:t~:dB~. ~S:Ju~!;'r.;~e; queror, .36; his s~ege and conquest annexed to France, 325; part of of CoBStalltmople, w.; his conquest :=e~Jo~ti:~er:JoDS with ~~,~~.c.!~re;;J:::''il~:: Austria, 319 .othar I., Emp~TOrJ kingdom or, 135 M:1,~9'et IV., Sultan, 310 .othar II. Emperor, 18S MahO'met, Almohade, his defeat at .othariDgia, kingdom of. 136, 137 Tolosa,~ ..otluingeo, #~ Lorraine Mahomet Ah, Pasha of Egypt, 373 .. Mahrattas, revoPt of the, 312 .or:i~~jPS:po~~i! ~~J t;:5 French, Mainz, it.') Archbishops and Electors ...ouisiana, French colonization ill, 2I8, 119; French aDDezation of, 348 Sl4 i divided between England and Majorian, Empt.lOr, 105 Malta, given to the Knij:hts of Saint .o:-D~t~~ lee Dutch John, 279; Turkisll &lege of. ;6.; .oyola, Ignatius, founder ot' the English possession of. 356 ~ JesUits, 26J Mamelukes, ~S9 .iibeck. Commonwealth or, 183 ; wars Manfred, Kint: of Sicily, crusades of, with Dcomark, 276; annexed to preached agamJt, 1101 : defeated and France, 346, 350 : jolJlS the German slain by Chari.. of Anjou, _ Confederation, iD. Mantineia, battle of, 39 ucca, Duchy of, 352 Manuel Komn@nos. Eastern Emperor. .ucius Sc:xtius, fuse Plebeian Consul, his relations with Italy, 186, 1871 58 his defeat by the Turks, Ig8 .ucretius, 86 Manzikert, battle of, 164 .uneville, Peace of, 343, 348 .uther, Martin, preaching ot 26a: ::d:,"!~,1p~' d~ner.d, defeated condemned at Worms, 263 ; fonowers o.t Plataia, 34 of, ill.; his death, U. MargaretofFlanders,martied toPhilip, • I uxemburg, Duchyof; 376 ydia, kiDgdom of, conquered by M!!.~=e~~ ~~~~f'~:rway. unio:' Cyrus, 33 of the Scandinaviau kinfjloms under. 2]9 ~::: l~ciIof o}~ :t~~SI ~~% an- Marla, Queen of Portugal and Brazil, 376, 381 =::. O~::aD admiral, defeats Maria Theresao£SpaiD, maniesLewis the Athenians at Aigos-potamos, 36 XIV., 295 Maria Theresa, Empress anel Queen M. ~fs~~:~ag~c~ic::=~ehirl:!r~i: ;acedonia, its inhabitants, ~; Greek the Seven Years' War, 311li in .colonies in, !'.Ill ; not at first counted the partition of Poland, 330 as Greek, 116, ~; its relations with Mar.igft3I1o, battle of, ~S7 its Kings,:aS; J.ts rise under Philip Marius, Calus, his wars with Jugurtba 39: invaded by the Gaul.. 44, 45: and victories over the Teutones, 73, reckoned as a Greek state, 4S; its 75; hi. civil war with Sulla, 75, 76 wars with Rome, 66, 6-J; its dis Mark,141 memberment and Dna! conquest, Markos of Keryneia, general or the 67 i Slavonic settlements in. 1St acMahon, Marshal, President of the M!.1'~:::B'~e4~, 2gg French Republic, 368 Marseille, see Massalia adras, English settlement at. 3u; Martin V., Pope, .17 taken b)" the French,. 333 Mary, Duchess of iurgundy, '33; =enas, Caius Cilnius, 86 marries Maximilian, 252. 261 CI agn8sia, defeat of Antiochos at, 68 Mary, daughter 'If Lewis of Hun gary, marries SIegmund, 20t0 =di.'ru,~~ Mary, Queen of Scots, her marriage, abmoud J t., Sultan, 3590 37J ~ aud beheaclinlr, 274 INDEX, Mary I. '" IfngllUld "':'rries Philip IL It 01 ...... &65; ci-· bodt 10 or SpaiD, ~l : 10 .. of CaIaia and.... GermIUIy, 368 !.i:,"lCllatlOD 01 the Pape'. _ Mmco, SpasUsh conqacst 0( oS71 ...... utioos in. 38. IIIory II 01 ItnglaDd, h... IIIUriap Michael Palaiologoo. Eastern E ...... d election u Queen, 30' peror, wiar back Coaaantiaopl", MuylaDd. 089: settlement or, "90 .1..... 1i.. 10IWlD coIouy, 'S; aIIian<;e ",WbaeI Romaaolr. Car 01 Russia, with Rome, ,I M usiaissa, KiDg 01 Numidia, ~y 01 M ti'~e Ages, appllcalioa ol the name, Rome against Carthue. 6s .e3 M .tild.. daugh~ 9! lfe.".y I. '" Miguel. Do", ol Portur.1, .,6 Engla.r..d. marna Hemy V., 1$6 ,t Mil.., dwdlinJ-place 0 the W ....rn marries GcoJIiey, Couat..... ADjou, Kmperon, 96: crowni., puce of 161,IPg the Emperon u KiDcs 01 Italy, Matilda. daughter '" ({cary II., ...... 148; her opprossiaa or smaller ries Hcary '" Saxoay, .8, cities, 186: Duchy 01, under the Matild.. dauglo.er'" ldalcolm, marrics Visc::oo~ no: UDder the House 01 - ...... 1denry I .• J6J Sfona, .. : oubmissioa 01 Genoa to, "'attnew Pari .. ao8, 041 HI : conquest of, by Lewis X I L of Matthias I • Emperor, a6e . Fn._ -56; restoftd to House 01 Maurice, Kmperor his wars with the Sforza, -57 ; tak... by Francis I., i/o : Aft... IlIO; m~ by Phocas, is. by CharI .. V., -S': granted to his Maurice or Oran~ leader 01 the ... aon Philip, 0.s8; pari of its territor) ia the N etherlaDds, a69 ceded 10 Sa..,y, 3'9; Napoleoa MazimiaD, joiat Emperor with D. Buoaaparte crowned at, 344; an" detiIUI, 96; his eDforced abdication. Dend by Austria, 35-; r ..oI .. is'' persecutioa 01 the CbristiaDs .~;n" Austria, 310 UD,er,W1 . "'iI1;;;;-ftourishlag period 01, oS" MazioU1ian I.. Kille 01 the R ...... '" ilitary 0nI.... 180, F9S marrie. Mary 01 Burgundy, as-. Mill. • C'OIDIDOII Aryan word. 5 , 1160: his ...... i. the League 01 Mi\osb, Obn:nowilcll, re'lQ\t of Servia • CambTay. a56: his death, aS7; his DeW titlea, 06. : his reforms, a6e M~ki!d~~theniaa General, defeata the Peniaas at Maratb&n" :u tl::::il:::/i·.:,=::tl.. ":;;co, ]8. ,,! inDesiDgen,.... • MayeoC'e, 6rI Maio. MIaorc:a, ..\rea by the ltagrlSh, 300: Mayorr of the Pala.... 1"7 rest~ to ~paia, P3 M a.aaria, CardioaJ, .81 Mithridatis, Kille or Poulos, his war Mecca, birthplace 01 Mahomet, I.' with Rom... '5; defeaftd by Suit. Medici, their power ill Floreoc:e, n.; ill G...eee, 71; his 6aa.I defeat, ;j. their banishments and ~toration .. "'oguls, th... mftSioosaud conquests, os6-0ZO: establl.hed u Dukes, aos; their religioD. -.: their dynuoo ties at Kasaa and ia Persia, ro6; 0 ...... M~ci, the eld... Cosmo de', his throw the Caliphate and the Seljulr power at Florence. tat Turks, is. Medici, Loreoao de', his po.... at Mohacs, battle 01• ." Florence•• ,. Moldavia, uaioa 01, with Pa1aDd, 3"9: Medi~ Cosmo de', Duke or Flo",nce and Grand Duke of Tuscany, 359 ~"t.:..InlI~-:.~.m ;D':i:':::~ Medilelftl\e.AD Sea. the centre of lhe 37"; its uaioa with W:C:chis, 31. three old C'Oolinents, 10. PhC2uiciao. "'oautrel~, his historyol the HUDgue, 46 359: 37" Merowiocionso [nnkish clJusly 01, PoIorad, _ Amun.th .., Moral, battle or. 033 Merwlugs, _ "'erowingius , PoIorprtea, batd. of, -)0 .I_ne, Srartan~ COD.U'" 01, 3': Monscos, dri_ oulII,fSpaia, ass &eed_ by r.:pamiD&n!~ MorosiDl, FnD_ cooquen ~ M.... lliihoprick 01,' by H~ _ ...... J07; ... n.,..., ;6. INDEX. Moeeow, ca;ital or Russia, 240 peror, wins bLck Crete, ISO i murder M ummius. Lucius, destroys Corinth, 67 of, iii. M ...... ,. Joachim. Kille of Naples, 346 Nikomedeia, capital of Diocleti2.n. 96 Murten, In Morat N ikopolis, battle of, .41 M ostapha II I.. Sultan, 332 M ykaJe, Persians defeated at, 34 ~:a,~~ea:~. O(.~Oi anne~ed Myk@ue, its early greamess, .., to Fraoce, 367 Norman Conquest. efi'ects or. OD EDir laud and Fraoce, 159 • N. N onans, conquests ill Italy and Sicily, 16] N.bis, Tyrant of SparI:l, 66 Normandy, foundation of the Duchy Najara, I« Navarele or, 144. 145; fa growth ISS; French Nancy, 'battle of, 233 • conquest of, 190 N antes, Edict of, its revocation, 299 NorthmeJ, their settlements. 142, I." Naples, kingdom 0( its separation N Ofth-German ,"oufederation, th~ 369 from Sicily, _; disputes for its Nova Scotia, ongin of, 3'4 ; 6ucc:cssicm. 223; caquered by F cr· Novara. battle of, 37<\ dinand of Aragon, 252, 2056; reign :~ =Ci.="ublic.-___ of J""chim l\Iural. 346 Narboone conquer.ed by Saracens, 123 Nones, finally subdues the Goths, 118 N ana, baule of, ]08 '0. National Assembly of frace, 341; dissolution of, 366 Octavius, ... Augustus National Coovention of France, 342 Odyssey, .. Homeric Poems N avarete, battle of, 238 Navarino, battle of. 373 ~~ ':l~. ~!~rh!'w~. Navarre" kingdom 01, cenqueJed by Franks, '137 ; docs homage to ArnuIf, FenIioaod of Aragon, ill. ; defcocls Paria against the North. Nelson, Lord, 344 -5- mea, I.,.. Nero, Emperor, depositiOD and death Odoacer. reign of, in Italy, 106 of, 81 Olaf, King of the N orthmen., his war· Nerva, Emperor. I!') ill Eoglaod. and conversion, IS2 Netherlands. their connection with O&n.. T ....ty of, 308 Burgundy, 232, 233; with Spain, 252 ; Olyolhos, conquered by~hilip. 40 their revolt, 2S.. , :a68 i Spanish pro vinces b'aDsfened to Aus~ revolts 8:::..~i~~y Dr, at Damascuo, in, 332; annexed to France, 348, ~3J: i at Cordova, 132 ~:; kiDgdom of, 3S-4; lepualioo of Orange, Principality of, ..68 j seized by Lewis XIV., 28) N~e., ~~;jr Pra&- On:ilomcoos, victory of Sullo at, 77 sia, 303 Otl...... siege or, raised b,. Joan uf New Amsterdam, eapibi of New Arc, ""7 )/etherlaods, 3'4; ... New York 0rIeaDs, Regent Duke or. 3H New Eoglaud, coloo,. or, fuunded, Oscans, 53 Ostend, siege or. a6g N:!:' jersey, colony or, fuuoded, Oth"""" Caliph. 131 3'4 OthlllaD, gives his name to the Ottom.m New N ethcrlau~ Dutch colony of, Turks, 234 Otho, Emperor. 88 ~~I:='C:Ueste:f:;: Bay, 313; Otho of Bavaria, KiDg of Greece, New 011..... fuunded, 3'4 drivea out, 373 New Rome. 1ft Constantinople OtraolO. lakco by the Turks. 037 New York. oript of, 3'4 Otto the Great, defeats the Magyars. Nice, In Nikala and Nizza :141; subdvcs Beren~r, King of Nicholas. Emperor or Russia. 374 Nicolas V., P~'''3 ~~it: I$,; Icr;~a~n;;~~l~: N ikaia, counc' of, 100; capital of the edaug.hter "r ~.ward the Elder, IS Scljuk Tur • 164: Empire or, 19') Otto 11., Emperol'. his wan with the II ilr.ipiMnr" Phokas, Ealiem Emo DaDa, '411 INDEX_ Olto III., Emperor, t,aIled the Won der of the World, 149 Pe~t:;on~TL:!t~~~ defeated by Otto IV., Emperor, 188 ~ Pedro of Aragon, King of the Island OUocar IV., Emperor, King oC Bohe of Sicily, ..,. mia,212 Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile. """ Ottoman Turks, beginning and growllI puIsioo·and restoration of, 2~7, 238 of their dominion, 235. 254 i their Pedro, Don, Emperor of Brazil, 33'; advance in Europe. 235; their levy King and Regent of Portugal, 376 of tribute.ch.ildren, ;6.; take Con~ Pedro, 11., of Brazil, 38. stantinople. 2,36; take Otrantt', 237: Peisistratos, Tyrant cfAthens, 30 their defeat at Lepanti, 254, 28u: Pelopidas, greatness of Thebes under, greatness of, under Suleiman the 38 La~ver. 279. 2JlOi their wars Peloponnesian War, ~S with Persia, 279 ; WIth Hungary andc Peloponn@sos, Turkish conquest of. the Empire, ,303, 3O.J i wtth Venice, 231 ; Venetian conquest of, 301; re 306, 307; wlth Poland, 309; their conquered by Turks, iIJ. . decline, 310, 332, °358; their wars Pennsylvania, .colony of, founded, 314- with Russia, 3~7, 351!. ~590 373, 374: Penn, William, colomzes Pennsylvania, revolts of slfbJcct nabons agamst, 3r. . "",;):;8, 37": wars with France, 359: Pergamos, kingdom of, 43. 68; its with Egypt, 373 greatness under Eumenis, 6g; be Ovid,86 comes a Roman province, ill. Oxford, rise of the Uoiversity, ao8 Periklts, his greatness at Athens, 35; effect of his inftuence on the govem ment, ;6. P. Perseus, King oC Macedonia, 6J PnetIHtIS, meaning of the word, 101 Pe~ ~w!rli=~un~~ t~rG~k: Palaiologos, dynasty of, 200 33-36; revival of, UDder Artaxerxes, Palmyra, kingdom of, destroyed by 93: wars with Rome, 9,3, 116, 193; greatness 0(, undeT the two Cbosroes. Pat~~~:'iir~t Roman settlement on 118, 120; victories of Heraclius over, , 55 121; Saracen conquest of, us: rise ,Palatinat., raYaged by Lewis XIV. oC Turkish dynasbes in, .64; Mogul dynasty in, 206; beginning of the Pa"JIr.the,lelj hr ~ with Pyrrhos, 60: condition Western proviJces of',tJ. i deliverance of the Italian States under, 61": first of, from the Moguls, 240; growth of, . wan with Carthage, 62-65; her 277, 278; her conquest of Siberia, J.!TOvinces, 63; takes Sardinia and 285: greatness of, under Peter the Corsica, 6.t; second war with Carthage, 65; her first possessions ~t,T~~~; h~m;,1~~tl! beyond the Hadriatic, w.; first and second wars with Macedonia, ::~~~: :} ~li~ 11.°.; ::Ii; 66 ; conquest of iEtolia, 6-t; with the nations subject to the Turks, final conquest"of Macedonia, i6.; 332t oiI§33, 337 ; Buonaparte's invasion war with Antiochos, 68; her first of, 346; wars -with Sweden, Tur province beyond the lEgean, 6g; key, and Persia. 357,313 ; French in- , conquest of Cisalpine Gaul, 69-7'0 ; vasion of, 358. kingdom of Poland. of Liguria and Venetia. 70; of ::~ti~:'~~37'~!,i~s n~C ~:rol:': tt¥~::ipi~~; J!.~, ~ ~~r:: against, 374, 371; abolition of serfage sian of the Cimbri and 1-eutol1es, R:~~, a Slavonic ,people, invad~ t:r; ~ti:werwith~ !~t~r7fiJ the Eastern Empire, 151; defeated final fall, ill. : her constitution, ill.; by John Tzimiskes, i/J.; conver.lItn:;· internal disputes, 131 '4; revolt and of, to Christianity, 153 fi~:n~r;,:.f ~e.~i;;th7iiit~~ Ryswick, Peace ff, .g8 dates, 76. 77 : ~Dquesl of the king dom of Pontos, 77; conquest of Syria, w. : first dealings WIth P .... S. tbia, ill.; internal disputes, 78; conquest of Tr.msaIpino Gaul, f8, Sas:untum, taken by Hannibal, 64 79; first dealings with Britain, Samt Domingo, He Hayti Jt~~I~'df~:cr:~ir:~ Saint Helena, BuoDaparte banished to, th. j her position under the Emperors, Sa~r J oha, knights of, let! Hospi- ~ 84 ; literature and art of, 85; ceases miters "3 to be the seat of government. g6; Saint Petersburg, foundation or. 328., bken by Alaric, J04; growth of the SainI Quentin, battle of, 06s Papal J>C?wer, u6-, 156; dec1iDe of the SainI Sophia, church of, ~uilt by J ... Imperial power, 127; threatened by tinian, JI7 the Lombards, w. ; saved by Pippin, Saladin puts down the power of the 128; separated from the Eastern Fatimites, .g6: takes Jerusalem, W. Empire, 129; crowning place of the Salamis, batde of', 34 Western Emperors, J31: return -of Saluzzo, joined to Savoy, 272 the Popes to, from Avignon. 216; Samnites, their wars with Rome, 59 ; revoluuon of Rienzi at, 222 ; sack of, 258; held by the French, 3'70; the !~~q!:~b;Sul~' 75 t finally . capital of united Italy, 371 . San Marino, Commonwealth of, 183. Rouen, settlement of Rolf at, 145: 259, 35~ taken by Henry V. of England, 227 Saracens, rise or, UI; ac::cept the Rousillan, shirtings of, between France doctrine of Mahomet, '122; t.l)eir and Aragon, 238, 254, 283 conquests from the Empire and the Goths, 123; driveD out of Gaul, 125 ; =:d~if,'~f3S~abia, his election and division of their Empire, ill.; their death, '56 conquest. of Persia, iIJ.; repulsed Rudolf of Habsburg, elected Kinlf, from Constantinople, 126 Sardinia, its ancient inhabitants, 51 J :~~~. :=r:=:tt~bu~;;:i ~~ its relations to Carthage and Rome. tria to bis SOD Albert, iIJ. 61, 6.J ; reco~ed from the Saracens Rudolf II., Emperor, 262 Rudolf, last King of Burgundy, 'ss ~8 ~~!l !rs:ao~b:!:~~ Russia, state tJti, in the 13th century, • of, 3.8: rule oJ the Carignano dy 2Oa; subjec~oD or. to the MoKU~ nasty in, 370; wars of, with Austria. oa6: Lithuanian CODQue,s1 of the ill•• 371 412 INDEX. Sas&:mides, dynasty outlives the' Empire ~f ConstantI 01 nople, 200; conquered by Mahomet U~ylV~ ~esO:;';!~~7' • Urban VI., Pope, his disputed ele.. r!~~ '&.ncil o~ 261 tion. :u6 Trilves, sa Trier Trier, dWelling place of the Westem E~~t.fie::y23, 2gc}, 302, 301 • Caesar, g6; its Archbishops and Electors of the Empire, 179; French V. annexation of;, :uS Triple Alliaace, i!\object, 301 VaIens, Emperor, his reign in the Troyes, Treaty or~ 227 East} ~03 ; killed at Hadrianople, t04 Tunis, taken by Charles V., 280 TNran. meaning of the word, 8 VW:s~~~r,ro~l:Sth:i~~~ Twanian nations, their position in Europe and Asia,8 ; their later settle "ai~~3Ff>~' taken prisoner by ments in Europe. :rS the Pel'$l3.DS, 92; persecutions o( TuteDDe, his p2It in the Thirty Yead Christians und"", 95 War. 282 Valais, iee Wallis - . ~ Turkey, see Ottoman Empire Vandals, their settlem__ in Spain and in Turks. their settlement Europe, 16; Dutch admiral, 300 .. .. when first heard o.f, I"~ se~ Ott~ V~c:;n:: mans and Seljaks, V una, Wliulislaus of Poland killed at, Tyratlts, meaning of tho word, '29J 80; V :~s, PubliD9 ~ninctiliDS, defeated T~e?'"tak:':~j;~J:~ ~:! by ArpUnius, 8S 'l'ynaios, his poems on the wan of Vasco d2 GaIDa, his discovery of the Sparta and Messane, 3' Cape of Good Hope, ,85 V.uel. liberation of, 354 ~:~!r::F=~es!:~u5!t of, 228; u. given up to the Popes, i6.; French annexation of, 341 ,..; Ulfilas, Bishop, preaches Christiamty Venetia, Roman conquest of, 70 to the Goths, 103 i bis translation of Venice, rise of, 118; her relations to· tho Bible, iD. the Eastern Empire, 120; her shat~ Ulri.,., Queen of Sweden, 308 ia the fourth crusade, ,1gB: her U mbrians, 53 Eastern dominion, :I~: her con U niKd Provinces, their WlioD, 16g; stitution and power by land, 221: their independence formallyaclmow- her ware with the Turks. 2$4, 259. 1edged, ~ s82; their power, 270, 3Q6; League of Cambray fonned 3O!J; their wars with France, 295, against, '56: 8DDe2edto Austria, ,960 308; with England, 300, 301 ; 352 j revolt and reconquest of. 370; join the Triple Alliance against united. to Italy, 371 France, i/J.; hiR:b position of, in Europe, 30'1; the Stadholdership ~:d~JB~:ri:ktheofur:!~=~r. tc made hereditary, 331'; their decay, Sweden, 282; given up to Hanover, ~~ :Ki'!:d~!~~ ~'iI:~l:;ds~~~ Vi~unJ Bishoprick or, annezed to United States, 323; their union and France, 265 independence. 335 ; formation of new Vespasian, Emperor, reign of, 88 Victor, anti-pope '187 i:!es.;y, 3.t.~ aCiti~of 1~U: Victor Amadeus h.,,,Duke of Savoy, the NOrthern States, i/J. ; annexation growth DC his power, 30S; becomes of Texas, 38:1: ; secession and ~n.. King of Sicily, 3Q6 quest of the Southern States, iD.; Victor Emmanuel II. ofBardinia, 370; . final abolition of slavery, ill. choson King of Italy, 311 Universities, growth of, 241; colleges Vienna, besieged. by the Turles, ~ founded in, i/J. 279, 3-.; Cin2r0S9of, 3~ .~ U nterwalden, Canton or ~2fl ~nDe, sale of the Dauphiny or, 228 Urban II., POP'll holds ~ Council 01 • CI ..mont, s6S' tak~~r~=:~l~codt of tho V"w my of, o8q V_II, _ ." fint Duke of Milan, no, . -M:uia, _ Vitelli.... Emperor••• V.r.taft, pi! W. Wacram, battle of, ~ • Wales, its 6mal _ with EogIaad, WaIIachia,.. united wilh Polud. 3"9; RussiaD inlIaeace In, ~33; Greek r war of iDdepeudence bogib in, _ W~=Ih':~~~ I'hirty' VealS' War, a80 Wallis, its coaqd'.!sls ...... Sa...,.. "7' OWd:oJ." Sir Robert, 3"" 'Nusaw, G!and Duc:hl.!!i= 358 W1ShiDgtoa, G--ce. of the Uoited States, l)5 • Waterloo, battle 0/; 347 Well; Iaeads the Sa:roo reooIt against Coarad IlL. s86; ~ called Woibling,fiom." C4iMlhucaDed hili, 186: Wellesley, Marquess, ~ raJ of 1Ddia, 3S9 Welliogtaa, DUke or. ]46 If'.z" ... ~ofthe_"n."q tVeacosJaus. K.inJr of the R ...... ",13; CouDdsthe l>uchy of MiIaQ, ug X. Wends, 133: ...... or. "I Xeaoph&o. his history of the ~ Wessex, kin~ of, I.,: ~cy DeSIaB War, 36 _ of, in Bri...... 143: DaDish mvasiaa Xenes, SOD ofDuius, his iD-.asioot or of,jj. Greece, 34 \\' est, c:huacters of its lUstory, .. 3 Western Empire, separation of, ...... Y the East under Charles the Greet, 1"9 ; begianing of its German cha Y",," 95: c...staatine the o-a ne,er.1lO' its ezteot UDdt" Chane.. beginS to reiga at, 97 135; n:stooed by Otto tho Great, ~ 148: its anioa with tho Germaa Z kingdom, 14& 171; c: i. ~...t r ; . w",~l~l~ L~ C· ~ , . _. ;- ,Vua..... l.f'S D!"=n~l.H:~~. U ~t Cyr. :a-l0'1.J,~." L.f'~!"~ '':'''';"l.-!. 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