Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet (2002.)

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Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet (2002.) A Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet Évi Jelentése, 2002 (2004), pp. 233–256. Volcano-sedimentary successions within an intra-arc related Jurassic Large Igneous Province (LIP): La Negra Formation, Northern Chile (a preliminary scientific report on the Br 997/22–1 DFG Pilot Project) Jura vulkáni ív közötti vulkáni törmelékes üledékes sorozat a La Negra Formáció nagy magmás provinciájából, Észak-Chilébõl (elõzetes beszámoló a DFG BR 997/22–1 projekt eredményeibõl) KÁROLY NÉMETH1, CHRISTOPH BREITKREUZ2 and HANS WILKE3 1Geological Institute of Hungary, Department of Mapping, 14. Stefánia út 14. Budapest H–1143, Hungary, [email protected] 2TU-Bergakademie, Institute für Geologie, Bernhardt-von-Cotta-str-2, Freiberg, D–09596, Germany, [email protected] 3Departamento de Geología, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile, [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: large igneous province, andesite, basalt, phreatomagmatic, Tárgyszavak: ár- vagy platóbazalt, platóláva, hyaloclastite, peperite, ignimbrite, block-and-ash flow andezit, bazalt, freatomagmás, hialoklasztit, peperit, ignimbrit, blokk- és hamuár Abstract Összefoglalás Volcaniclastic rocks especially silicic ones intercalated with flood lavas Vulkaniklasztit kõzetek, különösen a savanyú vál- are generally less studied, however they carry significant information for a tozatok általában ritkák és kevéssé tanulmányozottak a broader paleogeographic reconstruction of the syn-eruptive environment. A nagy térfogatú platóláva területeken, annak ellenére, new project under the DFG (Br 997/22-1) research grant initiated to investi- hogy azok sokszor fontos információkkal szolgálhatnak gate the accumulation history of the volcanic rocks of the Jurassic La Negra az adott terület õskörnyezeti rekonstrukciójához. Egy új, Formation in northern Chile with special relevance to the explosive eruption a Német Tudományos Alapprogramok (DFG) által products. The preliminary result of the first field season in 2003 is given in támogatott projekt (Br 997/22-1) az észak-chilei jura this report. Jurassic volcanic rocks form large parts of the Coastal Cordillera korú, La Negra Formációban található piroklasztit in northern Chile, called La Negra Formation, which constitute the major kõzetek tanulmányozását kezdte meg. Ebben az össze- part of an up to 15-km-thick pile of alternately marine and continental foglalóban e projekt 2003-as évben gyûjtött adatait mu- deposits, issued from volcanic arcs situated between a land area with tatjuk be. Elsõsorban jura korú magmás kõzetek al- Paleozoic basement in the west and a marginal sea in the east, typically con- kotják a Parti-Kordillera Észak-Chilét átszelõ részét, sidered to be an intra-arc setting. Marine sedimentary intercalations reported melyek helyenként tengeri üledékekkel váltakozó össz- earlier indicate a depositional environment of shallow marine or at sea level vastagsága eléri a 15 km-t. E magmás képzõdmények that allowed a marine transgression over extensive sheet-like lava flow units. egy vulkáni ívhez köthetõk, mely nyugaton egy paleo- Existence of such marine intercalations have not been confirmed to be very zoos alaphegységre épülõ szárazföld és keleten egy extensive. Instead, coherent lava flow units have been found more common- sekély tenger között húzódhatott. A tengeri köz- ly interbedded with thin volcaniclastic units than it was reported earlier. betelepülések arra utalnak, hogy a vulkáni ív alapvetõen Large-scale angular unconformities have not been identified in the alacsony térszínû terület lehetett, és így transzgressziós volcanic succession, thus a short time span of the accumulation of the La idõszakokban tengeri üledékek települhettek a láva Negra Formation is inferred. Eruptions along fissures are interpreted to testekre. E kutatás alkalmával nem sikerült nagy kiter- be a likely source to form a uniform pile of lava flows originally in sub- jedésû tengeri üledékekre találni, viszont vulkáni horizontal setting, suggesting that the entire volcanic sequence is part of törmelékes kõzetek sokkal nagyobb térfogatban vannak a volcanic accumulation zone of an arc system, such as ring plains, basin jelen, mint azt korábbi jelentések rögzítették. Nagy fills, or shallow marine basin surrounding volcanic archipelago. területen követhetõ, a vulkáni folyamatok jelentõs Vertically cross-cutting dykes often fragmented and/or connected to szünetére utaló diszkordancia felületeket nem sikerült pyroclastic breccia pipes inferred to be feeding channels of subsequent azonosítani, mely a vulkáni anyag gyors felhal- volcanoes. The systematic field work has confirmed the presence of mozódására utal. Monoton láva sorozatok hasadék greater volume of volcaniclastic rocks and underlines that volcaniclastic menti kitörés során közel azonos települési viszonya units are of greater importance in the La Negra Formation than it was azok eredetileg közel vízszintes helyzetére utalhatnak az considered before. utólagos szerkezeti mozgások figyelembevételével, s Newly identified pyroclastic rocks near Tocopilla at present sea level így a terület egy vulkán felhalmozódási területnek ér- exhibit quenching and inferred to be result of non-explosive in situ frag- telmezhetõ (pl. vulkáni kúppalást fácies). Függõleges 234 NÉMETH KÁROLY et al. mentation of lava flows erupted in subaqueous conditions. A thick uniform irányítottságú piroklasztit breccsa szerkezetek vulkáni volcaniclastic succession has been located near Taltal indicating deposition kitörési csatornáknak értelmezettek. A szisztematikus from eruption-fed pyroclastic density current. A general gradual facies terepbejárás alkalmával megállapítható, hogy a piro- change from subaqueous coherent lava flow and volcaniclastic successions klasztit képzõdmények térfogata lényegesen nagyobb, to sub-aerial ones have been recorded near Tocopilla, pointing out that mint azt eddig leírták. A most azonosított piroklasztit large volume pre-dominantly sub-aerial explosive silicic eruptions may sorozat a Tocopilla városától délre a jelenlegi tenger- have been more frequent in the later phase of the production of the La szint közelében, olyan képzõdményekbõl áll, mely bõ- Negra Formation. Pillowed and chilled lava flow margins, as well as pres- ségesen hordoz olyan jelenségeket, amelyek a magma ence of hyaloclastite, are gradually disappearing 2–300 m above the pres- robbanás nélküli hûlve töredezésével keletkezett rész- ent sea level in the escarpment of the Coastal Cordillera, and lava flow ben, vagy teljesen víz alatti környezetben. Nagy vastag- units gradually giving place to silicic pyroclastic units inferred to be ságú piroklasztit sorozatok Taltal városától délre, vul- deposited under sub-aerial conditions. This gradual change indicates that káni kitörések keltette víz alatti tömegárak által történt the initial subaqueous to emergent effusive volcanism in an intra-arc set- szállításra utalnak. A vulkaniklaszt fáciesek fokozatos ting transformed to a more sub-aerial explosive and effusive volcanism in változása követhetõ a tisztán víz alatti környezetre utaló time. Pyroclastic rock units with texture and bedding characteristics jelektõl a tisztán szárazföldi felhalmozódásra utaló indicative for deposition from block-and-ash flow and ignimbrite eruptions jelekig a Tocopilla melletti vulkáni sorozatokban. as well as near-source reworking of such deposits e.g. by lahars are con- Párnalávák, hialoklasztit rétegek és egyéb, a magma firmed to be more widespread in the entire studied succession of the La hirtelen lehûlésére utaló jelek fokozatosan tûnnek el Negra between Taltal and Tocopilla. The presence of newly identified 2–300 méterrel a mai tenger szintje felett. Piroklasztit phreatomagmatic fallout deposits suggest that large-volume phreato- képzõdmények szövete blokk- és hamuár, ignimbrit és Plinian silicic eruptions may have been more frequent in the late stage of azon üledékek áthalmozott változataira utalnak, mely activity of the La Negra volcanic arc. Such eruptions have a significant képzõdmények elterjedtek a La Negra Formáció effect on an immediate landscape-modification, their deposits may travel egészében. Az új azonosított freatomagmás hullott piro- over hundreds of kilometres and influence the normal sedimentation histo- klasztit rétegek esetenkénti nagy energiájú robbanásos ry of a broad area. The general lack of siliciclastic inter-beds indicate that kitörésekre utalnak. Ilyen események és azok kitörési the source area of the volcanogenic sedimentary units must have been termékei általában jelentõsen megváltoztathatják egy overwhelmingly volcanic. In spite of the dynamic volcanic picture given terület képét és azok akár több száz kilométerre esõ te- here, the general uniform orientation of lava flow as well as volcaniclastic rületekre is hatással lehetnek. A sziliciklasztikus üledé- rock units of the volcanic succession even more strikingly suggest that the kes közbetelepülések hiánya arra utal, hogy a La Negra La Negra is a broad intra-arc related accumulation zone of volcanic mate- Formáció alapvetõen vulkáni forrásból épülhetett fel, s rial from nearby, perhaps already vanished volcanic edifices. annak forrása egy vulkáni szigetívnek rekonstruálható. Introduction moreover never been addressed before. In general, such studies are generally rare and forming a new part of vol- The #Br 997/22–1 DFG funded pilot project aimed to canology often referred to volcanic petrology (HANSTEEN collect information to determine, A) the sedimentary pro- et al 1998, KLÜGEL 1999, KLÜGEL et al.
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