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Pore-Water in Marine Sediments Associated to Gas Hydrate Dissociation Offshore Lebu, Chile. Carolina Cárcamo1,2, Iván Vargas-C

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Pore-Water in Marine Sediments Associated to Gas Hydrate Dissociation Offshore Lebu, Chile. Carolina Cárcamo1,2, Iván Vargas-C Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-362 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 29 August 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Pore-water in marine sediments associated to gas hydrate dissociation 2 offshore Lebu, Chile. 3 4 Carolina Cárcamo1,2, Iván Vargas-Cordero1, Francisco Fernandoy1, Umberta 5 Tinivella3, Diego López-Acevedo4, Joaquim P. Bento5, Lucía Villar-Muñoz6, Nicole 6 Foucher1, Marion San Juan1, Alessandra Rivero1 7 8 1 Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ingeniería, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile 9 2 Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay. CIMARQ. Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida. Universidad 10 Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile. 11 3 OGS Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/C, 12 34010, Sgonico, Italy. 13 4 Universidad de Concepción, Departamento de Oceanografía, Programa COPAS Sur-Austral, 14 Campus Concepción Víctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile 15 5 Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Altamirano 1480, 16 2360007 Valparaíso, Chile. 17 6 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany. 18 19 ABSTRACT 20 Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin has been documented, but the 21 processes associated to fluid escapes originated by gas hydrate dissociation yet are 22 unknown. Here, we report morphologies growing related to fluid migration in the 23 continental shelf offshore western Lebu (37 °S) by analysing mainly geochemical 24 features. In this study oxygen and deuterium stable water isotopes in pore water 25 were measured. Knowledge was completed by analysing bathymetric data, 26 biological and sedimentological data. From bathymetric interpretation a positive 27 relief at 127 m below sea level was recognised; it is oriented N55°E and 28 characterised by five peaks. Moreover, enrichment values for δ18O (from 0.0 to 29 1.8‰) and δD (from 0.0 to 5.6‰) were obtained. These are typical values related to 30 hydrate melting during coring and post-sampling. The evident orientation of positive 31 relief could be associated with faults and fractures reported by others authors, in 32 which these structures constitute pathways for fluid migration from deep to shallow 33 zones. Finally, benthic foraminifera observed in the core sample can be associated 34 to seep areas. On the basis of theoretical modelling, we conclude that the positive 35 relief correspond to mud growing processes related to gas hydrates dissociation and 36 represent a key area to investigate fluid migration processes. 37 Keywords: gas hydrate dissociation, stable isotopes, pore water, mud growing, fluid 38 migration 1 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-362 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 29 August 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 39 1. Introduction 40 Morphological features associated with fluid escapes along continental margins 41 (e.g.: mud volcanoes, mud mounds, pockmarks, seeps) have been worldwide 42 reported (Van Rensbergen et al., 2002; Loncke et al., 2004; Hovland et al., 2005; 43 Lykousis et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2010). Fluid escapes can be formed mainly by 44 biogenic and thermogenic methane gas and water. The gas can give place to gas 45 hydrate formation in marine sediments if pressure and temperature conditions are 46 adequate (Sloan, 1998), in which the gas is trapped in a lattice of water molecules. 47 Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin are distributed from 33 to 57°S 48 (Bangs et al., 1993; Froelich et al., 1995; Morales, 2003; Grevemeyer et al., 2003; 49 Rodrigo et al., 2009; Vargas-Cordero et al., 2010, 2010a, 2016, 2017; Villar-Muñoz 50 et al., 2014, 2018). Several studies have documented fluid escapes related to gas 51 hydrate dissociation through faults and fractures (e.g., Yin et al., 2003; Thatcher et 52 al., 2013). Among others, common techniques often used to recognize such 53 processes are: biological, geochemical and geophysical analyses. Biological 54 indicators as benthic foraminifera, bivalve shells and microbial communities have 55 been related with fluid escapes (Reed et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2007; Karstens et al., 56 2018). Moreover, enriched stable water isotope values have been measured from 57 pore water of marine sediments. Hesse (2003) and Kvenvolden and Kastner (1990) 58 reported in extensive articles several cases of enriched stable water isotope values 59 from different regions, including the Chilean coast. Finally, geophysical studies have 60 allowed identifying morphologies associated with fluid escapes by using bathymetric, 61 backscatter and high resolution images (Sager et al., 2003; Loncke et al., 2004; 62 Tinivella et al., 2007). Well and seismic data interpretations have allowed 63 recognizing active structural domain offshore Arauco basin (Melnick and Echtler, 64 2006; Melnick, 2006a). During the depositional history of Arauco Basin, numerous 65 tectonic phases have been recognized, including subsidence and uplift episodes that 66 gave place to accretion and erosion of the prism (Bangs and Cande, 1997; 67 Lohrmann, 2002).Cretaceous-Plio-Pleistocene marine and continental sequences 68 configure a cyclic sedimentary complex. Sedimentary sequences are composed by 69 alternating of marine and continental deposits. From base to top, these are: 70 Quiriquina (Biró-Bagóczky, 1982), Pilpilco, Curanilahue, Boca Lebu, Trihueco, 71 Millongue, Ranquil, Tubul and Arauco formations (Pineda, 1983; Viyetes et al., 1993; 72 Muñoz-Cristi, 1956; Muñoz-Cristi, 1968). Nahuelbuta Range is composed by 73 Carboniferous-Permian granitoides (Coastal Batholith) intruding the Paleozoic- 74 Mesozoic metamorphic rocks. Moreover, gas and carbon reservoirs have been 75 identified along the Arauco basin (Mordojovich, 1974; González, 1989). 76 This study aims at characterizing an identified positive relief in order to understand 77 its origin by using geochemical, sedimentological and bathymetric data. The study 78 area is located on continental shelf close to 150 m below sea level (mbsl) and 79 includes part of Arauco basin (Fig. 1). 80 2. Data and Methods 81 2.1 Data 2 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-362 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 29 August 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 82 In the framework of project entitled “Identification and quantification of gas 83 emanations associated with gas hydrates (FONDECYT 11140214)” 84 sedimentological, geochemical and bathymetric study offshore Lebu was performed 85 (Fig. 1). In 2016 and 2017 two marine campaigns onboard R/V Kay Kay II were 86 carried out collecting bathymetric data, seawater samples and marine sediments 87 Marine sediment samples were recovered by using gravity corer (diameter of 9 cm) 88 at around 127 mbsl and the gravity corer drilled as deep as 240 cm into marine 89 sediments (GC-02). The core collected is located around positive relief close to 90 73°44’25”W-37°36’10”S (Fig. 2). The GC-02 core was divided into four sections of 91 60 cm long (S01, S02, S03, S04); each section one was frozen and analysed at 92 Sedimentology Andres Bello University’s laboratory (Viña del Mar, Chile) 93 The water samples were collected by Niskin bottles at 5 depths (0 m, 10 m, 20 m, 94 50 m and bottom); temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH was 95 determined with multiparameter measurer model IP67. These parameters were 96 measured at the two ends of the identified lineament, i.e., the first station located to 97 the south and the second one to the north (Fig. 2). 98 2.2 Methods 99 The procedure includes: a) bathymetric data processing and b) sedimentological, 100 physical-chemical and geochemical analyses of seawater and marine sediment 101 samples. 102 Bathymetric and sound velocity data were acquired by using multihaz Reson SeaBat 103 7125 echosounder (400 kHz, 0.5° x 1°) and SVP90 probe, respectively. Besides, an 104 AML Oceanographic Model Minos X sound velocity profiler was used. A preliminary 105 processing was performed onboard by using PDS2000 commercial software. This 106 software allows correcting bathymetric data in real time by using SVP90 and AML 107 information and ship motions (pitch, roll, yaw and heave). The bathymetric data 108 processing was performed by using open-source MB-System software (Caress and 109 Chayes, 2017). In this step, bathymetric data were converted in MB-System format 110 in order to attenuate tide and scattering effects. In the first step, bathymetric grids 111 with nearneighbor interpolation algorithm were created by using open-source 112 software Generic Mapping Tools (GMT, Wessel et al., 2013). The algorithm builds 113 cell values in depth rectangular distributed, in which each node value corresponds 114 to the weighted average of around probes of search circle of 1 arc second. Besides 115 the selected grid was configured with spatial resolution of 0.2 arc seconds. Finally, 116 a median filter of 10 m width was applied in order to smooth the grid. 117 Grain size analysis includes sieving method where sediments pass through (by 118 agitation) meshes; in our case, 50 g of sediment sample were sieved by using the 119 following mesh sizes: 60, 80, 120 and 230. The pipette method was adopted in order 120 to separate clay and silt fractions by selecting 15 g of mud sample. Statistical 121 parameters were calculated in agreement with reported formulas (Folk and Ward, 122 1957; Carver, 1971; Scasso and Limarino, 1997). 3 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-362 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 29 August 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 123 Seawater physical-chemical properties (temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved 124 oxygen) in proximity of the positive relief were obtained by using the multiparameter 125 Meter (IP67, model 8602).
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