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(2005) 5 Deuxième Rapport Périodique Présenté Au Secrétaire Général Du Strasbourg, le 1 er juillet 2005 MIN-LANG/PR (2005) 5 CHARTE EUROPEENNE DES LANGUES REGIONALES OU MINORITAIRES Deuxième rapport périodique présenté au Secrétaire Général du Conseil de l‘Europe conformément à l‘article 15 de la Charte ROYAUME-UNI Le présent document, traduit de l‘original anglais, inclut le texte du rapport supplémentaire soumis par les autorités britanniques (dont la version originale anglaise porte la référence MIN-LANG/PR (2005) 5 Addendum 1). Dans la version anglaise, le rapport existe en deux documents distincts : MIN-LANG/PR (2005) 5 et MIN-LANG/PR (2005) 5 Addendum 1 Avant-propos La dévolution des pouvoirs a été officiellement opérée par le gouvernement du Royaume-Uni aux autorités régionales d‘Ecosse et du pays de Galles le 1er juillet 1999, et d‘Irlande du Nord en décembre 1999. A cette occasion, l‘Assemblée du pays de Galles a pris en charge un certain nombre de fonctions exercées jusqu‘alors par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, comprenant le gallois, l‘éducation et la formation, le développement économique et les autorités locales. Le parlement écossais a également pris en charge diverses fonctions du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, correspondant dans l‘ensemble aux domaines couverts précédemment par le secrétariat d‘Etat pour l‘Ecosse, en particulier le gaélique et l‘écossais. L‘Assemblée d‘Irlande du Nord est actuellement suspendue et, pendant cette période, les questions relatives aux langues et à la Charte sont de la responsabilité de divers ministères du Gouvernement britannique. Celui-ci conserve sous sa responsabilité les affaires étrangères, la défense, la politique économique nationale, la sécurité sociale et la radiodiffusion. Par conséquent, outre le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, trois organes décentralisés se partagent pour une grande part la responsabilité de mettre en application au Royaume-Uni les dispositions de la Charte européenne des langues régionales et minoritaires. Il n‘existe pas, en Irlande du Nord, de définition légale d‘une langue officielle. La majorité de la population ne parle que l‘anglais. Il y a deux langues indigènes (l‘irlandais et l‘écossais d‘Ulster) ; un petit nombre de personnes parlent des langues de l‘immigration ou utilisent la langue des signes britannique ou irlandaise. SECTION PRÉLIMINAIRE 1. Veuillez fournir les informations générales nécessaires, telles que l‘évolution historique du pays dans ce domaine, un aperçu de la situation démographique comprenant les données économiques de base des régions et des informations sur la structure constitutionnelle et administrative de l‘Etat. Le Royaume-Uni est une démocratie parlementaire fondée sur le suffrage universel. C‘est aussi une monarchie constitutionnelle au sein de laquelle les ministres de la Couronne gouvernent au nom du souverain, qui est à la fois chef de l‘Etat et chef du Gouvernement. Il n‘y a pas de constitution écrite. Les relations entre l‘Etat et les citoyens sont régies par le droit législatif, le droit coutumier et les conventions. Le parlement du Royaume-Uni adopte la législation primaire œ pour les domaines qui n‘ont pas été transférés au Parlement écossais et à l‘Assemblée d‘Irlande du Nord (suspendue par le Secrétaire d‘Etat pour l‘Irlande du Nord le 14 octobre 2002 à minuit). Il représente la plus haute autorité du pays. Le parlement britannique conserve l‘autorité suprême pour gouverner et légiférer dans l‘ensemble du Royaume-Uni. Le pouvoir exécutif comprend le Gouvernement (les membres du Cabinet et les autres ministres responsables des politiques), les organes et services du gouvernement, les autorités locales, les organismes publics, les organes de surveillance indépendants et certaines autres organisations soumises à un contrôle ministériel. Le pouvoir judiciaire établit la jurisprudence et interprète les lois. Les autorités locales agissent dans la limite des pouvoirs définis par différentes lois. Leurs fonctions sont étendues : elles incluent l‘éducation, les services sociaux, l‘aménagement du territoire, le logement, la collecte et le traitement des déchets et les transports. Certaines de ces fonctions sont 2 obligatoires, ce qui signifie que les autorités doivent faire ce qui est requis par la loi. D‘autres sont facultatives, les autorités ayant le choix d‘offrir ou non les services correspondants. Dans certains cas, les ministres sont habilités à garantir l‘uniformité du niveau de protection de la santé publique et des droits des citoyens. Lorsque les autorités locales outrepassent leurs pouvoirs statutaires, on considère qu‘elles enfreignent la loi et elles peuvent être attaquées devant un tribunal. En Angleterre, le cabinet du Vice-Premier ministre constitue le lien principal entre les autorités locales et le gouvernement central. Cependant, d‘autres ministères œ notamment ceux de l‘Education et des Compétences, du Travail et des Retraites, de la Santé et de l‘Intérieur œ s‘occupent aussi de fonctions assurées par diverses autorités locales. Le gaélique écossais En vertu de l‘Acte d‘union de 1707, les gouvernements séparés de l‘Ecosse et de l‘Angleterre ont été réunis au sein d‘un parlement unique, pour former la Grande-Bretagne. L‘Ecosse a conservé un système juridique, une église nationale et un système éducatif distincts. L‘Acte d‘union a aussi institué, au sein du gouvernement, un secrétariat pour l‘Ecosse. La fonction ministérielle de secrétaire pour l‘Ecosse a été créée en 1885. A cette occasion, le secrétaire pour l‘Ecosse a aussi reçu la responsabilité du ministère écossais de l‘Education, issu en 1872 du conseil de l‘éducation pour l‘Ecosse. Le statut du secrétariat pour l‘Ecosse a été élevé en 1926 à celui d‘un secrétariat d‘Etat. Tout au long du vingtième siècle, le secrétaire d‘Etat de l‘Ecosse a vu ses responsabilités se multiplier, et, en 1999, le secrétariat d‘Etat pour l‘Ecosse ( Scottish Office ) comptait finalement six ministères. Le 1 er juillet 1999, un nouveau parlement et un nouvel exécutif ont été institués en Ecosse : ils sont dotés de pouvoirs législatifs et exécutifs concernant un large éventail de domaines décentralisés, parmi lesquels l‘éducation. La population écossaise élit des membres dans deux parlements (britannique et écossais). Les principaux partis représentés sont le Parti travailliste écossais, le Parti national écossais, le Parti conservateur & unioniste écossais et le Parti libéral démocrate écossais. Le Parti écologiste écossais et le Parti socialiste écossais comptent parmi les petits partis du paysage politique de l‘Ecosse. Les domaines décentralisés sont les suivants : • la santé ; • l‘éducation et la formation ; • les collectivités locales ; • l‘aide sociale ; • le logement ; • l‘aménagement du territoire ; • le tourisme, le développement économique et l‘aide financière à l‘industrie ; • certains aspects des transports écossais, tels que le réseau routier, la politique des bus et les ports et havres écossais ; • la justice et les affaires intérieures, comprenant la plupart des aspects du droit pénal et civil, le ministère public et les tribunaux ; • les services de la police et des pompiers ; • l‘environnement ; 3 • le patrimoine naturel et architectural ; • l‘agriculture, les forêts et la pêche ; • les sports et les arts ; • les statistiques, l‘état civil et les archives publiques. Les domaines réservés du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni sont les suivants : • les questions constitutionnelles ; • la politique étrangère du Royaume-Uni ; • la défense et la sécurité nationale du Royaume-Uni ; • le système fiscal, économique et monétaire ; • l‘immigration et la nationalité ; • l‘énergie : l‘électricité, le charbon, le gaz et le nucléaire ; • les marchés communs ; • le commerce et l‘industrie, comprenant la concurrence et la protection du consommateur ; • certains aspects des transports, tels que les chemins de fer, la sécurité et la réglementation des transports; • la législation sur l‘emploi ; • la sécurité sociale ; • les jeux de hasard et la loterie nationale ; • la protection des données ; • l‘avortement, la fécondation et l‘embryologie humaines, la génétique, les xénogreffes et la vivisection ; • l‘égalité des chances. Il y a encore, au sein du Cabinet britannique, un secrétaire d‘Etat pour l‘Ecosse, dont le rôle est de représenter celle-ci pour toutes les questions qui relèvent de la compétence du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni. Les services du secrétaire d‘Etat pour l‘Ecosse sont connus sous le nom de Scotland Office (secrétariat d'Etat pour l'Ecosse), et se trouvent principalement à Londres. Ils font maintenant partie du département des Affaires constitutionnelles. La structure actuelle de l‘administration locale de l‘Ecosse a été établie par la loi de 1994 (pour l‘Ecosse) sur l‘administration locale, etc., entrée en vigueur le 1 er avril 1996. Cette structure comprend 29 autorités unitaires, qui ont remplacé œ en reprenant leurs fonctions œ les 53 conseils de district et 9 conseils régionaux créés en 1975. Les trois conseils insulaires restent inchangés. Les 32 conseils sont responsables de tous les services de l‘administration locale assurés par leurs prédécesseurs, à l‘exception de quelques fonctions mineures. Au 30 juin 2001, la population de l‘Ecosse est estimée à 5,1 millions d‘habitants, soit 9 % de la population du Royaume-Uni. Après un déclin démographique pendant la plus grande partie des années 80, de petites augmentations ont été enregistrées chaque année jusqu‘en 1995. Depuis cette 4 ate, la population a connu un déclin progressif jusqu‘en 2001, où une faible augmentation a été observée. La majorité de la population se concentre dans la partie centrale du pays, autour de Glasgow et d‘Edimbourg. Les Highlands et les Íles sont les régions les plus vastes mais les moins peuplées. L‘Ecosse compte six grandes villes : - Glasgow 578 710 habitants ; - Edimbourg 449 020 habitants ; - Aberdeen 211 910 habitants ; - Dundee 145 460 habitants ; - Stirling 86 200 habitants ; - Inverness 50 920 habitants. Avec une superficie de 7 792 000 hectares, l‘Ecosse représente environ un tiers du territoire du Royaume-Uni.
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