Cornish American Heritage Society

Tam “ A“ bit of Cornish” Kernewek Volume 31 2 Issue Volume

25

Summer 2013 Summer

President’s Message Spring has finally arrived in most of the Midwest, and in southeastern Wisconsin the daf- fodils are almost withered. Almost time to think of new and warmer adventures and where to go this summer. But some activities have been constant. The committee from the Cornish Society of Greater Milwaukee continues toward an inspiring Gathering for 2014. Committee chairs are working hard to develop logistics to make the Milwaukee Gathering a familiar yet unique experience: a great opportunity to share family history and Cornish culture, a bit from the Celtic Studies Center of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee to see how our Cornishness relates to the other Celtic nations, and Milwaukee with its European roots and nearby Cornish roots. We’ve been meeting monthly and it is all coming together nice- ly. By the end of June the website for the Cornish Society of Greater Milwaukee will be brought up to date with details as they advance. See their link on the home page of our website: CousinJack.org. Please keep August 13 through 17, 2014, open for the Gather- ing!

The CAHS officers have been concerned for a while that the membership dues have not been covering our costs for the newsletter. How can we continue our main source of communication, if we can’t afford to publish and distribute it? Tam Kernewek is a won- derful publication that represents well the “Cornish landscape” of its affiliated societies. Carolyn Haines is our much appreciated editor who magically puts it all together. The amount of increase is minimal and logical, so the fees should remain constant for a long time. We encourage all to switch to the e-edition, if you haven’t already done so. I wish you a pleasant spring and enjoy this issue of Tam Kernewek !

Comero weeth (Take care), Tom

Dues are increasing on June 1st

You know when you go to the grocery store, the size of everything is shrinking and the prices are staying the same. Well, the newsletter is staying the same size and the cost is going up.

As you know, printing and mailing costs go up every year. So far, we have managed to keep the dues the same each year, but now we are forced to increase the dues to cover the costs.

US Members: $15 a year, $20 for families, $215 for life, $10 for Junior members. Canadian Members: $20 a year, $26 for families, $ 250 for life, $10 for Junior members. Overseas Members: $25 a year, $26 for families, $250 for life, $10 for Junior members.

Email edition: $12 for a year (same for US, Canadian and Overseas)

26 Correspondence from Societies A very loyal group of Cornish members braved the blustery conditions out of doors, on Saturday March 2, for a flag and CousinJack website raising ceremony at Victoria Square and then a wreath lay-

From one of our newest members: ing at the Gold Monument. We were fortunate to have I am trying to trace descendants of my paternal grandmother’s Councilor Joshua Morris, join us and also the President of sister. the Geelong CAV, Neil Thomas, the Secretary of the CAV, Laura Whitford and Albert John Trudgian emigrated from June Whiffin and Margaret Noonan. to Montana. A wonderful display decorated the Hall, at the Skipton They married on 25th December 1912 in Whitehall, Jefferson, Street Uniting Church, and members had the opportunity to Montana, Albert was 22 years of age and the son of Jacob peruse books and posters with some fortunate enough to Trudgian and Elizabeth Trudgian nee Jenkins. Laura was 27 spot family members amongst the photos. Our President, years of age and the daughter to Samuel Whitford and Mary John, ‘danced’ with the and then we shared lunch Jane Whitford nee Cooper. together. It was also at this time that my grandmother’s brother, Fred

Whitford, a Methodist minister, emigrated to Montana. To date we can only find that he had a daughter he named Laura after his sister, and a son named Frederick Samuel who we under- stand died at the age of eleven. I await in anticipation that someone may come up with some information. Kind regards George Richards

PS. The Whitfords came from a place by the name of: Old The Cornishman goes digital Pound, Nanpean, St Austell, Cornwall, UK. in the heart of the The Cornishman newspaper is aimed at trying to affordably Cornish China Clay Country. allow readers overseas or living away from Cornwall the opportunity to keep up to date with all of the local news. E-Mail: [email protected] More information can be found at ———————————————————————————— www.cornishman.co.uk, you can find us on Facebook:

www.facebook.com/cornishmanpaper Tuesday 5th March, St Piran’s Day 6.30 pm or keep up with local new stories from the whole of Corn-

wall on www.thisiscornwall.co.uk A very pleasant evening was held at Ros & Neil Pater- son’s home, Richmond, to celebrate St Piran’s Day. Ros’ On another note, please feel free to keep in contact with us brother provided crabs freshly caught that morning, and regarding the exciting events that you put on, especially if Rohan Lewis provided King George Whiting for us. they have a Penwith link as we may even be able to do a Their generosity, and Ros and Neil’s in making their little story. house available, was much appreciated. Dave Pollard President Carlene and Rev. Matt Curnow gave us some Sales and Marketing Executive of the story of St Piran, which was both informative and entertaining. News from Mexico We also had a visitor from Queensland with us; Mark Many Cornishmen went to Mexico between 1824-1848 to Oldfield’s mother Anne (originally from Penzance) has work in the mines, leaving a legacy of soccer/football, Cor- been a friend of Noel Carthew’s family since she came to nish and Methodism to the people of Mexico. The in 1977. town of Real del Monte opened the First Pasty Museum in

2012. It is twinned with Redruth and referred to as ‘Little and Cornwall.’ Redruth will host the UK’s 2nd Pasty Festival There will be a morning tea at 10.30 am on Thursday Sept 7, 2013, and highlight Cornwall’s international links 30th May, at Carlene & Peter Woolcock’s home, for our with Mexico. members to meet Jim Wearne (from Chicago). The Pasty or Paste as it is called, differs from the Cornish pasty as its ingredients include peppers, chicken, pineapple From Cornish Association of South Australia newsletter and hot chili sauce. It is drunk with pulchee that comes from the leaves of agave castus. All taken from Cornish Association of Victoria newsletter 27 Correspondence con’t: “Along with the material at Michigan Tech, these records pro- vide fascinating, comprehensive documentation of the day-to- PIRANS CELEBRATION LUNCH Saturday 2 March day operations and overall history of the Quincy Mining Compa- To commemorate Saint Piran as a national patron ny.” one of the archivist from Hancock said. She found refer- and share with others around the world, ‘twas an- ences of her own family as she worked on the records. “This other lovely lunch, with 42 members, friends, and collection is sure to be of interest to both scholars and family Celtic guests in attendance. Thank you to you all for history researchers.” For more information contact park archivist coming. We missed you; to those who couldn’t Jeremiah Mason at (906) 483-3032. come this time. A special thanks to the talented Nick Keweenaw NHP newsletter Lock for delighting us with some great singing ______(despite having to get away to defeat rail delays from the Central Coast. St. Piran’s Day Meeting a Success

It was cool but sunny, one of the first nice Sundays we had seen for some time, and one of the better weather

days we have experienced for the occasion, as close to

forty Cousin Jacks and Jennys came together on March

3 at Sam and Maddies, to observe St. Piran’s Day. Early March can be, and usually is, a little dicey weather and road-wise in Wisconsin, so all were thankful for the ice- free roads. After the obligatory pasty and figgy hobbin lunch the win- ners of the 2012-13 Mary E. Benson Writing Contest were introduced and read their entries. The three winners used their prize money to help with their expenses for the student exchange trip to Redruth that took place later in March. Used from the Newsletter of the Cornish Association Dorothy Hyde was commended for her work with the of New South Wales school and students to have built the contest to its pre- ***************************************************************** sent level of excellence. CORNISH STORY MAGAZINE From Southwest Wisconsin Cornish Society newsletter

"Others probably know of this, but it's a new +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ discovery for me. There's a free magazine online at the "Cornish Story" website. You can click on myCornwall the issue, then read each page. It's full of interesting articles re history, and wonderful photos ... The site Rebecca Holden from the online magazine has the fol- is at www.cornishstory.com/magazine.html lowing request. Can you help? Julie Mosman, Cornish List Serve I am looking to compile a feature entitled 'Around the Courtesy of Cousin Jack and Jenny Conquer the World World in 80 Cornish Objects', for this I am hoping many ======of you can help by making suggestions of Cornish ob- jects, monuments or museums etc... in your country/ Quincy Mining Company Records Processed town. Nothing is too small and all will be considered.

Almost 375 linear feet of Quincy records were donated to Thank you in advance and I look forward to hearing from the Michigan Technological University Archives and the you, Copper Country Historical Collections in 1991. But anoth- er 310 linear feet were still left in the mine building when it Best wishes, was purchased in 2001 by the National Park Service in Rebecca Holden Calumet. Editorial Journalist Starting in 2011 when the National Park Service funded a myCornwall Magazine nation-wide archives backlog project these records were 01209 314147, Email: [email protected] processed. It took almost a year of part time work to com- plete the project.

28 Correspondence con’t: British Methodist Family History Online A message from the Grand Bard of Kernow, Maureen Fuller, Steren Mor,Bardh Meur Kernow, If you have Methodist ancestors, you might want to check out these sites: to mark St. Piran’s Day, the Patron Saint of Cornwall, Methodist Heritage http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/ 5th March 2013 Dhe Gernowyon yn pub le, Dy’ Goel Sen Piran da My Primitive Methodist Ancestors http://www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/ dhywgh-hwi oll! To everywhere, a Happy Pirantide to you and the Wesleyan Methodists are coming all! soon. This year we have had many more requests than ever for Hope it helps! the Grand Bard to support various activities, celebrating St. Julia Hanneman-Schoenbach Piran throughout Kernow. This is wonderful news and good Cornish List Serve ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ to see the events multiplying and being spread out over several days, so that I can travel the full length of Kernow. Even so, some events clash and we have sent out the past Grand Bards and the deputy Grand Bard to help and join in with these extra events. If we carry on growing, then St. Piran’s Day MUST become a public holiday, a chance for everyone to celebrate! We are lucky to have a saint who enjoyed feasting, so cel- ebrating his life by having a good time seems appropriate and enjoyable. He was also a man of the land, living amongst the dunes, collecting firewood for the fire that ended up smelting and living on fish from the sea. It is also said he decorated his cell with crystals that he found whilst out walking in our historic landscape. But most importantly, St. Piran was a man who had values. He stuck to what he believed to be right and was prepared to die for his beliefs. He connected well with everyone, Toronto Cornish Association Celebrates earning their respect. He was courteous, self-effacing, St. Piran’s Day with the flag raising. witty, inventive and thoughtful for other people, community ------minded. In these respects, he is a good role model for Cor- Family Search and Cornwall Parish Record Errors nish children. Life has always been hard for Cornish people; they are Listers may be interested in looking at survivors and the difficulties have formed their characters. this link for known errors in the titles of the Cornwall parish registers available Cornish scientists, inventors and others have made their online at familysearch. It was sent to me mark not only on Cornwall, but the world. Men like by FamilySearch Support. Humphry Davy and have changed peo- http://bit.ly/16do2K9 ple’s lives for the good. Materially, Cornish people had little in life, but the most important thing they had was their crea- Cornish List Serve tivity, the will to improve their lot in life. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In these present times of austerity, it is important that we keep our confidence up, so celebrating St. Piran’s Day is incredibly important. We will survive through our creativity, by using what is within us and costs nothing. We will invent and create NEW ways of survival , which is what we have ALWAYS done and history proves it WORKS. In the latest Census, Cornish people have shown them- selves to be present all over the UK and more school chil- dren identified themselves as Cornish in this year’s PLASC 29 see bard Correspondence con’t: I know little about the technicality of producing a 'proper' pasty except there is only one person who makes a better The Great Cornish Pasty Diaspora one than my wife and that is my mother. So please treat me For many years the Cornish Global Migration has been gently. My rootsweb Cornish lists contact is: building a database recording details of all who left Corn- [email protected] and that of the Migration pro- wall to migrate to virtually every country around the world. gramme is [email protected] whichever - they The details of that programme are a little nerdy and not both reach me. the reason for this posting but may explain where I am Mike Kiernan, Redruth (Director of CGMP) coming from. In September last year Redruth in Cornwall held its first ################################################ Pasty festival. Stretching over three days the important Bard con’t: day was the Saturday which was devoted to the Pasty. Workshops, stalls, demonstrations, music , school chil- survey, Junior section. This augurs well. We also remember dren and general chaos resulted in a fascinating day. The today all those people throughout the world who had to results included both amazing and ‘proper’ Pasties to leave Kernow to earn a crust of bread and took their skills sample. My favourite oddity that was available was a worldwide. Their descendants remain in the Diaspora, but pasty introduced (dreamed up) by guests from Mexico their homes will be forever Cornish. To you all, wherever for the event and the ingredients were mainly chocolate you live, “Be Proud to be Cornish; stand up and be favoured with Chili's, a joke that was a huge success (and counted.” tremendously delicious). I hasten to add our Mexican I wish you all a very Happy St.Pirantide, enjoy all these Cousins also produced first class Pasties based on the events happening throughout Kernow and in the Diaspora, more traditional expectations. in memory of our much loved saint. Make sure our children The migration Programme, being based in that most his- know about St.Piran and how we celebrate his life every toric of places – Murdoch House in Redruth - joined the year and that Kernow is a unique and special place, one fun by arranging an evening concert of music, readings that we cherish and must keep safe for future generations, and poetry. The Mexican guests were puzzled but well the inheritors of our Earth. pleased when Mick Paynter (former Grand Bard of the Dy’Goel Sen Peran Da dhywgh-hwi oll arta, Kernow bys Cornish Gorsedd) read his poem Divoran in Cornish (the vykken. word means exile or migrant in both Cornish and Breton). The Pasty Festival is due to be repeated in September of this year. As part of the event the CGMP will be organis- ing the second Diaspora concert. But we have another idea. Can we also put on a display that strays away from study of the individuals who made up the Cornish Migra- tion and include a more cultural aspect of the Cornish? We want to put on an exhibition of “The Great Cornish Pasty Diaspora”. We need your input. Please tell us about all about the pasty in your area or family stories. Cafes, pasty picnics (I’m sure many Cornish organisations do not have a meeting without the pasty being available) and all odds and ends together with traditional Cornish food. Do you have a recipe handed down - bake a pasty from that, pho- to it, tell us all about it . Visit your local pasty outlet, photo their menu, photo the pasty, sample it and give us your judgement. Please give us your story, pictures, comments (including horror stories). Remember – we need input to Grand Bard and Bendigo resident Bards in Bendigo May 2013 help us put together a static visual display – the more photos and copies of old documents, diaries, letters and stories that can be gleaned will be most welcome. Any material selected for the exhibition will be fully 30 acknowledged. West Country Folksong

Devon was white, but Cornwall was green, Uncommonest sight that ever was seen.

While Cornwall was copper, was gold: On Moorland and hilltop, pasture and fold.

When Devon was purple Cornwall was brown, With Harvesting bracken on ledra and down.

When Cornwall was grey with sea-mist and spume, Devon was greenest with apples in bloom.

Devon was shrouded with snow on each thing, But Cornwall was verdant with promise of spring. From Southwest Wisconsin Cornish Society newsletter ______THREE PERCEPTIONS OF SPRING ......

Traditional Romanticism Beltan, one of four Celtic festivals celebrated each year, is dedicated to the Celtic sun god Bel who makes days lengthen and crops grow. The earth has awakened from her long hibernation with lusty exuberance; the birds are bursting with song to attract a mate; the plants are heavy with perfumed bloom, seeking pollination; one can feel one's own blood rising as does the sap in the trunks and branches of the trees.

Sardonic Despair Spring is not about good weather, especially for 21st century, secular, upper Mid-West people. It is often only an extension of winter with grey skies and somewhat milder temperatures. There are only occasional signs of hope.

Celtic Spirituality Consider this poetry by Scottish minister, George MacLeod (1895- 1991) MacLeod would often refer, as prayers in the Celt- ic tradition had done before him, to God as the life within all life. The following lines are taken from “The Glory in the Grey.”

Almighty God… Sun behind all suns, Soul behind all souls… Show to us in everything we touch And in everyone we meet The continued assurance of thy presence round us Lest we should think thee absent. In all created things thou art there. In every friend we have The sunshine of thy presence is shown forth. In every enemy that seems to cross our path Thou art there within the cloud to challenge us to love. Show to us the glory in the grey. Awake for us thy presence in the very storm Till all our joys are seen as thee And all our trivial tasks emerge as priestly sacraments In the universal temple of thy love. From THE CORNISH IMMIGRANT 31

DEREK COAD: celebration to be held in Grass Valley. Derek had CORNISH COASTAL PATH TREKKER been pleased to discover how we Cousins keep the Cornish customs alive here, half a world away and he I met Derek Coad in early 2011 when he “liked” the viewed the photo album I later posted of the day with California Cornish Cousins’ Facebook page I had interest. At the event, St.Piran’s flag pins were given recently set up. He sent a “friend request” soon after out, bearing the slogan “Everyone’s Cornish Today”, and we have been corresponding ever since. I think so I decided to send mine to Derek along with one of most people begin an online friendship with some the CCC club pins, of the crossed flags of Cornwall trepidation and caution, but we soon found common and California. Ever since, he has worn the pins on interests, the first and foremost being an abiding his love of Cornwall and all things Cornish. backpack as he does each section of the Path and he photographs the pack, with pins, at various points along the way, sort of a “Where’s Waldo?” thing. I thought you might like to share in Derek and Roger’s progress, hence the photos to catch you up, and I will send additional photos as Derek sends them to me.

When people become Facebook friends, they re- ceive photos and other shared bits from these friends and one of Derek’s photo albums chronicles each leg of his journey as he walks the entire Cor- nish Coastal Path with his friend Roger. They go out once a month or so, completing about 10 miles at a go, and Derek takes his photos along the way. In addition to being an enthusiastic walker, Derek is a fine photographer, as evidenced by his various pho- to albums posted to Facebook, and his having pho- tos published in the Bodmin newspaper. For those who are not familiar with the Cornish Coastal Path (also called the South West Coast Contributed by Kitty Quayle of California Cornish Cousins Path), it is 630 miles in length, one of the longest way-marked footpaths in the UK. It runs counter Watch for the finale in the next newsletter…. clockwise from Minehead in Somerset, all around the coast of Cornwall and ends in Poole, Dorset. A challenging route, it rises and falls at every river and winds along the cliff tops high above the sea. The Path originated as a connection between lighthouses From the fisher’s little cottage in the sandy cove below, for use by the Coastguard men on the lookout for To the farmstead, in the churchtown upalong, smugglers. The stunning vistas enjoyed today also We are “One and All” uniated, we all know that we are right, Did you ever find a Cornishman far wrong? gave the officers a clear view down into every cove in which someone might be indulging in a bit of free- Vyvyan Pellow, in Western Whispers, 1938 trading. When St. Piran’s Day was coming up in 2011, I post- From A Strange and Unquenchable Race by Derek R. Williams ed information on the CCC page about the

32 A Short Overview of the Poor Laws, Removal including Legal Settlement, Removal, Parish Apprentices, If you or your family became, or threatened to become, reliant on parish relief, and you could not satisfy the strict guidelines for legal settlement, Illegitimacy, Parish Reliefand After 1834 then you were liable to be removed to the place of your last legal settle- (Written by J. Mosman, OPC) ment. If you were a certificate man you would be carted back to your old parish at their expense, but if no settlement certificate was in force then a The unit of local government was and always had been the parish, but removal order was applied for from the local Justices of the Peace. This within an ecclesiastical parish there could be more than one poor law would usually involve an Examination as to Settlement carried out be- parish, usually reflecting ancient Manors or Chapelries. fore the local justice, overseers, and another ratepayer, in order to ascer- Everyone would have a parish of Legal Settlement, and, if relief was tain your place of last legal settlement. In tenuous cases other members required, it would be the responsibility of that parish to provide it. The of the family may have had to be examined, including parents, grandpar- parish was required to elect each Easter two " Overseers' of the Poor " ents and siblings. These examinations could run into many pages, virtual- who were responsible for setting the poor rate, its collection, and the ly the life story of the individual’s family. relief of those in need. These overseers should ideally be "substantial householders" but in small villages the only practical qualification was Parish Apprentices to be a rate payer. In rural , where 90% of the population Children of poor families, orphans and widow’s children were often ap- lived, this was a fair and equitable system run by local people and prenticed at the parishes’ expense to masters in other parishes. This was administered by the local Justices of the Peace, who were likely to be a way of disposing of possible future problems by altering their legal set- the Rector and local landowners. Following 1834 all this changed as tlement status. If they served their full term of seven years, then their parliament denigrated the system bit by bit in response to the growth legal settlement would be at the place of their master’s settlement. Girls of the large industrial towns and their very different problems, and were usually apprenticed until they attained 21 or got married, and boys societal pressures. till they were 24, which gave an extra three years of their labour as an incentive for the masters. Although many of these apprenticeships were Legal Settlement just an excuse for cheap labour, some were meaningful. Many a parish Legal settlement was the overlying principle of poor relief, the qualifi- apprentice prospered at his new home and in fact took apprentices from cations for which were as follows :- his old parish later on. The Parish Indentures were important documents To be born in a parish of legally settled parent(s) and sworn before the local Justice by the overseers and the churchward- Up to 1662, by living in a parish for 3 years. After 1662 you could be ens, Two copies were made - one for the master and one for the parish. thrown out within 40 days of arrival, and after 1691 you had to give 40 The master had a legal obligation to feed, clothe, and impart the myster- days notice before moving into a parish. ies of his trade for the duration of the contract. Renting property worth more than £10 per annum in the parish or paying taxes on such a property. Illegitimacy Holding a Parish Office. Illegitimacy during this period was accepted, and did not appear to be any Being hired by a legally settled inhabitant for a continuous period of a bar to future marriage to the girl in question. It only became a problem for year and one day. Most single labourers were hired from the end of the poorer class of labourer, who lived on the brink of poverty. When a Michaelmas week till the beginning of the next Michaelmas, thus girl from this class reached 13, or even earlier, she would be placed in avoiding the grant of legal settlement. By the time you were married, service somewhere, so decreasing the financial burden on the house- had proved your worth, and gained experience, then longer hirings hold. were possible, therefore changing legal settlement status. If she became pregnant, she would invariably lose her job and be thrown Having served a full apprenticeship to a legally settled man for the full back on her family for support. The home parish would naturally become 7 years. concerned that this would force the family into relief and if she died in Having previously been granted poor relief. This condition implied that childbirth, a real risk, there would be an orphan to support. If she was you had previously been accepted as being legally settled and was working away from her own parish, at the first sign of her pregnancy she usually only referred to in settlement examinations. would be removed, as if the child was born there (in the new parish), she Females changed their legal settlement on marriage, adopting their could claim relief whilst the child was "at nurse", defined as up to the age husband’s legal place of settlement. If a girl married a certificate man of 3 years. in her own parish and he died, she would automatically be removed to With this in mind there was a necessity to try to find out who the father his place of legal settlement along with any issue from the marriage. was. The girl would be examined, and if the father could be identified If you could not satisfy these requirements you could move into a new then an order for both maintenance and the cost of delivering the child parish using a settlement certificate, providing your home parish would be obtained. Issued by the church wardens and overseers of the would issue one. This was virtually a form of indemnity, issued by your poor, this order would be implemented by the parish constable, and in home parish, stating that you and your family and future issue be- default a warrant was frequently issued, and the father’s possessions longed to them, and they would take you all back at their expense if could be sold towards the debt. These orders were commonly called you became chargeable to the parish. Because of the expense of filiation orders or bastardy bonds. The maintenance order could be a removal, it would be unlikely your home parish would issue a certifi- lump sum paid to the parish, a minimum of £40, usually out of the ques- cate for a parish a large distance away. A settlement certificate was tion for most fathers, or a fixed sum for the lying in and a weekly allow- only valid if it bore the seals of the overseers of both parishes and that ance until the child was 14 years. A labourer would have a smaller sum of the local Justices, and it was not transferable. As living conditions fixed, say 2s a week, and a master or farmer up to 3s 6d. These orders for the working poor did not enhance the chances of such a paper and bonds are often found at the Government Archives database, also enduring, these are quite rare. called A2A, (Access to Archives) and in the Court reports of the

33 Poor Laws con’: and caused by the burgeoning population. For instance, in 1804 the pop- ulation of St. Austell was estimated by the Diocese of as being West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, where many of the disputed 1,400; by 1841, it was just over 11,000. Workhouses were clearly seen cases were heard. as a way in which expenses to ratepayers could be reduced. ‘Deterrent workhouses’ were purposefully designed to discourage the ‘idle poor’, Parish Relief with conditions such that people would do almost anything to avoid going The forms parish relief would take are varied. Where they survive, the there – including, the reformers theorized, working. Their establishment overseers account books give a remarkable insight into village life, was considered an effective method of encouraging rural populations to listing not only the rate payers but the recipients and the reasons for migrate to population centres, where jobs were available and there was a their relief. Money was not the only form of out relief - most parishes need for willing workers. There is no indication that inmates in Cornwall had houses set aside for the old or destitute. These could be either were encouraged to migrate, however, as there were no large cities near- owned by the village, given as a charitable donation, (alms houses), by with a need for willing workers; the alternative offered was emigration, or rented specifically for the purpose. Most charity almshouses were and that to only particular people. From articles in the West Briton and administered by the church and would appear in the church wardens Cornwall Advertiser, workhouses in Cornwall were proposed as a mod- account books. Those specially purchased, built, or rented by the ern, efficient, humane way of caring for "those less fortunate". poor rate, were administered by the overseers. Orphans could be There were riots in Cornwall protesting the establishment of the Union boarded out to local families, and clothes or material to make clothes houses, and limited out-relief was continued for a time, but people were were provided, as was the provision of medical care, either by the pressured to resort to the Union houses in the belief this would be a more local nurse or, in some cases, doctor. efficient use of resources. Committees were established to provide an The money came from the poor rate, set annually by the overseers, overview function, and reports were made at the Quarterly Sessions by and various and sundry charities. The Poor Rates were based on real the Boards of Guardians, who supervised management of the houses. In property, not moveable – therefore, landholders primarily bore the comparison to the living conditions of the most abject poor, the work- expense, while merchants did not. As sources of wealth evolved, this house was an improvement, but there were cases in the Quarter Ses- became a point of contention, leading to the 1834 reforms. sions where defendants stated they'd committed the crime to go to the Almshouses often were built by the largesse of individual, such as in gaol, where conditions were better. This immediately caused Magistrates Fowey, where Mr. Rashleigh built and funded just such a building for to examine expenditures at the gaol, in an effort to curb extravagance. In 20 deserving widows, who received a mite each Christmas in addition the 1840's, persons living in the workhouse could come and go almost at to the accommodations. Frequently large amounts of money were left will, but by the 1850's they were called "inmates", wore "uniforms", and by pious, prosperous congregants for the perpetual maintenance of were charged with escape. Charities for the poor. The charities could be quite ancient, and were One factor affecting the increase of paupers in Cornwall had to do with often held and administered by the Rector. These were frequently the emigration policy. Persons between the ages of 15-35 were given free source of litigation, and to that end many churches had charity boards passage to Australia, and later New Zealand; others took advantage of administering them. offers for ‘free land’. Healthy young adults departed the county, leaving Other forms of charity might be land left by someone for the benefit of babies and older adults behind. Passages to the United States and South the poor; many villages had their poor's piece, which was tendered for Africa were relatively inexpensive, too; the cost was something a working annually. Many other charities specified bread or ale on certain days, man could meet, if he were careful with his money. Many took advantage or bibles for the poor children. Sources of income would come from of the opportunity. Then, as mines started closing [commencing 1846, ratepayers who were pressured into accepting those on relief as tem- culminating in 1866], more young adults migrated to other parts of the porary labourers, and the income from letting the lanes of the village U.K. and the world in search of jobs. Many of those left behind were self- for grazing and hay making. The poor would often be put to work by sufficient for a time, but as they aged they could not maintain their status, the parish surveyor repairing the roads and lanes. Details of these and reverted to parish charity. At the same time, businessmen and rate activities are usually found in the parish constable’s accounts book. payers found their customer base shrinking; there weren’t as many peo- Rarely found but often intriguing are pauper's inventories. These list ple to rent their houses, buy their products, etc., and they sought relief in the property and possessions of someone receiving parish relief with part by reducing the poor rates. It became a vicious cycle of fewer people a view to ascertaining his wealth. to support an ever-expanding need. The Church of Latter Day (Mormons) have filmed many of the Some workhouse records still exist, but the value to genealogists may be St. Austell parish wardens' account books; check their Library Re- negligible, as often they do not mention individual ‘inmates’, but detail sources for a list. such things as expenditures for soap. Records for inmates’ births and deaths were included in the regional Registrar’s records after July 1, After 1834 1837. The poor law was radically changed following the great reform act of Throughout the remainder of the 19th century the laws were tightened, 1834. Relief of the poor was changed from a local responsibility into a reformed, and modified until the administration was transferred to the group one. Groups of parishes were consolidated into Poor Law Un- Ministry of Health in 1918. From 1906-14, several provisions to provide ions, so removing the local community responsibility. Out relief - giv- social services without the stigma of the Poor Laws were instituted. How- ing aid to persons on an individual basis, according to need - was ever, it was not until 1930 that the poor laws were finally abolished. discouraged, and the workhouses became the primary source of re- lief. Written with the aid of many relevant websites While 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses existed in England and Wales by 1776, workhouses did not exist before 1836 in Corn- Julia M. wall. They were seen as an efficient, but fair way to deal with the in- crease in paupers which were encountered after the Napoleonic wars, 34

Granite Mountain – Speculator Fire Memorial

The world was at war and the Butte mines were in War Production Mode. It was said that 20% of the nation’s copper and 50 % of the high quality zinc needed for the military was being produced in the Butte Underground Mines. From August 1914 to November 1918 four hundred thirty-seven men lost their lives in the Butte mines due to pressure to produce more and more ore per shift. Safety was often put on the back burner; it is, however, ironic that while trying to install a fire suppression system, a fired was started in the Granite Mountain-Speculator Mine. Half-an-hour before mid-night on the 8th of June in 1917 a small group of men were lowering electrical cable down the shaft of the North Butte Mining Company’s Granite Mountain Mine. This line was to power the fire sprinkler system.

It slipped and in the process ripped the lead coating which exposed the fiber insulation. The assistant foreman tried to get to the line and his carbide lamp ignited the fibrous insulation which started the chemically treated tim- bers to burn and the “Worst Hardrock Mining Disaster” began. When the numbers came in 167 men were reported dead, but at the time many thought the numbers were not honestly reported.

As with the Kenyon Connell Fire, the community wanted to have a memorial erected for those who lost their lives so tragically, but it did not immediately materialize. A VISTA Volunteer with a love of history and a soft heart in 1991 vowed that these men should not have died in vain. After much study Gerry Walter began an organ- izational campaign to erect a suitable memorial for those who val- iantly lost their lives.

Seventy-nine years after the infamous night, on June 6, 1996 Ger- ry saw her dedication and her committee’s hard work come to frui- tion. A dedication was held for the Granite Mountain-Speculator Memorial which was to honor those who lost their lives. A rededi- cation ceremony on June 6, 2010 was to focus on the improve- ments and new features at the Memorial.

The Memorial is maintained and enhanced with the sale of engraved bricks that are placed in the floor of the Memorial. The cost is minimal. The bricks are placed in the Spring and an honor ceremony is held near June 8th.

From newsletter of the Butte Chapter, Montana Cornish Cousins Courtesy of Tommi O’Hagan

35

Cornwall Wins Pan-Celtic Song Contest –Again!

We are delighted to announce that the Pan-Celtic Song Competition has been won by Cornwall, for the second year running. During Easter week, Cornish music proved to be alive and very popular.

At the 42nd Pan-Celtic Festival in Carlow, Ireland, Cornwall, one of the smallest Celtic nations, took the music stage by storm with ‘Bénjad’, a 19 year old singer, song writer and musician from St Austell, and ‘The Brim’, two first class musicians from west Cornwall, with their international ceili caller.

Bénjad won the prestigious International song contest for the 2nd year running with the love song Breten Vyhan which he wrote himself. For those who want to hear a taste of his music, click the link below to hear Benjamin Larham performing at The Weekend in Newquay.

http://youtu.be/1CpHW7edjvw

‘The Brim’, two up and coming musicians and music writers, Jamie Toms on guitar and Alan Pengelly on accordion, came first over 31 other musi- cians in the busking competitions with artists from all over Celtia. For more information on The Brim, go to:

http://www.thebrimmusic.com/

RECENT ACCESSIONS at the Archives and Cornish Studies Service (Cornwall Record Office)

So far this year the Record Office has had 57 new accessions, which almost averages out to one for every working day! These have included accession number 9006 from Stephens and Scown, solicitors, Exeter, which includes material on the Harvey family of Hayle. We have also received additional modern baptism and marriage registers for St Columb Major par- ish church, 1964-2012 (accession 9018) and admission registers, log books and other papers from Gwinear School, 1863- 2012 (accession 9028). We received fifteen court rolls from the Manor of Tywarnhaile, St Agnes, 1841-1919 (accession 9048), as well as a Girl Guiding photograph album from Redruth, c1920-1944, which would be useful as a fantastic social history source (accession 9052). Following the closure of the chapel, we also accessioned a large archive of documents (220 in total), including administrative papers and photographs from Pool Methodist Church, Illogan. The material dates from 1828-2012 and includes a list of circuit ministers for the Camborne Wesleyan Circuit, 1828-1932 and Camborne Methodist Circuit after 1932. The collection also contains modern administrative papers of Camborne Methodist Circuit, including circuit plans and directories, 1987-1996 (accession 9022). The archivists are working hard on cataloguing this new material in order to make it available for consultation. 36 Items of Interest

Pawl Dunbar's CORNWALL A Small Celtic Nation Past & Present

Pawl Dunbar reveals aspects of Cornwall and the Cornish people against a backdrop of dramatic coastal scenes, bleak moorland, ancient sites & Cornish architecture. The history, language, music & dance, Cornish national awareness & culture of a small Celtic Nation from pre-historical times to the present.

The ticket price for the 80 minute film is only 1.99 GBP. You can watch it online at www.dunbarscornwall.net

Please feel free to forward this e-mail to interested parties, many thanks. Kind Regards from Roger Webber of Diverse Productions. E-Mail: [email protected]

———————————————————-

Matthew and the Wellington Boots (Corn/Eng) (Matthew ha'n Eskisyow Glaw) by Esmee Carre, Alison O'Dornan, Paul Wrangles and Stephen Gadd

Available at Ancestry.com for your Kindle Fire at !.99 GBP.

Editors note: I purchased the book and it is written in both Cornish and English. Each page has a new word in Cornish to learn as part of the story. Pages are numbered both Cornish and English also. I wish I could print it off my Kindle for my grandchildren!!

****************************************

Cornish Connections in Mineral Point, Volume 1

Jim Jewell, Author and Cornish Bard, has written a fascinating and well documented introduction to the Cornish presence in Mineral Point. From the lead rush in the 1830’s, touching on culture, food, dialect, and customs to the influence of the Cornish that linger, as they blended with other ethnic groups in the area today—everything is covered. The book can be ordered via www.cornishminer.com for $20 plus tax.

37 Items con’t:

That Boy, Jack by Janeen Brian

Will Jack have the courage to follow his heart or will he keep his promise to his best friend? Best friends Jack and Gilbert made a pact when they were younger – promising to work together in the copper mines, just like their fathers and other Cornish immigrants. But now Jack is turning twelve, and the thought of working underground fills him with panic. When Gilbert is forced to leave school and earn a wage, Jack wants to keep his word to his friend – but that means facing his fear. And all the while his heart is telling him to follow another path. That boy, Jack must find the courage to choose. This is an historical novel set in SA's Copper Coast region c. 1870's and suitable for ages 9 –13 year olds. The book will be released during the Kernewek Lowender in South Australia.

Purchase online from Booktopia.com.au $13.50 20 % off http://www.booktopia.com.au/that-boy-jack-janeen-brian/prod9781922179005.html

Janeen has several awards to her name and many of her books have been translated and published overseas. She also writes for national and overseas children’s magazines and has over100 poems, plays, stories or articles published. For more information about the author, please visit her website: www.janeenbrian.com

*******************************************

Yarn Weavers Story CDs Mark Harandon and Roger Pinsent

I am a professional performance storyteller working in Cornwall and further afield. I thought your members may be interested in Yarn Weavers Story CDs which I and my colleague produce. The Cornish titles include "A Candle in the Dark": true memories of working underground in the tin/copper mine of Levant during the first world war, when men still worked by candlelight and which culminated in disaster when the main engine collapsed.

"The and other tales of West Cornwall" retells versions of some of the legends which bring the landscape around here to life, and which will enable some of your members to experience some of the atmosphere of the place. Please check our facebook page, website at www.yarnweavers.co.uk, my own site at www.markharandon.co.uk or order from Amazon.com

**********************************************

The Old Pound Cobbler By George Richards

Recently whilst recovering from major surgery for cancer I have written a book about my grandfa- ther, Samuel WHITFORD and his family. It can be found on ebay under Cornish Books. I am donat- ing ALL profits from the sale of the book to Cancer Research UK, my way of giving something back. George Richards 1 Forth-an-Praze, West Tolgus, Redruth, Cornwall, UK

E-Mail: [email protected] 38 Twins!

Call it a birth announcement if you will.

Calumet, Michigan and Camborne, Cornwall are now twin towns. Calumet will celebrate with a new sign, donated by Keweenaw Kernewek, the Cornish Connection of the Copper Country on Saturday, May 25, 2013.

The gestational period for this birth has been spectacularly long! Even an elephant would be dismayed at the length. Conception occurred in 2001 when the Holman-Climax Male Voice Choir visited the Keweenaw and performed at the Calumet Theatre. David Oates, one of the Choir members, is also a member of the Cam- borne Twinning Committee. Inspired by the similarities between the two towns, he suggested that they be- come linked.

In 2006, the Twinning Committee hosted the Ellis family at a dinner in Camborne. Later that week, Mayor Charles Bickford gave Jean Ellis a plaque to present to President Tony Bausano and the Calumet Village Council on her return.

When the Choir returned to Calumet for the 14th Gathering of Cornish Cousins in 2007, progress continued. The Village of Calumet hosted a reception for the members of the Twinning Committee, including Jean Char- man, deputy mayor of Camborne at the time. Jean’s enthusiasm about the friendliness of Calumet people car- ried over into her term as Camborne’s next mayor.

And what could make things more official than a printed T-shirt? In 2008, Joyce Oates showed Camborne’s commitment to furthering the relationship.

Calumet folks showed their support for Camborne’s concerns in the spring of 2012 with petitions asking for a repeal of the 20% tax on pasties. They were pleased to think they had helped when the repeal was announced.

‘Camborne Twinning Assoc. Sainte-Anne-d’Auray—Calumet’

In 2012, Camborne’s Twinning Committee revealed their sign. Calumet’s sign is similar, highlighting its copper mining history. Many of its early settlers had been born in Camborne. Of course, they brought pasties and saffron, still familiar items in Calumet. We invite anyone with an interest in Kernow or Keweenaw to come to Calumet and join us in renewing ties with ‘ome.

Jean Ellis

39

When the great traditions of Cornwall which is surrounded by the waters of the Channel and the Atlantic meet those of Milwaukee on the beautiful wa- ters of Lake Michigan, exciting things are going to happen. To be held at the lovely Zelazo Center on the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee cam- pus, our Gathering promises the opportunity for every Cousin Jack and Jenny to come together.

Time for appreciation, study, and stories of Cornish culture, poetry, music, genealogy, language, folklore, and other subjects will be featured at the 4- day event. Speakers will come from many parts of the world to share their expertise with us.

August 13 - 17, 2014 Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Post card courtesy of Dick Chamberlain and the Kenderwi Kernewek news- letter. 40

Genius Richard Trevithick’s Steam Engines by Philip Hosken

Richard Trevithick has been one of Cornwall’s most under appreciated men of all time. Philip Hosken, with his earlier volume The Oblivion of Trevithick, and his new paper- back book, Genius, has finally set the record straight giving overdue recognition to the brilliance and accomplishments of Trevithick.

In his author’s notes, Hosken states of Trevithick, “his development of an independent power source for most of the Industrial and all of the Transport Revolution changed the world. His genius left us with the control of high-pressure fluids that is still used exten- sively in industry and in all nuclear powered and fossil fueled electricity power stations.”

Hosken clearly explains that early steam vehicles, ships and train engines were all devel- oped on principals established by Trevithick. Trevithick was a man ahead of his time with his engineering expertise and perception of what the future could hold.

In 1803, Trevithick sent a three wheeled chassis that left Cornwall by sea from Falmouth to have a carriage built on it at London. This vehicle was to become the first London bus intended to charge passengers for journeys in the city. Londoners did not exhibit the enthusiasm for his invention that Trevithick had hoped for. His dreams were momentarily shattered, as were a row of railings when the bus ran off the road.

The very next year, 1804, Trevithick had built and driven the first railway locomotive in the world. Instead of Trevithick receiving the full credit for his achievements several important figures of the time conspired against him to devalue and sidetrack his true contributions.

Two of these people were from Cornwall--Humphry Davy from Penzance and Davies Gid- dy from Hayle. The trail of deceit is heartbreaking, yet a fascinating historical tale in Hosken’s latest book Genius.

Sometimes history needs to be rewritten and finally in the 21st century, the true story of Richard Trevithick, inventor of the steam engine, has been published in two formats. Geni- us--Richard Trevithick’s Steam Engines is an easy to read synopsis of this remarkable man and his family. Hosken’s earlier book, The Oblivion of Trevithick is a well researched and documented reference volume.

The author Philip Hosken, lives in Redruth and currently is chairman of the Trevithick Society. He is a Bard of the Cornish Gorsedd and has traveled to numerous CAHS Gatherings, most recently he was a keynote speaker at the 2011 Gathering in Mineral Point.

The book is a 5 1/2 by 8 1/2, 78 page, paperback can be obtained from www.cornishminer.com for $12 postpaid . Available by mid June. Also available at Amazon.com and Book Depository.co.uk.

Book Review by Jim Jewell

41

Cornwall Heritage Trust Appeal

Cornwall Heritage Trust is a small charity dedicated to maintaining Cornish Heritage in its widest sense. They own or manage a few sites in Cornwall and give many small grants to help other Cor- nish organizations in their projects. The trustees try to support as wide a variety of ventures as pos- sible. Among the many are gig racing, , oral history projects, community produc- tions, local history research, school visits and as many others as they can afford.

They hope that others around the world supportive of what happens ‘back home’ will want to join in their efforts, either as individuals or through a local organization. They are trying to raise awareness of the work they do and also increase their membership to raise funds. One of their sites, the Treffry viaduct, a miracle of 19th century engineering needs a massive amount of money spent to make it safe for future generations to enjoy. While they can apply for grants for this, they also have to put in large amounts of money themselves.

Are you able to help in their work of supporting and maintaining Cornish heritage projects? Corpo- rate membership only costs 30 pounds while individuals pay just 15 pounds per years. You can find out more about the work of the Cornish Heritage Trust and how to join them on: www.cornwallheritagetrust.org. You can also find them on Facebook and Twitter if you use either.

Being a member not only gives you a great feeling that you are doing your bit to protect something that is important and unique but also brings a range of discounts in shops and attractions, including free entry to English Heritage sites in Cornwall.

Treffry Viaduct hidden in the beautiful Luxulyan Valley

42

Members’ Interest Page

By Jim Thomas [email protected]

This is Members’ Interest Page No 18, where we try and connect members who may not know that they are researching the same surnames. I have been doing this page off and on for the past five years and I am hop- ing you are getting some benefit from it. I am currently re-running names that have been in previous pages because many of the names in my database appear only once or twice. I am running names with at least four or five people interested. If you have a name you are researching and haven’t seen it on this page, let me know and I will see if anyone else lists that name also. Keep me posted on how you are doing.

Chegwidden / Chegwin

Ryan Chegwin [email protected] Janice Davis [email protected] Lon Emerick 355 Heidtrman Rd, Scandia, MI 49885 Kim Juarez 658 Northern Ave, Mill Valley, CA 94941 Ronald Reed [email protected] Micaela Sieracki [email protected] Jean Timmermeister [email protected]

Jenkin / Jenkins

Janet Abrahams [email protected] Doris & Roy Anderson [email protected] Albert Jenkin [email protected] Thomas Jenkin [email protected] Vernon Little [email protected] Sharon Loomis [email protected]

Ivey

Doris & Roy Anderson [email protected] Ann Curnow 5380 East Flaming Rd, Spc7, Las Vegas, NV 89122 Charles Dale 21057 Justco Lane, Castro Valley, CA 94552 Betty Yung [email protected]

43 Tis Me These areas along the shoreline were all places that ships could safely anchor and the traders get to the beaches for loading, for the exchange was certainly tin and copper valued metals, found in Cornwall in abun- My interest in England’s Dark Ages has always been an on going study dances. as much of this time in our history was not written down. I like many After finding small bits of pottery in these areas a wider search found others follow all the new archaeological finds, new evidence and theo- much more, and it can be clearly stated that the traders and their British ries. suppliers of these metals had welcoming parties in those very places. We all know the harshness of the Roman rule in Britain, but it can be It has often been written that during these dark times many tribes raided said that they brought much of the technology of that time such as road Britain, especially the Saxons, but further research shows that no vast building, fine buildings and a great leap forward in agriculture, such as invasion ever happened, but what is true to say is that many Saxons and the seasonal growing of wheat and barley. Angles migrated to Britain to avoid the terrible wars taking place all over After their great battle with the ancient Britain’s which was a close run Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire. This is not to say that raiding war at that time, for these ancient people were savage fighters, only tribes did not have many battles in South of Britain, but nothing on the lacking knowledge of organised warfare. So the Roman culture ruthless- scale written in our history books. ly brought a kind of order and development. It is also a fact that the Ro- It is now considered that the decline of the Celtic/old Britain’s was mainly mans were never complete in control of all Britain, so where they could due to the Black Death, which at one time claimed almost 60% of these not control they built huge walls to keep back the warring tribes. people, this period lasted well over a hundred years, and the balance of Much have been written of the great towns the Romans built like Bath the population swung in favour of the migrants. Again it is almost for sure with their beautiful spa, running water, but their efforts to bring the an- that migration brought to Britain the Black Death but as the European cient people into these towns, although mainly as slaves, never worked. population was so much greater, the balance was in favour of the Sax- When the Roman Empire started to break up and they started to lose ons, who soon took control of large parts of Britain and they made them- there power in Britain, many of their soldiers were withdrawn to defend selves lords over all the people of the land they controlled, but there Roman and their home lands, the ancient people returned to their old never was a Norman type invasion. way of life, and back to their villages. How can we prove this? Well if a great invasion did take place then the Toward the end of their occupation the Britain’s took revenge and Archaeological digs would have shown this up, there has never been sacked the Roman towns, however many Romans stayed behind and and mass graves found, there would have been if such an invasion took made a life for themselves and their families in peace. We know this as place. the digs found remains of Romans and their homes built long after Rome In fact many of these digs have shown that both Saxon and Britain’s gave up it rule here in Britain, so although mass slaughter did occur, were buried close by each other dying of sickness and old age, proving many tribes lived in peace with the remaining Roman people. The an- that these two supposed enemies lived lives close together and surely cient people of Britain at this time were a mixture of people that settled in worked together in building of villages and small towns. So what we are these lands from the very beginning of the known existence of Britain learning is that the old Britain’s left us with many of the things we take for and the Celtic Race of people who came out of Ireland, Scotland, Wales. granted today, building hedges for care of their animals, also many dogs These people unlike the Romans did not write life down on parchments, have been unearthed proving again that the people of that time used but recorded their life on stones, it is mainly from this and archaeology them for the control of their stock of sheep and more. the story of the so called Dark Ages are beginning to reveal itself. From The extraction of precious metals, gold, silver, tin, lead and copper to sites that have been unearthed it has proved that although not recorded, name a few these techniques, have, although been vastly improved, there was order, and fine settlements built, some of very high standards been passed down to us today, no more in Britain than here in Cornwall. for that time. Before the Roman invasion Britain never had a true king, these only Another interesting discovery was the writings marked on the ancient started in the so called Dark Ages, it was during this period that we stones were in a strange form, read backwards and rearranged—many evolved as a nation, but one nation was many hundreds of years away. were marked in good Latin, learnt from the Romans. However, most of Two other important facts must also be considered, it was during this their history were recorded by story telling, this is also known as some of period that the English Language started to form from a Germanic Scan- parts of those stories are recorded in songs and known to us today, dinavian, Celtic source and from old British English. Words like “form” in these songs that has come down through the ages mainly record the old British were ended with the Germanic “ed” and so on. I am not clever terrible times of the Black Death, but few of the children who sing these enough to fully explain these developments but I know it evolved that songs whilst playing in the school playgrounds, really know their history. way. I am sure I will learn much more about this period, but for now I will The stories also were the starting of nursery rhymes some so deep we study any new evidence brought about by archaeological finds, can not understand their full meaning. History reveals itself in many strange ways, it is well known that Tintagel Your Cornish Friend Castle as it is seen today was not the home of , it was built Brian many centuries later by the first king of Cornwall King Mark, but a few years ago another great discovery was found. During a very hot summer the ground around Tintagel Castle caught fire burning fiercely for several days, this fire cleared the ground of all vegetation and revealed a star- tling find. Stone walls were found of a much older castle and pottery dating back hundreds of centuries earlier, not only was this the prospect that King Arthur’s story in Cornwall was correct, but on closer inspection a greater light was seen on the period known as the Dark Ages. To un- derstand the meaning of this after the pottery was examined they re- vealed that they actually came from the middle east around the area of Turkey, which showed that far from being the Dark Ages trading from Britain was still be made with the outside world. This also opens up ex- 44

Thousands, if not millions, of people know our roads, but how many know our Cornish lanes? Yet they are far more in character and hold our secrets.

A. L. Rowse, ‘Cornish Lanes’, in An Baner Kernewek 72, August 1993

Lord St. Levan

It was recently announced that Lord St Levan - ARLUTH CARREK LOS has died aged 94. Lord St Levan was the driving force behind the St Aubyn family’s bequest of St ’s Mount to the National Trust. During the Second World War he was a naval officer and served on nine Arctic convoys, being awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC.) in 1942. As a veteran of the Arctic convoys, on April 1 this year, only days before he died, he finally received the medal of the Arctic Star. John Francis Arthur St Aubyn was born in London in 1919. He took part in the evacuation of British soldiers from Dunkirk in 1940 and was in command of an escort ship during the D-Day landings in 1944. He later became a patron of the Normandy Veterans Association. In 1978, he succeeded his father as the fourth Baron St Levan, moving to the family's seat of St Michael's Mount. During his time as "custodian" of St Michael's Mount in west Cornwall, he saw about 30,000 people pass through his home each year. Lord St Levan previously said he spent "many happy years" there greeting "wonderful" visitors. Many of us who attended the first Dewelhans in 2002 will recall his gracious welcome to all of us who climbed to his home at the top of St. Michael’s Mount. He had bequeathed the family seat to his nephew, James St Aubyn, born in 1950, who lives on the Mount with his wife Mary The inclusion of changes /new information from and who now succeeds to the title. continuing members with the listing of New Mem-

From Tommi O’Hagan bers, plus Jim Thomas’ Members Interest Page ap- pear to have been encouraging an increase in cor- respondence or networking among family research- ers!

PLEASE be sure to advise the Membership Chair- person, Ron Carbis, of any changes in home ad- dress, phone number or email address so that you do not miss any contacts which would be helpful to you or fail to receive your Tam Kernewek and/or news bulletins or announcements from the Execu- 21tive Board. 45 Member Information Lori Hicks Surnames: Hicks / Trewhella, Hollow , 8651 W. 108th Place Hicks / Uny Lelant, Zennor, St. Just in Overland Park, KS Penwith, Towednack New 66210-1604 Thomas V. Biddick Surnames: Biddick / St. Issey, St. [email protected] 685 38th Avenue Austell, Camelford, Jory / St. Stephens 913-345-2597 Santa Cruz, CA Trehteway / Treloin Churchtown 95062-5126 [email protected] Renewals: 831-477-0306 Donald Trayes Surnames: Trayes / St. Teath Kathryn & Vern Herman Surnames: Fox, Opie, Bryant / Redruth, 51 Meadow Way 222 Park Place #476 Camborne, Frostproof, FL Waukesha, WI 33843-9422 53186-4815 [email protected] [email protected] 863-224-2660 262-446-9406 Bruce R. Polkinghorne Surnames: Polkinghome, Floyd, Med- Mary L. Black Surnames: Tippett 3704 Scenic Drive land / Redruth 17723 1st Avenue CT E Schertz, TX Spanaway, WA 78108-2229 98387-4625 [email protected] [email protected] 830-629-9961

George Henry Richards Surnames: Whitford, Trudgian / St. Frances D. Rusch Surnames: Laity, Wilcox Forth-an-Praze, Stephen in Brannel, 10830 W. Courtland Avenue Redruth, Cornwall, UK Wauwatosa, WI TRI5 3TW 53225-4554 [email protected] [email protected] 01209212742 414-461-4495

Stephen Curry Surnames: Tyack, Trezona, Prince, Martha K. Miller Surnames: Hampton / Illogan, Goyne, 6614 Parkwood Lane Bennett, Holman, Rough. 1941 Hurst Ave Kissell, Hampton, Tonkin, Stephens / Edina, MN San Jose, CA Mt. Hawke, St. Agnes 55436-1734 95125-5518 [email protected] [email protected] 408-264-5518

Rejoin David H. Thomas Surnames: Rosemergy, Perkins, Ellis, 401 Fourth Street Thomas Bruce Carhart Surnames: Carhart /Roche and others Eagle Harbor, MI 3029 Rodman Street NW 49950-9669 Washington, DC [email protected] 20008-3150 906-289-4579 [email protected] 202-744-3168 Moved

Phyllis Jeffery Holmes Surnames: Jeffery, Symons / Illogan Carol Ferrara 6359 S. Vine Court Fox, Gribble 500 E. Marylyn Avenue, L201 Centennial, CO State College, PA 80121-2636 16801-6269 [email protected] [email protected] 303-794-3660 She reports that Willam passed October 2012.

46

Officers of the Cornish American Heritage Society for the years 2011-2014.

President - Thomas Rusch, 528 Autumn Crest Dr., Watertown, WI 53094 - [email protected] 1st VP-Education, Nancy Oster Heydt, 1889 Union Place, The Villages, FL 32162 - [email protected] 2nd VP-Newsletter, Carolyn Haines, 3835 Bush Gardens Lane, Holt, MI 48842 - [email protected] Secretary - Jackie Marrone, 999 E. 71st Ave., Denver, CO 80229 - [email protected] Treasurer/Membership Chair, Ron Carbis, 13 Saint Ives Place, Gaithersburg, MD 20877-3457 - [email protected] Historian - Richard W. Baker, 1520 Coventry Ct., Reedsburg, WI 53959 - [email protected]

Founding President - Paul Liddicoat, 1920-2001. Past President - Flora “Tommi” O’Hagan Tam Kernewek is published four times a year. Send articles to Carolyn Haines, EMAIL address above. DEADLINES ARE 15 FEBRUARY, 15 MAY, 15 AUGUST AND 15 NOVEMBER

Dues are payable to CAHS: Canadian residents’ dues are $20.00 per year for individuals and $26.00 for families. There are also individual life-time memberships available for $250.00. A Junior Membership is available for young people for $10.00 per year. Please send Canadian dues to Len Snell, Box 286, Waterdown, ON LOR 2HO Canada.

USA residents dues are $15.00/year for individuals and $20.00 for families. There is also individual life-time membership available for a lifetime $215.00 for individuals. Junior Membership available for young people at $10.00 per year. Please send USA dues to: Ron Carbis, 13 Saint Ives Place, Gaithersburg, MD 20877-3457 USA

Overseas residents dues are $25.00/year for individuals, $26 for families. $250 for lifetime and $10 for young people.

**Email newsletter membership dues are $12 per year

Cornish Heritage Certificates are available to anyone whose ancestor(s) were born in Cornwall and settled in NA. Contact Jeanne Thomas, 3409 Elmwood Drive, Clio, MI 48420 USA for information and applications.

Cornish American Heritage Society Membership Application

Name______Telephone______

Address______

City______State/Province______Zip/Postal Code______

Country______Local society affiliation______

Email______Fax______

Surnames of Cornish Ancestors Locations (parish, town, area) More? Please add new page ______

Dues: US $15 individual, $20 family, $215 Lifetime, $10 child. Send to Ron Carbis, 13 Saint Ives Place, Gaithersburg, MD 20877-3457 Canadian $20 individual, $26 family, $250 Lifetime, $10 child. Send to Len Snell, Box 286, Waterdown, ON LOR 2HO Canada

I also enclose $______for Paul Smales Memorial Fund to bring presenters from Cornwall to the Gatherings.

Contents CalendarCalendar Contents IONA, Cornish Settlements 1-3 Inter-Celtic Festival 17thTales Gathering of St. Just 25 3,10 St. Piran’s2-11 August,Day— March 2013 5, 2011 President’sCorrespondence message / Dues 26 4-6 CelebrateLorient, with your France local society CorrespondenceEvening of Cornish Films 27-306 3 PerceptionsThe Cry of of Tin Spring/ West 7 Federation of Genealogical Societies Conf. CountyThe Folksong Cornish Have Talent 31 7 Kernewek21-24 August Lowender 2013 Derek Coad 32 Fort Wayne, Indiana Items of Interest 8-10 Copper Coast Cornish Festival Short Overview of the Poor Laws 33-34 16th Gathering Ad Rates 11 Moonta, Kadina, Wallaroo, Australia Granite Mountain 35 2nd Great Pasty Diaspora Festival Pan-SixCeltic Celtic Song Nations Contest , Recent 11 7 SeptemberMay 9-15, 20112013 AccessionsPlease NOTE! 36 11 www.kernewek.orgRedruth, Cornwall ItemsRegistration of Interest Form for Gathering 37- 3812 Twins!Annual Gorsedd Conference 39 14 21st Annual Cornish Festival Gathering,A Cornish Saints Christmas, of Celtic CornwallRecipes 40 14 16th27 -International29 September Gathering2013 GeniusTis— MeA book review 41 15 ofMineral Cornish Point, Cousins WI CornwallSteven Heritage R. Curnow Trust CompetitionAppeal 42 15 Mineral Point, Wisconsin MemberMember Interest Area Page 43 16-18 17th InternationalAugust 10-14, Gathering 2011 Tis MeWhite Cross — a Poem 44 18 www.cornishfest.orgOf Cornish Cousins Lord St. Levan 45 13-17 August 2014 Member Information 46 Milwaukee, Wisconsin cousinjack.org

Cornish American Heritage Society Ron Carbis, Treasurer 13 Saint Ives Place Gaithersburg, MD 20877-3457

Address Service Requested

Check the Date Are your dues paid?

ISSN 1085-1267