Welcome November 2014

Welcome to November’s edition of Tudor Life magazine which is jam-packed with wonderful articles on , Mary I, the Princes in the Tower, Hans Holbein and , and much more. Thank you so much to Sandra Vasoli, Roland Hui, Leanda de Lisle, Beth von Staats and Melanie Taylor for their feature articles this month. I’m thrilled that so many historians and authors want to share their knowledge and expertise with us.

This month we welcome Beth von Staats as a regular contributor. She runs QueenAnneBoleyn.com and is also a historical fiction writer, so we’re honoured to have her onboard. Beth is our “Tudor Tidbits” regular columnist.

Enjoy this month’s magazine and the November talk by historian Karen Bowman entitled “Bonaire and Buxom in Bed and at Board”.

See you next month!

CLAIRE RIDGWAY In This MONTH’S

Pages 42-47 Edition

Pages 22-27 Pages 2-13

Pages 36-41 Pages 56-65 Contents FEATURE: Thomas Cranmer - were his 2 recantations of faith driven by Stockholm Syndrome by Beth von Staats Tudor Roses @ St. James’s Palace 14 by Emma Fuery November Prize Give Away Don’t miss these great prizes! 21 Anne Boleyn, 16th Century Huntress 22 by Sandra Vasoli In Praise of Merle Oberon’s Anne Boleyn 28 by Gareth Russell Mary I, Character of the Month 30 by Claire Ridgway Tudor Births and Deaths Crossword 33 by Tim Ridgway November’s On This Day in Tudor History 34 by Claire Ridgway The Making of a Coronation Book for 36Queen Anne Boleyn by Roland Hui FEATURE: The Princes in the Tower 42 by Leanda de Lisle November Feast Days 48 by Claire Ridgway In Memory of a Dog... 52 by Kyra Kramer Charlie on Books 54 by Charlie Fenton FEATURE: Hans Holbein 56 by Melanie V. Taylor Tudor Era Storytelling 66 by Beth von Staats 68 Events Calendar 71 Karen Bowman - November’s Expert 72 New and Upcoming Books 79 Answers to the quiz questions FEATURE ON THOMAS CRANMER

THOMAS CRANMER: WERE HIS RECANTATIONS OF FAITH DRIVEN BY STOCKHOLM SYNDROME? By Beth von Staats Almighty God, whose beloved Son willingly endured the agony and shame of the cross for our redemption: Give us courage, we beseech thee, to take up our cross and follow him; who liveth and reigneth with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and for ever. Amen. Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer, British history’s first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury, has a tainted and complicated legacy.

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FEATURE ON THOMAS CRANMER

lucked from obscurity to become Archbishop of Canterbury for the specific role of settling King Henry VIII’s “Great Matter”, Thomas Cranmer was a cautious religious reformer, content to support Vicegerant . Yes, Thomas Cranmer is deservedly credited with helping to pave the way to the Henrican Reformation’s break Pwith the Roman Catholic papacy, monarch supremacy of the clergy, and introduction of an English language Bible, but no, he didn’t lead the charge. Instead, Cranmer worked closely with word. Thus, he didn’t trifle with originality, Thomas Cromwell, st1 Earl of , in a but instead celebrated the richness of English secondary role in arguably 16th century’s religious traditions then only understandable most congenial and productive working to Latin scholars and translated them with his partnership. Together, these two remarkable gifted hand of literary genius. So profound was men -- Cromwell a political mastermind and Cranmer’s contributions, he is regarded alongside intellectual genius and Cranmer a religious William Tyndale and to scholar and creative genius -- set the stage for the have shaped the English language to what we Protestant Reformation that would dawn with know it now to be. the ascension of a new king. So why then is Archbishop Thomas With the conservative forces in his way Cranmer’s historical legacy so complicated neutralized and Cromwell long tragically and irrevocably tainted? Well in a 16th century executed, during the reign of King Edward world where martyrs such as Saint Thomas VI, ’s first truly Protestant monarch, More, William Tyndale, Saint , Thomas Cranmer hit his groove. The once John Frith, , cautious reformer aggressively transformed and most remarkably Anne Askew bravely the Church of England to , succumbed to their fates, Thomas Cranmer did stripping all Roman Catholic trappings the unthinkable. While imprisoned and facing inclusive of Cranmer’s previous commitment martyrdom by burning, Cranmer recanted to transubstantiation, and composing his most his faith. The man who so steadfastly brought invaluable gift to the world, a liturical vernacular Protestantism to England and Wales suddenly written specifically to be read aloud, The Book of began attending Mass and celebrating the Common Prayer. Eucharist. Thomas Cranmer’s intent in composing If we are to believe most historical scholars the Church of England’s liturgy was to create an and even the very Church of England he English language doctrine that was universally founded, Thomas Cranmer wrote and signed his gospelled throughout all parishes in the realm, name to the recantations and began outwardly one whose beauty laid in it’s simplicity and worshiping as a Roman Catholic because he scriptural truth. Cranmer’s staunch commitment lacked courage and resolve through personal to uniformity in worship later became the weakness. In short, Cranmer simply capitulated religious hallmark of his godchild, Elizabeth, in an attempt in his words, “to save my life, if it Regina. might be.” Even the subsequently revised Book Cranmer’s primary goal in his religious of Common Prayer teaches its Anglican flock reformation was to insure every person, whether of Cranmer’s human frailty in the following educated or illiterate, could understand God’s Collect.

4 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 BETH VON STAATS

“Merciful God, who through the work of Cranmer suffered from Stockholm Syndrome? Thomas Cranmer didst renew the worship of thy Well three of the situations that consistently Church by restoring the language of the people, present themselves in the onset of this rare but and through whose death didst reveal thy power commonly understood psychological condition in human weakness: Grant that by thy grace we were present from the day Nicholas Ridley and may always worship thee in spirit and in truth; Hugh Latimer perished, two present from the through Jesus Christ, our only Mediator and day of Cranmer’s arrest and imprisonment. By Advocate, who liveth and reigneth with thee the time Cranmer signed his recantations, all and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. situations laying a foundatio for onset of the Amen.” disorder were clearly evident. The common Did Thomas Cranmer actually lack situations that lay the foundation to the courage? Did Cranmer’s recantations result development of Stockholm Syndrome are as from fear of death as he confessed in his follows: remarkable final sermon? Did the circumstances The presence of a perceived threat, or in surrounding his death demonstrate God’s“power Cranmer’s case, actual threat to one’s physical or in human weakness”? Or was something else psychological survival, combined with the belief going on? The answer may actually lay in the that the abusers will carry out the threat and scholarship of contemporary mental illness murder the victim; through the now commonly understood The presence of a perceived or real small psychological condition Stockholm Syndrome. kindnesses from the abusers to the victim, In August 1973, two gunmen rushed leading the victim to inflate the abusers’ small into a bank in Stockholm, Sweden. Blasting gestures as a sign of actual care and concern; their weapons, one shouted out, “The party Isolation from perspectives other than has begun!” From there, these criminals held those of the abusers; and four people hostage for the next 5 ½ days. The perceived, and in Cranmer’s case Terrifyingly, the hostages were strapped with reality, of an inability to escape the situation. dynamite and confined within a bank vault In all cases, Stockholm Syndrome is until rescued. The victims’ behavior was bazaar established conclusively to be a survival and to say the least. During the successful rescue coping mechanism for a victim to endure highly operation, they feared the police there to save pervasive stress and terror. Though even with them, believing their captors were protecting all presenting situations Stockholm Syndrome them. After their release, the victims supported does not always result, there is a strong their captors in television interviews. One of the probability that in Thomas Cranmer’s case, his victim went so far become engaged to marry long imprisonment, advanced age, probable one of the criminals, while another organized a painful discomfort, gross deprivation, profound defense fund. traumatic experiences and stark isolation from While the presenting psychiatric condition all outside support to a man long reliant on common in hostage situations resultingly relationships, left him exceptionally vulnerable became known as Stockholm Syndrome, it to the onset of this pervasive psychological really was nothing new. Psychiatrists had known condition. for years that emotional bonding of a victim Did the obvious escape us in determining towards his or her abuser sometimes presented, the true reason for Thomas Cranmer’s particularly with abused children, abusive and recantations of faith? Well, let’s now look at heavily controlled relationships, incest victims – how each presenting situation that lays the and most interesting relative to our exploration foundation of Stockholm Syndrome pervasively of Thomas Cranmer’s final months of impacted Britain’s first Protestant Archbishop imprisonment, religious cults, hostage situations of Canterbury, symptomatology that became and concentration camp prisoners. obvious particularly after the burnings of Hugh Just how can one suspect that Thomas Latimer and Nicholas Ridley.

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 5 FEATURE ON THOMAS CRANMER

As previously highlighted, one main condemnation for treason, and processed foundation for the onset of Stockholm attainder established him as legally a dead man Syndrome is a threat to the victim’s physical awaiting execution at the queen’s order very and/or psychological survival, combined with shortly after his initial arrest. Consequently, the victim’s belief that the abusers will carry from November 13, 1553 forward, Cranmer’s the threat out. There is no real dispute to this execution was simply Queen Mary’s command assumption to be true in Thomas Cranmer’s away. case. Cranmer’s arrest, imprisonment, The foundation of Stockholm Syndrome

6 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 BETH VON STAATS that Thomas Cranmer believed threats to in September 1553, Cranmer was far from kill him would be carried out is indisputable. isolated. In fact, his imprisonment was relatively Beyond the executions of Jane Dudley, John comfortable. Not only was he allowed to bring Dudley, and Guilford Dudley for treason, the small comforts, clothing, bedding and reading former queen and her husband condemned to material, but due to over-crowding at the prison, death at the same trial as Cranmer himself, he shared living accommodations with John both Nicholas Ridley and Hugh Latimer were Bradford, Nicholas Ridley and Hugh Latimer. executed by burning with Cranmer forced to By all accounts, the men worshiped together and witness. Thomas Cranmer could hardly believe supported one another. Hugh Latimer recalled, he would be spared execution. “There we did together read over the New Queen Mary, in her aim to completely Testament with great deliberation and painful discredit Protestantism, decided that she study.” wanted Thomas Cranmer, along with Nicholas In March 1554, Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Ridley and Hugh Latimer and other high Latimer and Nicholas Ridley were transferred ranking evangelicals, tried and condemned for to Bocardo Prison in , allowed to bring heresy. Consequently, Thomas Cranmer was only what they could carry. The purpose of the not executed after his treason conviction and transfer was first to establish heresy through was instead transferred to Oxford. After his staging of a tribunal, actually a large conference condemnation for heresy, much is made that of debates, to gather the evidence needed for Cranmer recanted his faith to avoid execution, as later heresy trials, with Cranmer, Latimer and under British law, a subject who recants in good Ridley singled out primarily to publicly dispute faith is not burned at the stake and is instead all the new Roman Catholic regime despised. pardoned. (It is conceded that he wouldn’t know Shortly after arriving at Bocardo Prison, Queen Mary would order the heresy burning in the men were separated, Cranmer receiving any case.) the tightest security. He remained at the The stark reality of Thomas Cranmer’s prison, while Latimer and Ridley were placed situation, however, was he had already been separately under house arrest. During the condemned for treason. Therefore, he could tribunal debates, Cranmer also was afforded not escape his execution one way or the other, a better accommodations, all men even allowed fact he was clearly aware of. To argue the mode servants and some outdoor exercise. All books, of execution drove the recantations also is also paper, ink and quills were taken from him unless illogical, given a traitor’s death was hanging until offered to complete a specific purpose related half dead, cutting off the genitals and burning to the ongoing deputations, but when allowed, them before the victim, drawing, and quartering he enjoyed full use of the privilege. Once the for all non-royal subjects unless commuted to tribunal debates were over, however, Cranmer beheading by the monarch. This simple reality was once again at Bocardo, relatively isolated. establishes a second foundation of Stockholm Although one may assume this equates Syndrome, the perceived or real belief that there to the isolation defined as a foundation of is no escape. Stockholm Syndrome, Cranmer endured his The third foundation of Stockholm early imprisonment in Oxford with dignified Syndrome speaks to the complete isolation of the civil disobedience. By all appearance, his victim from the perspectives of anyone besides handling was stricter than afforded Ridley the abuser. This dynamic presents itself in a and Latimer. We see evidence of Ridley and very intriguing way with Thomas Cranmer, as it Latimer sneaking correspondences out of their speaks directly to the timing of his recantations confinement, where with the exception of one of faith and his active worship in Roman remarkable letter written on a small scrap of Catholic Mass. paper that somehow made it all the way to Peter Upon Thomas Cranmer’s original arrest Martyr Vermigli in Brussels, Cranmer is silent. and imprisonment at the Tower of From early 1555, we hear from Cranmer only

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once more. confinement, all contact from the outside world In June 1555, the mandate for Thomas strictly enforced. In addition, the heresy trials of Cranmer’s heresy trial was issued by Rome. Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley proceeded Ridley’s and Latimer’s joint trial would wait, in late September 1555, leading to their burnings Cranmer the priority to prosecute. The actual before Cranmer’s eyes. Also significant was the hearing held would commence in Oxford, with introduction of identified Roman Catholics evidence sent to Rome for judgment. Cranmer primarily responsible for all communication endured the heresy hearings with no legal with Cranmer, initially Spanish Dominican assistance, but he was kept in house arrest during theologian Pedro de Soto. The intense pressure the proceedings, likely for appearance sake. and profound stress and torment soon Unlike the theological debates held earlier, the commenced. heresy hearing focused instead on his career as Completely isolated, Thomas Cranmer was Archbishop of Canterbury. debating his religious beliefs with de Soto and Given Thomas Cranmer’s immediate his associates when Hugh Latimer and Nicholas violation of papal deference after taking oath Ridley were paraded by Cranmer’s prison. as Archbishop, evangelical religious beliefs, Once the men were tied to their stakes and annulment of King Henry VIII’s marriage the heresy ceremonies began, however, de Soto to Catalina de Aragon, betrayal of the Pope’s discontinued the verbal pressure and escorted trust, theoretical inconsistencies in his beliefs Thomas Cranmer to a tower at the Bocardo regarding the Eucharist, uncanonical marriage Prison Gatehouse to watch the spectacle. Hugh to Margarete Cranmer with children born, Latimer died quickly, but Ridley’s brother-in- and Reformation activities during the reigns law tried to hasten his death by adding fuel to of King Henry VIII and King Edward VI, the the flames, a tragic error that greatly lengthened questioning throughout the proceedings was his agony. By all witnessed accounts, Cranmer aggressive, resulting in evidence presented to was visibly traumatized. He pulled off his hat, Rome that was damning. dropped to his knees, and in desperation began Throughout the heresy trial proceedings, wailing. Thomas Cranmer again showed staunch civil Throughout Thomas Cranmer’s career, disobedience. Cranmer gave no deference to history teaches us that this man was highly the panel members questioning him, leaving his reliant on his relationships with others, while at cap on and actively pontificating his theoretical court first with Thomas Boleyn, Anne Boleyn positions, including his insistence of the Pope and Thomas Cromwell, then with Edward being the Anti-Christ. He openly admitted to Seymour and an assortment of other people in every fact that was put to him, while denying his life, including his secretary Ralph Morice, the implication of heresy. After all, Cranmer’s Anthony Denny, John Dudley, Peter Martyr Protestantism in his mind reflected the true Vermigli, Nicholas Ridley, his wife Margarete religion. It is obvious by his testimony, actions, and others. This is a man who thrived when attitude and demeanor at the heresy trial that working with a team, but floundered when Thomas Cranmer at this point was steadfast left to his own. This shows plainly in Henry in his resolve and was showing no outward VIII’s reign during the Prebendaries’ Plot of symptomatology of Stockholm Syndrome or 1543 and again in 1546. The manipulations overt psychological distress. of conservative factions gunning for Thomas So what changed? After the proceedings, Cranmer were not defeated by him, but instead Thomas Cranmer composed a comprehensive by others on his behalf, including King Henry letter to Queen Mary detailing his evangelical VIII himself. theological views. Whether she read the Thomas Cranmer, as brilliant and letter is unknown, but she certainly learned accomplished as he was, always showed a of the contents. Queen Mary’s reaction was pronounced need to have other strong people immediate. Cranmer was imposed with solitary around him. Consequently, the deaths of Hugh BETH VON STAATS

Latimer and Nicholas Ridley created huge terror, nationality. trauma, and profound stress on several levels. De Villagarcia began expertly debating In short, from the day Thomas Cranmer was the now exhausted Thomas Cranmer at length forced to witness the last two important people about topics such as papal primacy, the existence in his life die in torment until the morning of of purgatory, and most troubling for Cranmer, his martyrdom, Cranmer was left in complete his double edged quandary between separating isolation from all perspectives other than those out obedience to the monarchy versus obedience of his abusers. Thus, yet another key foundation to the Pope. Although Cranmer came to for the onset of Stockholm Syndrome was acknowledge his disobedience to Queen Mary established. in spite of the God-given nature of her authority Initially after the deaths of Ridley and as he believed it to be via the Supremacy, he Latimer, Thomas Cranmer remained defiant. was steadfast in his belief that the Pope was the Neither Cardinal ’s lengthy Anti-Christ. De Villagarcia, however, effectively sermonizing admonishments, nor Pedro de chipped away, bit by bit, session by session, Soto’s direct interventions could sway him. scholarly tract by scholarly tract, scripture by Cardinal Pole ended one lengthy plea to “the scripture, Cranmer’s confidence that this was in wretched man” Cranmer with “I say if you fact the case. be not plucked out by the ear, you be utterly In January 1556, perhaps in conjunction undone both body and soul.” Rather than with Rome’s final deposing and degrading of capitulate, Cranmer attempted unsuccessfully Thomas Cranmer, Juan de Villagarcia traveled to appeal to the Roman ’s legal to London on business. With others taking over system. Although he resourcefully was able to his role, Cranmer caught his wind and held out sneak out a letter to Oxford lawyer Richard on his beliefs regarding papal power, reportedly Lyell, nothing fruitful came from his efforts. obstinate. This stated, one final huge influence Perhaps through the intercession of suggestive of the onset of Stockholm Syndrome his Roman Catholic sister in appeals to the soon took hold in an exceptionally powerful way. queen, in December 1555, Thomas Cranmer One of his guards, a devout Roman Catholic was transferred from isolation in Bocardo named Nicholas Woodson, became very friendly Prison to confinement within the college of with Cranmer and supportive of him, obviously Oxford at the Deanery at Christ’s Church. extending kindness that led Cranmer to believe This decision by Queen Mary and Cardinal the man cared about him personally. Cranmer’s Pole began a series of “small kindnesses” from complete psychological surrender to cope under his abusers, the final foundation of Stockholm the enormous stress he was under after more Syndrome. Consequently, beginning December than three long years finally took hold. Pleasing 1555, Thomas Cranmer’s torment included Nicholas Woodson would lead to Cranmer’s all foundations common to the onset of this complete surrender to his abusers. psychological condition. Initially, even before de Villagarcia’s From stark physical isolation, Thomas return, Thomas Cranmer did the unthinkable. Cranmer was suddenly treated like a “guest” Through Woodson’s influence, he attended Mass of his captors. No attempt to convince him to at the Cathedral. This pleasantly surprised de recant commenced for at least two weeks. Thus, Villagarcia, and upon his return, he immediately Cranmer was thrust suddenly into complete debated Cranmer about the primacy of the immersion into his abusers’ Roman Catholic Pope. This turned into a literal shouting match point of view, laden in an environment filled between the two men. In response, Nicholas with small kindnesses. When pressure began Woodson broke off all contact with Cranmer, to be placed upon Cranmer once more to who was devastated. Thomas Cranmer then recant his faith, the mission was assigned to literally begged Woodson to at least visit, with Juan de Villagarcia, chosen specifically due to the response that this could only happen if, in his esteemed expertise in doctrine and foreign Woodson’s words “you pull yourself together FEATURE ON THOMAS CRANMER

and choose to be counted among us.” Believing versions of his former archiepiscopal robes, Cranmer would finally capitulate, Nicholas which were then ceremoniously stripped off Woodson visited once more. Finding some him. In short, the whole ceremony was a circus, courage, Cranmer begged for time and hesitated, an embarrassment to all involved, both Thomas leading Woodson to angrily leave again. Cranmer and his staunch rival Bishop Edmund Thomas Cranmer was utterly alone. Likely Bonner included. now in the full throws of Stockholm Syndrome, Returned to Bocardo Prison, the his collapse to his abusers was complete. Under pressure soon became unbearable. Now John great physical strain, Cranmer fainted. Upon Harpsfield, Archdeacon of London joined arousing, Cranmer sobbed uncontrollably, Juan de Villagarcia, both badgering Thomas overhead by his guards. Hearing this turn Cranmer with arguments about the Eucharist. of events, Nicholas Woodson returned, and Expert in debate and theology, de Villagarcia Thomas Cranmer agreed to sign his first written especially was successful in wearing the elderly recantation of faith. This recantation was “wish- and physically ill Cranmer down into the belief washy” at best, but soon after a second was written, more acceptable to his abusers, along with his attendance at Our Lady of Candlemas religious services in February 1556. At another service soon thereafter, Thomas Cranmer, founder of the Protestant Church of England, was witnessed singing at a requiem mass. Sent back to Bocardo Prison to quell rumors that Thomas Cranmer was soon to be pardoned, the small kindnesses ended for now. Somehow even after writing two recantations and worshiping at Roman Catholic services, Cranmer subsequently found the wherewithal to show defiance once more, this time by making a scene at his formal degrading ceremony from the ministry, insisting on appeal to a General Council. This must have been quite an entertaining event for observers. Beyond Cranmer’s repeated belligerent protests that he was entitled to defend himself in Rome, he was dressed up in differing

10 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 BETH VON STAATS he was incorrect in his argument, leading to prayers. Others also extended friendly and another written recantation. After being told inclusive gestures. All four foundations of this recantation was not sufficient in detail, he Stockholm Syndrome again back in play, wrote yet another. Again the recantations were Cranmer capitulated completely, reading “wish-washy”, but once his heresy burning was Dialogue of Comfort, by Saint , scheduled, Thomas Cranmer was commanded attending mass, and even requesting and to sign his name to a damning recantation receiving sacramental absolution. clearly written by another person. In complete As the March 7th date of his planned surrender, he did. execution approached, however, Marian With this full recantation of faith authorities began feeling pressure from the complete, Thomas Cranmer found his abusers public in disbelief of Thomas Cranmer’s fifth once again showing him small kindnesses. recantation, leading to gatherings outside his For example, Pedro de Soto thoroughly prison with the supposed goal of setting him congratulated him and begged for Cranmer’s free. This and a request from Cranmer to delay the burning resulted in a postponement and resulting time for what authorities believed would enable another statement to be made by Cranmer to illustrate to the realm’s subjects his sincere recantation and belief in Roman Catholicism. The reality of Thomas Cranmer’s situation was made concrete in no uncertain terms by Queen Mary through Dr. Henry Cole, Prevost of Eton that he would die at the stake on March 21, 1556 with no further delay. Cranmer was calm until he began thinking of the ramifications to his young son. In tears, Cranmer was in a complete state of nervous collapse. After suffering night terrors, he wrote his sixth and most damning recantation of faith, likely copied from a draft composed by one of his abusers. From there, Cranmer confessed in full to all his “crimes”, one after the other, and requested requiem masses. On March 20th, 1556, Thomas Cranmer planned his final sermon to be given at University Church before

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 11 FEATURE ON THOMAS CRANMER

his burning. His written final words became Though the actual intended significance of available for review. Authorities found this a the ring and the message itself is lost to history, great advantage, as they could be circulated the results are telling. With this final small act after the events unfolded. With both wine and of kindness, both Thomas Cranmer’s complete ale at Cranmer’s dinner table, he enjoyed a last isolation from the perspective of anyone besides meal with his “companions” late into the night his abusers and his inability to escape his fate before sleeping soundly, yet one more last small were lifted. Thus, in his final historic moments, gift from his abusers. Stockholm Syndrome Thomas Cranmer heroically found his courage to apparently still consumed him. hold true to his convictions. Cranmer told those On the morning of Thomas Cranmer’s present at the University Church words now remarkable martyrdom, by all outward etched for all eternity... appearance he remained fully in line with “And now I come to the great thing that the expectations of his abusers, reciting the troubleth my conscience more than any other litany, signing 14 additional copies of his final thing that ever I said or did in my life: and recantation, and requesting that his “friend” that is, the setting abroad of writings contrary Nicholas Woodson arrange special prayers on to the truth. Which here now I renounce and his behalf. What happened then that pulled refuse, as things written with my hand contrary Cranmer out of his complete collapse and to the truth which I thought in my heart, and capitulation at his final hour? Remarkably, two writ for fear of death, and to save my life, if it of the four foundations leading to the onset might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have of Stockholm Syndrome were suddenly lifted, written or signed with mine own hand, since my and clearly the two most important for him degradation; wherein I have written many things personally. untrue. And forasmuch as my hand offended in While Thomas Cranmer was in the midst writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand of signing the 14 recantation copies, he was shall first be punished. For if I may come to the interrupted by a messenger. Handed to him was fire, it shall be first burned. And as for the Pope, a ring and a letter with regrettably unrecorded I refuse him, as Christ’s enemy and antichrist, instructions from his sister, not the Roman with all his false doctrine.” Catholic sister referenced previously, but his From the strength Thomas Cranmer was staunchly evangelical Protestant one. gifted by the loving support of his evangelical The gift of a ring at Cranmer’s hour of sister, Britain’s first Protestant Archbishop of most deparate need was highly significant. In Canterbury kept his word and thrust his right 1543, King Henry VIII gifted Thomas Cranmer hand first into the fire that cosumed him. In his signet ring with the purpose that it be used so doing, Thomas Cranmer finally escaped his to save the Archbishop if conservative detractors unfathomable torment with the full knowledge had him cornered. Soon after, Cranmer pulled that his ultimate salvation was justifiably earned out the ring to show the king’s support when through his faith and his faith alone. attempts were made to arrest him at a Privy Council Meeting. Beth von Staats

References • Carver, Dr. Joseph M., Ph.D., Love and Stockholm Syndrome: The Mystery of Loving an Abuser, Counselling Resource Mental Health Library (http://counsellingresource.com/lib/therapy/self-help/stockholm/) • Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop, The Book of Common Prayer, 1549. • Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop, Thomas Cranmer’s Final Speech Before Burning, Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature (http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/cranmerspeech.htm) • Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop and Various Theologians, The Book of Common Prayer, 1662. • MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Ph.D., Kt, FBA, FSA, FRHistS, Thomas Cranmer, Yale University Press, 1996.

12 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 BETH VON STAATS

MEET BETH VON STAATS, ou r n ew regula r col u m nist ...

Beth von Staats is an American online short story historical fiction writer and blogger from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Beth has a passion for Tudor Era English and Welsh history, particularly the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary I. Beth’s most pronounced interest is with the men and women who drove the course of events and/or who were most poignantly impacted by the English Henrican and Protestant Reformations. She is the administrator of Queen Anne Boleyn Historical Writers, a website dedicated to enabling historical biographical and fiction writers, poets, online historical reenacters and bloggers of all abilities an attractive forum to showcase their work. Beth’s online short stories are found by Googling “Revelation: Tudor Era Short Stories”. Her non-fiction blog posts can be found by Googling “English Historical Fiction Authors”. 14 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 The Tudor Roses St. James’s Palace@ HENRY VIII’S HIDDEN GEM OF A PALACE It’s amazing how many Tudor places are still in existence today...

oday we’re taking you to St James’s that Britain’s monarchs have used Buckingham Palace in London. Sadly the palace itself Palace as their main residence since Queen Tis not open to the public because it is Victoria came to the throne in 1837, St James’s is still a working palace and the official residence of still the official residence and if you want to send the reigning monarch. It is, however, still worth Queen Elizabeth II a letter it is to that address adding to your itinerary when visiting London. you should really send it. It is for this reason that When you go there, you can see the outside of High Commissioners still present letters, and the Friary Court and then, around the corner, ambassadors are still accredited formally to the the original gatehouse of Henry VIII’s palace of Court of St James’s Palace. St James, with gates leading to Colour Court. A Thankfully, much of what Henry VIII bit further down the road you will find another had built in the 16th century still stands today. set of gates that bar the way to Ambassadors’ Surviving parts include the classic Tudor red Court. brick buildings and walls, the gatehouse, two St. James’s Palace has been the setting rooms within the State apartments, turrets and for some of the most important and significant the lovely Chapel Royal. events in Royal history. For over 300 years St James’s history, though, goes back the palace has been the official residence of further than Henry VIII’s reign and its history England’s kings and queens, and it saw its largest begins with another Henry, Henry II. It was construction period between 1531 and 1536, that Henry who granted a charter to the sisters during the reign of Henry VIII. Despite the fact in charge of the Hospital of St James, a leprosy

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 15 hospital, in the 1100s. This hospital was in the of chronciler Raphael Holinshed. Henry was parish of St Margaret’s in Westminster. It is quite also to build himself a grand mansion described possible that the hospital pre-dates the 1100s on by John Stow as “a goodly manor.” At this point this site but this cannot be confirmed. Henry Henry was not averse to upsetting the church as II’s gift of the charter was for the benefit of it was 1533, the year he married Anne Boleyn women suffering from the disease. We know this and set in motion the break with Rome. because it was written that “maidens that were leprous” would be the beneficiaries of this act of charity. It was not a totally man-free zone, however, because eight “brethren” were attached to the hospital to discharge the “cure of souls” and solemnise religious services carried out within the walls. During the reign of Edward I, the hospital benefited from gifts of land and woodland and the King also allowed the hospital to benefit from any profits made at the fair that was “to be kept on the eve of St. James, the day and the morrow, and four days following.” This was to become the once famous May Fair that was held in fields near to Piccadilly. These privileges and profits would have greatly enhanced the quality of life for the inmates of the hospital. The area around St. James’s Park was also part of the medieval leper hospital and the burial ground would later be drained to be stocked with deer for hunting. This land is now Green Park. Despite its original use, Henry VIII decided At this point though, St. James’s was that the area was worthy of royal attention and classed as more of a country seat than the city so set out to procure it for his own use when the residence we know today. This was the case more sisters were relatively defenceless. Being the king, so than of the other Royal residences within he got his way and he pulled down the original the London area, with perhaps the exception buildings “and there, made a faire parke for his of Kennington which was abandoned due to a greater comoditie and pleasure;” – in the words move by the monarchy to the Middlesex side of

16 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 the River Thames from the Surrey side. It could Despite using St James’s as his residence, be assumed that Henry had all intentions of Henry still carried on holding court at replacing Kennington with St. James’s. Westminster and Whitehall (formerly York St. James’s was surrounded by fields and Place), after relieving Wolsey of the latter. Things provided ample shade from its many trees. have reversed today, with St James’s being where Henry enclosed the land for the personal use Court is held but not the monarch’s residence. of the manor and stocked it well with hunting It still has the Throne Room included in its list game. We can still see this land today because it of state apartments. For Henry VIII, St. James’s is the park of St. James’s. As was his wont Henry was a hunting lodge close to his main official ensured that there were plenty of distractions residence of Whitehall Palace and the Royal deer away from court business by having a cock- park. pit and a tilt-yard built in an area in front of By the time Henry finished St James’s, it Whitehall, pretty much where Horse Guards covered the area of four courtyards which we stands today. now know as the Ambassadors’, Colour, Engine An extract from The Life of Anne Boleyn and Friary Courts. On the impressive Tudor (by Elizabeth Benger) confirms Henry’s pursuit gatehouse, to be found at the southern end of St. of pleasure, “Henry VIII delighted, on a May James’s Street, you can still find the HR cipher morning, to ride forth at daybreak, having of Henry VIII, which is surmounted by his risen with the lark, and with a train of courtiers crown. You will find this above the original foot all gaily attired in white and silver, to make passage that takes you through to Colour Court. his way into the woods about Kensington The Tudor presence chamber still carries on its and Hampstead, whence he brought back the fireplace walls the initials of Henry and Anne fragrant May boughs in triumph.” Boleyn in the customary love knot.

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 17 We now move on to events that took place to celebrate her marriage to Henry VIII and it within the walls of the palace. We shall start bears the word Cleve in its decoration. with Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Moving forward a few years to 1558 we Somerset, and Henry VIII’s illegitimate son by find Mary I, Henry VIII’s eldest daughter, his mistress Elizabeth (Bessie) Blount). At one signing the treaty that surrendered Calais to the point, it appears that Henry was considering French within the walls of St. James’s. Thirty making Fitzroy legitimate and naming him his years later, her half-sister Queen was heir as he was failing to produce a legitimate residing at St. James’s when the Spanish Armada male heir. It was at St. James’s Palace that Fitzroy was discovered and it was from there that she was living when he died there at the age of was to ride out in her armour and give one of her seventeen in 1536. After this, St. James’s Palace most famous speeches to the assembled army at (then known as St. James’s House) was host to Tilbury Fort.

a list of royal occupants, many of whom played significant parts in English history. Queen Anne A number of Royal births have taken place at Boleyn spent the night following her coronation St. James’s and a number of royal baptisms in at St James’s and the presence chamber’s fireplace the Chapel Royal. This illustrious list includes still bears the initials HA, for Henry and Anne Charles II, James II, Mary II, Queen Anne and along with a lovers’ knot motif. Another Anne the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart. with links to the palace is . In A number of modern royals have also been 1540, the Chapel Royal’s ceiling was redone baptised there, including little Prince George.

18 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 His grandmother, Diana, Princess of Wales, lay at St. James’s Palace. in state within the Chapel after her tragic death in in August 1997. Though sadly we cannot see them for ourselves, St. James’s became more frequently St. James’s state apartments are home to many used by the English monarchy following the beautiful furnishings, including the Mortlake destruction of the in the tapestries commissioned by Charles I, when he 1698 fire. It was the part time residence of all was the Prince of Wales, which are found in the the monarchs until in 1809 when fire once Presence Chamber. There is also an impressive again played a part in the architectural history display of fine arms and armour in the Armoury. of England, destroying most of the south and The Palace also has an important east ranges of St. James’s Palace. By 1813, collection of royal portraits from the reign of however, the State rooms had been restored Henry VIII, and paintings by artists such as and were again in use. William IV, who was Daniël Mytens, Paul van Somer, John Michael king from 1830 until his death in 1837, was the Wright and Willem Wissing. George IV last monarch to use St James’s as his residence. commissioned portraits of military and naval Following William’s death, it did not fall into heroes from Joshua Reynolds and John Hoppner, disuse though, as its State apartments were which also form part of the collection along with enlarged by Christopher Wren and embellished a portrait of George IV by Sir Thomas Lawrence. by William , and it continued to be used Battle scene paintings by John Wootton and for Court functions. William Morris was later George Jones can also be found within the walls commissioned to redecorate some of the rooms of St. James’s Palace. of St. James’s. The Chapel Royal was also in use St. James’s Palace is well worth a visit again in 1840 when Queen Victoria married her despite not being able to see inside as you can beloved Prince Albert there. Right up until 1939 still see fine examples of Tudor architecture Court levées, or receptions, continued to be held in the exterior of the surviving buildings. You

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 19 can also walk along passage ways and through parks that Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, Henry Fitzroy, Mary I, Elizabeth I and others would have walked and rode in. It is also worth remembering that within short travelling distances are other important Tudor related buildings and exhibitions. Darren and Emma The Tudor Roses

One lucky person on the live chat with Karen Boman will win a copy of both Essex Girls and Essex Boys!

JOIN KAREN BOWMAN IN OUR NOVEMBER LIVE CHAT Talk and Chat date and times will be announced on the site

It’s the AMAZINGNOVEMBER Giveaway! Don’t miss it! Congratulations to member Leslie McClain the winner from October’s giveaway of “Essex Boys”, “Essex Girls”, “The Light in th Labytinth” and “Katherine Howard”. Also congratulations to Lynne Mclachlan, the winner of Gareth Russell’s book “An Illustrated Introduction to ”

As always, one lucky member of the Tudor Society will receive a copy of the following four books as part of our REGULAR MEMBERS PRIZE DRAW­! Sandra Vasoli shows us a different side to Anne Boleyn...

ANNE BOLEYN, 16TH CENTURY HUNTRESS “The King commanded the Queen to be removed out of the court, and sent to another place; and his Highness rode in his progress, with Mistress Anne Boleyn in his company all the grece [stag-hunting] season.”

Cavendish, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey

he small band of horses and riders set off as one on a fair May morning in 1530. Mists rose from the lush fields, the sun burned Taway the dew, and the wisps of clouds dissipated, promising a strong sun for the remainder of the day. Anne was mounted on her chestnut mare; nearby, conferring with the Huntmaster rode the King, astride his huge and powerful dark grey hunter. Anne adjusted her stirrups and sat more deeply in the saddle, readying herself for the call of the Huntmaster, who would momentarily cast the hounds and riders to cover the countryside in search of stag. That day, she joined Henry and some of his most familiar courtiers – his riding household. Sir Nicholas Carew, Master of the Horse, was amongst them, and the others comprised those who were fit and brave enough to keep pace with Henry and his royal hunt. Anne was the only woman riding out; next to her, though,

mounted on a dark bay Barbary gelding – one

22 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 -G uest A rticle of Henry’s prized stable of horses he had imported enterprise of other heroes as well, such as Bevis from Mantua - was Cardinal Jean du Bellay, the of Hampton, all who were familiar to the ambassador from France. They were to ride in English King and his nobles. Henry aspired to - one of Henry’s favorite parks, the grounds around be a model of kingship, and in demonstrating Ewelme Manor, west of London, near Woodstock. his , strength, nobility, and wealth, he One of the many shared passions of avidly pursued the ‘sport of kings’. Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was the pursuit The fields and forests of the hunt of sport: vigorous, competitive, physically provided an alluring setting for romance. It demanding. And most loved of all was was often depicted in medieval tales of knightly the hunt. That Anne was an accomplished chivalry that huntsmen met beautiful damsels horsewoman, and fearless enough to join Henry in their travels, often resulting in amours, on his many outings in the parklands and fields sometimes erotic. where he hunted for hours on end, is an often In writings, as in real life, the huntsman, underestimated aspect of the mystique in their who was male, pursued his female prey. The unique bond. Passetyme of Pleasure by Stephen Hawes, written Hunting represented, in 16th century in 1509, details the education and deportment England, a noble activity performed by the of the knight, Graunde Amour. Chief among chivalrous knight. The idyllic King Arthur his learning was the ability to hunt with grace hunted with his Knights of the Round Table, and aptitude, as he sought La Bel Pucel. legendarily in pursuit of the magical white In terms of hunting imagery, both hart, a mature stag. Hunting was the chief Henry and his courtier poet (and love rival),

Deer hunt 16th c. Woman riding astride “And to cause you yet oftener to remember me, I send you, by the bearer of this, a buck killed late last night by my own hand, hoping that when you eat of it you may think of the hunter; “ Oh, that lusty Henry! The Wyatt poem, which is quite famous, Whoso List to Hunt, describes a hind (a female deer), pursued by two huntsmen. The hind, of course, represents Anne being pursued by both Wyatt and Henry. Thus, their shared fervor for the hunt must have incited in Henry an even greater ardor for the woman he adored – and sought relentlessly. Anne, herself, embodies an exclusive entity: the hunted, and the hunter. What does Woman riding astride, late 15th c. her penchant – and her ability – for the hunt by Benito Gozzoli tell us about her? There were, indeed, royal , directly spoke of Anne Boleyn. women who hunted regularly, but not many Henry, in one of his early love letters to Anne, of them. It was a strenuous and exhausting described the stag he had brought down and recreation. Furthermore, it was highly offered to her: dangerous. Dreadful accidents could, and did,

24 Tudor Life Magazine | NovemberWomen hawking2014 and hunting - early 16th century tapestry Early 16th c. German 16th woodcut occur during the chase. Knowing this, it is have one leg on each side of her horse. The hunt even more captivating and revealing to consider was not the time nor the place to ride aside. Every how Anne’s desire to spend days on horseback shred of strength and control was required to afield with Henry informs us about her physical avoid perilous mishaps on the field, and riding appearance – and her character. sidesaddle offered little in that regard. At the blast of the Huntmaster’s silver As the hounds gave voice indicating they whistle, the greyhounds, buckhounds, and sighted a stag, the field of riders took off at a harthounds fanned out in search of prey. Today it gallop, led by the Huntmaster. Flying across was likely to be red deer, either hind or hart. At hills, clambering down embankments, wading times, though, the hounds came upon wild boar – across streams: controlling a galloping horse took a fierce competitor. As the hounds covered ground, strength, wits, and courage. Anne possessed all, the riders followed, in accordance with their rank. and reveled in the thrill. At times, the horses The King and Anne rode at the head of the field, jumped brush or felled trees, and it took a keen along with the Huntmaster. Anne rode astride expertise and great balance to remain seated. as opposed to sidesaddle: her feet in stirrups, her Henry bellowed with delight as they raced

gown designed for the purpose of allowing her to headlong across the terrain. His pride in Anne as

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 25 Noblewoman on horseback – 16th c tapestry

she galloped near him was unmistakable. to Henry’s hunting lodge of Ewelme Manor. After some time at the chase, the hounds They would stay the night there, and tomorrow brought the deer to bay. The Huntmaster would travel to Hampton Court as their base dispatched the animal with a sword, and Henry of operation. Anne, replete with a sense of leaped from his horse to ceremonially stab the accomplishment, greatly looked forward to a bath, deer, ensuring its death. Anne watched such scenes a rest, and an evening supping with Henry. over and over, displaying no sign of pretentious A strenuous day of exercise, to be certain! squeamishness. What, then, can we discern about Anne, A rest in the shade was warranted, with knowing how often she hunted with Henry? some refreshment. Ale and food was partaken, Riding horseback, especially at the gallop and and the tired horses were replaced with fresh over fields and hills, as opposed to on roads mounts. After a time, the party positioned themselves on a sunny hillock. The huntsmen produced crossbows, and as a bevy of red deer crossed the meadow below, Henry, Monsieur du Bellay, and Anne took aim. Arrows flew through the hot afternoon air, and a deer fell to the ground, struck by Anne’s true aim. She had brought a provender of venison to the royal kitchen! Henry’s, and du Bellay’s admiration knew no bounds. Hot, fairly drenched with sweat, Anne stripped off her goatskin gloves. They rode in the golden light of late afternoon, on the return

mid 15th c Woman riding astride

26 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 or trails, is very physically challenging. It is middling stature, swarthy complexion, long aerobic to a high degree, and controlling a neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, running horse uses every muscle. Therefore, and in fact has nothing but the King’s great we know that she was very fit, by today’s appetite, and her eyes, which are black and standards. She was undoubtedly lean and had beautiful’ a good deal of strength. This vigour served her And as for a true glimpse at her well in other sporting endeavours she enjoyed personality? A woman willing to engage in with Henry: archery, hawking, bowls. an arduous and demanding sport – riding While most women wore leather gloves alongside men, day upon day? She was without to ride, there is no doubt that the skin of their doubt a woman of action, with drive, courage, faces was exposed to the sun and wind. Veils, strength, and the desire to push herself to the which would have offered little protection limit. These qualities, along with her unique at best, would impede one’s vision to the looks, made her irresistible to the powerful extent that they were probably not worn Henry, King of England. while hunting. What might this mean for This is precisely what we would expect Anne? She most likely had a suntan! It was from the charismatic, accomplished Anne not fashionable, to be sure, but Anne was Boleyn. not the typical beauty of the English Tudor court. This high colour could very well explain Sandra Vasoli the description given her by the Venetian ambassador: ‘Madame Anne is not one of the th handsomest women in the world. She is of

Noblewoman on horseback – 16 c tapestry References • George Cavendish, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. RS Sylvester, Early English Text Society (1959) • James Jonathan Williams, Hunting in Early Modern England: An Examination With Special Reference to the Reign of Henry VIII, A thesis submitted to the School of Historical Studies of The for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October 1998 • Calendar of State Papers…in… Venice, ed. Rawdon Brown et al (1864 – 1940) • Ilaria Veltri degli Ansari, A Sidesaddle, http://ilaria.veltri.tripod.com/sidesaddle.html • Reinette, http://jeannedepompadour.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html • Simon Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England, Yale University Press, London 1993 • Nicholas Harris Nicolas,The Privy Purse Expences of King Henry VIII, Wm Pickering, London, 1828 • Love Letters of Henry Eighth to Anne Boleyn, Merchant Books, 2009 • All illustrations: Reinette http://jeannedepompadour.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html

Sandra Vasoli is the author of “Je Anne Boleyn” and has a bachelor’s degree in English and biology from Villanova University. While researching the book, she was granted access to the Papal Library and was able to read the original love letters from Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn—an event that contributed greatly to the creation of her fictional memoir. Visit her website at: http://sandravasoli.com/ November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 27 ReGULAR COLUMNIST GARETH RUSSELL

In praise of Merle Oberon’s Anne Boleyn

erle Oberon was an However, I think that Oberon is a extraordinary beauty. Born in fantastic Anne Boleyn. In the first place, Mthe British colonies in India in despite only being on screen for a few 1911, the twenty-two year-old shot to minutes with just enough time to dish out fame with her performance as Anne some witty quips about her impending Boleyn in the Oscar-nominated 1933 death and then submit to a wisecracking movie The Private Life of Henry VIII. French swordsman, Oberon was obsessed The movie, which begins its narrative with her role, decorating her Knightsbridge on the day of Boleyn’s execution, shows apartment with postcards bought from the a ravishing Oberon, hair immaculately nearby National Portrait Gallery, and she coiffed, lips smouldering with the heart- researched her thoroughly. shaped red lipstick of a 1933 Vogue cover Secondly, while Oberon’s take on girl and every word issuing forth from her Anne Boleyn may seem improbably well- mouth in a low, hypnotic ripple - her voice, mannered to us, she is, I think, one of the like that of Fitzgerald’s fictional socialite only on-screen Boleyns to embrace the fact Daisy Buchanan, is “full of money” - and that, in comparison to the overwhelming her accent is the clipped, note-perfect majority of people in Henry VIII’s England, Received Pronunciation (“R.P.”) of the Anne Boleyn was an aristocrat. If she wasn’t, British upper-classes from Queen Victoria technically, an aristocrat at the time of her to the 1960s. Even as she’s being led to birth, she was related to enough of them her death, Oberon’s Boleyn looks like and raised in that world in a way that meant some freshly harvested luscious fruit. she was as similar to the aristocracy as the In the eighty years since it Mitford sisters were when they burst onto the premiered, The Private Life of Henry English social scene in the 1920s and 1930s, VIII’s take on Anne Boleyn has been or the fun-loving Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, largely forgotten - bulldozed in the another future queen, was before her father viewing public’s memory by the fiery inherited his earldom. The polished tones and brilliance of Geneviève Bujold and the effervescent loveliness of her diction may Natalie Dormer, and if not by them not be note-perfect for how the sixteenth- by Dorothy Tutin, Vanessa Redgrave, century Anglo-Irish nobilities spoke, but by Helena Bonham-Carter or Natalie nailing the sociolect of 1930s blue-blooded Portman. Oberon’s heart-stopping socialites, Oberon helped convey a point beauty, perfectly-flattering revamped about Anne Boleyn that has often been period couture and irrepressibly missed in subsequent dramatisations of her plummy tones have caused many Tudor life. This girl, plucky and spirited though she aficionados to dismiss her take on Henry’s may be, was certainly not entitled to carry a second queen as fluff from the inaccuracy- metaphorical “We are the 99%” placard. She prone Golden Age of Hollywood. was anything but “just like us”.

28 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 talk on in the Tudor Society. Tudors”,the amongst other historical books, and was the guest historian for his history in recent years. has He recently published “An to Introduction Illustrated Our here n here y e l o B about Anne worldliness a and piety simultaneous Therescaffold. isa she mounts the weather, as about the ; s platitudes e she k issues o j she’s making even as tears, with fill eyes picture. Her of motion the rest the in did stars most of her other co- that Boleyn Anne as more impression ofmakes an Gareth Russell Gareth columnist regular In herIn ten minutes, Merle Oberon has been incredibly busy in the world of

and that, at least, rings true to original. the true rings at least, that, and me that there is a deeper kind of accuracy thereme of adeeper is that accuracy kind Merle Oberon’s reminds Boleyn Anne spirit, just does that. otherworldly, quicksilver and her in than simply getting costumes and and simply costumes getting than relatable yet somehow aloof and dates right. dates Anne Boleyn, lovely, hauntingly Anne portraying. Merleportraying. Oberon’s always have the toalways simplify of people era the and are they narrative, and there’s and narrative, a strive to convey essence the huge difference between huge between difference in doingin should so they evisceration, of but course, and simplification A dramatisation will will A dramatisation Gareth Gareth RUssell Mary I (1516-1558) Rule: 1553-1558 Marriages: Philip II of Spain Issue: None ary was born on 18 February 1516 at Palace and was the daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife . MShe was an intelligent girl, was known as a linguist, and loved music and dancing. Mary was made illegitimate and removed from the succession after the annulment of her father’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1533 and the subsequent birth of her half-sister Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She and Elizabeth (who had been also been removed from the succession after the fall of her mother in 1536) were restored to the line of succession, after their half-brother Edward, by Parliament in 1543 but Edward VI chose to remove his half-sisters from the succession as he lay dying in 1553 and chose as his heir. Mary was forced to fight for the throne and was proclaimed queen on 19 July 1553. Mary sought to bring England back to Rome by repealing all of the Protestant legislation of Edward VI’s reign. She also introduced an act undoing the annulment of her parents’ marriage and making it valid. She married Philip of Spain on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral. On 18 September 1554, it was announced at the imperial court that Mary I was pregnant but it turned out to be a false pregnancy. Later, in 1557, it was thought that the Queen was pregnant again but once more it was a false alarm. Mary has gone down in history as the monarch who lost Calais and of course as “Bloody Mary” due to the burnings of Protestants during her reign. Mary died on 17 November 1558 at St James’s Palace. Her health had been declining for some time and she contracted a fever in August 1558 and then “dropsy” in the October. She was laid to rest at Westminster Abbey. Although Mary’s reign has often been seen as a disaster in comparison to Elizabeth I’s “Golden Age”, Mary achieved much during her short reign. Elizabeth I was able to build on some of her half-sister’s reforms and achievements, so Mary can be seen as paving the way for Elizabeth. The Preservation of the Tudor Succession Not only did Mary fight for, and win, the throne from the Protestant Lady Jane Grey in July 1553, Mary also passed it on to her half-sister Elizabeth unchallenged. Mary may have failed to provide England with an heir to the throne, a Prince of Wales, but she named

30 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 Chara cter of the Month

Elizabeth as her heir and Elizabeth became queen on Mary’s death on 17th November 1558. Mary had restored the succession to how her father, Henry VIII, had planned it when he had restored his daughters to the line of succession, after their half-brother Edward, in 1543. The Reconciliation of England and Rome Mary I turned back time and it was as if the religious changes of Edward’s reign had never happened. On 30th November 1554, both Houses of Parliament presented a petition to Mary I and her husband Philip to intercede with Cardinal Reginald Pole, the papal legate, for absolution for the years of separation from Rome and for reconciliation with Rome. Pole then absolved England and restored it to the Catholic fold. This was the beginning of a process which repealed the acts establishing royal supremacy. By using Parliament this way for her religious settlement, Mary also strengthened Parliament’s position. Establishment of the Gender- free Authority of the Crown As historian David Loades points out, Mary was a “political pioneer” who established the “gender free” authority of the crown. She became England’s first crowned queen regnant and although she married Philip of Spain the 1554 Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain ensured that Mary had the most authority. The act allowed the couple to reign together but prevented Philip from appointing foreigners to offices, from taking Mary and/or their children out of England, and from claiming the English crown for himself on the death of Mary. It would have been easy for England to have become a Spanish outpost, but Mary made sure that England retained its power. Renovation of the Church David Loades notes that as well as reconciling the English church with Rome, Mary and her archbishop of Canterbury, Reginald Pole, also took steps to reform and renovate the church, re-founding religious houses, establishing chantries and renovating churches, cathedrals and universities. Improvement of the Navy and Militia In The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649, N A M Rodger notes that in 1556-7 “the Privy Council ordered a series of unannounced musters and checks on different

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 31 aspects of naval administration” and that reforms were passed in 1557 placing “the Naval Board under the supervision of the Lord Treasurer”. These reforms allowed the Lord Treasurer to improve the efficiency of the navy and in 1557 and 1558 £157,638 was spent on improving and rebuilding dockyards and on “naval victualling”. The 1558 Militia Act established a proper formal militia system, following the failure to rally enough troops to defend Calais, while the Arms Act of 1558 helped to equip these militias. Defeat of rebellions In 1554, Wyatt’s Rebellion sought to depose Mary I and replace her with her half-sister Elizabeth. Thomas Wyatt the Younger and his fellow conspirators were against Mary’s decision to marry Philip of Spain, fearing that England would become part of Spain’s empire. Mary was able to rally her troops by giving a rousing speech at Guildhall and the rebels were forced to surrender. Mary kept her throne and married Philip, thus affirming her power and authority. Other Achievements Mary I’s government reformed customs taxes by publishing a new Book of Rates in 1558 and thus increasing the Crown’s revenue. It also drew up reforms for coinage, which were implemented in Elizabeth I’s reign, and encouraged domestic industries through the 1554 Retail Trades Act and 1557 Woollen Cloth Act. Mary also supported the development of new trade routes. I am in no way condoning Mary’s persecution of men and women she saw as heretics, I am simply saying that there is more to Mary I than the “Bloody Mary” label. For anyone wanting to find out more about Mary’s life and reign, I would recommend Mary Tudor by Anna Whitelock, Mary Tudor: The First Queen by Linda Porter and Mary Tudor by David Loades. Claire Ridgway

References • The Bloody Queen, David Loades, BBC History Magazine. Vol. 7 No. 3, March 2006 • Mary I’s Legacy - http://haileyburyhistory.edublogs.org/2013/01/28/mary-is-legacy/ • The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649, N A M Rodger • Discovering British Regimental Traditions, Ian F W Beckett • The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436-1558, David Grummitt

Claire Ridgway is the author of the best-selling books GEORGE BOLEYN: TUDOR POET, COURTIER AND DIPLOMAT (co-written with Clare Cherry), ON THIS DAY IN TUDOR HISTORY, THE FALL OF ANNE BOLEYN: A COUNTDOWN, THE ANNE BOLEYN COLLECTION and THE ANNE BOLEYN COLLECTION II, as well as INTERVIEWS WITH INDIE AUTHORS: TOP TIPS FROM SUCCESSFUL SELF-PUBLISHED AUTHORS. Claire’s latest release is IN A NUTSHELL. Claire was also involved in the English translation and editing of Edmond Bapst’s 19th century French biography of George Boleyn and Henry Howard, now available as TWO GENTLEMAN POETS AT THE COURT OF HENRY VIII.

Claire worked in education and freelance writing before creating The Anne Boleyn Files history website and becoming a full-time history researcher, blogger and author. The Anne Boleyn Files is known for its historical accuracy and Claire’s mission to get to the truth behind Anne Boleyn’s story. She is also the founder of The Tudor Society. ACROSS DOWN 3 In which palace did Henry VII die? 1 In which cathedral is Arthur, Prince of 6 In which cathedral is Catherine of Wales (1st son of Henry VII) buried? Aragon buried? 2 Where is Henry VIII buried? 9 Where was Mary Queen of Scots 4 In which was Henry VII born? born? 5 In which park was Jane Grey 11 In which abbey did Cardinal Wolsey traditionally thought to be born? die? 7 In which town is Mary, Queen of 12 Where is Elizabeth I buried? France (Henry VII’s 5th child) 13 In which palace was Edward VI buried? born? 8 Where was Mary Queen of Scots 14 Where was Cardinal Wolsey born? executed? 10 In which palace was Mary I born?

Answers at the back! NOVEMBER’S ON THIS

November November November November November 11456 21470 31592 41530 51605 Edmund Tudor, 1st Birth of Death of Cardinal Thomas Guy Fawkes was Earl of Richmond, Edward V, son Sir John Perrot, Wolsey was arrested caught red-handed died from the plague of Edward IV privy councillor and for high treason at with 36 barrels of at Carmarthen and Elizabeth former Lord Deputy Cawood Castle. gunpowder in the Castle. Woodville, in of Ireland, while cellars beneath Westminster Abbey imprisoned at the Westminster. sanctuary during his Tower of London. father’s exile. November November November November 111541 121555 13 1553 141501 Catherine Howard, Death of Stephen Trial of Lady Jane Grey, her husband Marriage of fifth wife of Henry Gardiner, Bishop Guildford Dudley, his brothers Ambrose Catherine of Aragon VIII, was moved of Winchester and and Henry, and Archbishop and Arthur, Prince from Hampton Mary I’s Lord Thomas Cranmer at London’s Guildhall. of Wales at St Paul’s Court Palace to Syon Chancellor. He They were all found guilty of treason. Cathedral. House where she was was laid to rest “examined touching at Winchester Culpeper”. Cathedral. November November November November November 17 1558 181559 19 1563 201612 211559 Death of Mary I Death of Birth of Death of Death of and accession of Cuthbert Tunstall, Robert Sidney, 1st Sir John Harington, Frances Brandon, Elizabeth I. Bishop of Durham, Earl of Leicester, courtier, author and Duchess of Suffolk, while imprisoned at courtier, patron of inventor of the flush at Richmond. Lambeth Palace. the arts and poet, at toilet. Penshurst in Kent.

November November 241542 25 1626 The Battle of Solway Death of Moss between Edward Alleyn, England and Elizabethan actor, Scotland. The Scots patron, theatre surrendered. builder and founder of Dulwich College and Alleyn’s School.

November November 281489 291530 Birth of Death of Margaret Tudor, Cardinal Thomas Queen of Scotland Wolsey at Leicester and consort of James Abbey. IV, at Westminster Palace.

Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (c. 1823), Henry Perronet Briggs

Background Photo © Alan Watson Featherstone, Executive Director of Trees for Life DAY IN TUDOR HISTORY

November November November November November 61541 71541 81602 91569 10 1556 Henry VIII Archbishop Thomas The opening of the The Northern Drowning of abandoned Cranmer and the Bodleian Library Rebellion, or Rising Richard Chancellor, English explorer. Catherine Howard, Duke of Norfolk (Thomas Bodley’s of the North, which Chancellor is known his fifth wife, at went to Hampton Library), Oxford, to sought to depose as being the first Hampton Court Court Palace to the public. Elizabeth I and foreigner to enter Palace. interrogate Queen replace her with the White Sea and Catherine Howard. Mary, Queen of establish relations with Russia. Scots. November November 15 1527 161601 Death of Death of Katherine, Charles Neville, 6th Countess of Earl of Westmorland, (also known as nobleman and rebel, Katherine of York) at Nieuwpoort in at Tiverton Castle. , while in exile.

November November 221545 231499 Death of Hanging of pretender Sir William Butts, Perkin Warbeck at Henry VIII’s Tyburn. Warbeck physician, at Fulham had claimed to be Manor. one of the Princes in the Tower - Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke The Bodleian Library from the south entrance of York. November November 261533 271582 Marriage of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Marriage of Richmond and Somerset (and illegitimate William son of Henry VIII), and Shakespeare and Lady Mary Howard at Hampton Court Anne (Agnes) Palace. Hathaway at Temple Grafton, Warwickshire.

November 301554 Birth of , the poet, courtier and soldier, at Penshurst Place in Kent. THE MAKING OF A CORONATION BOOK FOR QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN BY ROLAND HUI

36 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 ILLUMINATED CORRONATION BOOK

hen Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen of England in the summer of 1533, what ought to have been a universal celebration of joy, was dampened by popular reaction to Henry VIII’s new wife. Ill feelings towards Anne were high at her coronation. There were few cheers and much snickering, and asW the Imperial ambassador put it, the mood was rather that of a funeral than a triumph. Although the people may not have cared feet in total, enough to make the individual for the new Queen - their hearts were still pages of the book. The vellum was cut into with Katherine of Aragon - even so they were sheets measuring 5” x 8”. These were then folded undoubtedly impressed by the splendour of in half to make pages of 5” x 4”. Anne’s coronation procession. She was brought After the pages were ready, I began to the City in a magnificent water pageant, by lining the sheets with a soft pencil. If an and later, as she rode through the streets illustration or a ‘historiated letter’ (a big gold accompanied by the highest in the land in letter in a box) was needed, a space was blocked all their finery, she was greeted by a series of out for it. The text was transcribed in black ink, elaborate tableaux doing her honour. Anne, the and for the font, I chose ‘Rotunda’, which I citizens were told, would bring forth a ‘golden thought would be appropriate to the 1530’s. world’ through England’s longed for Prince. To embellish the illuminations, I used Ironically, it would be a girl - her daughter genuine gold leaf. This is fine gold (usually 22K) Elizabeth - who would fulfill that promise. pressed into tissue thin sheets. Each sheet - or As a graphic designer and a Tudor ‘leaf’ - is extremely fragile. If mishandled, it enthusiast, I combined my two interests in a very can easily crumble to nothingness with just a unique project - the creation of an illuminated touch. To heighten the effect of the gold leaf, I ‘Coronation Book for Queen Anne Boleyn’. A followed the ages old practice of laying it on a deluxe ‘souvenir program’, one could say, that raised surface of gesso. There are many recipes might have been presented to Anne herself. for making gesso, some dangerous as they The text for the Coronation Book was require the addition of poisonous white lead, but taken from a pamphlet, published by the substitutes can be found using safer ingredients. London printer Wynkin de Word, entitled ‘The Whatever the recipe, gesso is important. If the Noble Tryumphaunt Coronacyon of Quene Anne gold leaf were simply put flat on the vellum, it - Wyfe unto the Noble Kynge Henry the VIII’. would not be as brilliant. However, if it were Essentially, it was a ‘propaganda piece’ to prop placed upon a bed of gesso, its shimmer would up the unpopular Anne, putting a positive spin be heightened as the light is reflected against the on her coronation and her queenship. raised area. To create the Coronation Book, I chose to So how is the gold leaf applied? Firstly, use vellum. Vellum - or parchment as it is also what needs to be gilded (for example, a often called - is the skin of a calf (or goat, sheep, historiated letter) must be painted in with gesso. deer, etc.) specially prepared for writing upon. It Several layers are needed to build up the form, has a luxurious look and feel, and is an excellent and when dried, it must then be smoothed to surface for scribing. Vellum’s inherent qualities give it a nice domed curve on top. When all and the scarcity of modern day manufacturers is ready, the gesso is slightly moistened with make it an expensive material. Nonetheless, I puffs of breath. This allows the gold to adhere obtained a full hide measuring about 6 square better. A piece of leaf, cut slightly larger than

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 37 the letter to be covered, is then carefully laid When all the illuminations were done, the over the gesso and rubbed down. The gold will sixty or so unbound pages were handed over to a stick to the gesso, and the excess brushed away. professional bookbinder. The Coronation Book To heighten its brilliance, the gold is then gone was bound in brown leather, and was decorated over with a burnisher, usually tipped with a with stamped borders on the front and back highly polished stone, such as an agate. If done covers, and with raised bands on the spine. As correctly, the beautiful shiny letter is virtually I wanted to incorporate Anne Boleyn’s falcon everlasting. Many medieval manuscripts still badge on the covers, a metal die was custom- have gilding that looks as fresh as the day it was made to stamp it in gold on the front above applied. the impressed ‘H’ and ‘A’, and on the back. After the gilding was completed. I worked For the final touch, eight metal book corners

on the illuminations for the Coronation Book. and a hooking clasp, specially obtained from a I looked to contemporary images: a miniature craftsman in Germany, were added. portrait of Anne Boleyn; Hans Holbein’s The Coronation Book was a time drawing of Apollo and the Muses, the Queen’s consuming project to say the least, but I am very white falcon device, other heraldic emblems, etc. pleased with and proud of the results. Next up? Watercolour and gouache were used, including A Coronation Book for Queen Elizabeth I! Shell Gold. This is a dry pigment (looking like a pill) made of very fine gold powder mixed with a binder of Gum Arabic. The term ‘Shell Gold’, by Roland Hui is a graduate in the way, refers to the medieval practice of using mussel shells to store and to mix this gold paint. Art History (Concordia University, Canada). His ‘Tudor Faces’ blog is 38 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 http://tudorfaces.blogspot.ca/ ILLUMINATED CORRONATION BOOK

Photos © 2014 Roland Hui

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 39 40 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 ILLUMINATED CORRONATION BOOK

Photo © 2014 Roland Hui

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 41 In this feature article Leanda de Lisle discusses an enduring historical mystery...

n the late summer of 1483, two princes, aged twelve and nine, vanished from the Tower of London where they had been imprisoned by their uncle, Richard III. Murder was suspected, but without bodies no one could be certain even that they were dead. Their fate remains one of history’s enduring mysteries, but the solution lies hidden in plain sight in stories we have chosen Ito forget, of English anti-Semitism, the cult of saints, and in two small, broken and incomplete skeletons. Thus far fiction has a broken leg, decides to So what was Tudor’s provided the best-known investigate an historical case motive? After Richard was answers to what has been with the help of his friends and killed at the battle of Bosworth, turned into a popular researchers. Given an image Henry Tudor married the sister ‘whodunit’, with history of Richard III, the detective is of the princes, Edward IV’s trailing in fiction’s wake. struck by the contrast between daughter, Elizabeth of York, On the one had we have the Richard III of Shakespeare’s and had Edward’s children Shakespeare’s Richard III: play and the gentle, wise face declared legitimate. He had no a biblical Herod and child of the portrait. He later learns blood right of his own to the killer, whose hunchback is an that Richard was crowned in throne and needed his wife to outward sign of a disfigured July 1483, after the young sons be a rightful queen. But if the soul. This built on a tradition of his elder brother, Edward IV, princes were alive their right dating back to Richard’s death were found to be illegitimate, was superior to their sister’s. in 1485, with one Welsh poet and without right to the As Tey’s detective notes there describing him then as ‘the sad throne. He believes Richard is no proof the princes were lipped Saracen’ ‘cruel Herod’ therefore had no motive to kill killed in 1483. They might still who ‘slew Christ’s Angels’. the princes. So why had he for have been alive in 1485, and Later came the reaction with so long been depicted as their Henry Tudor now had both the Richard’s enemies accused in murderer? Tey’s detective is motive and the means to kill his place. The most influential fascinated by how historical them and to then cover up his here work is Josephine Tey’s myths come into being, and deed. Certainly Tudor made no 1951, Daughter of Time, voted concludes that Richard is a effort no institute any inquest by the British based Crime victim of the propaganda of his into the deaths of the princes. Writers Association the greatest successful rival, Henry Tudor Since Tey’s novel was crime novel ever written. and his dynsaty, while it is in published an entire industry In Tey’s book a detective fact Henry Tudor who had the has grown up with historians lying bored in hospital with clearest motive to kill the boys. and novelists pointing the November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 43 THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER finger at the Tudor camp. If Richard III, who kept him simply vanished in 1483 is only Tey’s detective had been in the Tower, along with his central to the conspiracy given a different portrait than nine-year old brother, Richard, theories concerning their that of Richard III, and if Duke of York. It was indeed fate. So why were the princes only he had considered the claimed the princes were disappeared? That the answer true nature of the myths we illegitimate, but not everyone lies in the fifteenth century still live by, he might have accepted that, and they judged seems obvious, but this is found the genuine solution to Richard III to be a usurper. To a world almost outside our the mystery of the boys who the modern mind, if Richard imagination. Not only was the disappeared. The portrait I was, nevertheless a religious monastery church Richard III would have chosen to give the man and a good king, he was buried in destroyed during detective is of a king who had could not now have ordered the Reformation period, so died a prisoner in the Tower a the deaths of the children, was 90% of English religious dozen years before the princes and much has been made of art, along with libraries vanished: the frail, childlike, his supposed good character and thousands of unique Henry VI. and abilities as a ruler. But in manuscripts (including most The last king of the the fifteenth century it was of those at Oxford University). House of Lancaster, Henry VI’s a primary duty of divinely And while the Tudors are mental illness had triggered sanctioned kingship to ensure no longer with us, England the so-called Wars of the peace, and rule above the fray remains a country in which the Roses, with the rival royal of tribal divisions. Deposed violent rejection of its medieval House of York. At the battle kings, who posed a threat to Catholic past is not merely of Tewekesbury in 1471, the national unity, rarely lived long. embedded in English culture, it Yorkist claimant, Edward IV, What Richard, the good is enshrined in law. It forms our defeated and killed Henry’s king, underestimated was perspective and creates blind VI’s son. Shortly afterwards the enduring loyalty inspired spots. Henry VI died in the Tower, by Edward IV’s memory. In In 1483 there were ‘of grief and rage’ over the loss contrast to Henry VI, and images of Henry VI all over the of his only child, it was said. other deposed kings, he had country, painted in churches But it seems more likely the been a successful ruler, and and illustrating prayer books, large dent later found in the his sons had been given no because, as Richard III was back of his skull had something chance to show their mettle. acutely aware. there had been to do with it, and that this By October 1483 rumours that an unexpected sequel to the wound was inflicted on the Richard had killed the princes king’s murder. Henry VI had orders of Edward IV. Only his was fuelling a rebellion. If the been popularly acclaimed a half-nephew, Henry Tudor, boys were still alive, it seems saint with rich and poor alike a Lancastrian through his strange Richard did not now venerating the mentally ill mother’s illegitimate Beaufort say so. But the key question king as an innocent whose line, was left to represent the is, if the princes were dead, troubled life gave him insight Lancastrian cause. He was why had Richard not followed into their own difficulties, and driven into exile in Brittany, the example of earlier royal encouraged the hope that he and there he remained in April killings? In the past the bodies would help them from heaven. 1483 when Edward IV died of of deposed kings were displayed Miracles were reported at the natural causes, leaving twelve- and claims were made that they site of his modest grave, in year old elder son as Edward V. had died of natural causes (like Chertsey Abbey, Surrey, and Child kings rarely grief and rage) so that loyalties Richard III shared his late made good kings, and by could be transferred to the new brother’s anxieties about the July Edward V had been king. growing power of his cult. It overthrown by his uncle The fact the princes had a strong following even in THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER his home city of York, where a a religious ritual: a prototype of opposition to know the princes statue of ‘Henry the saint’ had the medieval ‘blood libel’ that were dead in order to forestall been built on the choir screen was to become associated with plots raised in their name. at York Minster. Jewish persecution in Europe. The Tudor historian Polydore Richard was to take The local sheriff protected Vergil describes how their control of the Lancastrian the Jews from immediate mother Elizabeth Woodville cult in 1484, with an act of retribution, but the boy came was given the news, how she reconciliation, moving Henry to be worshipped as a martyr tore her hair and screamed VI’s body to St George’s sacrificed by the incorrigible with grief. The stories that chapel, Windsor to be buried Jewish unbelievers. Similar later emerged describing the alongside Edward IV. But in cults followed, and even after killings were horrible. It was the meantime there was a high the Jews were expelled from said variously that the boys risk that the princes, in whom England in 1290, child murder were suffocated with their the religious qualities attached retained a powerful biblical bedding, drowned, or bled to to royalty were combined with resonance. death. Elizabeth Woodville the innocence of childhood, In the fifteenth century wanted vengeance and Henry would attract a still greater the popular Mystery Plays, Tudor’s mother, Margaret cult. Remember the emotion acted out around the feast of Beaufort, was the person to of the vast crowds outside Corpus Christi, included the suggest how she might get it: Buckingham Palace after the New Testament story of the a promised marriage between death of Diana, Princess of Slaughter of the Innocents. Henry Tudor, and the sister Wales, and imagine it focussed This told how King Herod, of the princes, Elizabeth of on the tombs of two little after hearing of the prophesy York, would unite the old princes who could respond of Christ’s reign, ordered Lancastrian affinity with to your deepest prayers. The the mass slaughter of male Edwardian Yorkists and bring nature of the danger to Richard infants, hoping to kill Christ. Richard down. was obvious, not least when he According to the logic of the Richard crushed the looked at the history of popular blood-libel, this was a prelude rebellion that followed in child saints in England. to Christ’s death on the cross, October 1483, and by 1485 The parish church of after which Jews who rejected Elizabeth Woodville had Eye in Suffolk boasts a rare Christ’s rule had continued to accepted Richard III as king, survival: a rood screen dating seek to kill Christ’s followers. as he had hoped she would in from around 1480 that depicts The Mystery Plays were 1483. But Henry Tudor had Henry VI. Although he died a extremely important in York, little choice but to fight on, bearded, middle-aged man, he where Richard was a member and at the battle of Bosworth is painted as a beardless boy: of the Corpus Christi guild. in August 1485, he emerged a reflection of his ‘innocence’. And in the absence of Jews, victorious with Richard killed. Alongside is another image Richard would have wanted The princes were revenged, of a popular saint who did no parallels drawn between but it soon evident that the actually die as a child: little St himself – the king who had new Tudor king, Henry VII, William, who like Henry VI usurped the throne of the dead was doing nothing publicly was not recognised officially princes - and Herod. to investigate their fate, or to as a saint by the Catholic The vanishing of the punish those who had carried Church, but was venerated by princes suited Richard for out the killings at Richard’s popular acclaim. A tanner’s without a grave there could be behest. apprentice, little William’s no focus for a cult, and without It is possible Henry mutilated body was found near bodies there would be no feared an investigation would Norwich in 1144. Local Jews relics either. Nevertheless, he draw attention to some role were accused of killing him in needed the Edwardian Yorkist in the fate of the princes THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER played by a person close to the mythical king Arthur had smuggled abroad after his his cause. But contemporaries done. He argued that a few brother’s murder. It was 1497 mention only one name, and months before the ‘saint’ Henry before Perkin Warbeck was it is alongside that of Richard VI was murdered, the king had captured. Henry Tudor kept III: Henry Stafford, Duke prophesised he would rule and him alive so that he might of Buckingham. The duke, that God’s will was confirmed publicly confess to his posing who came from a Lancastrian by his victory over Richard at as a prince. But in 1499 the family, was a close ally of Bosworth. The story is repeated Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand Richard’s in the overthrow of in Shakespeare’s play: as the and Isabella, demanded further the twelve-year old Edward murder of the princes in Tower assurance that the Tudor V, but turned against Richard takes place, Richard recalls dynasty was secure from any after he was crowned. It how Henry the ‘saint’ had rivals before they would agree is possible Buckingham, a prophesised Tudor’s reign, and to a marriage between their ‘sore and hard dealing’ man, realises that, like Herod, he has daughter Katherine of Aragon encouraged Richard to have the missed his mark. and Henry’s son Arthur Tudor. princes murdered, hoping to It would not have been They wanted Perkin Warbeck see Richard killed afterwards wise for Tudor to allow Yorkist dead, but still more they and the House of York royal saints to compete with wanted Henry Tudor to kill his extinguished. But this does the memory of Henry VI, royal prisoner, the last in the not exculpate Richard, and whose cult he now encouraged. male line of the House of York. when he executed Buckingham Nothing was said therefore of Edward Plantagenet, for his part in the rebellion of the princes after Bosworth, Earl of Warwick, had grown October 1483, he never accused beyond the vague accusation up in the Tower, so ignorant him of killing the princes. in parliament that Richard of the outside world it was said So why did Henry Tudor III was guilty of ‘murders in he did not know the difference not look publicly for the bodies shedding of infants blood’. between a chicken and a goose. of his little brothers in law, or But the memory of Yorkist It was easy to trick him into hunt out the men who carried glory was hard to suppress, discussing a treasonous plot out the murders? The answer and if the princes were dead, to escape the Tower with the is that Henry Tudor had his they still had relatives: most fake prince Perkin Warbeck, own good reasons for wishing significantly, the ten-year old and both were executed that to forestall a cult of the princes. Edward Plantagenet, Earl of November. Warwick’s death As Tey’s detective noted, Warwick, first cousin to the was widely viewed as an act Henry’s blood claim to the princes and the last of the of judicial murder – even the throne, through his mother’s male line. A Yorkist uprising Tudor historian Polydore Vergil illegitimate line, was extremely in 1486, saw Henry place his recalled the public disgust. weak. He was determined, own little prince in the Tower, During the next reign it was nevertheless, not to be seen with Warwick imprisoned said that Warwick’s death had as a mere king consort to his there. It left Henry’s enemies cursed the Tudor line. No wife, Elizabeth of York. Henry with no effective figurehead to Tudor male born after 1499 did not base his right on her rally round, and so they created ever grew to manhood, and legitimacy, but on divine them. the last Tudor king died aged providence – that is God’s In 1487 the Yorkists used fifteen with the same skeletal direct intervention on earth to a boy – Lambert Simnel - to deformity as Richard III (a make him king. pose as Warwick. When that detail that does not appear in Henry claimed to be a failed they found another boy any of Shakespeare’s plays). ‘fair unknown’, a true prince in 1491, Perkin Warbeck, who But for Henry Tudor who comes from obscurity to claimed he was the younger the immediate blow came claim his rightful crown as of the princes in the Tower, in April 1502, when his first THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER born, Arthur, died shortly after dignified. Those involved in their power faded. The princes his blood-stained marriage to the reburial had subsequently were not forgotten, however, Katherine of Aragon. It seemed died, so their final resting and in 1674, two skeletons a punishment. Arthur’s death place was unknown - a most were recovered in the Tower, rocked Henry’s claim that he convenient outcome for Henry in a place that resembled was God’s anointed, and risked Tudor. While the princes’ More’s description of their first prompting the emergence graves could remain unmarked, burial place. In 1933 they were of new pretenders. Perhaps like Hamlet’s father, with no examined by two doctors; and this is why, a month later, ‘hatchment over their bones’, judged to be two children aged a condemned traitor called and given no ‘noble rite of between seven and eleven and Sir James Tyrell supposedly burial’ the tomb of Henry between eleven and thirteen. confirmed the murder of the VI had come to rival that of Today the bones of these princes on Richard’s orders, Thomas Becket at Canterbury, children are in Westminster confessing his own part in one of the top three pilgrimage Abbey, not far from the tomb the killings, before he was sites in Europe. Thousands of Henry Tudor. DNA testing executed. still visited it in 1533, the year could establish if they are Henry VIII’s future Henry VIII broke with Rome indeed, close relatives of the chancellor, Thomas More, who to marry Anne Boleyn. skeleton, said to be of Richard recorded what he had heard of But the Reformation III found under that car park Tyrell’s confession, wrote that had brought to a close the cult in Leicester, and give us the the murdered boys had been of saints in England and the final piece of the puzzle of the buried at the foot of some stairs tomb of Henry VI at Windsor vanished princes. in the Tower, but that Richard had decayed and disappeared had asked for their bodies to entirely by 1611, while our Leanda de Lisle be re-buried somewhere more memories of the saints and

Leanda de Lisle read History at Somerville College, Oxford University before moving into journalism. She was a writer for Country Life magazine, the Spectator magazine, and write a bi monthly opinion and editorial column for the Guardian newspaper, amongst other national newspapers.

Her first book “Elizabeth: The Death of Elizabeth & the Coming of King James”, was published in 2005 and was runner up for the Saltire Society’s First Book of the Year award. She also wrote “The Sisters Who Would be Queen; The tragedy of Mary, Katherine & Lady Jane Grey”, and her latest book is “Tudor; The Family Story (1437-1603)”. NOVEMBER FEASTDAYS

Like all good law-abiding Tudor citizens, we hope you will be celebrating each day in style!

1 November - All Saints Day All Saints Day was the celebrated on 1st November every year. It was a feast day in honour of all the saints and martyrs and was established because there were not enough days in the year to commemorate the lives of all the saints. Pope Urban IV said of it: “Any negligence, omission and irreverence committed in the celebration of the saints’ feasts throughout the year is to be atoned for by the faithful, and thus due honor may still be offered these saints.” 2 November – All Souls Day The day after the Feast of All Saints was the Feast of All Souls, a time to remember the souls in Purgatory who might not have masses or prayers being said for them. Bells would be rung the night before All Souls Day to comfort the souls and to let them know that they were being remembered and then masses were said for them on All Souls Day. Bread was baked in honour of these troubled souls and it was given out to the poor in the hope that the act of giving on behalf of these souls would help them get out of Purgatory. 11 November – Martinmas Martinmas was the feast day of St Martin of Tours. One story about him tells of how, when he was about eighteen years of age, he cut his woollen cloak in half with his sword and gave half to a beggar to keep him warm. He then had a dream where he saw Christ surrounded by angels and wearing the half of the cloak that Martin had given to the beggar. Christ then turned to his angels and said, “Martin, as yet only a catechumen, has covered me with his cloak.” This dream caused Martin to be baptised and to give his life to God as a monk. Martinmas was the time in the farming calendar when animals such as pigs and geese were slaughtered. The goose would have been enjoyed roasted and the pig’s meat was preserved for families to enjoy throughout the winter.

48 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 NOVEMBER FEAST DAYS

17 November – 1 NOVEMBER Accession Day The Feast of All Saints Accession Day was 2 NOVEMBER celebrated throughout the reign of Elizabeth I and The Feast of All Souls the reigns of many of her 11 NOVEMBER successors, and commemorated Martinmas or the Feast of St Martin of Tours. the day that Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558. As well 17 NOVEMBER as Accession Day, it was also Accession Day (Commemoration of the known as Queen Elizabeth’s accession of Elizabeth I in 1558) Day or Queen’s Day and was celebrated with the ringing of 30 NOVEMBER The Feast of St Andrew

bells, processions, the burning of an effigy of the Pope, and special tilts in which knights not only jousted but also dressed up and took parts in special pageants involving poetry and theatre. Here is an account of the Accession Day tilt at Whitehall in 1584: “Now approached the day when, on November 17, the tournament was to be held. … About twelve o’clock the Queen with her ladies placed themselves at the windows in a long room of weithol [Whitehall] palace, near Westminster, opposite the barrier, where the tournament was to be held. From this room a broad staircase led downwards, and round the barrier stands were arranged by boards above the ground, so that everybody by paying 12d. could get a stand and see the play. … Many thousand spectators, men, women and girls, got places, not to speak of those who were within the barrier and paid nothing. During the whole time of the tournament all who wished to fight entered the list by pairs, the trumpets being blown at the time and other musical instruments.

George Clifford attired as the Knight of Pendragon Castle for the Tilt of 1590. November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 49 St. Andrew by Artus Wolffort (1581–1641) from the Web Gallery of Art

50 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 NOVEMBER FEAST DAYS

The combatants had their servants clad in different colours; they, however, did not enter the barrier, but arranged themselves on both sides. Some of the servants were disguised like savages, or like Irishmen, with the hair hanging down to the girdle like women; others had horse manes on their heads; some came driving in a carriage, the horses being equipped like elephants; some carriages were drawn by men, others appeared to move by themselves; altogether the carriages were of very odd appearance. Some gentlemen had their horses with them, and mounted in full armour directly from the carriage. There were some who showed very good horsemanship and were also in fine attire. The manner of the combat each had settled before entering the lists. The costs amounted to several thousand pounds each. When a gentleman with his servant approached the barrier, on horseback or in a carriage, he stopped at the foot of the staircase leading to the Queen’s room, while one of his servants in pompous attire of a special pattern mounted the steps and addressed the Queen in well- composed verses or with a ludicrous speech, making her and her ladies laugh. When the speech was ended he in the name of his lord offered to the Queen a costly present, which was accepted, and permission given to take part in the tournament. In fact, however, they make sure of the permission before preparing for the combat. Now always two by two rode against each other, breaking lances across the beam. On this day not only many fine horses were seen, but also beautiful ladies, not only in the royal suite, but likewise in the company of gentlemen of the nobility and the citizens. The fête lasted until five o’clock in the afternoon, when milurtt [milord] Lester, the royal Master of the Horse, gave the sign to stop. The Queen handed the first prize to the Counts of Ocsenfortt and of Arundel. … The others got prizes according to their performances.” 30 November – The Feast of St Andrew 30th November was the feast day of St Andrew the apostle, who is also the patron saint of Scotland. In Mary I’s reign, it became a day to celebrate the reconciliation of England and the papacy due to it being the anniversary of that reconciliation in 1554. On that day in 1554, Cardinal Reginald Pole, papal legate, announced to Parliament and the King and Queen: “And we, by the apostolike authoritie given unto us by the most holie lord pope Julius the third […] do absolve and deliver you, and every of you, with the whole realm, and the dominions thereof, from all heresie and schism, and from all and every judgements, censures and pain for that cause incurred. And also wee do restore you againe to the unity of our mother the holie church [...]” It was decreed that on 30th November every year “a solemn procession shall be held, in which not only the clergy of every place, but also the faithful members of Christ of the secular order, shall gather and renew the memory of so wonderful a blessing received from God... and that on the same day, in the church from which the procession shall set out, during the solemn rites of the mass, a sermon shall be preached to the people in which the reason for this solemnity shall be explained.” Claire Ridgway

References • SAINT MARTIN OF TOURS BISHOP, CONFESSOR—316-400, Feast: November 11 http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/martin.htm • ‘The Tiltyard and the Horse Guards’, Survey of London: volume 16: St Martin-in-the-Fields I: Charing Cross (1935), pp. 5-16. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=68105 • http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=1184 • The Acts and Monuments of : A New and Complete Edition, Volume 1, by John Foxe, George Townsend, p113 • The Church of Mary Tudor, edited by Eamon Duffy, David Loades, p236

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 51 In memory of a dog ... ecently, my family and I suffered the loss of our Yorkshire terrier, Penfold. He was a ripe old age and in poor health, but his death was deeply felt in spite of our preparedness. Losing a healthy pet suddenly to an accident is even more wretched than losing one to a long illness. Anne Boleyn knew this first hand after her beloved Rlapdog Purkoy was killed by a fall from a window. Purkoy is the phonetic spelling of the Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, recorded: French word “pourquoi”, meaning “why?”. Rumor has it that the little fellow had a habit of ”The queen’s grace setteth much tilting his head in a manner which made him store by a pretty dog, and her look inquisitive. Anyone who has ever seen a dog performing that kind of head tilt will know how grace delighted so much in little cognizant it makes the dog appear. Purkoy that after he was dead of Anne had gotten the dog from Lady Honor Lisle (via ), and no one a fall there durst nobody tell her is quite sure what breed it was. There is some grace of it, till it pleased the king’s speculation it was a Havanese, because the Havanese is marked for this tilting of the head. highness to tell her grace of it.” However, since the Havanese was bred in Cuba (The Life and Death of Anne Boelyn pages 212-213) in the 1800’s, this is unlikely. It is more likely Joanna Denny, in her book Anne Boleyn: that the dog would have been a breed popular a New Life of England’s Tragic Queen, suggests at French court, and accessible for Lady Lisle that Purkoy’s fall may not have been an accident. at her home in Calais. Thus, Purkoy was more The Spanish envoy, , hated likely to have been a Bichon Frise, Dwarf Anne’s guts and wrote a letter stating that Anne Spaniel (now known as Papillons or Phalenes, and Henry reacted to the news of HRE Charles or Comfort Spaniel (now known as the Cavalier V’s military victory “like dogs falling out of King Charles Spaniel but Anne’s would have had a window”. Had Chapuys recently seen a dog a longer, more narrow snout than the modern falling out of a window, so that he snidely and specimens). Frankly, I suspect Purkoy was a naturally equated a great and unhappy surprise Papillon. The dog was wildly popular in France, with a similar expression to that of the falling Anne was wildly enamoured of French things, dog’s? Or was he just being a jerk? Denny and the breed can certainly pull off the “curious” speculates that perhaps Anne’s enemies hoped look: to induce the pregnant queen’s miscarriage by Anne was truly attached to the small killing the dog. Certainly Anne’s contemporaries animal. Surround by the backstabbing and would have believed that shock and grief could intrigue of Tudor life, the queen must have cause the loss of a pregnancy, so this is not a far- sorely grieved from the loss of the one living fetched possibility. thing she knew loved her unconditionally. She What is it about pets that makes us so was certainly upset by the death, so much so that attached to them, to the point that their deaths a letter from Margery Horsman to Lady Honor make our heart’s hurt so much? One hypothesis, Lisle, as excerpted in Eric Ives’s 2004 book The (which I personally find the most credible) is that

52 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 “humans develop and bliss for at positive feelings least one small and behaviors creature”. towards dogs as Perhaps that a side-effect of is why the death a mechanism of a pet hurts so in place that much. A living forms the bond being has given us between parents an unprecedented and children. level of trust and Attachment, or devotion, and social bonding, is there is absolutely a sort of behavioral nothing we can regulation system do to resolve the that exists to pet’s final problem: reduce the risk mortality. We not of harm (e.g. only miss the pet predation) to a and the oxytocin young animal it stimulated, we … Oxytocin irrationally feel is a hormone like we have failed that occurs in them in some the brain, and way. We find that is important for although we are bonding between their gods we are mating pairs and divinites with feet between parents of very common and children … clay indeed. When [it] has even been the pet dies, we called “the most important neurotransmitter can but ask: that is responsible for social bonding.” So you “Pourquoi”? might expect oxytocin to figure prominently in the human-dog relationship … And guess Kyra Kramer what? [People with] stronger relationships with their dogs ... had more oxytocin in their urine, compared with [those] who reported weaker relationships with their dogs!” Okay, so our pets make us happy. But Kyra Cornelius them do we make happy? Yes. Pets ‘fall in love’ Kramer with their owners. Pets, particularly dogs, can is the author of read human facial expressions and respond “Blood Will Tell: A quickly to the mood of there two-legged friend. Medical Explanation Likewise, people can tell when an animal has for the Tyranny of become deeply attached to them. This stimulates Henry VIII”, is a a deep-seeded emotional response to want to freelance academic make them happy because “there’s something deeply fulfilling about knowing that, even in with BS degrees in a complicated and often unkind world, you’ve both biology and anthropology from the managed to create a pocket of perfect security University of Kentucky, as well as a MA in medical anthropology from Southern Methodist University.

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 53 Thomas Cromwell: The Untold Story of probably learned from Wolsey, as well as how similar their personalities were. She describes Henry VIII’s them as ‘two peas in a pod’; they were both self- made men of humble origins. Perhaps that was Most Faithful why most of the court ended up despising them so much. Borman goes into significant detail on Servant by Cromwell’s relationships with different people, sometimes more than his actual actions. She Tracy Borman goes over his relationships with men like Thomas homas Cromwell is a difficult man Wyatt and Thomas More - one was ‘devoted’ to understand. People think they to him but became well known as Anne’s lover, understand him, but then can’t explain the other was Cromwell’s enemy. More and T Cromwell were similar in some ways, but also his motives for some of the things he does. So who was the real Cromwell? Was he a cruel, drastically different in others. They both were calculating man who plotted the downfall of intelligent and well read, but More did not care Henry VIII’s second wife? Or was he just a for material goods and was deeply religious. misunderstood minister who did the King’s Cromwell wanted to attain as much as he could bidding? That is what this book, along with and go up in the world. As Borman says, “they many other issues, tries to tackle. Thomas have traditionally been cast as adversaries: the Cromwell: The True Story of Henry VIII’s sainted More and the villainous Cromwell”. Most Faithful Minister was released recently It was the small things that I found I did (September 2014) and of course ’s not like about this book. For example, I did book and play has been enjoying its not like that Borman gives credit to the Anne success for a while before that, but this book tries to explain Cromwell’s personality, no mean feat. Charlie Fenton is writing an Anne Boleyn novel, Borman starts off by talking about Perseverance, and has started a blog and Facebook Cromwell’s humble origins. As the reader gets page called Through the Eyes of Anne Boleyn to further into the book, she frequently compares document and share her research into Anne Boleyn’s him to Wolsey. Borman goes into a lot of detail life. She is also a student and is currently studying about Cromwell’s mentor, Cardinal Wolsey, and Medieval History in college. shows the qualities and skills that Cromwell Charlie also writes monthly book reviews for the Tudor Life Magazine

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Reviewer Book

Boleyn six-finger myth. At first, she says that no real meaning. Cromwell had to keep on her Anne’s ‘slim, petite stature gave her an appealing good side in case he ever needed her support. fragility’, then she says that she was not ‘a I think Borman paints one of the most conventional beauty’, before going on to say accurate portraits of Thomas Cromwell. She does that she had ‘most famously, the appearance of not say he was a monster, but she also does not a sixth finger on one of her hands’. She was not say that he was a saint. He was very intelligent quoting anyone else and, as a result of and did not dispute that, made many it. Another thing that enemies. But he did start to annoy also tried to stay me was that she went on people’s good into a lot of detail on side, knowing that other people at court, he might need Cranmer and Wolsey them at some in particular. Yes, point. Although he those men were close did that, he was, to Cromwell and as the title says, so a little has to be Henry VIII’s most said about them, but faithful servant. there are almost mini His enemies took biographies of them advantage of the in this book. Anne of Cleves To her credit, fiasco, just as Borman did include Cromwell had a few surprises with Anne Boleyn. in this book. She Borman is very went into detail straightforward about Cromwell’s with his story, earnings, land and although she houses; even giving does sometimes us detailed floor say ‘maybe’ and plans for the houses. ‘perhaps’, which I think this was a many historians nice little addition. tend to do with She also wrote confusing figures about Cromwell’s and events. relationship with the It is not Lady (Princess) Mary. Even though they had the easiest book to read, so I would only really differences - Mary being a Roman Catholic and suggest it to those interested in Cromwell in Cromwell a reformist, she being the daughter particular, or those up for a challenge. It has a of Henry’s first Queen and him engineering lot of information in it and is not a book you the King’s marriage to the second - they were can read in just one sitting. Do we know who still polite to each other. Cromwell apparently the real Cromwell was? No. Are we any closer to even went so far as to say to her that ‘not only understanding him and his actions? Maybe. did the King cherish the Princess, his daughter, immensely, but he loved her 100 times more Charlie Fenton than his last born [Elizabeth].’ Borman says that this, of course, may just be flattery and have

HANS HOLBEIN Melanie V. Taylor gives an insight into the life and works of this master artist

sk anyone to describe or draw an image Augsburg, the second son of a painter called Hans of Henry VIII and instantly they have Holbein enters the world and his parents call him Aan image of a large man standing with Hans, after his father. his legs apart with his hands on his hips, wearing Technologically, the greatest invention magnificent clothes at the forefront of their mind. until the World Wide Web had been created Immediately anyone says the name, Henry VIII, in Germany during the middle of the 1400s the portrait created by Hans Holbein is what we and printing was becoming the means for see with our inner eye. This version in the Walker disseminating information quickly and cheaply Gallery, Liverpool is described as being by the to a mass audience. In the city of Basel two workshop of Hans Holbein. David Starkey has particular printing houses are started. In 1488 described it as the first portrait of a fat man. Had the Swabe publishing house founded by Johannes Henry been alive today, Dr Starkey may well have Petri (and is still in existence today) and one regretted that comment despite its veritas. Johannes Froben also sets up his own publishing But what of the man and the time Holbein house. was born? Ask these questions and it is unlikely In the 15th century, the artist, Martin you will get such a universally single answer. The end of the 15th century was a time of political, religious and technological expansion. In 1497 England John Cabot set sail from Bristol (under a commission by Henry VII) across the Atlantic and is the first European to set foot on North American soil since the Vikings. Various other explorers from other nations are sallying forth to find new lands, and Magellan has yet to circumnavigate the globe. Europe is a mass of kingdoms, principalities and duchies constantly fighting each other. The Holy Roman Emperor is Maximillian I; in Rome, Alexander Borgia wears the papal tiara. In Florence the Dominican friar Giralomo Savonarola was preaching against the corruption within the Church and called on the citizens to bring forth their carnival costumes, their lewd paintings and books and pile them on to a bonfire that is eight metres high by twenty metres circumference. This is remembered as The Bonfire of the Vanities. In the imperial city of FEATURE ON HANS HOLBEIN

Schongauer, had pioneered the art of engraving and woodcut, which presented new opportunities for artists to have their work widely known. Publishers and pamphleteers wanted illustrations for their works thus creating another opportunity for the jobbing artist. Artists creating altarpieces and frescoes could create prints of these individual, expensive creations for wealthy patrons enabling men and women of more modest means to buy copies. After Schongauer, the artist who was the greatest exponent of the engraving is Albrecht Dürer whose work marks the transition from the late medieval to the modern period.

Panoramic view of Augsburg from the Nuremberg Chronicles, Wolgemut 1493

afford it, to commission their own portraits from him. It is an art form that becomes very popular with the rich and powerful. We must remember that the status of the artist at this period is still that of an artisan. In 1497, Hans Holbein the Elder is living and working in Augsburg. Thanks to the artist and printmaker Michel Wolgemut, who created this panoramic view of Augsburg for the Nuremberg Chronicles (1493), we have an idea of what the city may have looked like at the end of the 15th century. Augsburg stands on the confluence of the Lech, Wertach and Singold rivers, had been granted the status of ‘free Imperial city’ in 1296 (and remained so until the 19th century) and “Portrait of the Artist holding a Thistle” Albrecht Dürer, 1493 was the home to two great banking families, the Fugger’s & the Wesler’s. In 1502 monastery records show that the Abbot of Kaisheim ordered decorative It is Dürer who first uses his self-portraits as improvements to the church and the three best a means of creating the Dürer brand. The concept craftsmen in the city were employed, among them of an artist including an image of himself within a the painter Hans Holbein the Elder.1 Despite painting was not unknown. For example, Botticelli being much in demand, Hans Holbein the Elder and Domenico Ghirlandaio both included their had difficulty making ends meet. Even though portraits in their versions of Adoration of the the economic times fluctuated, from the existing Magi (1475 & 1488 respectively), but the 1493 records it is difficult to conclude anything other stand-alone portrait of the twenty-two year old than the older Hans being a bad manager of Durer is a totally new concept. Durer is the first money. artist who celebrates his own genius by painting images of himself, which leads those who can 1 P10 Wilson, Derek: Hans Holbein – portrait of an Unknown Man

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In 1503 Veronica Welser, secretary to the Convent of St Catherine in Augsburg (and a member of the Welser banking family) commissioned a panel painting depicting incidents from the life of St Paul. In the right hand section of this three-panel painting, Hans Holbein the Elder has painted himself with his two sons, Ambrosius (the older of the two) with long blond curly hair, and Hans, which has given us a lovely family portrait of the Holbein men. The artist looks directly out of the painting as if to draw our attention away from the focus of the painting and to his two boys. From the way the father and brother are positioned, Ambrosius holding his brother’s left hand and with his right hand on young Hans’s shoulder, the father with his right hand on Hans’s head and his forefinger of his left hand is pointing towards his younger son, are we being asked to remember this small boy, and if so, why? With the benefit of hindsight we know of the younger son’s later fame as an artist, so the only logical conclusion is that Hans junior was already showing signs of artistic genius at the age of seven. Holbein the Elder sketches his two sons (1511) when they are in their teens and again 1514 when his son Hans is 16. These silverpoint sketches are a window into the family life of the elder artist and, the one showing the skyline of the city is as if he is making a visual diary note that they are about to leave home and make their way in the world. Is the small image of the older

Hans Holbein the Elder, The Basilica of St Peter detail of self-portrait with sons Hans and Ambrosius FEATURE ON HANS HOLBEIN

“Prosy” and “Hanns” Holbain Holbein the Elder 1511 Ambrosius and Hans Holbein man Hans the Elder? Hans Holbein the Elder, 1514 In 1515 our brothers travel together to Basel and join the atelier of Hans Herbst. The city of audience, but would have been well understood Basel sits on the Rhine, and is a bustling university by a 16th century one. Johannes Froben was city, full of intellectuals debating humanist producing ’s Greek New Testament ideals and more importantly, print shops and and the production costs were high. As a way publishing houses. Being members of Hans of supporting the esoteric publication of such a Herbst studio would have work, Froben had struck given them an intro to a deal with Erasmus to various printing houses produce editions of some where artists could earn of the scholar’s other works a steady living. However, and in 1516 In Praise of the boys also had letters Folly is published. of introduction to An admirer and various intellectuals. disciple of Erasmus, called From what we know Oswald Molitar (better of the boys’ education, known as Myconius) their ability with Latin bought a copy of the was minimal and with first edition when he Greek, non-existent, first arrived in Basel therefore, they would not from Lucerne. Myconius have been engaging in was a schoolmaster and the scholastic debates, yet theologian and having Hans becomes a member read the satire, Myconius, of the humanist circles. decided to commission a The scholar and series of marginal drawings philosopher, Desiderus in his copy and then present Erasmus, had written this to Erasmus. his essay, In Praise of Derek Wilson Folly, in 1509 while suggests that perhaps the staying in England with idea of the illustrated his friend Sir Thomas version may have come Portrait of Erasums, Holbein the Younger, 1515 More. Highlighting the from the Holbein brothers shortcomings of the themselves, as a parody of Catholic Church, this essay is a prime example another book that had just been published in their of political and religious satire. The references to home city of Augsburg. Johannes Schonsperger various classical texts are mainly lost on a modern had commissioned Durer, Burgkmair, and

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Baldung among others, to create marginal drawings in a prayer book for the emperor, Maximillian I. In 1515 a limited edition of this magnificent, expensive book came off the presses. An illustrated version of In Praise of Folly would be a spoof of the Augsburg prayer book that the humanists of Basel would find very amusing. These various illustrations for In Praise of Folly are famous and are still being published in copies of Erasmus’s essay. For those not wishing to go to the expense of purchasing a copy, The Gutenberg Project has online editions showing the complete text and the illustrations that have been copied from the original. Importantly for our young artist, Hans Holbein, it brought him to the notice Painted dining table of the Erasmus and contains the first of many , 1514 portraits of the famous scholar. Another item that has somehow survived At the first sight of this portrait evidently war and the ravages of time is a painted dining made Erasmus burst into laughter and declare table Holbein painted for Hans Baer and his that if he really looked as Holbein had portrayed fiancée in 1515. A painted table was not unusual him, he would be searching for a wife! We know for the well to do to have as a piece of furniture that Erasmus was very concerned with various and Hans was commissioned to paint scenes portrayals of himself, as he did not like the of jousting knights, hunters, young men and engraving done by Durer in 1526, which also women picnicking, dancing and playing games in showed him seated at his desk. a grassy glade. In the centre a pedlar sleeps by a roadside and a troop of monkeys have come and wrought havoc with his goods. St Nobody, then a popular figure in German mythology, sits among an assortment of household items. St Nobody shouldered the blame for all those domestic accidents that ‘just happen’. Holbein took the opportunity to demonstrate his virtuosity by painting various trompe l’oeil items across the table surface. Scissors, a letter, a pen, playing card, spectacles were all painted as if to appear real. It was painted as a marriage piece for Hans Baer and his fiancée, but sadly, three months after their wedding, Hans Baer, as standard-bearer to a troop of Swiss mercenaries, was killed at the battle of Marignano. Hans completed various private commissions, interior and exterior decorative paintings, even a sign for a teacher (now in Basel Museum). The text translates as For“ whoever wants to read and write German in the shortest possible time, even those who cannot read a single letter, who want to be able to write down and be Erasmus of Rotterdam, Albrecht Dürer, 1526. able to read their debts. Satisfaction guaranteed. Will take on burghers, journeymen, women and

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 61 FEATURE ON HANS HOLBEIN

maidens, whoever needs to learn. Reasonable prices in paying, or not paying at all because they did for instruction. Young boys and girls only accepted not like the final composition and it is clear from after the ember day fast.”2 This extraordinary the number of surviving sketches for various sign demonstrates how education was becoming works that our artist endeavoured to ensure desirable. Printing had brought books to the satisfaction. Perhaps Hans was haunted by the masses; ideas, theories, education was now within difficulties that his father had experienced and the reach of everyone, which was one of the was determined not to suffer a similar lack of humanist ideals. The portrayal of two fashionably money by ensuring agreement for the final dressed adult men seated with their teacher composition before embarking on the last stage. demonstrates their lack of education as children and is visual evidence of the desire to learn to read what is being printed and then discussed in the taverns, houses and elsewhere. Here is an advertisement for a service, which was clearly in demand and demonstrates how the young artist was moving in circles dedicated to education. In his last religious work Hans painted the burgomaster Jacob Meyer and his second wife, Dorothy Kannengiesser, portrayed in what is now known as the Darmstadt Madonna and is in Schlossmuseum, Darmstadt, where there are surviving sketches for this altarpiece demonstrating how Holbein studied his subject in depth. Patrons were notorious for being slow

Portrait of Erasmus Hans Holbein the Younger, 1523

It is his friendship with Erasmus that brings Hans the Younger to England in the mid 1520s. In the intervening time, Holbein travelled and matured and during 1522 – 23 he painted the esteemed scholar several times, making engravings and copies of the original portraits. Sketches survive in Basel showing how the artist studied Erasmus’s hands. These sketches are beautiful observations of nature and in the final portraits (in Basel, the Louvre and London’s National Gallery) we see how they are painted showing the ink stains that have been caused by Study of the hands of Erasmus the scholar’s work. In this small portrait (in the Hans Holbein the Younger Louvre, 43 x 33 cms) we are allowed to observe Erasmus at work. Erasmus used portraits as 2 p43 ibid.

62 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 MELANIE V TAYLOR gifts and this image was probably composed building and refurbishment of hunting lodges after long deliberations between the sitter and and palaces and Cardinal Wolsey was also the artist. We are not intruding on Erasmus; he building suitable premises for a prince of the wants us to know that he is hard at work. Church so England was a place where work Holbein was lucky to have the support abounded for artists and craftsmen. of such a towering personality as Erasmus and It is Holbein’s portrait of Sir Thomas More this support is shown in the words that appear (now in the Frick Collection, New York) that we in another of his portraits. The following was all know. From the chain of office as Chancellor devised by the scholar and, despite some of the of the Duchy of Lancaster with the Beaufort letters being illegible to us, the words appear to portcullis and the Tudor Rose, a splendid read: fur-lined robe and those expensive red velvet “Ille ego Joannes Holbein, en, non facile sleeves we immediately recognise this as a man ullus. Tarn mini minimus erit quam mihi of privilege, authority and from his expression, momus erat.” And translates as “I am none other serious about the responsibilities of his position. than the celebrated Johannes Holbein. My critics If we look closer, More’s eyes are red-rimmed will become my as if he has been emulators.”3 burning the It is not candle late into surprising that the night with the the recipient pressure of work. for one of His face shows these portraits stubble as if he has was the long- not had time to standing friend shave, underlining of Erasmus, Sir the pressures on Thomas More. his time. More So it is that our appears to be deep artist arrives in in thought and England in the since the date of mid 1520s with this portrait is a portrait by his 1527, he had a hand and letters great deal to think of introduction about. from Erasmus. Another London courtier quick to was attracting take advantage of talented Holbein’s talents craftsmen and was Sir Henry merchants from Guildford, Master across Europe. of the King’s It was not long Horse (until 1522) since the Field and Comptroller of the Cloth of Portrait of Thomas More of the Royal Gold episode Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527 Household. where Henry Painted in VIII and had unashamedly the same year as the portrait of Sir Thomas, it tried to outdo each other with lavish displays is apparent that certain members of the Court of excess. Henry had also undertaken extensive were keen to have their portraits painted and so be remembered by future generations. The 3 P79 ibid FEATURE ON HANS HOLBEIN

thinking and their character is clearly visible - if you have the time to look carefully. Clearly Holbein was painting Lady Mary to a very specific brief because his sketch of her (in the Kupferstichkabinett, Öffentliche Kunstsammlung, Basel) shows a woman who has a definite love of fun. If you wait long enough, I am sure she will burst out laughing. These portraits would have hung on the walls of the houses of Sir Thomas More and Sir and since they were both intimates of the king, did he not see them when he came to visit? Perhaps not! We know from the royal accounts that Sir Henry employed Holbein to decorate a temporary banqueting hall at Greenwich in 1528, but perhaps the king was more intent on the event than the decoration.

Portrait of Sir Henry Guildford Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527

portraits of Sir Henry and his second wife, Lady Mary Guildford are both in the Royal Collection, Windsor Castle. Sir Henry appears wrapped in thought and since he was the king’s comptroller of the royal household, perhaps he was contemplating just how he was going to balance the royal accounts. Lady Mary appears stern and unforgiving, dressed in her expensive gown, holding her book and standing next to a pillar decorated in Renaissance motifs. Is that book a devotional one, or perhaps of a secular subject? Is it Sketch of Lady Mary Guildford an expensive hand-scribed unique book, or Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527 perhaps it is printed? The Renaissance pillar could suggest that Lady Mary is interested in This is a very brief look at the early work Renaissance humanist thinking. What we do of Hans Holbein the Younger and how he came learn for certain from the inscription above the to England. There was no painter of his talent decorated capital, is that she is aged 27 and the then currently in England, so for a king so keen year the portrait was painted was 1527. on display, why did Holbein not come to the The longer you look at this portrait I notice of Henry VIII earlier than the late 1530s? find her expression becomes less forbidding. It Perhaps that answer lies more in the appears to change, as if she is wrestling with humanist ideals that Holbein subscribed to, than something she has just read and it is puzzling the recognition of his talent. He was, after all, her. This is the genius of Holbein. He not only only an artisan, a mere painter and decorator. captures an accurate likeness of his sitters, but also the inner spirit. They appear still to be Melanie V. Taylor

64 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 MELANIE V TAYLOR

Portrait of Lady Mary Guildford, Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527

Our regular art history columnist, Melanie V Taylor, is an art historian and the author of “The Truth of the Line”. She runs www.TheTruthOfTheLine.co.uk where she regularly writes about her research on the art of the Tudors. Did Archbishop Thomas Cranmer hide his wife Margarete in a large wooden box? xactly when Margarete Cranmer stepped on English soil from Nurem- berg is not known, but all indications TUDOR ERA are that she arrived after her husband’s Ereturn in 1533. Where did she live? A closely STORYTELLING guarded secret successfully kept, her location by Beth von Staats was and still is unknown. Margarete certainly was not either at Lambeth Palace, where a Ger- hroughout ancient, medieval and man woman’s presence would elicit curiosity early modern history in England and -- nor as humorously and commonly believed, Wales, as was true in the remainder hidden in a large wooden box. of Europe, the vast majority of sub- In December 1543, Thomas Cranmer Tjects in the realm were illiterate. Consequently, endured the personal tragedy of his palace at a very rich tradition of oral history and sto- Canterbury being destroyed by fire. One of rytelling, passed one generation to the next, his brothers-in-law and several of his faithful evolved, leading to our current love of the servants were killed. Saved from the fire was medieval exploits of King Arthur and Robin a precious box owned by the Archbishop, the Hood, stories that eventually were committed contents within unknown. This in turn evolved to writing. Oral history and storytelling during into a story commonly enjoyed and told re- the England and Wales Tudor Era of history peatedly by Roman Catholics during the reigns was no different. of Queens Mary and Elizabeth Tudor. Marga- Perhaps the most humorous Tudor Era rete was hiding in that box. Well, of course she stories were conjured up and told by Roman was! Catholics during the reigns of King Henry VIII Shortly after Thomas Cranmer’s martyr- through Queen Elizabeth I, some taking hold dom, detractors published a widely distributed so pervasively, many people and even some and humorous story weaving a plot where historians later believed the plots to be histor- during the reign of King Henry VIII, Cranmer ical fact. Yet other humorous Roman Catho- traveled throughout England with his wife, lic oral history lessons provided great jovial carefully hidden in a large crate with breathing fun-making because they were based on truth. holes. Later versions of the story portray Cran- mer anxiously praying for the safe retrieval of a precious wooden crate during the Canterbury Palace fire, the box of course containing “this pretty nobsey”.

66 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 of Cranmer’s dearly beloved, however, the oral history of Sadleir’s wife among Roman Catho- lics was based on truth. Sir Ralph Sadleir married a widow named Margaret Mitchell. Very little is known of Sadleir’s wife beyond records that list her as the daughter of John Cromwell and Jayne Smith. Thus, it is believed that Margaret was a relative of Thomas Cromwell, most likely the child of a cousin. In any case, what is known as This delightful story told during the fact is the woman was a commoner and a wid- reigns of Queens Mary and Elizabeth Tudor ow with two children. As the more “positively took such hold of the realm that for centuries painted” story goes, Margaret’s first husband, many people believed it truth. Ralph Barré, abandoned her, traveled to Eu- rope and presumably died there. Was courtier, statesman and diplomat Sir Ralph Sadleir’s wife Well, like in our modern era when “friends” and “relatives” appear only when a laundress and bigamist? we come into money, install a new in-ground ir Ralph Sadleir was a very lucky man. swimming pool or move to a tropical climate, Placed by his father with a London Ralph Barré made a quite unexpected ap- merchant and banker when he was age pearance. According to Roman Catholic lore, 7, Sadleir was well positioned to learn Margaret was a lowly laundress working at Sa respected trade. Through his hard work and Cromwell’s home at Austin Friars. Hatching a careful apprenticeship, Sadleir’s future in the plan with her husband, he made himself scarce, merchant class was set. Sadleir’s father could reappearing after she successfully seduced never envision when he set up the arrangement Sadleir, married the man, and then birthed just how fortunate and esteemed his son would children by him. become. Not only did the merchant and bank- What was the truth of the matter? The er come to love the boy, but he raised Sadleir details are not clear, but Ralph Barré factually alongside his own children. As his fortunes was Lady Margaret Sadleir’s first husband, and grew, so did Sadleir’s. Just who was the man he turned out to be very much alive. Was he who took Ralph Sadleir as his ward? Thomas paid handsomely to accept an annulment and Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex. Talk about win- leave the couple in peace? The records do not ning the lottery! tell us, but historians firmly established that Sir Ralph Sadleir was a quick study, hard- in 1546 an act of Parliament was passed on Sir working, trustworthy, and very gifted intellec- Ralph Sadleir’s behalf to legally legitimize his tually and socially. As such, he became not only children. Thomas Cromwell’s most trusted servant, but ith a true story as colorful as later also a highly trusted and effective servant, that, how could the Roman courtier and knight to King Henry VIII, King Catholics resist retelling the Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I. Sadleir, an tale with a few embellishments? eminently qualified expert in Scottish diplo- WAfter all, as the fictional character Don Quixote macy, was a staunch Protestant. As agent to teaches us, “All is fair in love and war.” Reformists and Protestants throughout his career, he often engaged in activities in stark opposition to Roman Catholicism. Thus, like Beth von Staats Thomas Cranmer, Sadleir’s marriage choice became a story of legend. Unlike the “tall tale”

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 67 68 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 November’s Recipes These recipes are from a book published in the reign of James I but similar drinks would have been made in Elizabeth I’s reign and earlier: APPLE DRINK WITH SUGAR, HONEY, &c A very pleasant drink is made three or four months. There will come of Apples, thus; Boil sliced Apples in a thick mother at the top, which being water, to make taken off, all the the water strong rest will be very of Apples, as clear, and quick when you make and pleasant to to drink it for the taste, beyond coolness and any Cider. It will pleasure. be the better to Sweeten it most taste, if you with Sugar to put a very little your tast, such Rosemary into the a quantity of liquor, when you boil sliced Apples, as would it, and a little Limon- make so much water peel into each bottle, strong enough of Apples; when you bottle it up. and then bottle it up close for TO MAKE HONEY DRINK To two quarts of water take one pound of Honey. When it boileth, skim it clean as long as any scum ariseth; boil it a pretty while; then take it off the fire, and put it in an earthen pot, and let it stand till the next day; then put it into clean bottles, that are throughly dry, rinsing first every bottle with a little of the liquor; Fill them not too full, and put into every bottle four or five Cloves, and four or five slices of Ginger: and stop it very close, and set it in Sand; and within ten or twelve days it will be ready to drink. (from The Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened by Kenelm Digby (1603-1665) )

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 69 Events Calendar November/December 2014

Now until 1 March 2015 5-8 November The Real Tudors: Kings and Queens Shakespeare on Film Festival, Stratford- Rediscovered, National Portrait Gallery, upon-Avon. See http://www.shakespeare. London, UK. See http://www.npg.org.uk/ org.uk/visit-the-houses/whats-on/ whatson/realtudors/display.php shakespeare-on-film-festival.html 11 October – 30 November (weekends) 8-9 November Texas Renaissance Festival. See http:// Golden Leaf Renaissance Festival, www.therenlist.com/fairs/texas- Sapulpa, OK. renaissance-festival See http://www.therenlist.com/fairs/ 12 October through to 1 February 2015 golden-leaf-renaissance-festival Exhibition at Ordsall Hall in Salford, 8-23 November Manchester, UK, The Tudor Child: Sarasota Medieval Fair. See http://www. Clothing and Culture 1485 to 1625. See therenlist.com/fairs/sarasota-medieval-fair http://www.tudortailor.com/news/the- 8-9 November white-lady-plays-host-to-the-tudor-child/ Kearney Renaissance Faire, Fresno, CA. 1 November – 7 December See http://www.therenlist.com/fairs/ Louisiana Renaissance Festival. kearney-renaissance-faire See http://www.larf.org/ 8-9 November 1-2 November 2014 Middlefaire Renaissance Festival, Tudor and Georgian chocolate cookery Hillsboro, TX. See http://www.therenlist. with a live cookery demonstration com/fairs/middlefaire-renaissance-festival in the Tudor Kitchens at Hampton 15-23 November Court Palace. See http://www.hrp.org. Camelot Days Medieval Festival, uk/HamptonCourtPalace/WhatsOn/ Hollywood, FL. tudorcookery#sthash.CsWbNntP.dpuf See http://camelotdays.com/ 1-2 November 15-16 November Renaissance Arts Faire, Las Cruces, NM. Nottingham Festival, Simi Valley, CA. See http://www.las-cruces-arts.org/events/ See http://www.nottinghamfestival.com/ renaissance-artsfaire/ 15-16 November 10.30am-4pm 1-2 November Christmas Market, Weald and Downland South Alabama Renaissance Faire. Open Air Museum, West Sussex. See See http://www.sarenfaire.com/ http://www.wealddown.co.uk/Events- 1-9 November Information/Christmas-Market Lady of the Lakes Renaissance Faire, 21 November – 4 January Tavares, FL. See http://www.therenlist. Hampton Court Palace Ice Rink. com/fairs/lady-of-the-lakes-renaissance- See http://www.hrp.org.uk/ faire HamptonCourtPalace/WhatsOn/ 8 November hamptoncourtpalaceicerink Leanda de Lisle speaks at St Albans 22 November – 21 December Literary Festival. Great Dickens Christmas Fair, Daly City, See http://www.stalbansliteraryfestival. CA. See http://dickensfair.com/ co.uk/content/evening-tudor-literature

70 Tudor Life Magazine | November 2014 22 November 11am-4pm 5-7 December Christmas Craft Fair, Selly Manor, Dickens on the Strand Festival, Galveston, Birmingham, UK. See http://www. Texas. See http://www.galvestonhistory. sellymanormuseum.org.uk/our-events/ org/events/dickens-on-the-strand/dickens- christmas-craft-fair/ on-the-strand 27 November 6-31 December Hever Christmas Fair at Hever Castle, Christmas quiz and prizes included in the entry £3, all proceeds go to Hever price of the ticket at Ye Olde Tudor World Primary School and St. Peter’s Church, (Falstaff Experience), Stratford-upon- Hever. Avon. See http://www.falstaffexperience. See http://www.hevercastle.co.uk/whats- co.uk/page.php?linkid=5&sublinkid=220 on/hever-christmas-fair/ 6-7 December 29 November, 10.30-13.00 and 14.00 - 16.30 Tudor Christmas Weekend, Haddon Hall. A Merry Tudor Christmas - family See http://www.haddonhall.co.uk/special- workshop, Hampton Court Palace. events/tudor-christmas-weekend/ See http://www.hrp.org.uk/ 6-7 December HamptonCourtPalace/WhatsOn/ Yuletide Wollaton Tudor Christmas Familyfunactivities Celebrations, Wollaton Hall, 29-30 November 11am-5pm Nottingham. See http://www. Preparing for Yuletide, Little Moreton experiencenottinghamshire.com/whats- Hall, Cheshire. Enjoy a weekend of craft on/yuletide-wollaton-tudor-christmas- activities to help decorate the hall for celebrations-p633101 Christmas. See http://www.nationaltrust. 6, 7, 13, 14, 20 and 21 December org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see- Christmas shows about some of the and-do/events/ legends and traditions of Christmas 29 November – 24 December at Ye Olde Tudor World (Falstaff The Magic of Christmas Past, Hever Experience), Stratford-upon-Avon. See Castle, Kent. See http://www.hevercastle. http://www.falstaffexperience.co.uk/page. co.uk/whats-on/magic-christmas-past/ php?linkid=5&sublinkid=220 1-3 December 7 December 12.30-4pm Christmas Decoration Workshop, Tree Dressing, Weald and Downland Haddon Hall. See http://www. Open Air Museum, West Sussex. haddonhall.co.uk/special-events/ See http://www.wealddown.co.uk/ christmas-decoration-workshop1/ Events/What-s-On-at-the-Museum-Full- 4-7 December Calendar/ Pirates in Paradise, Key West, Florida. 10 December See http://www.piratesinparadise.com/ Leanda de Lisle is speaks about Richard 5 December III, Henry VII and the Princes in the Christmas Wreath Making, Kenilworth Tower at Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Castle, Warwickshire. See http:// Center. See https://www.facebook.com/ www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/ events/1447858192148624/ events/christmas-wreath-making- 9-11 December Keni-05-12-2014/ Christmas Candlelight Tours, Haddon 5-7 December Hall. Utah Winter Faire, Farmington, Utah. See http://www.haddonhall.co.uk/special- See http://www.utahwinterfaire.com/ events/christmas-candlelight-tours-2014/ 5-7 December 12 December 5-8pm Fort Taylor Pyrate Invasion, Key West, Selly Manor Traditional Christmas, Florida. Selly Manor, Birmingham, UK. See http://www.forttaylorpyrates.com/

November 2014 | Tudor Life Magazine 71 12-23 December 16, 17, 21, 22 and 23 December Light Up the Palace, Hampton Court Courtyard Carol Singing, Hampton Palace. Court Palace. See http://www.hrp.org.uk/ See http://www.hrp.org.uk/ HamptonCourtPalace/WhatsOn/ HamptonCourtPalace/WhatsOn/ ChristmasLightTrail CourtyardCarolSinging 13 December 19 December 6.30pm Tudor Christmas, Ravenwood Castle, Charity Christmas Carols at the Castle, New Plymouth, Ohio. Join King Henry Sudeley Castle. VIII and his royal court for dinner and See http://www.sudeleycastle.co.uk/event/ entertainment! Call (740) 596-2606 christmas-carols-castle/ now for reservations. See http://www. 24 December ravenwoodcastle.com/event/tudor- Christmas Ghost Tour, 6pm, Ye Olde christmas Tudor World (Falstaff Experience), 13-14 December Stratford-upon-Avon. See http:// Visit Santa, Haddon Hall. See http:// www.falstaffexperience.co.uk/page. www.haddonhall.co.uk/special-events/ php?linkid=5&sublinkid=220 visit-santa-2014/ 26-28 December 13-14 December Tudor Christmas, Weald and Downland Christmas at the Castle, Kenilworth Open Air Museum, West Sussex. Castle, Warwickshire. See http://www. See http://www.wealddown.co.uk/ english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/events/ Events/What-s-On-at-the-Museum-Full- christmas-weekend-at-kenilworth-castle- Calendar/ Keni-13-12-2014/ 27 December – 1 January 13-14, 20-21 December Winter Walks, Hever Castle. Meet Green Father Christmas, Weald See http://www.hevercastle.co.uk/whats- and Downland Open Air Museum, West on/winter-walks/ Sussex. 27 December – 1 January See http://www.wealddown.co.uk/ Tudor Christmas, Hampton Court Events/What-s-On-at-the-Museum-Full- Palace. Celebrate the festive season Calendar/ in style by joining King Henry VIII 13-14 December and his courtiers for Tudor Christmas Ingleside Renaissance Faire, Ingleside, entertainments. - See http://www.hrp. Texas. org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/WhatsOn/ See http://www.inglesidetxchamber.com/ TudorChristmas index.php/ingleside-calendar-events/ 31 December renaissance-faire.html New Year’s Eve Ghost Tour, Ye Olde 15 and 19 December Tudor World (Falstaff Experience), Christmas Lunch at Shakespeare’s Stratford-upon-Avon. Birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon. See See http://www.falstaffexperience.co.uk/ http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/visit- page.php?linkid=5&sublinkid=220 the-houses/whats-on/christmas-lunch- shakespeares-birthplace.html

Know an event near you? LET US KNOW THROUGH THE CONTACT PAGE AND WE’LL MAKE SURE IT GOES IN FUTURE EDITIONS of NOVEMBER’S GUEST SPEAKER KAREN BOWMAN

“Bonaire and Buxom in Bed and at Board”

Karen Bowman is an author with a life long passion for history and the powerful characters, who have shaped our society over the centuries. Be they high-born or commoner, witch, queen, vagabond or king, her home county of Essex has provided British life with many of its most colourful and influential people. In her latest books, Essex Girls and Essex Boys, Karen brings these characters to life with her highly readable style, coupled with an instinctive sense of time and place.

Karen’s talk and live chat this month (date to be announced) will be looking at the role of women in society with specific examples of Tudor women... we can’t wait to hear her! PAGE 74 monarchs vivid England. ever and to mostrule the powerful Her life. astounding biography journey newly from crowned timid, dramatic queen maps Elizabeth’s to one of of portrait an animated ruler, this with history Hilton and English redraws not exceptional woman but was exceptional an an state. Elizabeth European upon and life, her attemptsemotional sexual to and into mould England a prince, different delivering avery perspective Elizabeth’s aRenaissance on as present aqueen interpretation afresh as who saw herself primarily of Elizabeth to linked. intrigue it which and always is scandal drama, colourful the and reign, Elizabeth’s readers readers. to It reassess enthral abook challenges is that provides vibrant on new insights amonarch who continues to compel and were how confronted. religious dilemmas these to sources examine archival factor reception the in Reformation. of English the Brigden upon draws rich of its religious politics, sectors strength akey the capital and made the high control. London’s disproportionate forces of and social its wealth, mix and size for -vied Mary and VI, Edward governments VIII, monarchs and -Henry fiercely and as a succession resisted, ferventlyof both evangelised was that Forest). It of tells London’s transformation by anew faith sixteenth-century (later prestigious the Wolfson to win for Prize her Thomas TheWyatt: Heart’s BOOKS Elizabeth: Renaissance Prince by Lisa ISBN-13: 978-0297865223 ISBN-13: ISBN-10: 0297865226 EnglishLanguage: Publisher: W&N (13 Nov 2014) Hardcover: 384 pages France, in Italy, Hilton new research Lisa uses Turkey and Russia to Hilton’sLisa majestic biography I, ‘The Queen’,Virgin of Elizabeth ‘We aprince from are aline of princes.’ 13 date: Release November 978-0571322602 ISBN-13: 0571322603 ISBN-10: Publisher: Faber &Faber (20 Nov 2014) pages 688 Paperback: London Reformation the and (1989) book first the Brigdenby was Susan November 20 date: Release New and Upcoming Books by Susan Brigden London and the Reformation Reformation the and London Hilton Non Fiction Non BOOKS PAGE 75 Alford Hardcover: 112 pages 112 Hardcover: Dec 2014) Allen Lane (4 Publisher: Language: English ISBN-10: 0141976918 ISBN-13: 978-0141976914 Stephen Alford’s wonderful book gives full play to the murky, sinister sinister gives full wonderful book the murky, to Alford’s play Stephen Release date: 4 December Edward Henry VIII, of VI, son the only became king the age and nine at of Hardcover: 160 pages 160 Hardcover: Dec 2014) Allen Lane (4 Publisher: Language: English ISBN-10: 0141977124 ISBN-13: 978-0141977126 In this behind the looks mask revealing Guy into John account, new Said to be a ‘pillager of the commonwealth’, this instantlymost recognizable the commonwealth’, of ‘pillager be a Said to Release date: 4 December Charismatic, Henry and cruel, VIII insatiable a shows, was, Guy as John Edward VI: The Last Boy King by Stephen Stephen King by Boy Last VI: The Edward Henry VIII: The Quest for Fame by John Guy John Henry by Fame Quest VIII: for The nature of Edward’s reign, but is also a poignant account of a boy learning a boy is also rule, of to account but a poignant reign, Edward’s nature of the great of the shadows of out come and his to growing power learning enjoy to hisaristocrats led him. last around Edward have England’s child would monarch, by one causeddeath.his to the catastrophic direction different country in a quite died wholly unexpectedly thedied age fifteen. wholly at of powerfulAll loomed him around also use to the were child further to who hoped who but their own ends, men game - assuming a long andplaying them become outlive that Edward long would as commanding a figure as hishad been. father Henry’s mind to explore how he understood the world and his place in it - from and from - his in place it the world understood he how explore mind to Henry’s and the blazing upbringing hishis to desperate his glory isolated accession, of fame and for an and thequest terrifying heir his paranoia last, of agonising, years.54-inch-waisted of kingsof remains magnificentvengeful; a figureand of extreme a contradictions: a cataclysmic rupture with in Rome; the church traditionalist oversaw who devout eyes bearmeet people’s not neverthelessto figure could who towering a talented, talked he when them. to king became - and in the who his process destroyed mesmerized by own legend England. and remade PAGE 76 how,And spite in foundations the of laid themselves, they for conflicted world and plural the we nowinhabit. or with groups withoutof individuals, rival and support the of power, political visions strove of ‘reform’. after inevitable triumph over of oppression, liberty enlightenment over ignorance. Rather, it how tells amultitude to its profoundthrough longer-term for consequences modern the legacy and world.is The story not onean of volume illustrated of story the Reformation the tells beautifully from its explosive immediate, beginnings, compensate for Europe in losses new conversions with Americas. the and Asia in religion, global Christianity’s transformation into agents of Catholic Roman the as Church atruly sought to the forstimulus also They were of life. everyday performances patterns and the relations and sexes; the between theology. developments; andartistic politicscame to internationaland reshape They relations;cultural, social, were to be‘saved’. about how arguments and to how bediscerned, furious humans was God’s will thenEuropeand asa wholefirst Germany in engulfing turn, unexpected Church. But and rapidly they Christian took the in renewal aradical and Luther 1517 in belonged for to reform internal along-standing pattern of calls monk by Martin of German the indulgences staged marketing the against working themselves out Europe in still across world.are and the The protests of Tudoriconic -images lesser the known -and England. approachable of story Tudor the reproduced, the monarchs, beautifully are of St George at Windsor King’s and College. Alongside authoritative the and Holbein’sthe chapels of magnificence to architectural the brooding portraiture from spectacular, the equally culture periodof was visual The measure. equal in how and Tudor each linked, inextricably danger and monarch charisma exuded looks at how Rex public the Richard private and of lives Tudors the were reign of Mary, Tudors the radical dynasty. English most the fascinating remain BOOKS power or of bloody ruthless the the her VIII, fatherof and Henry Elizabeth, over aspell public the it rule casts glittering the Whether is imagination. still ISBN-13: 978-0199595488 ISBN-13: 0199595488 ISBN-10: 2015) (Jan Publisher: OUP Oxford Hardcover: 320 pages Covering Protestant both Catholic and reform movements, Europe in across wider and the world, this However, debates these not did confined narrow to a sphere remain of TheReformation event aseismic was history,in whoseconsequences 2015 1January date: Release 978-1445643717 ISBN-13: 1445643715 ISBN-10: EnglishLanguage: Publisher: Publishing Amberley (28 Nov 2014) Hardcover: 256 pages The Tudor England’sas goldenandPeriod many is by age, regarded November 28 date: Release The Oxford Illustrated History of Illustrated theThe History Oxford Tudors: The Illustrated History Reformation by Peter Marshall by Peter Reformation by Rex Richard BOOKS PAGE 77

by Sue Simpson Sue by by Derek Roebuck by Resolution Under Elizabeth I Elizabeth Under Resolution Sir Henry Lee: Elizabethan Courtier Elizabethan HenrySir Lee: Unknown Binding: 365 pages 365 Binding: Unknown Jan 2015) (15 Press Books TheArbitration Holo Publisher: ISBN-10: 0957215304 ISBN-13: 978-0957215306 Release date: 15 January 2015 Release date: 15 mediation a Government Elizabeth and provided determinedly I consciously Hardcover: 276 pages 276 Hardcover: 2014) Nov (28 edition edition Ashgate; New Publisher: Language: English ISBN-10: 147243739X ISBN-13: 978-1472437396 Release date: 28 November Elizabeth Queen of Henry Sir Lee I, A favourite was known most as ‘the The Golden Age of Arbitration: Dispute Dispute Arbitration: of Age Golden The and arbitration scheme. A wealth primary of had scheme. that a special she sources show and arbitration disadvantaged the and costs anyone by the poor and of delays women, for concern Privy Council Her arranged fees with and no with free legal arbitrations the law. only in Acts of the not The voluminous, archives it. are needed those who aid for this dominates scheme Archives inthe Privy the National arbitration and Council local but Her collections. arranged the parties. by arbitration, the background was In Elizabethan private but book, England arbitration more or was one the ordinary chose Each themselves. the parties settle side end to a dispute way not could If they try failed, would a settlement. least mediate and at that they try to number even would arbitrators to well-known include The them. arbitrators for decide to get appoint the parties they would agree whom to on participating are Cecil shown personalities: and Raleigh Walsingham, and Hawkins, Women and Coke Bacon. allat as levels, claimants andall land, commerce to title in and matters of kinds defendants, family of Elizabethherselfmediator. both. I or did act They could even as squabbles. arbitrator accomplished cavaliero’ in England. cavaliero’ Thisentertaining accomplished handsome, highlyand convivial was gentleman an participant important in life court at as Elizabeth’s the spectacular created He tournaments Day Accession champion. tournament than was more 8,000 Lieutenant of people, crowds annually London held before the and Armoury Master Elizabeth’s of of palace the Tower at Woodstock, at Henry during theSir Spanish of Armada. London of biography Thisonly is the culture politics, and the society of of the interaction Lee and explores inprint, Elizabethan court through Indeed, the a popular eyes and courtier. of long-serving courtiers and satisfyingfew managed other a long such live to life, and although nature a diverse typical life shows many Elizabethanthis Henry’s of Sir of study - his the to travels gentlemen and his symbolism, emblems of his arms in his the delight world of knowledge and armour, courts Italy, of least at woman thirty with a notorious years and his relationship intimate Sidney, with association Philip close the game actually Was a courtier. be to meant worth the candle? it also what - it questions his junior PAGE 78Wolsey John and Fisher, of Tudor the place among luminaries great the his Fox to take deserves age. responsibleAlso of other for careers the more launching prelates famous statesmen, and Thomas such as most politic“bodies history. holy” and period English in atransitional during to him College at linked Oxford, foundation Christi Corpus of humanist the Tudor early the monarchy. institutions, to these his along with service His politic” church emerging of the “body and mysticum late the medieval of ofnature worlds the Fox which in lived worked: and corpus Christi the themeas the its career,and “corporate” life taking his bookexamines This out one single him studies as of shapers great humanist the of Tudor the age. to and prelate church,modern to his king English to whose his service tireless of major the noblesthe context the counties.and in in of influence their ofCourt both eraat the examined Thesources. bookis split chapters with intocareers affinity, sections three the covering on locality andpolity as documentary as well via seen can be and literature portraiture, loyalties which affinities in ways and various century,theframework offers way Bryson a forsixteenth the histories.new studying this In at social looking History, History, Literature Geography, and broadening and scope political the of study the beyond regular relationship monarchy between nobility.Bryson and approach, interdisciplinary an encompassing takes Art saw creation the and of kingship for amore medieval knell death symbiotic point, this anew Protestant polity emerged, After sounded which the VIII. of death the Henry after changed butpolitics culture, political and this early-modern and tocentral was medieval government, affinities, through power), military and maintained way the and (local it and established was way power Noble which modern exercised in early in England. was lordship BOOKS studyconcerned is the I, with this excommunication the and of Elizabeth Lordship in Tudor England (Warfare, Society and Culture) by Alan Bryson Political Power Culture, Military and ISBN-13: 978-0786495795 ISBN-13: ISBN-10: 0786495790 EnglishLanguage: Publisher: McFarland Inc &Co (30 Nov 2014) pages 277 Paperback: FoxBishop of Richard Winchester (1448-1528) important early an was November 30 date: Release ISBN-13: 978-1851966653 ISBN-10: 185196665X EnglishLanguage: Publisher: (Publishers) Pickering &Chatto Ltd (1 2014) Dec Hardcover: 256 pages Focusing on VIII’s crown-locality relations Henry accession between 1December date: Release Bishop Richard Fox of Winchester: Architect of the Tudor Age by Clayton J. Drees Cover image not available not BOOKS PAGE 79 by KirstinDowney by by Terry Breverton Terry by Isabella: The Warrior Queen Warrior The Isabella: the Tudors but were Afraid to Ask Ask to Afraid were but Tudors the Hardcover: 336 pages 336 Hardcover: Oct 2014) (7 Amberley Publishing Publisher: Language: English 1445638401 ISBN-10: 978-1445638409 ISBN-13: Release date: 7 October familyTudor most intriguingis royalthe dynasty British history. in The Hardcover: 544Hardcover: pages 28, 2014) (October A. Nan Talese Publisher: Language: English 0385534116 ISBN-10: 978-0385534116 ISBN-13: Release date: 28 October Christianity a time when at Born was and the Ottomandying Empire out Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about about Know to Wanted Ever Everything You Their era took us out of the Middle of Middle the Agesout us took throughera Renaissance,Their the the founded flowering the first The for time. power and Britain made a world Empire British And a family! what history. in British was unprecedented and music literature of Henry VII usurpedFrom who Richard III Bosworth, the Battle at through of his marriages Henry the brilliant the break to of to with reign the led Roman multiple Church, whose famous son that and sometimes events Elizabeth a century people see over of we daughter, I, and AnneVIII’s Boleyn’s nursery We rhyme: allold Henry the Did know Greensleeves? than fiction reality. VIII more seem compose bells and silver cockle With garden shells, And grow? does your pretty How maids contrary, quite Mary, Mary, garden is an graveyards and her to allusion which were that know this you is Did Maryall Tudor, in a row. bellsincreasingsilver in size The cockle daredof and withinstruments thosewere who shells Protestant? stay guillotine. of torture, and the maids a form were was aggressively expanding, tales by Joan Isabellaof youth was in her inspired to led victory them and unified people her who woman young Arc,of a devout almost powerless, were women most when against In 1474, invaders. foreign mercurial husband a and brother Isabellahostile a defied twenty-three-year-old She legendary. feats were Castile of subsequent andLeón. Her seize to control struggle between Muslims and Christians, a twenty-four-generation forcing ended North African the laid Mediterranean Sea. the foundation She back over invaders negotiated to Indies the and trip Columbus’s sponsored a unified Spain.for She Rodrigo of Borgia, the with the help the World New of much over Spanish control Alexanderinfamous VI. also Pope She annihilated all against stood religious who establishing by her a bloody centuries. Whether satanic, for saintly female or leader no reputation darken that Spain’s would Inquisition speak in two Spanish hemispheres in which millions people of world, modern our shape to more has done yearshundredsof of to due influence, history Isabella’s has all forgotten Yet and but practice Catholicism. and philandering she husband the bold Ferdinand, to accomplishments her misreporting that attributed often tells this the story of forgotten brilliant, fervent, biography luminous Downey’s scholarship, new Using adored. conflicts throughbrought her the faith life, andshe ancient intrigue woman, the landand that of propelled under her command. with title “Magazine the Writers Letter” and we’d to include pleased be it. So, any send please letters you have to email the address secretary to [email protected] our society others to know we then would love to about hear all it! to addto discussions, the something that you’ve got interest aparticular in,maybe something you want We’d love to include a“writers letter” into Tudor the Life magazine. If you’ve got something that you want Have your say... PAGE 80 crown. the wear herand still descendants apart. families Wars England’s ruling of tear Roses the imprisonment violent the York, between and and of factions Lancaster the as love, through path loss and ahazardous Cicely treads wayward and willowy one of its to York, most married turbulent and periods. Born of Lancaster the of story the is Rose oneWhite women of during most the powerful England in year-old of Duke York, England’s richest heir. daughter,youngest nine-year-old Cicely, thirteen- the Richard, ward his and his before is between dies arranges he he betrothal for The children. last his consolidates power cunningly marriages by negotiating brilliant Lancastrian, Earl of Ralph ironandNeville, a staunch fist. giantWestmorland, a man of a BOOKS Red Rose,Red White Rose by Joanna Hickson ISBN-13: 978-0007447015 ISBN-13: 0007447019 ISBN-10: EnglishLanguage: Publisher: Harper (4 2014) Dec pages 544 Paperback: nearlySo queen herself, mother, the was Cicely Neville great-grandmother and grandmother – of kings Told of eyes Cicely the her and through half-brother Rose, Cuthbert, Red an withthe north rules family the Neville England century fifteenth In 4December date: Release FictioN The Tudor Team. Society The Queen’s Man (John Shakespeare 6) by Rory Clements Release date: 20 November

It is 1582, and the conflict between Protestant and Catholic threatens to tear the country in two. While Queen Elizabeth I holds the reins of power, there are those whose loyalty lies with her imprisoned cousin, Mary Queen of Scots. On his first major mission for Sir Francis Walsingham, the young John Shakespeare is ordered to discover a conspiracy to free the Stuart queen from Sheffield Castle. All too soon, he realises that the tentacles of the plot reach deep into his native Warwickshire and threaten his own friends and family. His duty lies with Elizabeth - but how far will he go to protect those he loves? Paperback: 496 pages Publisher: Hodder Paperbacks (20 Nov 2014) ISBN-10: 1848548486 ISBN-13: 978-1848548480

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