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Mediated Justice Mediated Justice Mapping news media narratives about indigenous peoples’ rights and the mining conflicts in Renca (Brazil) and Gállok (Sweden) Natália Santana Faria Stockholm University Department of Journalism, Media and Communication (JMK) Master of Arts – 120 ECTS Media and Communication Studies 2018 Supervisors: Anna Roosvall & Kristina Riegert Mediated Justice Mapping news media narratives about indigenous peoples’ rights and the mining conflicts in Renca (Brazil) and Gállok (Sweden) Natália Santana Faria Abstract Conflicts between the mining industry and traditional communities have been challenging indigenous peoples’ rights and endangering the environment around the world. The purpose of this study is to gain a broad perspective on the role of media representations in framing (or misframing) justice (Fraser 2009) and in reflecting (or not) media responsibility (Silverstone 2017) when reporting such events. Although recent studies have analysed news media coverage of environmental conflicts from a similar theoretical approach, few studies have addressed this inquiry through narrative analysis. Particularly, considering cases from both developed and developing countries, different media ecologies (mainstream and alternative), and scales of production and distribution (national and international). This is the gap that motivates this study. The material consists of 54 articles from diverse new media sources that have reported on two contemporary mining conflicts: the Renca mining reserve in Brazil, and the Gállok/Kallak iron mine in Sweden. The analysis focuses on how the narrator conducts the stories by mapping and comparing the structural and discursive patterns found in the material. The findings show that, in both cases (Brazil and Sweden), the majority of narratives are grounded in Western-centric perspectives that tend to misframe justice. In contrast, the results suggest that fairer and more responsible narratives are the ones told from an absolute local (Cavarero 2012) perspective. Keywords Narrative, human rights, indigenous peoples, mining conflicts, justice, media responsibility, media representation, Amazon, Laponia, Renca, Gállok, Kallak, Wajãpari, Rio Paru D’Este, Sami. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Aim and Questions ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 Expected Outcome ............................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................ 4 2. Background ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Indigenous Peoples: Identity and Self-determination ....................................................... 4 2.2 Mining Conflicts: Between and Beyond Borders ............................................................. 5 2.3 The Mining Conflicts in Renca and Gállok ...................................................................... 7 3. Earlier Research and Theoretical Framework ................................................................ 11 3.1 Mediating Justice in a Transnationalizing Public Sphere ............................................... 12 3.2 “The West and The Rest” Discourse and Other Representations of Indigeneity ........... 14 3.3 Constructing Meaning: Discourses, Myths, Ideologies, and Narratives ........................ 18 3.4. Focusing on Narratives .................................................................................................. 19 4. Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Materials and Sampling .................................................................................................. 23 4.1.1 Main Material and Sample ....................................................................................... 23 4.1.2 Additional Material and Sample .............................................................................. 25 4.2 Research Design ............................................................................................................. 26 4.2.1 The Holistic-Form-Based Approach to Narrative Analysis ..................................... 26 4.2.2 Gathering Material ................................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 The Coding Procedure: Themes and Categories of Analysis .................................. 28 4.2.4 Decoding Narratives ................................................................................................ 29 4.2.5 Generating Results ................................................................................................... 30 4.2.6 Limitations, Reliability, Validity ............................................................................. 31 5. Results and Analysis ........................................................................................................... 31 5.1 Results: Gathering Material ............................................................................................ 32 5.2 Results: Narratives about Renca and Gállok (Main Sample) ......................................... 33 5.2.1. G1.com: Narrative about Renca .............................................................................. 33 5.2.2 Amazônia Real: Narratives about Renca ................................................................. 37 5.2.3 Dagens Nyheter: Narratives about Gállok ............................................................... 40 5.2.4 Sameradion: Narratives about Gállok ...................................................................... 44 5.3 Results: Narratives about Renca and Gállok (Additional Sample) ................................ 47 6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 50 7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 52 8. References ........................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 58 APPENDIX 1. Gathering Material ....................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX 2. Codesheets: Themes and Categories of Analysis ........................................ 63 APPENDIX 3. Narrative Analysis Summary ....................................................................... 67 APPENDIX 4. Codesheets for Narrative Analysis .............................................................. 68 List of Tables Table 1. Discourse, Myth, Ideology ......................................................................................... 19 Table 2. Narrative Analysis Scheme ........................................................................................ 30 Table 3. Number of articles per online news outlet according to search and selection criteria (Renca) ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 4. Number of articles per online news outlet according to search and selection criteria (Gállok) .................................................................................................................................... 33 List of Images Image 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Image 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Image 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Image 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Image 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 49 List of Acronyms AJE – Al Jazeera English APIB - Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (Articulation of the Indigenous Peoples of Brazil) AR - Amazônia Real (Real Amazon) BBCW – BBC World News FUNAI - Fundação Nacional do Índio (National Indian Foundation) G1 - G1.com ILO - International Labour Organization OAS - Organization of American States Renca - Reserva de Cobre e Associados (Copper Reserve and Associates) SR - Samiradion (Sami Radio) SP - Sami Parliament TG - The Guardian TNYT - The New York Times UN - United Nations UNDRIP - United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNESCO - United Nations Education, Social, Cultural Organization Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the professors and classmates of this Master’s Programme. I have learned so much from everyone and this is, somehow, a result of this shared journey. So, thank you. In particular, I want to express my gratitude for Anna Roosvall, who supervised this thesis with great openness and professionalism.
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