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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
QUICK GUIDE How to Download a Digital Publication to View Offline from the BC Publications Subscription Library
QUICK GUIDE how to download a digital publication to view offline from the BC Publications subscription library INTERNET EXPLORER, P2 FIREFOX, P4 GOOGLE CHROME, P6 INTERNET EXPLORER STEP 1 Begin with opening the publication from the “My Publications” page. Now select the “Save to browser” button in the top right corner Once completed the following message will appear. Select the “Close” button Quick Guide 2 To find out how to display the “favorites bar” go to Page 8 STEP 2: ADD TO FAVORITES Bookmark the URL by selecting the “Add to Favorites” option. The “Add to Favorite” dialogue box will From the top Menu select the “Favorites”, then from the drop down appear and users may change the favorite name within the Name field at this time. select the “Add to Favorites” option or select the Favorites icon. Next select the “Add” button. The “Add to Favorite” dialogue Anytime the workstation is offline (not connected to the internet) this link within the Favorites will provide the user access to the bookmarked offline copy. To access this link launch Internet Explorer, Open list of Favorites and select the title as originally saved. Quick Guide 3 STEP 1 FIREFOX Now select the “Save to browser” Begin with opening the publication from the “My Publications” page button in the top right corner The browser will begin saving and the following box will appear. Once completed the following message will appear. Select the “Close” button Quick Guide 4 To find out how to display the “favorites bar” go to Page 9 STEP 2: BOOKMARK THE URL Bookmark the URL by selecting the “Bookmark this page” button. -
Netscape 6.2.3 Software for Solaris Operating Environment
What’s New in Netscape 6.2 Netscape 6.2 builds on the successful release of Netscape 6.1 and allows you to do more online with power, efficiency and safety. New is this release are: Support for the latest operating systems ¨ BETTER INTEGRATION WITH WINDOWS XP q Netscape 6.2 is now only one click away within the Windows XP Start menu if you choose Netscape as your default browser and mail applications. Also, you can view the number of incoming email messages you have from your Windows XP login screen. ¨ FULL SUPPORT FOR MACINTOSH OS X Other enhancements Netscape 6.2 offers a more seamless experience between Netscape Mail and other applications on the Windows platform. For example, you can now easily send documents from within Microsoft Word, Excel or Power Point without leaving that application. Simply choose File, “Send To” to invoke the Netscape Mail client to send the document. What follows is a more comprehensive list of the enhancements delivered in Netscape 6.1 CONFIDENTIAL UNTIL AUGUST 8, 2001 Netscape 6.1 Highlights PR Contact: Catherine Corre – (650) 937-4046 CONFIDENTIAL UNTIL AUGUST 8, 2001 Netscape Communications Corporation ("Netscape") and its licensors retain all ownership rights to this document (the "Document"). Use of the Document is governed by applicable copyright law. Netscape may revise this Document from time to time without notice. THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. IN NO EVENT SHALL NETSCAPE BE LIABLE FOR INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND ARISING FROM ANY ERROR IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY LOSS OR INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS, PROFITS, USE OR DATA. -
Casperjs Documentation Release 1.1.0-DEV Nicolas Perriault
CasperJs Documentation Release 1.1.0-DEV Nicolas Perriault February 04, 2016 Contents 1 Installation 3 1.1 Prerequisites...............................................3 1.2 Installing from Homebrew (OSX)....................................3 1.3 Installing from npm...........................................4 1.4 Installing from git............................................4 1.5 Installing from an archive........................................4 1.6 CasperJS on Windows..........................................5 1.7 Known Bugs & Limitations.......................................5 2 Quickstart 7 2.1 A minimal scraping script........................................7 2.2 Now let’s scrape Google!........................................8 2.3 CoffeeScript version...........................................9 2.4 A minimal testing script......................................... 10 3 Using the command line 11 3.1 casperjs native options.......................................... 12 3.2 Raw parameter values.......................................... 13 4 Selectors 15 4.1 CSS3................................................... 15 4.2 XPath................................................... 16 5 Testing 17 5.1 Unit testing................................................ 17 5.2 Browser tests............................................... 18 5.3 Setting Casper options in the test environment............................. 19 5.4 Advanced techniques........................................... 20 5.5 Test command args and options.................................... -
Webassembly a New World of Native Exploits on the Web Agenda
WebAssembly A New World Of Native Exploits On The Web Agenda • Introduction • The WebAssembly Platform • Emscripten • Possible Exploit Scenarios • Conclusion Wasm: What is it good for? ● Archive.org web emulators ● Image/processing ● Video Games ● 3D Modeling ● Cryptography Libraries ● Desktop Application Ports Wasm: Crazy Incoming ● Browsix, jslinux ● Runtime.js (Node), Nebulet ● Cervus ● eWASM Java Applet Joke Slide ● Sandboxed ● Virtual Machine, runs its own instruction set ● Runs in your browser ● Write once, run anywhere ● In the future, will be embedded in other targets What Is WebAssembly? ● A relatively small set of low-level instructions ○ Instructions are executed by browsers ● Native code can be compiled into WebAssembly ○ Allows web developers to take their native C/C++ code to the browser ■ Or Rust, or Go, or anything else that can compile to Wasm ○ Improved Performance Over JavaScript ● Already widely supported in the latest versions of all major browsers ○ Not limited to running in browsers, Wasm could be anywhere Wasm: A Stack Machine Text Format Example Linear Memory Model Subtitle Function Pointers Wasm in the Browser ● Wasm doesn’t have access to memory, DOM, etc. ● Wasm functions can be exported to be callable from JS ● JS functions can be imported into Wasm ● Wasm’s linear memory is a JS resizable ArrayBuffer ● Memory can be shared across instances of Wasm ● Tables are accessible via JS, or can be shared to other instances of Wasm Demo: Wasm in a nutshell Emscripten ● Emscripten is an SDK that compiles C/C++ into .wasm binaries ● LLVM/Clang derivative ● Includes built-in C libraries, etc. ● Also produces JS and HTML code to allow easy integration into a site. -
Casperjs Documentation Release 1.1.0-DEV
CasperJs Documentation Release 1.1.0-DEV Nicolas Perriault Sep 13, 2018 Contents 1 Installation 3 1.1 Prerequisites...............................................3 1.2 Installing from Homebrew (OSX)....................................4 1.3 Installing from npm...........................................4 1.4 Installing from git............................................4 1.5 Installing from an archive........................................5 1.6 CasperJS on Windows..........................................5 1.7 Known Bugs & Limitations.......................................6 2 Quickstart 7 2.1 A minimal scraping script........................................7 2.2 Now let’s scrape Google!........................................8 2.3 CoffeeScript version...........................................9 2.4 A minimal testing script......................................... 10 3 Using the command line 11 3.1 casperjs native options.......................................... 12 3.2 Raw parameter values.......................................... 13 4 Selectors 15 4.1 CSS3................................................... 15 4.2 XPath................................................... 16 5 Testing 17 5.1 Unit testing................................................ 17 5.2 Browser tests............................................... 18 5.3 Setting Casper options in the test environment............................. 19 5.4 Advanced techniques........................................... 20 5.5 Test command args and options.................................... -
Comparing Javascript Engines
Comparing Javascript Engines Xiang Pan, Shaker Islam, Connor Schnaith Background: Drive-by Downloads 1. Visiting a malicious website 2. Executing malicious javascript 3. Spraying the heap 4. Exploiting a certain vulnerability 5. Downloading malware 6. Executing malware Background: Drive-by Downloads 1. Visiting a malicious website 2. Executing malicious javascript 3. Spraying the heap 4. Exploiting a certain vulnerability 5. Downloading malware 6. Executing malware Background: Drive-by Downloads Background: Drive-by Downloads Setup: Making the prototype null while in the prototype creates a pointer to something random in the heap. Background: Drive-by Downloads Environment: gc( ) is a function call specific to Firefox, so the attacker would want to spray the heap with an exploit specific to firefox. Background: Drive-by Downloads Obfuscation: If the browser executing the javascript it firefox,the code will proceed to the return statement. Any other browser will exit with an error due to an unrecognized call to gc( ). Background: Drive-by Downloads Download: The return will be to a random location in the heap and due to heap-spraying it will cause shell code to be executed. Background: Goal of Our Project ● The goal is to decode obfuscated scripts by triggering javascript events ● The problem is when triggering events, some errors, resulting from disparity of different engines or some other reasons, may occur and terminate the progress ● We need to find ways to eliminate the errors and Ex 1therefore generate more de-obfuscated scripts <script> function f(){ //some codes gc(); var x=unescape(‘%u4149%u1982%u90 […]’)); eval(x); } </script> Ex 2 <script type="text/javascript" src="/includes/jquery/jquery.js"></script> Project Overview - Part One ● Modify WebKit engine so that it can generate error informations. -
Cascading Style Sheet Web Tool
CASCADING STYLE SHEET WEB TOOL _______________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State University _______________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Computer Science _______________ by Kalthoum Y. Adam Summer 2011 iii Copyright © 2011 by Kalthoum Y. Adam All Rights Reserved iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents who taught me not to give up on fulfilling my dreams. To my faithful husband for his continued support and motivation. To my sons who were my great inspiration. To all my family and friends for being there for me when I needed them most. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Cascading Style Sheet Web Tool by Kalthoum Y. Adam Master of Science in Computer Science San Diego State University, 2011 Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is a style language that separates the style of a web document from its content. It is used to customize the layout and control the appearance of web pages written by markup languages. CSS saves time while developing the web page by applying the same layout and style to all pages in the website. Furthermore, it makes the website easy to maintain by just editing one file. In this thesis, we developed a CSS web tool that is intended to web developers who will hand-code their HTML and CSS to have a complete control over the web page layout and style. The tool is a form wizard that helps developers through a user-friendly interface to create a website template with a valid CSS and XHTML code. -
Tutorial URL Manager Pro Tutorial
Tutorial URL Manager Pro Tutorial Version 3.3 Summer 2004 WWW http://www.url-manager.com Email mailto:[email protected] Copyright © 2004 Alco Blom All Rights Reserved - 1 - Tutorial Installation Requirements URL Manager Pro 3.3 requires Mac OS X 10.2 or higher. On Mac OS X 10.1 you can use URL Manager Pro 3.1.1. URL Manager Pro 2.8 is still available for Mac OS 8 users. The bundle size of URL Manager Pro 3.3 is around 8 MB, including this user manual and localizations for English, Japanese, German, French, Spanish and Italian, which are all included in the default package. Installing Installation is very easy, just move URL Manager Pro into the Applications folder. To start using URL Manager Pro, simply double-click the application icon. Optional: You may want to install the Add Bookmark Contextual Menu Item plug-in. The Add Bookmark plug-in can be installed using the URLs tab of the Preferences Window of URL Manager Pro. The plug-in will then be copied to: ~/Library/Contextual Menu Items/ Where ~ is the customary Unix shorthand to indicate the user's home directory. For more information, go to the Add Bookmark Web page or the Contextual Menu Item section in the Special Features chapter. The Bookmark Menu Extra While URL Manager Pro is running, it automatically adds the Bookmark Menu Extra to the menu bar. With the Bookmark Menu Extra you have access to your bookmarks from within any application, including your web browser. The Bookmark Menu Extra is located in the right part of your menu bar (see below). -
HTML Tips and Tricks
Here are some common HTML/JavaScript codes to use in your survey building. To use these codes click on the purple drop down to the left of a question. Then click on “add java script”. Replace the part that says” /*Place Your Javascript Here*/” with the codes below. Some codes are to be used in the source view or answer choices. Again these codes should be pasted into your question when you have accessed the “code view” in the upper right of the questions text box or if you’re in the rich text editor click on the “source” button in the upper right corner of the rich text editor. Below you will find 18 codes. The blue text specifies where the code should be placed (java script editor or source view). To customize the codes you will need to change the red text in the codes below. 1. Append text to the right of text entry choices (ex. TE Form) This allows you to ask questions such as "Approx how many hours a day do you watch TV? [TEXT ENTRY SHORT] hrs" (Java script editor) var questionId = this.questionId; var choiceInputs = $$('#'+this.questionId + ' .ChoiceStructure input'); for (var i=0; i < choiceInputs.length; i++) {var choiceInput = choiceInputs[i]; try {if (choiceInput && choiceInput.parentNode) {choiceInput.parentNode.appendChild(QBuilder('span',{},'hrs')); } } catch(e) { } } 2. Puts a calendar into the question (This code only works when placed in the source view. Or use the question saved in the Qualtrics Library. ) <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://yui.yahooapis.com/2.7.0/build/calendar/assets/skins/sam/calendar.css"> -
Formalizing Markup Languages for User Interface
LU´IS GONZAGA MARTINS FERREIRA FORMALIZING MARKUP LANGUAGES FOR USER INTERFACE Dissertac¸ao˜ para Mestrado em Informatica´ Escola de Engenharia UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO Braga, 2005 LU´IS GONZAGA MARTINS FERREIRA FORMALIZING MARKUP LANGUAGES FOR USER INTERFACE Dissertac¸ao˜ submetida a` Universidade do Minho para obtenc¸ao˜ do grau de Mestre em Informatica,´ ar´ ea de especializac¸ao˜ em Sistemas Distribu´ıdos, Comunicac¸oes˜ por Computador e Arquitectura de Computadores, elabo- rada sob a orientac¸ao˜ do Professor Doutor Jose´ Nuno de Oliveira, Pro- fessor Associado do Departamento de Informatica´ da Universidade do Minho. Dissertac¸ao˜ desenvolvida no ambitoˆ do Projecto EUREKA IKF (E!2235) Escola de Engenharia UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO Braga, 2005 A` Ana, Aninhas e Ritinha Abstract This document presents a Dissertation theme, as integral part of Masters Degree in Distributed Systems, Computers Architecture and Computers Communication. The work has as primary objective the application of formal methods in the specifi- cation of presentation layer. Even reaching several relevance HCI concerns, the scope focus essentially on the way how formal methods can be explored to specify user in- terfaces described using markup languages. The state-of-the-art analysis of user interface markup languages and UIML - User Interface Markup Language formal specification are main contributions. Therefore the tabular graphical object OLAP main features are formally specified in VDM-SL and animated using UIML. This research should be considered as a contribution towards a definition of a visual component library , with user interfaces components composition and reuse. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Jose´ Nuno Oliveira, member of DI (Department of Informatics, Minho University1), who encouraged all formal methods research and initiatives at the University, for his useful support and advice during this work. -
PDF Bookmarks, Page 560 PDF Document Properties, Page 567 PDF Viewer Settings, Page 568
554 How to output PDF links, bookmarks, document properties, and viewer settings How To Get There from Here How to output PDF links, bookmarks, document properties, and viewer settings Arbortext Editor supports generation of PDF links, bookmarks, document properties, and viewer settings from SGML and XML documents. They are all discussed below. PDF links, page 555 PDF bookmarks, page 560 PDF document properties, page 567 PDF viewer settings, page 568 NOTE: These techniques apply only to the direct PDF method. DRAFT © 2012 How To Get There from Here PDF links 555 PDF links Automatically generated, FOSI-generated, and manually authored PDF links are discussed below. Automatically generated PDF links, page 555 FOSI-generated PDF links, page 555 Authored PDF links, page 556 PDF link–related ACL, page 559 Automatically generated PDF links Publishing directly to PDF automatically creates links that go from: ■ Each entry in the table of contents to the page on which that entry appears ■ A cross reference to the page on which the cross-referenced element appears ■ Each index entry to its corresponding page number FOSI-generated PDF links The link category (page 477) is used to generate PDF links to: ■ A named destination ■ A URL Link can be used in different ways: ■ In the resolved charlist of an e-i-c. The href characteristic specifies a hard-coded URL or a hard-coded ID that presumably is included in the document. ■ In a fillval charsubset. An attribute on an element in the document specifies an ID or URL, which the fillval category assigns to the href characteristic on the link category.