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Decapodaecapoda DECAPODA DDecapodaecapoda DECAPODA • ca 10 tis. popsaných druh ů (1/4 všech korýšů) • často velké rozm ěry a abundance, ekonomický význam • většinou mo řské bentické druhy; raci, n ěkteré krevety a krabi pronikli do sladkých vod; n ěkolik krab ů terestrických; n ěkolik desetinožců planktonních Macrocheira kaempferi rozp ětí max. 3,7 m Gecarcoidea natalis endemit Váno čního ostrova, žije v pralese, rozmnožování u mo ře, masové migrace Dissodactylus mellitae ca 3 mm, komenzál ježovek „dolarovek“ Základní tělní plán abdomen (pleon) thorax (pereion) cephalon 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 telson pleopody pereiopody maxilipedy složené oči na stopce uropody thorakopody (článek bez kon četin) a - 2v ětevné anteny cephalothorax karapax A - 2v ětevné antenuly, plochý exopodit rostrum (vnímání proudu), u báze statocysta a nefridiopór m - mandibuly mx - maxily Mx - maxilully Tělní typy • trend v evoluci desetinožců: vývoj od podlouhlého plavajícího typu „kreveta“ k typu odvozen ějšímu, tj. zploštělému, zkrácenému, lezoucímu nebo hrabavému („krab“) - „karcinizace“ • tento vývoj prob ěhl n ěkolikrát nezávisle na sob ě u r ůzných skupin desetinožců • typ kreveta – dlouhá tykadla, exoskeleton slab ě kalcifikovaný, klepítka malá nebo chybí, obrvené plovací pleopody, ohýbáním abdomenu prudký zp ětný pohyb; lezení pomocí pereiopod ů • typ humr (rak) – dlouhá tykadla, silná klepeta, silné kráčivé kon četiny, pleopody slouží dýchání, ohyb zade čku jako u krevet • typ krab (a polokrab) - zkrácená tykadla, silná klepeta, robustní tělo i pereiopody, zade ček často trvale ohnut pod t ělem a redukován (u krab ů doslova uzam čen), 5. pár pereiopod ů může být redukován a oto čen nahoru na karapax (u polokrab ů) Potrava a trávicí soustava • převážně saprofágové a predáto ři (kombinace), n ěkte ří herbivorní, omnivorní či detritovorní • potrava uchopena klepety, podávána 3. páru maxiliped a t ěmi vtla čována do úst; mandibuly potravu drží, zatímco maxily a maxilipedy ji trhají a nesou do úst žvýkací žaludek žlaznatý žaludek (ektoderm) (entoderm) dorzální kanál vápenité desti čky svalnatá část chlope ň st řevo gastrolit pylorický filtr jícen ventrální kanál s filtrem hepatopankreas Dýchání • žábra (p řem ěněné epipodity hrudních kon četin) lupenitá či vláknitá na st ředovém stvolu, jednoduchá či v ětvená; až 24 párů; tvo ří závoj • dýchací kom ůrka rozd ělena na inhala ční (hypobranchiální) a exhala ční (epibranchiální) část; pohybem epipodit ů maxil vzniká proud; exhal. otvory vždy vep ředu, inhal. otvory umíst ěny r ůzn ě • krev proudí stvolem, vým ěna plyn ů přes jemnou kutikulu (svléká se) • čištění žaber pomocí epipodit ů maxiliped nebo zp ětným proudem epipodit 1. maxiliped exhala ční dýchací část kom ůrka inhala ční část branchiostergit epipodit filtr 2. maxiliped sternum ky čel inhala ční otvor Larvální vývoj • vajíčko → nauplius → zoea → postlarva → juvenil → dosp ělec • larvy pelagické, postlarva bentická, dosp ělci (p říp. juvenilové) často putují velké vzdálenosti na místa rozmnožování • Dendrobranchiata – kladou vajíčka p římo do vody, líhne se nauplius (1) nebo metanauplius • Pleocyemata - ♀ nosí sn ůšku pod zade čkem, líhne se protozoea (2) nebo zoea (u krab ů s velmi dlouhým rostrálním trnem; 3) • různé typy zoeí: mysis (Dendrobranchiata; 4), phyllosoma (langusty) • postlarvální stádium – u krab ů megalopa (5) 1 5 3 2 4 Larvální vývoj - Dendrobranchiata: Penaeidae nauplius 1-3 metanauplius 1-3 protozoea 1-3 mysis 1-3 postlarva Hommarus gammarus Anomura: Porcellanidae Brachyura phylosoma („Palinura“) Růst a svlékání • u někt. r ůst po celý život (hum ři), u někt. jen ur čitý po čet instar ů (někt. krabi) • svlékání regulováno hormonáln ě jako u hmyzu: ekdyzon (svlékací hormon) tvo řen v Y-orgánu • inhibice svlékání hormonem produkovaným v X-orgánu (umíst ěn v o čním nervu – odstran ění oční stopky vyvolá před časné svlékání) • řízení činnosti obou žláz centrálním nervovým systémem • podn ět ke svlékání nap ř. délka dne, teplota vody, ale také růst m ěkkých tkání • schopnost regenerace ztracených kon četin, autotomie Decapoda - systém Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 „nepravé krevety“ Suborder Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 „NATANTIA“ – Infraorder Stenopodidea Claus, 1872 – Infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852 pravé krevety a garnáti – Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802 raci, hum ři – Infraorder „Palinura“ Latreille, 1802 langusty „Macrura“ – Infraorder Thalassinidea Latreille, 1831 „REPTANTIA“ – Infraorder Anomura MacLeay, 1838 polokrabi, poustevníčci – Infraorder Brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 praví krabi „NATANTIA“ • mikroskopické až 36 cm délky • tělo lateráln ě zploštělé, nekalcifikované • rostrum ozubené; zade ček delší než karapax s hlavou; pereiopody štíhlé, někdy opat řeny malými klepítky; pleopody dob ře vyvinuté • mohou plavat, kráčet a ukrývat se pod kameny, v nárostech či dutinách, hrabat v povrchové vrstv ě dna • mo řské, brakické i sladkovodní biotopy od rovníku až do polárních oblastí • pelagické druhy do -500 m spíše pr ůsvitné, hloub ěji zbarvené do červena a často mají schopnost bioluminiscence • bentické-někt. vázany na korálové útesy, houby a další bezobratlé • ca 350 druh ů má komer ční využití: lov (nej čast ěji do -100 m) i chov • gonochoristi, někt. druhy seriální hermafrodité (Pandalus borealis, Caridea) pod řád Dendrobranchiata • celkem 7 čeledí, zahrnují druhy ekonomicky významné • 2 ke říčkovit ě větvená žábra (primární, sekundární a terciální větve) typicky: sek. a terc. v ětve ploché, sek. v ětve nasedají vst řícné sek. v ětve ne-dendrobranchiátní st řídav ě, terc. v ětve oválné ke říčkovité terc. v ětve, vzhled, nap ř. Sicyonidae a ploché, dále nev ětvené, nap ř. Aristeidae Sergestidae Paeneidae – „penaeid shrimps“ • komer čně nejd ůležit ější druhy krevet • ♀ někt. druh ů mají tzv. thelycum – uzav řený či otev řený prostor na spodní stran ě posl. thorakálního segmentu na uložení sam čího spermatoforu, vznikl modifikací 2-3 sternit ů • ♂: zv ětšené endopodity 1. páru pleopod ů – petasma , slouží k p řenášení spermatoforu • ♀ vajíčka nenosí, ale vypouští do vody • vysoká plodnost ♀ ♂ Litopenaeus vannamei Penaeus monodon („white-leg shrimp“) (až 36 cm, „giant tiger shrimp“) gonády prosvítají přes karapax; Indický oceán a záp. Pacifik; juvenilní stádia vých. Pacifik od Mexika po sev. v ústích řek, lagunách a mangrovech; no ční Peru, r. 1985 importován na aktivita, ve dne zahrabáni do dna; chov na farmy v Jižní Karolíně, dnes farmách, nejv ětší producenti Taiwan, Thajsko nejd ůležit ější produkce v USA Fenneropenaeus chinensis („fleshy prawn“) Žluté mo ře, lov ohrožen zne čištěním, farmy odchyt z p řírody, plány na genetickou selekci, tvorba triploid ů pod řád Pleocyemata • všichni ostatní desetinožci • ♀ nosí vajíčka v trsech na pleopodech, líhnou se až v pokro čilejším stupni vývoje; u sladkovodních skupin larva zcela chybí • žábry typu trichobranchií (jednoduché, trubi čkovité) nebo fylobranchií (lístkovité) Nad řád Stenopoidea – „barber-pole shrimps“ • ani kreveta, ani garnát; sesterská skupina k „Reptantia“ • 3. pár (!) pereiopod ů má klepítka • požírají nárosty řas a detrit, často p ěkn ě zbarvení, chovaní v akváriích • Stenopus hispidus – korálové útesy, čistí ryby od mrtvých tkání, řas a parazit ů Infra řád Caridea • pravé krevety, 35 čeledí v 16 nad čeledích Palaemonidae – planktonní nebo symbiotické, detritovorní či dravé, někt. mají hospodářský význam, využití v akvaristice Palaemon elegans (ca 5 cm) skalnatá příbojová Vir phillipinensis Pontonia pinnophylax zóna; Atlantik, St ředozemní na korálu Plerogyra symbiont na Pinna nobilis a Černé mo ře sinuosa P. serratus (ca 10 cm) Macrobrachium rosenbergii Atlantik, St ředozemní a Černé mo ře; (až přes 30 cm) sladké a brakické vody, Velká Británie a Irsko - komer ční lov Indo-Pacifik, sev. Austrálie; ekon. význam Palaemonidae Periclimenes – 175 druh ů, nejv ětš. diverzita na korálových útesech v Indickém oceánu a záp. Pacifiku, ca 4 druhy ve St ředozemním mo ři; parazité a symbionti různých bezobratlých P. amethysteus P. brevicarpalis P. holthuisi no ční aktivita, („Pacific clown na žahavcích, čistí ryby St ředozemní mo ře anemone shrimp“) P. imperator - využívá ochrany P. colemani P. soror nejedlých bezobr. (nahožábrý plž parazituje na jedovaté čistí hv ězdice Hexabranchus sanguineus, „leopardí“ ježovce Asthenosoma (Linkia laevigata) sumýš Bohadschia argus ), živí se varians jejich výkaly a zvířeným detritem Gnathophyllidae Hymenoceridae „bumblebee shrimps“ korálové útesy Gnathophyllum elegans až 3,5 cm, vých. Atlantik a St ředozemní mo ře, v porostech Hymenocera picta (ca 2,5 cm, Posidonia „harlequin shrimp“) Indo-Pacifik a vých. Pacifik, no ční aktivita, živí se na hv ězdicích, často v párech Processidae malé krevetky aktivní v noci, p řes den ukryty v mo řské trávě; velké oči, krátké rostrum Alpheidae – „pistol shrimps, snapping shrimps“ • běžní a široce rozší ření, nejv ětší diverzita ze všech Decapoda - 46 rod ů, ca 600 druh ů • 3-6 cm velcí, někt. siln ě kalcifikovaní (p řipomínají Reptantia) • jedno klepeto zv ětšené, na bázi jeho pohyblivé části velký výstupek, který zapadá do jamky na nepohyblivé části, adhezivní disky drží klepeto otev řené, p ři sklapnutí vzniká ve vod ě podtlak, následuje imploze (1 ms) • „st řílení“ velmi hlasité, slouží k omráčení ko řisti (malé ryby), obran ě i vnitro- druhové komunikaci • obývají štěrbiny ve skalách, pod kameny, v písku, korálovém štěrku; často symbióza (s houbami, žahavci, m ěkkýši, ost. korýši, ostnokožci, rybami Gobiidae), rod Synalpheus eusociální Alpheus bellulus Synalpheus regalis („tiger pistol shrimp“) sociální kolonie
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