Scope & Spotting Scope Resolution and Magnification
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Galileo and the Telescope
Galileo and the Telescope A Discussion of Galileo Galilei and the Beginning of Modern Observational Astronomy ___________________________ Billy Teets, Ph.D. Acting Director and Outreach Astronomer, Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Tuesday, October 20, 2020 Image Credit: Giuseppe Bertini General Outline • Telescopes/Galileo’s Telescopes • Observations of the Moon • Observations of Jupiter • Observations of Other Planets • The Milky Way • Sunspots Brief History of the Telescope – Hans Lippershey • Dutch Spectacle Maker • Invention credited to Hans Lippershey (c. 1608 - refracting telescope) • Late 1608 – Dutch gov’t: “ a device by means of which all things at a very great distance can be seen as if they were nearby” • Is said he observed two children playing with lenses • Patent not awarded Image Source: Wikipedia Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own – 3x magnification. • Similar to what was peddled in Europe. • Learned magnification depended on the ratio of lens focal lengths. • Had to learn to grind his own lenses. Image Source: Britannica.com Image Source: Wikipedia Refracting Telescopes Bend Light Refracting Telescopes Chromatic Aberration Chromatic aberration limits ability to distinguish details Dealing with Chromatic Aberration - Stop Down Aperture Galileo used cardboard rings to limit aperture – Results were dimmer views but less chromatic aberration Galileo and the Telescope • Created his own (3x, 8-9x, 20x, etc.) • Noted by many for its military advantages August 1609 Galileo and the Telescope • First observed the -
How to Choose and Use Birding Optics
Blackburnian Warbler In association with Chestnut-sided Warbler CONTENTS Birding Optics 101 . 2 Optics Terms . 3 How Binoculars Work . 6 All About Spotting Scopes . 10 Top 10 Tips for Purchasing Your First Optics . 14 Adjusting Your Birding Optics . 18 Become a Birder in 5 Simple Steps . 22 Identifying Birds . 24 Three Tips for IDing Birds . 26 Traveling With Optics . 28 BIRDING OPTICS 101 No bird watcher’s toolkit is complete without optics, which means binoculars or a spotting scope . While you can bird without the magnifying power of optics, you won’t always get a satisfactory look at the birds, and will likely miss a few IDs . One barrier to entry for aspiring birders is the belief that quality optics are expensive . They can be, but they don’t have to be . Technological and manufacturing advances mean that today’s binoculars and spotting scopes are more affordable than ever, while still featuring high-end materials . So, where do you begin when selecting your first birding optics? In this guide, we discuss how binoculars and spotting scopes work, so you can select the best optics to enhance your birding experience . Once you’ve made your choice, we’ll teach you how to clean and care for your optics . You will learn to love them, because they are your gateway to discovering flocks’ worth of amazing birds . OPTICS DEFINED: WHAT YOU SEE IS WHAT YOU GET The vast majority of birders use binoculars—also known as “binos,” “binocs,” or “bins” for short . When you hear birders use the term “optics,” they are usually referring to binoculars . -
Compound Light Microscopes Magnification
Compound Light Microscopes • Frequently used tools of biologists. • Magnify organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye. • To use: – Sandwich specimen between transparent slide and thin, transparent coverslip. – Shine light through specimen into lenses of microscope. • Lens closest to object is objective lens. • Lens closest to your eye is the ocular lens. • The image viewed through a compound light microscope is formed by the projection of light through a mounted specimen on a slide. Eyepiece/ ocular lens Magnification Nosepiece Arm Objectives/ • Magnification - the process of objective lens enlarging something in appearance, not Stage Clips Light intensity knob actual physical size. Stage Coarse DiaphragmDiaphragm Adjustment Fine Adjustment Light Positioning knobs Source Base Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the arm and one hand under the base. What’s my power? Comparing Powers of Magnification To calculate the power of magnification or total magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the We can see better details with higher power of the objective. the powers of magnification, but we cannot see as much of the image. Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification? 1 Resolution Limit of resolution • Resolution - the shortest distance • As magnifying power increases, we see between two points more detail. on a specimen that • There is a point where we can see no can still be more detail is the limit of resolution. distinguished as – Beyond the limit of resolution, objects get two points. blurry and detail is lost. – Use electron microscopes to reveal detail beyond the limit of resolution of a compound light microscope! Proper handling technique Field of view 1. -
S P O R T O P T I
KENKO-SPORT-OPTICS-2012-1 12.4.6 11:07 AM Page 1 SPORT OPTICS BIRDING SPORTS MARINE OUTDOOR TRAVEL EVENTS ASTRONOMY KENKO-SPORT-OPTICS-2012-1 12.4.6 11:07 AM Page 2 KENKO-SPORT-OPTICS-2012-1 12.4.6 11:07 AM Page 3 In a moment, the breadth and beauty of nature is real, inviting you into its world... The sea, mountains, fields, forests and blue sky... see the full grandeur of nature through our outstanding line of binoculars. RECOMMENDED NEW ITEMS OP 8x32 DH II 8X21 DH SG OP 10x32W DH II 10X25 DH SG BIRDING BINOCULARS For more information, please refer to page 8 For more information, please refer to page 15 KENKO-SPORT-OPTICS-2012-1 12.4.6 11:07 AM Page 4 INDEX As one of the world's largest makers of binoculars, Kenko has the experience and refined manufacturing techniques to produce high-quality, multi-coated and phase-coated glass optics that yield bright, crisp clear viewing under a wide-variety of conditions. You may not know the name, but the Kenko company is an original manufacturer with decades of experience in the precise production of sports optics. THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF KENKO BINOCULARS INDEX BINOCULARS Kenko - ULTIMATE BIRDING BINOCULARS OP 8x42DH Mark II / OP 10x42DH Mark II, 8x42DH MS / 10x42DH MS . .6 8x32DH MS / 10x32DH MS, 8x25DH / 10x25D . .7 ultra VIEW EX - PREMIUM BIRDING BINOCULARS OP 8x32 DH II / OP 10x32W DH II, OP 8x42 DH ED / OP 10x42 DH ED . .8 OP 8x42 DH II / OP 10x42 DH II, 10x50 DH / 12x50 DH, 8x42 DH / 10x42 DH . -
Lab 11: the Compound Microscope
OPTI 202L - Geometrical and Instrumental Optics Lab 9-1 LAB 9: THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE The microscope is a widely used optical instrument. In its simplest form, it consists of two lenses Fig. 9.1. An objective forms a real inverted image of an object, which is a finite distance in front of the lens. This image in turn becomes the object for the ocular, or eyepiece. The eyepiece forms the final image which is virtual, and magnified. The overall magnification is the product of the individual magnifications of the objective and the eyepiece. Figure 9.1. Images in a compound microscope. To illustrate the concept, use a 38 mm focal length lens (KPX079) as the objective, and a 50 mm focal length lens (KBX052) as the eyepiece. Set them up on the optical rail and adjust them until you see an inverted and magnified image of an illuminated object. Note the intermediate real image by inserting a piece of paper between the lenses. Q1 ● Can you demonstrate the final image by holding a piece of paper behind the eyepiece? Why or why not? The eyepiece functions as a magnifying glass, or simple magnifier. In effect, your eye looks into the eyepiece, and in turn the eyepiece looks into the optical system--be it a compound microscope, a spotting scope, telescope, or binocular. In all cases, the eyepiece doesn't view an actual object, but rather some intermediate image formed by the "front" part of the optical system. With telescopes, this intermediate image may be real or virtual. With the compound microscope, this intermediate image is real, formed by the objective lens. -
Depth of Focus (DOF)
Erect Image Depth of Focus (DOF) unit: mm Also known as ‘depth of field’, this is the distance (measured in the An image in which the orientations of left, right, top, bottom and direction of the optical axis) between the two planes which define the moving directions are the same as those of a workpiece on the limits of acceptable image sharpness when the microscope is focused workstage. PG on an object. As the numerical aperture (NA) increases, the depth of 46 focus becomes shallower, as shown by the expression below: λ DOF = λ = 0.55µm is often used as the reference wavelength 2·(NA)2 Field number (FN), real field of view, and monitor display magnification unit: mm Example: For an M Plan Apo 100X lens (NA = 0.7) The depth of focus of this objective is The observation range of the sample surface is determined by the diameter of the eyepiece’s field stop. The value of this diameter in 0.55µm = 0.6µm 2 x 0.72 millimeters is called the field number (FN). In contrast, the real field of view is the range on the workpiece surface when actually magnified and observed with the objective lens. Bright-field Illumination and Dark-field Illumination The real field of view can be calculated with the following formula: In brightfield illumination a full cone of light is focused by the objective on the specimen surface. This is the normal mode of viewing with an (1) The range of the workpiece that can be observed with the optical microscope. With darkfield illumination, the inner area of the microscope (diameter) light cone is blocked so that the surface is only illuminated by light FN of eyepiece Real field of view = from an oblique angle. -
Optical & Sport Systems
PRODUCT GUIDE No. 46 ◆ 9 •20 7 1 9 4 1 Optical & Sport Systems 3 5 t h Ye a r BINOCULARS TELESCOPES MICROSCOPES OUTDOOR ◆ INDEX BINOCULARS & SPOTTERS SPECS Konus is tradition and innovation. The tradition of an historic and prestigious brand that Konus binoculars and spotting scopes are made with an uncompromising commit- has become a synonymours of uncompromising quality and excellenge in the optics ment to quality at its highest standards. Their superior components ensure the ultimate industry over the last years and is currently distributed in 76 Countries worldwide. viewing experience for every demanding user. Featuring a wide assortment of models The innovation of a creative approach to the market that takes place through the con- with distinctive specifications (compact, zoom, waterproof, etc.), our lines of binoculars stant development of exclusive products with an unique and original style in both their and spotting scopes have become the favourite choice of avid hunters, birdwatchers design and packaging. In the competitive and challenging market of nowadays, Konus and outdoorsmen. is able to offer the ideal solution for every possible need, from Hunting to Birdwatching, from Research to Astonomiy, from Science to Sport. MAGNIFICATION: EYE RELIEF: This is the number of times that an object is being enlarged whi- this is the distance a binocular/spotting scope can be held away le looking at it through a binocular/spotting scope. For example, from the eye and still maintain the full field of view. Long eye BINOCULARS ◆ MAGNIFIERS an object that is 100 yards away will appear like it is 5 yards relief optics reduce eyestrain and are much more comfortable, away if it is observed with a 20x instrument (100 : 20 = 5). -
The Microscope Parts And
The Microscope Parts and Use Name:_______________________ Period:______ Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590. The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (vs./ an electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10X) magnification. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the object. Before purchasing or using a microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part. Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power. Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base. It is used along with the base to carry the microscope Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. -
How Do the Lenses in a Microscope Work?
Student Name: _____________________________ Date: _________________ How do the lenses in a microscope work? Compound Light Microscope: A compound light microscope uses light to transmit an image to your eye. Compound deals with the microscope having more than one lens. Microscope is the combination of two words; "micro" meaning small and "scope" meaning view. Early microscopes, like Leeuwenhoek's, were called simple because they only had one lens. Simple scopes work like magnifying glasses that you have seen and/or used. These early microscopes had limitations to the amount of magnification no matter how they were constructed. The creation of the compound microscope by the Janssens helped to advance the field of microbiology light years ahead of where it had been only just a few years earlier. The Janssens added a second lens to magnify the image of the primary (or first) lens. Simple light microscopes of the past could magnify an object to 266X as in the case of Leeuwenhoek's microscope. Modern compound light microscopes, under optimal conditions, can magnify an object from 1000X to 2000X (times) the specimens original diameter. "The Compound Light Microscope." The Compound Light Microscope. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi-ws/microscopes/compoundscope.html Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. - 1 – Student Name: _____________________________ Date: _________________ Now we will describe how a microscope works in somewhat more detail. The first lens of a microscope is the one closest to the object being examined and, for this reason, is called the objective. -
Binocular and Spotting Scope Basics
Binocular and Spotting Scope Basics A good pair of binoculars is a must for most for bird monitoring projects. Certainly, you can observe birds and other wildlife without the aid of binoculars, such as at a feeder, but with them you will see more detail. Binoculars don't have to cost you a lot of money, but should adequately magnify birds for identification. Many 7 x 35 or 8 x 42 power binoculars are affordable and good for bird watching. They should be easy to use and comfortable for you. You can buy binoculars through sporting goods stores, catalogs, and the Internet. How to use binoculars Binoculars are an extension of your eyes. First, use your naked eye to find the birds you are observing. Once you have detected movement and can see the wildlife, use binoculars to see details of a bird’s “field marks.” Everyone’s eyes are different, so before you raise the binoculars, you must calibrate them for your eyes. How to Calibrate Binoculars 1. Binoculars hinge at the center between the two large “barrels,” allowing the eyepieces to fit the width of your eyes (Illustration A). Pivot the hinged barrels so you see a single circle-shaped image, rather than a double-image when looking through them. If the barrels are as close together as they go and you still see two images, you may need to find another pair. The distance between the eyepieces is called the “interpupillary distance.” It is too large if you see two images. The number on the hinge post (angle) will always be the same for your eyes, no matter which binocular you use (A). -
A. Introduction B. Magnification, Resolution, and Working Distance
SOURCE: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/microscopy.html Compound Microscopes | mag vs resolution | working distance | monocular parts | care of the microscopes | | monocular focusing | oil immersion | measuring field diameter | binocular parts | binocular focusing | | Microscopy Exercises | A. Introduction The typical compound light microscope (Fig.1) is capable of increasing our ability to see detail by 1000 times so that objects as small as 0.1 micrometer (um) or 100 nanometers (nm) can be seen. Electron microscopes extend this range further allowing us to see objects as small as 0.5 nm in diameter or roughly 1/200,000th the size we can see with a naked eye. Needless to say, development and use of microscopes has vastly improved our understanding of cells and their structure and function. Figure 1. Binocular compound microscope. B. Magnification, Resolution, and Working Distance Magnification is simply a function of making an object appear bigger, such as when we use a hand lens to enlarge printed word. Merely magnifying an object without a simultaneous increase in the amount of detail seen will not provide the viewer with a good image. The ability of a microscope (or eye) to see detail is a function of its resolving power. Resolving power is defined as the minimum distance between two objects at which the objects can just be distinguished as separate and is a function of the wavelength of light used and the quality of the optics. In general, the shorter the wavelength of the light source, the higher the resolution of the microscope. Working distance is the distance between the objective lens and the specimen. -
THE STUDY of SATURN's RINGS 1 Thesis Presented for the Degree Of
1 THE STUDY OF SATURN'S RINGS 1610-1675, Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Field of History of Science by Albert Van Haden Department of History of Science and Technology Imperial College of Science and Teohnology University of London May, 1970 2 ABSTRACT Shortly after the publication of his Starry Messenger, Galileo observed the planet Saturn for the first time through a telescope. To his surprise he discovered that the planet does.not exhibit a single disc, as all other planets do, but rather a central disc flanked by two smaller ones. In the following years, Galileo found that Sa- turn sometimes also appears without these lateral discs, and at other times with handle-like appendages istead of round discs. These ap- pearances posed a great problem to scientists, and this problem was not solved until 1656, while the solution was not fully accepted until about 1670. This thesis traces the problem of Saturn, from its initial form- ulation, through the period of gathering information, to the final stage in which theories were proposed, ending with the acceptance of one of these theories: the ring-theory of Christiaan Huygens. Although the improvement of the telescope had great bearing on the problem of Saturn, and is dealt with to some extent, many other factors were in- volved in the solution of the problem. It was as much a perceptual problem as a technical problem of telescopes, and the mental processes that led Huygens to its solution were symptomatic of the state of science in the 1650's and would have been out of place and perhaps impossible before Descartes.