DOCSLIB.ORG

Cruise Report Windward Caribbean Dec 3 – 20, 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Cruise Report Windward Caribbean Dec 3 – 20, 2018 Contributing Authors Dr. Stuart Sandin Dr. Brian Zgliczynski Lindsay Bonito Scripps Institution of Oceanography www.100islandchallenge.org Report prepared on 7 March 2019 Expedition Team Scripps Institution of Oceanography Lindsay Bonito, Staff Researcher Sho Kodera, Staff Researcher Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CNSI) Dr. Kimani Kitson-Walters, Data Monitoring Officer Anna Maitz, Research Staff Nature Foundation St. Maarten Melanie Meijer zu Schlochtern, Project Officer Tadzio Bervoets, Researcher Saba Bank National Park Ayumi Kuramae Izioka, Officer and Science Coordinator Joe Oliver, Boat Driver Dive Support Golden Rock Dive Center Sea Saba Dive Center Executive Summary In December 2018, the 100 Island Challenge team completed the second visit to the Windward Caribbean islands of Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, and Saba. These Dutch islands were first visited in 2016 during a ship-based expedition in collaboration with the Waitt Institute and local agencies including the Nature Foundation St. Maarten, Sint Eustatius National Parks Foundation (STENAPA), and Saba Bank National Park. Permanent monitoring sites were established at all islands, which were recovered and resurveyed in 2018. Again, the 100IC partnered with each island’s local agencies with the addition of partners from Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CNSI) on St. Eustatius to resurvey 26 sites across the forereef of St. Maarten, St. Eustatius and Saba. Over the course of the 17-day expedition, the team recovered 18 of the 26 monitoring sites and re-established new sites where 2016 markers could not be found. Between the visits of 2016 and 2018, the islands were heavily impacted by the Hurricane Irma, Jose and Maria, particularly Sint Maarten, causing much damage to the islands and nearshore reef areas. Large boulders had been displaced, making site recovery and relocation very difficult. No permanent site markers were found at Sint Maarten, whereas nearly all sites were re-surveyed at Sint Eustatius and Saba. Fish and benthic surveys were conducted at all sites following GCRMN protocols to assess temporal change in communities over the course of two years. Three of nine temperature loggers were recovered, all of which showed a sharp decline in sea temperature immediately before Hurricane Irma, a commonly observed trend. Through a visual comparison of the large-area images from Saba and Sint Eustatius, the reefs seemed to fair well despite the large hurricane disturbance in 2017. Controversially, reefs around Sint Maarten suffered greater hurricane damage, with a reduction in overall coral cover. Furthermore, divers found evidence of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease in Sint Maarten, a previously unknown coral disease originally identified in Florida and rapidly spreading throughout the Caribbean. The cause is unknown, but the disease affects many coral species including the slowest-growing and longest-lived reef-building corals. Fortunately, the disease had not yet been reported in Saba or Sint Eustatius. 100 Island Challenge Description: This research initiative employs novel approaches for studying coral reef community dynamics through the application of underwater photomosaic technology. Working with colleagues from the University of Miami, we have built a camera system that allows us to capture images of large swaths of the reef surface. Further, by re- visiting exact locations multiple times and replicating photography, we have an unprecedented opportunity to track the dynamics of corals and algae. In particular, with advanced image analysis, we can track how a reef community changes, addressing questions of coral growth, death, and competition that are currently unresolved. We have field-trialed this photomosaic equipment and are developing a reliable image analysis protocol. We are now poised to apply this tool to generate the large-scale data of reef community dynamics that have to date been unavailable. Further, by combining these image-based data with reliable information about the composition of the fish community, the general oceanography, and the human situation of each location, we can begin to elucidate the conditions that are more (or less) conducive to the maintenance of growing and so-called ‘healthy’ coral reefs. Application to the Caribbean: By linking the fates of these reefs to the oceanographic conditions and to the local activities of people, we will be able to start understanding cause-and- effect pathways for reef change. Given that local-scale marine managers consistently seek information on the ‘state’ of their coral reef, looking for comparisons to help guide local management. Further, by making the data that describe each reef readily available and easy to visualize, there is a terrific opportunity to increase the dialogue between the science and management communities, as well as independently among the managers looking for tangible information to improve their self-management. By working side-by- side with regional managers and partners in local NGOs (e.g., the Nature Conservancy, Conservation International), we will expand the scientific insights into the state and future of their reef areas. For more information, visit www.100islandchallenge.org Windward Caribbean Geography Figure 1. Map of Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius and Saba. Survey Metadata Table 1. Sites surveyed to assess fish and benthic communities during the Windward Caribbean 2018 expedition. Area GCRMN Date Island Station ID Latitude Longitude Habitat Mosaic Divers1 Data2 Notes (m2) Divers1 2018-12-05 St. Eustatius STE_11 17.47057 -62.94862 100 Forereef SK, LTB, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-05 St. Eustatius STE_13 17.46240 -62.96883 100 Forereef SK, LTB, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-05 St. Eustatius STE_15 17.46778 -62.98346 100 Forereef LTB, SK, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M, T HOBO 10950547 2018-12-06 St. Eustatius STE_05B 17.50734 -62.97472 100 Forereef LTB, SK, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-06 St. Eustatius STE_07 17.50107 -62.96205 100 Forereef LTB, SK, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-06 St. Eustatius STE_100B 17.47956 -62.99461 100 Wreck SK, LTB, KKW - M 2018-12-07 St. Eustatius STE_01B 17.52648 -62.99709 100 Forereef SK, LTB, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-07 St. Eustatius STE_102 17.52553 -62.99962 100 Forereef LTB, SK, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-07 St. Eustatius STE_19 17.52122 -63.00087 100 Forereef SK, LTB, KKW MZS, AM B, F, M 2018-12-10 St. Maarten STM_107B 17.98897 -63.05897 100 Forereef SK, LTB, TB KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-10 St. Maarten STM_105B 17.99133 -63.05630 100 Forereef LTB, SK, TB KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-10 St. Maarten STM_110 18.01.280 -63.06.776 100 Backreef SK, LTB - M 2018-12-11 St. Maarten STM_16 18.00501 -63.04050 100 Forereef LTB, SK, MZS KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-11 St. Maarten STM_109 17.98815 -63.05157 100 Forereef SK, LTB, TB KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-12 St. Maarten STM_100 18.02297 -63.01254 100 Forereef SK, LTB KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-12 St. Maarten STM_101B 18.01023 -63.00787 100 Forereef LTB, SK KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-12 St. Maarten STM_104B 17.98824 -63.05149 100 Forereef SK, LTB KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-13 St. Maarten STM_19B 18.02310 -63.02615 100 Forereef SK, LTB, MZS KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-15 Saba SAB_02B 17.63698 -63.25600 100 Forereef SK, LTB, AI KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-15 Saba SAB_8B 17.64671 -63.25513 100 Forereef LTB, SK KKW, AM B, F, M 2018-12-15 Saba SAB_07 17.63116 -63.25766 100 Forereef SK, LTB KKW, AM B, F, M, T HOBO 10944802 2018-12-16 Saba SAB_08 17.64610 -63.25283 100 Forereef LTB, SK KKW, JO B, F, M, T HOBO 10944802 2018-12-16 Saba SAB_6B 17.61773 -63.25913 100 Forereef SK, LTB KKW, JO B, F, M 2018-12-16 Saba SAB_05 17.61252 -63.23670 100 Forereef LTB, SK KKW, JO B, F, M 2018-12-17 Saba SAB_04B 17.62862 -63.23007 100 Forereef SK, LTB KKW, JO B, F, M 2018-12-17 Saba SAB_01 17.65021 -63.23857 100 Forereef LTB, SK KKW, JO B, F, M 1 AI- Ayumi Izioka, AM- Anna Maitz, JO- Jens Odinga, KKW- Kimani Kitson-Walters, LTB – Lindsay Bonito, MZS- Melanie zu Meijer Schlochtern, SK – Sho Kodera, TB- Tadzio Bervoets 2 B- GCRMN benthic survey & photoquadrats, F- GCRMN fish survey, M-Mosaic, T-Temperature logger retrieved Benthic Survey Methods Large-Area Image Surveys Benthic photomosaics were completed to collect a permanent record of reef habitat on a larger scale (100m2). The benthic photomosaic system consists of a diver operating a camera system including dual SLR cameras and video camera mounted to a custom frame. The first still camera is setup to use a wide-angle 18mm focal length lens to sure high overlap among adjacent images while the second still camera uses a 55mm focal length lens to capture images with sub-cm resolution. The high-resolution wide-angle video camera serves as a backup in the event that images from the still cameras are compromised. To obtain the large image covering 10m x10m the diver operating the camera system swims a gridded pattern approximately 1.5 m above the benthos recording images at 1 sec intervals throughout the plot. A pair of lasers is mounted within the frame of the 55mm camera to provide scale in the high-resolution imagery. Images are later stitched together analytically using custom algorithms to create a single image file representative of the 100m2 plot. Figure 2. Photomosaic Data Collection Method. Each mosaic is stitched together from ~2000 photos acquired by swimming back and forth over the reef in the pattern on the left.
Recommended publications
  • St. Eustatius (Statia)

    St. Eustatius (Statia)

    St. Eustatius (Statia) Overview: Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, is one of the islands which make up the Netherlands Antilles. Over its long history, it changed hands more than 20 times. The island has remained in Dutch hands since 1816. Vocanic in origin, and quite rugged along the coastal areas, it was once one of the busiest and most powerful commercial ports in the Caribbean. As a result of the British blockade during America's Revolutionary War, most goods destined for the new colonies flowed into St. Eustatius. It was not uncommon to see hundreds of supply ships off Oranjestad. When that war ended and mail and supplies were sent directly to the new United States, the economy of St. Eustatius changed dramatically. According to tradition, it was the first foreign port to salute (1776) the American flag. Tourism is the major industry today, and the island is a favorite destination for scuba diving aficionados and nature lovers. Territory: Highest point = Mt. Mazinga, 1,968 ft. (602m) St. Eustatius is hilly with a central flat plain. Sandy beaches are rare. Geographically, the island is saddle- shaped, with the 602 meter-high Mount Mazinga, colloquially called the Quill (a dormant volcano) to the southeast and the smaller pair Signal Hill/Little Mountain and Boven Mountain to the northwest. The bulk of the island's population lives in the "dip" between the two areas, which crosses the center of the island. The island is just 5 miles long and 2 miles wide; area: 21 sq. km. Location: It is in the northern, Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, some distance southeast of the Virgin Islands.
  • (OECD) 2018 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes Has Found the Curaçao Tax Regimes Not to Be Harmful

    (OECD) 2018 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes Has Found the Curaçao Tax Regimes Not to Be Harmful

    Newsflash OECD report on Curaçao tax regimes The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2018 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes has found the Curaçao tax regimes not to be harmful. The OECD released a new publication on January 29, 2019, called “Harmful Tax Practices - 2018 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes”. The results show that jurisdictions have delivered on their commitment to comply with the standard on harmful tax practices, including their guarantee that preferential regimes align taxation with substance. The 2018 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes contains new conclusions on 57 regimes based on the assessment of preferential tax regimes comprising more than 120 member jurisdictions of the Inclusive Framework. Curaçao tax regimes Curaçao has amended three preferential regimes considered to be harmful (the exempt company regime, the export facility and the economic zone), and it has introduced the innovation box regime. The Forum on Harmful Tax Practices (FHTP) has assessed the amendments and the conclusion was as follows: the Curaçao Investment Company is not harmful, the innovation box is not harmful, the economic zone is out of scope, and the export regime has been abolished. The Curaçao Investment Company The exempt company has been replaced with the Curaçao Investment Company, which has been assessed to be “not harmful”. This means amendments have been taken into account to ensure the removal of harmful features. The report also mentions that substance requirements are in place and that no grandfathering is provided. The Innovation Box Regime The Innovation Box Regime was designed in compliance with FHTP standards and has been assessed to be “not harmful”.
  • Ix Viii the World by Income

    Ix Viii the World by Income

    The world by income Classified according to World Bank estimates of 2016 GNI per capita (current US dollars,Atlas method) Low income (less than $1,005) Greenland (Den.) Lower middle income ($1,006–$3,955) Upper middle income ($3,956–$12,235) Faroe Russian Federation Iceland Islands High income (more than $12,235) (Den.) Finland Norway Sweden No data Canada Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Russian Latvia Denmark Fed. Lithuania Ireland U.K. Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg France Moldova Switzerland Romania Uzbekistan Dem.People’s Liechtenstein Bulgaria Georgia Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea United States Azer- Rep. Spain Monaco Armenia Japan Portugal Greece baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Andorra Turkey Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Syrian China Malta Cyprus Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Bermuda Morocco Israel of Iran (U.K.) West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan Kuwait Pakistan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Bahrain The Bahamas Western Saudi Qatar Cayman Is. (U.K.) of Egypt Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong, SAR Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Emirates Myanmar Mexico Lao Macao, SAR Haiti Cabo Mauritania Oman P.D.R. N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Belize Jamaica Verde Mali Niger Thailand Vietnam Guatemala Honduras Senegal Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Guam (U.S.) Yemen El Salvador The Burkina Cambodia Philippines Marshall Nicaragua Gambia Faso Djibouti Federated States Islands Guinea Benin Costa Rica Guyana Guinea- Brunei of Micronesia Bissau Ghana Nigeria Central Ethiopia Sri R.B. de Suriname Côte South Darussalam Panama Venezuela Sierra d’Ivoire African Lanka French Guiana (Fr.) Cameroon Republic Sudan Somalia Palau Colombia Leone Togo Malaysia Liberia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep.
  • St.!Eustatius! Children’S!Rights!In!The!Caribbean!Netherlands! Karin!Kloosterboer! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! May!2013! ! !

    St.!Eustatius! Children’S!Rights!In!The!Caribbean!Netherlands! Karin!Kloosterboer! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! May!2013! ! !

    Child on Sint Eustatius Children’s rights in the Caribbean Netherlands Karin Kloosterboer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Child!on!St.!Eustatius! Children’s!rights!in!the!Caribbean!Netherlands! Karin!Kloosterboer! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! May!2013! ! ! ! ! Foreword! You!have!before!you!Child&on&St.&Eustatius.&Children’s&rights&in&the&Caribbean&Netherlands:! a!UNICEF!study!into!the!situation!of!children!growing!up!on!the!tropical!island!of!St.! Eustatius,!and!one!that!is!innovating!and!exceptional!for!several!reasons.! ! This!study!is!the!first!to!shed!light!on!all!aspects!of!the!lives!of!children!in!the!Caribbean! Netherlands.!!Child&on&St.&Eustatius!outlines!the!correlations!between!various!factors:! family!situation,!education,!health!and!health!care,!safety,!leisure!time,!participation,! housing!conditions,!and!financial!situation.!Alongside!this!report,!there!are!also!separate! reports!about!Saba!and!Bonaire.! ! ! This!is!also!a!pioneering!study!in!that!it!actually!surveyed!the!people!who!are!at!stake:!the! children!who!grow!up!on!the!islands.!Other!than!that,!the!study!also!drew!heavily!on!input! from!numerous!experts!who!play!a!role!in!children’s!lives!on!the!islands.!The!hearts!and! minds!of!these!–!often!inspired!–!professionals!contain!a!huge!wealth!of!information! about!both!children’s!lives!and!possibilities!for!improvement!of!their!lives.! ! This!study!paints!a!detailed!picture!that!the!researchers!have!subsequently!assessed! based!on!the!United!Nations!Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child.!After!ratifying!this!
  • Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba and the European Netherlands Conclusions

    Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba and the European Netherlands Conclusions

    JOINED TOGETHER FOR FIVE YEARS BONAIRE, SINT EUSTATIUS, SABA AND THE EUROPEAN NETHERLANDS CONCLUSIONS Preface On 10 October 2010, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba each became a public entitie within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In the run-up to this transition, it was agreed to evaluate the results of the new political structure after five years. Expectations were high at the start of the political change. Various objectives have been achieved in these past five years. The levels of health care and education have improved significantly. But there is a lot that is still disappointing. Not all expectations people had on 10 October 2010 have been met. The 'Committee for the evaluation of the constitutional structure of the Caribbean Netherlands' is aware that people have different expectations of the evaluation. There is some level of scepticism. Some people assume that the results of the evaluation will lead to yet another report, which will not have a considerable contribution to the, in their eyes, necessary change. Other people's expectations of the evaluation are high and they expect the results of the evaluation to lead to a new moment or a relaunch for further agreements that will mark the beginning of necessary changes. In any case, five years is too short a period to be able to give a final assessment of the new political structure. However, five years is an opportune period of time to be able to take stock of the situation and identify successes and elements that need improving. Add to this the fact that the results of the evaluation have been repeatedly identified as the cause for making new agreements.
  • Automatic Exchange of Information (AEI) List of Counterparty Jurisdictions for Your Accounts Booked in British Virgin Islands

    Automatic Exchange of Information (AEI) List of Counterparty Jurisdictions for Your Accounts Booked in British Virgin Islands

    ab Automatic Exchange of Information (AEI) List of Counterparty Jurisdictions for your accounts booked in British Virgin Islands Disclaimer UBS AG and its affiliated entities (UBS) does not provide legal or tax advice and this summary does not constitute such advice. UBS strongly recommends all persons considering the information described in this summary obtain appropriate independent legal, tax and other professional advice. This summary is for your information only and is not intended as an offer, or a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any product or other specific services. Although all pieces of information and views expressed in this summary were obtained from sources believed to be reliable and in good faith, neither representation nor warranty, express or implied is made as to its accuracy or completeness. The general explanations included in this summary cannot address your personal situation and financial needs. All information is subject to change without notice. This summary may not be reproduced or copies circulated without prior authority of UBS. The status of a jurisdiction can change at any time. Whilst UBS will use all reasonable endeavors to update this list, there may be changes which become effective before a revised list is published. Information to be reported will depend on the status of the client's jurisdiction(s) of tax residence at the cut-off date for reporting and such status may differ from the status displayed on this list. Information contained in the below table does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any territory or of its authorities.
  • The Lesser Antillean Iguana on St

    The Lesser Antillean Iguana on St

    WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSIRCF REPTILES • VOL15, N&O AMPHIBIANS4 • DEC 2008 189 • 20(2):44–52 • JUN 2013 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES The Lesser. Chasing Bullsnakes (AntilleanPituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: Iguana on St. Eustatius: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: AA Hypothetical2012 Excursion ............................................................................................................................Population Status UpdateRobert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLESand Causes for Concern . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida 1 2 3 .............................................AdolpheBrian O. J. Debrot Camposano,, KennethErik B.L. Krysko, Boman Kevin ,M. and Enge, Hannah Ellen M. Donlan, Madden and Michael Granatosky 212 1Institute for Marine Research and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 57, 1780AB, Den Helder, The Netherlands ([email protected]) CONSERVATION ALERT 2Agriculture Department of St. Eustatius, Oranjestad, St. Eustatius ([email protected]) . World’s3St. Eustatius Mammals Nationalin Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................
  • Country Codes for International ACH and IAT Payments

    Country Codes for International ACH and IAT Payments

    Country Codes for International ACH and IAT Payments (Used for PAM SPR Field #34 ‐ CountryCodeText and SPS 440 File Format Field #11 ‐ Country Code Text ) Code Country or Area Name Code Country or Area Name AF Afghanistan IO British Indian Ocean Territory AX Aland Islands BN Brunei Darussalam AL Albania BG Bulgaria DZ Algeria BF Burkina Faso AS American Samoa* BI Burundi AD Andorra KH Cambodia AO Angola CM Cameroon AI Anguilla CA Canada AQ Antarctica CV Cape Verde AG Antigua and Barbuda KY Cayman Islands AR Argentina CF Central African Republic AM Armenia TD Chad AW Aruba CL Chile AU Australia CN China AT Austria HK Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China AZ Azerbaijan MO Macao, Special Administrative Region of China BS Bahamas CX Christmas Island BH Bahrain CC Cocos (Keeling) Islands BD Bangladesh CO Colombia BB Barbados KM Comoros BY Belarus CG Congo (Brazzaville) BE Belgium CD Congo, Democratic Republic of the BZ Belize CK Cook Islands BJ Benin CR Costa Rica BM Bermuda CI Côte d'Ivoire BT Bhutan HR Croatia BO Bolivia CU Cuba BQ Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba CW Curacao / Curacao BA Bosnia and Herzegovina CY Cyprus BW Botswana CZ Czech Republic BV Bouvet Island DK Denmark BR Brazil DJ Djibouti VG British Virgin Islands DM Dominica 1 of 4 *U.S territories, APO and FPO are not considered IAT countries and are not subject to IAT formatting. Country Codes for International ACH and IAT Payments (Used for PAM SPR Field #34 ‐ CountryCodeText and SPS 440 File Format Field #11 ‐ Country Code Text ) Code Country or Area Name Code Country
  • United Nations Ep

    United Nations Ep

    UNITED NATIONS EP Distr. LIMITED United Nations Environment UNEP(DEC)/CAR WG.29/4.Rev. 1 Programme 3 July 2008 UNEP Original: ENGLISH Fourth Meeting of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) to the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) in the Wider Caribbean Region Gosier, Guadeloupe, France, 2-5 July 2008 REVISED DRAFT ANNOTATED FORMAT FOR PRESENTATION REPORTS FOR THE AREAS PROPOSED FOR INCLUSION IN THE SPAW LIST OBJECTIVE The objective of this Annotated Format is to guide the Contracting Parties in producing reports of comparable contents as requested in Article 19 (2) of the Protocol, including the information necessary for the adequate evaluation of the conformity of the proposed site with the criteria set out in the Protocol and in the Guidelines (Guidelines and Criteria for the Evaluation of Protected Areas to be Listed under SPAW). CONTENTS The presentation report shall include the following main information on: (i) identification of the proposed protected area (ii) site description (iii) its Caribbean importance (iv) the activities in and around the areas and their impacts (v) legal framework (vi) management measures (vii) human and financial resources available for the management and the protection of the site. SUBMISSION OF REPORTS The reports should be submitted to the SPAW/RAC two months before the meeting of STAC for SPAW in English, Spanish or in French. Dossier should be compiled on A4 paper, with maps and plans annexed on paper with maximum size of an A3 paper. Contracting parties are also encouraged to submit the full text of the proposal in electronic form.
  • Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7: ENERGY INDICATORS (2018) Renewable Energy (% of TFEC) 3.2 Access to Electricity (% of Population) N.A

    Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7: ENERGY INDICATORS (2018) Renewable Energy (% of TFEC) 3.2 Access to Electricity (% of Population) N.A

    ENERGY PROFILE Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7: ENERGY INDICATORS (2018) Renewable energy (% of TFEC) 3.2 Access to electricity (% of population) n.a. Energy efficiency (MJ per $1 of GDP) NaN Access to clean cooking (% of population) n.a. Public flows renewables (2018 USD M) n.a. Per capita renewable capacity (W/person) 649.189 TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (TPES) TPES 2013 2018 Total primary energy supply in 2018 Non-renewable (TJ) 5 052 5 459 3% Oil Renewable (TJ) 152 154 Total (TJ) 5 204 5 613 Gas Renewable share (%) 3 3 Nuclear Growth in TPES 2013-18 2017-18 Non-renewable (%) +8.1 +3.5 Coal + others Renewable (%) +1.0 -8.4 97% Total (%) +7.9 +3.1 Renewables Primary energy trade 2013 2018 Renewable energy supply in 2018 Imports (TJ) 14 101 14 895 3% Exports (TJ) 0 0 Hydro/marine 21% Net trade (TJ) - 14 101 - 14 895 Wind Imports (% of supply) 271 265 Exports (% of production) 0 0 Solar Energy self-sufficiency (%) 3 3 Bioenergy Net trade (USD million) n.a. n.a. 76% Net trade (% of GDP) n.a. n.a. Geothermal RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION Consumption by source 2013 2018 Renewable energy consumption in 2018 Electricity (TJ) 110 108 4% Heat (TJ) 0 0 Electricity Bioenergy (TJ) 4 4 Solar + geothermal (TJ) 0 0 Heat Total (TJ) 114 112 Electricity share (%) 96 96 Bioenergy Consumption growth 2013-18 2017-18 96% Solar + Renewable electricity (%) -1.8 -11.0 geothermal Other renewables (%) 0.0 0.0 Total (%) -1.8 -10.6 Industry Consumption by sector 2013 2018 Industry (TJ) 64 56 Transport 47% Transport (TJ) 0 0 49% Households
  • Areas with Risk of Zika

    Areas with Risk of Zika

    Areas with Risk of Zika Asia: Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Vietnam The Pacific Islands: Fiji, Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga The Caribbean: Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Barbados; Bonaire; British Virgin Islands; Cuba; Curaçao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Haiti; Jamaica; Montserrat; the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, a US territory; Saba; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Sint Eustatius; Sint Maarten; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; US Virgin Islands North America: Mexico Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina-Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Congo- Brazzaville), Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda Technical note: Because of variations in laboratory and surveillance capacity internationally, data are not available to define levels of risk. CDC, the World Health Organization, and the European CDC have jointly reviewed the scientific literature to define a Zika virus country classification scheme. CDC provides travel recommendations for countries/territories/subnational areas falling into Category 1, Category 2, and the Category 4 sub-group within the classification framework. Current as of: March 9, 2018 .
  • IVM Institute for Environmental Studies the Tourism Value of Nature on St Eustatius

    IVM Institute for Environmental Studies the Tourism Value of Nature on St Eustatius

    IVM Institute for Environmental Studies The Tourism Value of Nature on St Eustatius S. van de Kerkhof S.W. Schep P. van Beukering L. Brander E. Wolfs Report R-14/07 06 May 2014 This report was commissioned by: Ministry of Economic Affairs, Netherlands IVM Wolfs Company office: Institute for Environmental Studies VU University Amsterdam Sabadeco West 230 De Boelelaan 1087 Santa Barbara 1081 HV AMSTERDAM Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands T +31-20-598 9555 T +599 7883595 F +31-20-598 9553 E [email protected] E [email protected] Copyright © 2014, Institute for Environmental Studies All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder IVM Institute for Environmental Studies The Tourism Value of Nature on St Eustatius Contents List of abbreviations 5 Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 2 Context of this study 11 2.1 Project framework and funding 11 2.2 St Eustatius 13 2.3 Prior studies 16 3 Methodology 17 3.1 Theoretical background 17 3.2 Research method 18 3.3 Choice experiment design 19 3.4 Survey design 23 3.5 Procedure 24 3.6 Possible biases and challenges 24 4 Results 27 4.1 Visitor numbers 27 4.2 Representativeness 28 4.3 Visitor characteristics 28 4.4 Experience and activities 32 4.5 Perceived potential threats 34 4.6 Statements 34 4.7 Who is ‘in principle’ willing to pay for conservation? 37 4.8 Choice experiment