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Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics

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Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics ﻋـﻠـﻮم ﻣﺤـﯿـﻄﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.2 , Winter 2011 29-36 Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics Maryam Keshavarzi1*, Mahnaz Khaksar 2, Mahvash Seifali 1, Parinaz Ghadam1 1- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran. 2- Graduated M.Sc. Student of Plant systematic, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran. ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ ﻋﺪدي ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي Phalaris از ﺗﯿﺮه ﻏﻼت ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺻﻔﺎت رﯾﺨ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﮐﺸﺎورزي 1*، ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺧﺎﮐﺴﺎر2، ﻣﻬﻮش ﺳﯿﻔﻌﻠﯽ1، ﭘﺮﯾﻨﺎز ﻗﺪم Abstract 1 1- ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا، وﻧﮏ، ﺗﻬﺮان، Phalaris is a grass which is distributed throughout اﯾﺮان. the temperate regions of the world. There are many 2- داﻧ ﺶآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ، ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، taxonomic problems in this genus. In order to داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا، وﻧﮏ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾﺮان. clarify the taxonomy and the interrelationships among Iranian Phalaris taxa, including Ph. minor, ﭼﮑﯿﺪه Ph. arundinaceae, Ph. brachystachys and Ph. ﺟﻨﺲ Phalaris واﺟﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﻋﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ paradoxa 70 qualitative and quantitative دﻧﯿﺎﺳﺖ. ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮﻧﻮﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي در اﯾـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ وﺟـﻮد دارد . ﺑـﻪ .morphological characteristics were examined ﻣﻨﻈﻮر روﺷـﻦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻦ وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ و رواﺑـﻂ ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮن ﻫـﺎي Numerical taxonomy was performed on 36 Phalaris در اﯾﺮان، ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ,accessions of 5 taxa, concerning intra- and inter- Ph. minor, Ph. arundinaceae populations variations as well as inter-specific Ph. brachystachys و Ph. Paradoxa در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 70 ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻤﯽ relationships. The most variable morphological و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ ﻋـﺪدي ﺑـﺮ روي characters in the species delimitation were also 36 واﺣﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ از 5 ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻨـﻮع درون ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘـﯽ، ﺑـﯿﻦ determined. The species differed significantly in most of chosen qualitative characters. Results show ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ و ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪاي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺘﻐﯿ ﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺎ ترﯾﺨﺘﯽ در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺣـﺪود a clear similarity between two varieties of Ph. ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨـﯽ داري در ﻏﺎﻟـﺐ ﺻـﻔﺎت ﮐﯿﻔـﯽ paradoxa. Despite the wide range of habitats where اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب ﺷــﺪه ﻧﺸــﺎن دادﻧــﺪ . ﻧﺘــﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻮﯾــﺪ ﺷــﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑــﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑــﯿﻦ دو وارﯾﺘــﻪ the accessions were gathered, they showed four Ph. Paradoxa اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺎد در زﯾﺴـﺘﮕﺎه ﻫـﺎي واﺣـﺪﻫﺎي definite spots in their PCA ordination graphs. This showed the efficiency of chosen morphological ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ،آ نﻫﺎ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗـﻮده ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ را در ﻧﻤـﻮدار رﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪي characters in this study. An identification key based ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﮐـﺎرآﯾﯽ ﺻـﻔﺎت رﯾﺨﺘـﯽ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎ ب ﺷـﺪه را در اﯾـﻦ on studied features was provided and the species ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. ﮐﻠﯿﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه .relationships were discussed و رواﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Ordination, Phalaris, ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺧﻮﺷ ﻪاي، رﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي، Phalaris و ﻗﺮا ﺑﺖﻫﺎ. relationship * Corresponding author. E-mail Address: [email protected] ﻋـﻠـﻮم ﻣﺤـﯿـﻄﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.2, Winter 2011 29 ¡ ¡ Introduction morphological characteristics (Tables 2 and 3) selected The genus phalaris L. has had a complicated on the basis of the studies of Bor (1968 & 1970), taxonomic and nomenclatural history (Baldini, 1993 & Baldini (1993 & 1995) and our own field observations. 1995). Phalaris comprises 22 species of annual and For each population, 10 individuals were studied for perennial grasses in temperate regions throughout the their qualitative and quantitative morphological world. It is commonly adventives species of open characteristics. habitats. Phalaris species are distributed throughout In order to detect significant differences in studied various regions of Iran and are among important characteristics among populations of each species and forage plants of Iran. There are four species and 5 taxa also among different species, analysis of variance of Phalaris in Iran (Bor, 1970): Ph. minor Retz., Ph. (ANOVA) followed by the least significant differences brachystachys Link., Ph. paradoxa L. (with 2 (LSD) tests, were performed. varieties) and Ph. arundinaceae L. Members of the To reveal species relationships cluster analysis and genus Phalaris display many variations on the principal component analysis (PCA) was used standard structure of the inflorescence (Bor, 1968). There is no report of a systematic study on the (Ingrouille, 1986). For multivariate analysis the mean Phalaris species of Iran. The objective of this study of quantitative characteristics was used while was to assess the level of morphological variation of qualitative characters were coded as binary/multi-state 36 accessions of four Phalaris species. We have tried characteristics. Standardized variables used for to reveal the inter-population morphological variations multivariate statistical analysis. The average and inter-specific relationships for the first time. taxonomic distances and squared Euclidean distances were used as the dissimilarity coefficient in cluster Materials and Methods analysis of morphological data. In order to determine Morphometric studies performed on 36 populations of the most variable morphological characters among the 4 species (5 taxa) native to Iran (Table 1). Voucher studied species, factor analysis based on principal specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Alzahra University. We studied 70 quantitative and qualitative components analysis performed. We used SPSS ver. 9 (1998) software for statistical analysis. Table 1- Voucher details of Phalaris sampled in this study. Taxon Locality, Height from S.L and collector Herb. No. Ph. minor Yazd, Ardakan, 1400 m, Keshavarzi. 83m8 Khozestan, Masjed Soleiman, Boromandi. 68m12 Tehran, Chitgar, Keshavarzi. 80m16 Yazd, Meyboud, 1400 m, Keshavarzi. 83m14 Tehran, Saeii Park, 1600 m, Keshavarzi. 66m22 Qoum, Vejdani. 71m17 Markazi, Mahalat, Vejdani. 70m18 Khozestan, Ramhormouz, Keshavarzi. 83m18 Fars, Shiraz, 1500 m, Keshavarzi. 84m10 Khozestan, Molasani, Farasat. 83m5 Markazi, Saveh, Yalabad, Keshavarzi. 83m3 Lorestan, Khoramabad, Kew Park, Keshavarzi. 83m7 Khozestan, Hafttapeh, Choghazanbil, Keshavarzi. 83m13 Khozestan, Behbahan, Keshavarzi. 83m6 Tehran, Vanak 1700 m, Keshavarzi. 83m19 Mazandaran, Sari, Komeilidost. 82m15 Fars, Kazeroun, Baghenazar, 900 m , Keshavarzi. 84m1 Khozestan, Ahvaz, Keshavarzi. 83m4 Golestan, Gorgan, Khaksar. 83m23 ﻋـﻠـﻮم ﻣﺤـﯿـﻄﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.2, Winter 2011 30 ¡ ¡ Continue Table 1 Taxon Locality, Height from S.L and collector Herb. No. Ph. brachystachys Mazandaran, Sari, Dashtenaz, Khaksar 1385b2 Khozestan, Ramhormouz, Bayman arayez Village, Farasat. 1385b1 Mazandaran, Sari, Sameskandeh Khaksar. 1385b3 Tehran, Khaksar. 1366b6 Khozestan, Izae, Eshkafte Soleiman, Keshavarzi. 1383b7 Khozestan, Molasani, Farasat. 138b4 Tehran, Karaj, Mardabad, Keshavarzi. 1383b8 Ph. paradoxa var. paradoxa Khozestan, Molasani, Farasat. 85pp1 Khozestan, 15 km to Izae, Nanaii. 85pp3 Khozestan, Ramhormouz, Bayman Arayez Village, Farasat. 85pp2 Ph. paradoxa var. Mazandaran, Sari, Bayekola, 15 km Nesa, Khaksar. 85pps1 praemorsa Mazandaran, Savadkooh, zir Abe joush Village, Khaksar. 85pps1 Mazandaran, Sari, Sameskandeh, Khaksar. 85pp7 Golestan, Gorgan, Khaksar. 85pps6 Mazandaran, Behshahr, Khaksar. 85pps9 Mazandaran, Dashtenaz, Khaksar. 85pps5 Ph. arundinaceae Tehran to Chalous, Dizin, Khaksar. 85a1 Table 2 - Quantitative morphological characteristics in the Phalaris species studied. All scales are in mm. Character Character Plant height Length of lowermost Glume Palae width Width of lowermost Glume Length of longest internode Length of Lemma Caryopsis length Width of Lemma Caryopsis width Length of palae Leaf number Length/width of caryopsis Leaf width Plant height/length of longest internode Leaf length Length/width of leaf blade Ligule Length Length/width of spike Spikelet Length Length /width of spikelet Spikelet width Length/width of lowermost glume Spike length Length/width of uppermost Glume Spike width Length/width of lemma Floret number Length/width of palae Length of uppermost Glume Length of spike to length of spikelet Width of uppermost Glume Width of Spike to Width of spikelet ﻋـﻠـﻮم ﻣﺤـﯿـﻄﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.2, Winter 2011 31 ¡ ¡ T able 3 - Qualitative morphological characteristics In the Phalaris species studied. No Character State of Character 1 Plant habit Annual (0), Perennial (1) 2 Culms direction Erect(0), Curved (1) 3 Inflorescence compactness Dense(0), Lax (1) 4 Fertility of Spikelets All fertile (0), Fertile and Sterile (1) 5 Inflorescence Rachis Fragile (0), Tough (1) 6 Spike Shape Ovoid(0), elliptic (1), Oblanceolate (2) 7 Spike covering Dense (0), sparse (1) 8 Spike compactness Compact (0), Lax(1) 9 Leaf surface Smooth (0), Rough (1) 10 Leaf Color Pale Green (0), Dark Green (1) 11 Leaf sheath Covering spike(0), Not so (1) 12 Shape of Ligule apex Truncate (0), Rounded (1), Fringed (2), Cylindrical(3) 13 Ligule covering Smooth(0), Hairy (1) 14 Spikelet Surface Hairy (0), Smooth (1) 15 Sterile Spikelets Uniform (0), Some club like (1) 16 Rudimentary spikelets Present (0), Absent (1) 17 Glume Color Pale Green (0), Dark Green (1) 18 Glume Apex Longley pointed (0), Shortly pointed (1) 19 Glume Covering Smooth(0), Hairy (1) 20 Glume Hair Density Dense (0), sparse (1) 21 Glume nerves Convergent (0), Not so (1) 22 Winged Glume Present (0), Absent (1) 23 Glume Wing Tooth like (0),
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