Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris Arundinacea Subsp
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Knowledge Document on the Impact of Priority Wetland Weeds
Knowledge document on the impact of priority wetland weeds Step 2 – Impacts of priority wetland weeds Client Report for DELWP, Integrated Water and Catchments Division Arthur Ryah Institute for Environmental Research Acknowledgements This project has been undertaken with funding from Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) Water and Catchments Group. Pam Clunie (Arthur Rylah Institute; DELWP) and Doug Frood (Pathways Bushland & Environment) provided valuable assistance in determining the scope of the project and filtering the wetland weed list. Phil Papas and Di Crowther (Arthur Rylah Institute; DELWP) are thanked for reviewing the draft. Author Weiss, J. and Dugdale, T. 2017. Knowledge document of the impact of priority wetland weeds: Step 2 – Impacts of priority wetland weeds. Report prepared for Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) Water and Catchments Group by Agriculture Victoria. Photo credit Sagittaria platyphylla, Sagittaria, Delta Arrowhead (Anonymous, Agriculture Victoria, DEDJTR) © The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-1-76047-452-2 (print) ISBN 978-1-76047-453-9 (pdf) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. -
Plants for Wet Areas
info # 61 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PLANTS FOR WET AREAS Oregonians are no strangers to water, but it seems like some places are just too moist to grow anything. For one reason or another, be it general drainage, high water tables, poor soils, or runoff patterns, some areas never seem to dry. The best idea is to try and fix the water problem by diverting runoff, adding subsurface drainage, or simply amending your soil. This doesn’t always work though, so here is a list of plants tolerant of those moist conditions. Keep in mind that although they will tolerate moisture, these plants will still need some drainage, very few plants can survive in standing water. TREES Acer rubrum- Red Maple and its cultivars Betula varieties- Birch Fraxinus americana and F. pennsylvanica- Ash varieties (NOT Raywood!) Liquidambar styraciflua- Sweetgum (avoid compacted soils) Magnolia virginiana- Sweet Bay Magnolia (None of the others, though) Nyssa sylvatica- Sour gum, Black Tupelo Populus varieties- Poplar Populus tremuloides- Quaking Aspen (Okay in moist soil, but NOT heavy and poorly drained soil) Salix varieties- Willow Stewartia- will take moist soil, drainage helps There are only a handful of conifer trees that will tolerate wet soils. Usually, a conifer tree will not be recommended because of this fact. In order for most conifer trees to thrive, there must be fair drainage in the area. Examples of more moisture tolerant conifer trees are Metasequoia spp.- Dawn Redwood Taxodium spp.- Bald Cypress Thuja spp.- Thuja SHRUBS Andromeda polifolia- Bog Rosemary Bamboo Calycanthus- Allspice Clethra varieties- Summersweet Cornus varieties (Shrub type only)- Shrub Dogwoods (NOT Tree types) Gaultheria shallon- Salal Itea virginica and varieties- Sweetspire Leucothoe Salix varieties- Willow Sambucus canadensis and varieties- Elderberry Symphoricarpos- Snowberry Viburnum- Deciduous types V. -
REED CANARY GRASS) SEED to GERMINATION By
RELATION OF CERTAIN PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF PHALARIS ARUNDINACEAE (REED CANARY GRASS) SEED TO GERMINATION by HAROLD ErHJN FINNELL A THESIS subimitted to the OREGON STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE in partial fulfilLuont of the requirementa for the degree of MASTER 0F SCIENCE June l96 t APPROVED: Profes3or of Farm Crops In Charge o Major Chairman of School Graduato Cozitteo Ohairîmn of Collego Graduate Council ACKNO LELOi:ÌNTs The writer wisnes to expres8 his deep appreciation to ruCeusor G. R. Hyslop, [load of the Farm Crops Depart- ment, for naking this study possible and for his many kindly ougei ions and aid th correction of the manuscript. Aciow1ec1gement is also duo Mrs. Grace Cole Fleiscbirian, Assistant Botanist, in charge cf the Cooperative Seed Testing Iboratory at the Oregon Stato Ariouitura1 Co11ee, for hor many suggestions and loaning of equipment. Thc wrIter 13 ccceodIng1y grateful to other person.s responsible in any way for any part of this study. CONTEIITS Introduction i Upland Rood Canary Grais 2 Historical Sketch 3 Problem 5 Purpose 5 Approach 5 Procedure G V.eight por Bushel and Volume Weight Studies G Volume Weight Method 7 Color Examination 7 Seed Condition 8 Germination Method B Discussion 9 Oregon Certification Standards 9 Origin of Standards li Laboratory Procedure li Germination 12 Counts 13 Special Testing Methods 14 Color and Weight per Bushel Studies 16 Vo lume Weight Data 19 Germination Test 21 Discussion (continued) rusty Seed 27 Average Analysis 29 Harvest ethods 31 Cone lus ion 33 Exhibit A 34 Exhibit B 35 Exhibit C 36 Bibliography 37 i RELATION OF CERTAIN PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF PHALARIS ARUNDINACEAE (RETe CANARY GRASS) SETD TO GERLIINATION Introduct ion Throughout the years of conirnerciai production of Reed Canary grass seed (Phalaris arundinaceso) in Oregon, controversies have arisen between 'owers nd buyers because of misunderstandinrs on seed quality, perticularly with reference to germination. -
Links Between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology Within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps Purpurea Species Complex
Toxins 2015, 7, 1431-1456; doi:10.3390/toxins7051431 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Links between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps purpurea Species Complex Mariell Negård 1,2, Silvio Uhlig 1,3, Håvard Kauserud 2, Tom Andersen 2, Klaus Høiland 2 and Trude Vrålstad 1,2,* 1 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.U.) 2 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (K.H.) 3 Department of the Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-2321-6247. Academic Editor: Christopher L. Schardl Received: 3 January 2015 / Accepted: 22 April 2015 / Published: 28 April 2015 Abstract: The grass parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids. It constitutes several genetic groups with divergent habitat preferences that recently were delimited into separate proposed species. We aimed to 1) analyze genetic variation of C. purpurea sensu lato in Norway, 2) characterize the associated indole alkaloid profiles, and 3) explore relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Approximately 600 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses including DNA sequencing and HPLC-MS. -
Weed Risk Assessment for Phalaris Paradoxa L. (Poaceae)
Weed Risk Assessment for Phalaris United States paradoxa L. (Poaceae) – Awned Department of canary-grass Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service September 27, 2016 Version 1 Photos of Phalaris paradoxa from Rignanese (2007). Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Weed Risk Assessment for Phalaris paradoxa Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701- 7786, 2000). We use the PPQ weed risk assessment (WRA) process (PPQ, 2015) to evaluate the risk potential of plants, including those newly detected in the United States, those proposed for import, and those emerging as weeds elsewhere in the world. The PPQ WRA process includes three analytical components that together describe the risk profile of a plant species (risk potential, uncertainty, and geographic potential; PPQ, 2015). At the core of the process is the predictive risk model that evaluates the baseline invasive/weed potential of a plant species using information related to its ability to establish, spread, and cause harm in natural, anthropogenic, and production systems (Koop et al., 2012). -
Designing W Grasses Complete Notes
DESIGNING W/ GRASSES: SLIDESHOW NAMES TONY SPENCER Google search botanical plant names or visit Missouri Botanical Garden site for more info: 1. Pennisetum alopecuroides + Sanguisorba + Molinia arundinacea ‘Transparent’ 2. Pennisetum alopecuroides + Aster + Molinia arundinacea ‘Transparent’ 3. Calamagrostis x. acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’ + Panicum ‘Shenandoah’ 4. Helianthus pauciflorus – Photo Credit: Chris Helzer 5. Nassella tenuissima + Echinacea simulata + Monarda bradburiana 6. Hordeum jubatum + Astilbe 7. Deschampsia cespitosa + Helenium autumnale 8. Calamagrostis brachytricha + Miscanthus sinensis + Cimicifuga atropurpurea 9. Sporobolus heterlolepis + Echinacea pallida 10. Panicum virgatum + Echinacea pallida + Monarda + Veronica 11. Molinia arundinacea ‘Transparent + Sanguisorba officinalis 12. Bouteloua gracilis 13. Calamagrostis brachytricha + Helenium autumnale 14. Peucedanum verticillare 15. Anemone ‘Honorine Jobert’ 2016 Perennial Plant of the Year 16. Miscanthus sinsensis 17. Calamagrostis brachytricha 18. Molinia caerulea + Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ 19. Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ + Lythrum alatum + Parthenium integrafolium 20. Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’ 21. Bouteloua gracilis + Echinacea ‘Kim’s Knee High’ + Salvia nemorosa 22. Baptisia alba 23. Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ in Hummelo meadow planting 24. Panicum amarum ‘Dewey Blue’ + Helenium autumnale 25. Deschampsia cespitosa 26. Echinacea purpurea seedheads 27. Calamagrostis brachytricha + Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ + Echinacea + Veronicastrum + Eupatorium -
Ornamental Grasses for Kentucky Landscapes Lenore J
HO-79 Ornamental Grasses for Kentucky Landscapes Lenore J. Nash, Mary L. Witt, Linda Tapp, and A. J. Powell Jr. any ornamental grasses are available for use in resi- Grasses can be purchased in containers or bare-root Mdential and commercial landscapes and gardens. This (without soil). If you purchase plants from a mail-order publication will help you select grasses that fit different nursery, they will be shipped bare-root. Some plants may landscape needs and grasses that are hardy in Kentucky not bloom until the second season, so buying a larger plant (USDA Zone 6). Grasses are selected for their attractive foli- with an established root system is a good idea if you want age, distinctive form, and/or showy flowers and seedheads. landscape value the first year. If you order from a mail- All but one of the grasses mentioned in this publication are order nursery, plants will be shipped in spring with limited perennial types (see Glossary). shipping in summer and fall. Grasses can be used as ground covers, specimen plants, in or near water, perennial borders, rock gardens, or natu- Planting ralized areas. Annual grasses and many perennial grasses When: The best time to plant grasses is spring, so they have attractive flowers and seedheads and are suitable for will be established by the time hot summer months arrive. fresh and dried arrangements. Container-grown grasses can be planted during the sum- mer as long as adequate moisture is supplied. Cool-season Selecting and Buying grasses can be planted in early fall, but plenty of mulch Select a grass that is right for your climate. -
Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics
ﻋـﻠـﻮم ﻣﺤـﯿـﻄﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.2 , Winter 2011 29-36 Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics Maryam Keshavarzi1*, Mahnaz Khaksar 2, Mahvash Seifali 1, Parinaz Ghadam1 1- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran. 2- Graduated M.Sc. Student of Plant systematic, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran. ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ ﻋﺪدي ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي Phalaris از ﺗﯿﺮه ﻏﻼت ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺻﻔﺎت رﯾﺨ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﮐﺸﺎورزي 1*، ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺧﺎﮐﺴﺎر2، ﻣﻬﻮش ﺳﯿﻔﻌﻠﯽ1، ﭘﺮﯾﻨﺎز ﻗﺪم Abstract 1 1- ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا، وﻧﮏ، ﺗﻬﺮان، Phalaris is a grass which is distributed throughout اﯾﺮان. the temperate regions of the world. There are many 2- داﻧ ﺶآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ، ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، taxonomic problems in this genus. In order to داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا، وﻧﮏ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾﺮان. clarify the taxonomy and the interrelationships among Iranian Phalaris taxa, including Ph. minor, ﭼﮑﯿﺪه Ph. arundinaceae, Ph. brachystachys and Ph. ﺟﻨﺲ Phalaris واﺟﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﻋﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ paradoxa 70 qualitative and quantitative دﻧﯿﺎﺳﺖ. ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮﻧﻮﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي در اﯾـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ وﺟـﻮد دارد . ﺑـﻪ .morphological characteristics were examined ﻣﻨﻈﻮر روﺷـﻦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻦ وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ و رواﺑـﻂ ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮن ﻫـﺎي Numerical taxonomy was performed on 36 Phalaris در اﯾﺮان، ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ,accessions of 5 taxa, concerning intra- and inter- Ph. minor, Ph. arundinaceae populations variations as well as inter-specific Ph. brachystachys و Ph. Paradoxa در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 70 ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻤﯽ relationships. The most variable morphological و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ. -
Ornamental Grasses
order by phone at 800.380.4721 or online at germaniaseed.com | ORNAMENTAL GRASSES GRASSES, ORNAMENTAL GRASSES, ORNAMENTAL (continued) GRASSES, ORNAMENTAL (continued) 75° - 80 3 weeks ISOLEPIS LIVE WIRE (MULTI-SEED) - Luzula Lucius For the best germination; we suggest before 1199MP 15 in. - Sorry, no longer available. Zones: 6-9 sowing to refrigerate seed for 5 days and then j 6-12 in. - Scirpus cernuus. (Fiber Optic soak in warm water for 3 days. Sow thickly, in Grass). Close-tufted evergreen grass with fine MELINIS SAVANNAH - 1195 larger cells to develop nice stro ng plants within hair-like blades ending in a tuft of white florets. 6-12 in. - 46,000 S. M. nerviglumis. (Ruby the shortest time. Ideal as an aquatic. Primarily grown as an annu- Grass). This showy, ornamental grass forms al. MULTI-SEED PELLET contains 5-6 seeds per tight clumps of soft, blue-green foliage that AGROSTIS NEBULOSA - 1011 pellet. Zones: 8-10 grows 10 in. tall and wide. In June, ruby-pink $ 18 in. - 500,000 S. (Cloud Grass). Upright • (25B7) 25 sds-$7.15; 50 sds-$10.90; blooms emerge 18 in. above the foliage on verti- with green leaves and tiny spikelet flowers. A 100 sds-$15.85; 250 sds-$31.20; cal spikes. During summer, flowers turn creamy light, airy grass whose star-shaped panicles pro- 500 sds-$55.25 white. Stunning accent in fresh and dried duce cloud effects. Very decorative and used in arrangements. fresh or dried flower arrangements. JOB’S TEARS - 4498 • (28F7) 100 sds-$8.60; 200 sds-$13.90; • (34A7) 5,000 sds-$6.90; 10,000 sds-$10.10; $ 36-48 in. -
Cytogenetic Studies in Some Representatives of the Subfamily Pooideae (Poaceae) in South Africa
Bothalia 26,1: 63-67(1996) Cytogenetic studies in some representatives of the subfamily Pooideae (Poaceae) in South Africa. 2. The tribe Aveneae, subtribes Phalaridinae and Alopecurinae J.J. SPIES*, S.K. SPIES*, S.M.C. VAN WYK*, A.F. MALAN*t and E.J.L. LIEBENBERG** Keywords: Aveneae, chromosomes, meiosis, Poaceae, polyploidy, Pooideae ABSTRACT This is a report on chromosome numbers for the subtribes Phalaridinae and Alopecurinae (tribe Aveneae) which are. to a large extent, naturalized in South Africa. Chromosome numbers of 34 specimens, representing nine species and four genera, are presented. These numbers include the first report on Agrostis avenacea Gmel. (n = 4x = 28). New ploidv levels are reported for Phalaris aquatica L. (n = x = 7), Agrostis barbuligera Stapf var. barbuligera (n = 2x = 14 and n = 4x = 28) and A. lachnantha Nees var. lachnantha (n = 3x = 21). INTRODUCTION terial used and the collecting localities are listed in Table 1. Voucher specimens are housed in the Geo Potts Her The first paper in this series on chromosome num barium, Department of Botany and Genetics, University bers of representatives of the tribe Aveneae in South Af of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein (BLFU) or the rica, indicated the importance of determining the ploidy National Herbarium, Pretoria (PRE). levels and basic chromosome numbers of naturalized and endemic flora in South Africa (Spies et al. 19%). This Anthers were squashed in aceto-carmine and meioti- second paper in the series is restricted to the subtribes cally analysed (Spies et al. 1996). Chromosome numbers Phalaridinae and Alopecurinae. are presented as haploid chromosome numbers to conform to previous papers on chromosome numbers in this journal The subtribe Phalaridinae Rchb. -
Central Wisconsin Agricultural Extension Report
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - EXTENSION Central Wisconsin Agricultural Extension Report | October | 2018 CONTACTCONTACT INFORMATIONINFORMATION Welcome Ben & Evan! FORFOR 77--COUNTYCOUNTY TEAM MEMBERS Ben Jenkins, Agriculture Agent, Green Lake County...Let me take a TEAM MEMBERS moment to introduce myself. I have been in and around agriculture my Adams County: Evan Henthorne whole life. Although my parents weren’t farmers per se, I spent a lot of my Horticulture & Crops & Soils growing up years both at the Massey Ferguson/New Holland dealership 569 N. Cedar, Suite 3 Adams, WI 53910 where my dad was a mechanic, and the family dairy farm down the road. (608) 339-4237 In fact I learned my colors in association with the tractor brand they repre- [email protected] sented; Massey red, John Deere green, Allis orange, you get the picture. I Portage County: Ken Schroeder got my first job when I was nine feeding calves at the family farm; I used Vegetable Production that income to purchase my first set of 4-H fair pigs. In high school I took a job with a 1462 Strongs Avenue small non-traditional farm near Portage that sold annuals, perennials, trees, shrubs, as Stevens Point, WI 54481 well as field grown produce for the farmers markets. It was because of my employment (715) 346-1316 [email protected] there that I won a Silver State Proficiency in Horticulture Placement. My experience at the greenhouse, as well as my expanding knowledge of plants through FFA, coupled with low Juneau County: Alana Voss dairy, beef, swine and commodity crop prices of the late nineties, lead me to pursue a de- Dairy & Forage Management 211 Hickory St. -
Phalaris Arundinacea
Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris arundinacea INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM Photo by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Waggy, Melissa, A. 2010. Phalaris arundinacea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2010, August 19]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: PHAARU NRCS PLANT CODE [282]: PHAR3 COMMON NAMES: reed canarygrass canary grass reed canary grass reed canary-grass speargrass ribbon grass http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html[8/19/2010 12:03:24 PM] Phalaris arundinacea gardener's gaiters TAXONOMY: The scientific name of reed canarygrass is Phalaris arundinacea L. (Poaceae) [14,83,87,111,113,141,187,192,298]. A variegated type, Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L. or ribbon grass, also occurs in North America [14]. Reed canarygrass has been bred for cultivation and at least 11 cultivars have been developed [102]. Terminology used to describe reed canarygrass' phenotypic variability (e.g., strains, types, genotypes, ecotypes) is inconsistent in the literature. This review uses the terminology from the original publications unless it is unclear and/or inconsistent