DOCSLIB.ORG

REED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris Arundinacea)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
REED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris Arundinacea) REED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris arundinacea) Description: Reed canarygrass is a member of the Poaceae or grass family. Reed canarygrass is a cool season, sod-forming, perennial. Stems of the plant can reach between 2 and 7 feet in height and are covered with a waxy coating giving the plant a blue-green appearance. Stems are hollow with open sheaths, small clasping auricles, and membranous ligules. Leaf blades are flat, up to 16 inches long, and 1/4 to 3/4 of an inch wide. Flowers are arranged in dense, branched panicles that can range from 2 to 8 inches in length. New panicles are more or less compact and resemble spikes, but open and spread slightly as the plant matures. Spikelets are lanceolate, pale in color and approximately 1/64 of an inch long. Florets are densely clustered and change from green to purple to Reed canarygrass beige as the plant matures. Plant Images: Inflorescence Leaf cross-section Infestation Distribution and Habitat: Reed canarygrass is native to North America, but may have also been introduced from Europe. The plant can occur under a variety of moisture conditions, but thrives on moist or wet soils, particularly in wetlands. The plant occurs in northwestern and northcentral regions of the United States and is commonly found throughout the northern Great Plains region. Wet meadows, wetlands, marshes, wet prairies, roadsides, ditchbanks, streambanks, and lake shores are areas where reed canarygrass can successfully establish. The plant also invades areas that have been disturbed by ditch building, stream channeling, intentional planting, and overgrazing. Life History/Ecology: Reed canarygrass is a cool season perennial grass that reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes and through seed production. Seedlings germinate in the spring and grow vertically for five to seven weeks. Vegetative growth peaks in mid-June and declines by mid-August. Reproductive growth in the shoot tips of the plant occurs in early to mid-April and inflorescence development continues through May. Reed canarygrass flowers from June to July with inflorescences capable of producing approximately 600 seeds each. Seeds may not germinate readily or regularly, and viability is thought to be low. Therefore, established reed canarygrass stands are likely produced from rhizomes and root fragments. Rhizomes and dead stems of reed canarygrass can form a sod layer that can measure over a foot thick. History of Introduction: Reed canarygrass is native to North America, but has also been introduced from Europe for use as a forage and hay crop. The plant was likely first used in agronomic trials in the 1800s. The invasive reed canarygrass is likely a result of agronomic breeding for vigorous growth and drought tolerance. The plant is now found throughout the continental United States. In North Dakota, reed canarygrass is widely distributed throughout the state and is virtually found in every county except for a few counties in the mid-section of the state and in the southwest corner of the state where reed canarygrass has not been included in the county floristic inventories. Effects of Invasion: Reed canarygrass is an aggressive and undesirable species in many lowland areas. Reed canarygrass and the sod layer formed by the plant displaces desirable plant and animal species by forming dense, monotypic stands. These monotypic stands may out-compete most native species, thus altering many wetland ecosystems. Dense stands of reed canarygrass also impede water flow along irrigation systems and can promote silt deposition. Control: Management objectives for reed canarygrass control should involve prevention and controlling the spread of the plants in natural communities. Eliminating or reducing seed production and the vegetative spread of established populations is also important. Infestations should be monitored for several consecutive growing seasons to prevent germination of new plants. Control methods should be combined into an integrated management system for the best long-term control of the plant. Management techniques should be site specific site, determined by land use objectives, extent of reed canarygrass infestations, desired plant community, and effectiveness and limitations of available control measures. Mechanical - Hand pulling reed canarygrass can be effective for small infestations if all rhizomes and root fragments are removed. Hand pulling should be repeated two to three times per year for five years to be effective. Mowing or cutting may be effective if repeated several times throughout the growing season for a five year period. However, some reports suggest mowing alone will not reduce established reed canarygrass infestations. Mowing once or twice per year generally only removes the top growth of the plant and may actually stimulate stem production. Cultivation as a control measure has had variable results. Cultivation may trigger dormant buds to produce new shoots after rhizomes have been disturbed and cut, thus producing a more dense stand of reed canarygrass. However, cultivation practices combined with a flooding regime can reduce reed canarygrass infestations and may promote the growth of desirable plant species. The sod layer of reed canarygrass may be thick and tough, requiring several passes the first cultivation. The area should be tilled several times throughout the growing season to break-up and dry out the rhizome fragments. When winter flooding begins, the entire area should be flooded at least 18 inches deep through late spring the following year. Manipulating water levels alone can be used to control reed canarygrass, although this method can also adversely affect habitat ecology. Burning as a control method has had variable results. Most reports state that burning does not control reed canarygrass. Burning may only kill the top growth of the plant and can actually stimulate stem production unless the burn reaches the entire sod layer. Prescribed burns conducted in May could prevent reed canarygrass from producing seed. Chemical - Several herbicides are available for reed canarygrass control. Glyphosate is the most effective herbicide to control the plant. Glyphosate should be applied in the spring just before reed canarygrass sprouts or during the early heading growth stage. In Washington, glyphosate applied in the late spring followed by summer disking reduced reed canarygrass densities. A follow-up herbicide application the following growing season eliminated plants that germinated and grew from viable rhizomes. However, in Minnesota, studies suggest glyphosate should be applied in late August when plants are storing carbohydrates in the rhizomes. Herbicide that is translocated to the rhizomes will kill the belowground parts of the plant as well as the aboveground parts. Fluazifop-d, sulfometuron, amitrol, and dalapon have also had success in controlling the plant. Contact your local county extension agent for recommended use rates, locations, and timing. Biological - No biological control agents are available for reed canarygrass control. Grazing may effectively control reed canarygrass. Some reports suggest that reed canarygrass may be a desirable forage crop for cattle; however, palatability may decrease with plant maturity. References: Barnes, W. J. 1999. The rapid growth of a population of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and its impact on some riverbottom herbs. J. of Torrey Bot. Soc. 26(2):133-138. Department of Natural Resources Trails and Waterways. 2003. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) p. 77-78 In Minnesota invasive non-native terrestrial plants and identification guide for resource managers. MN Dept. Nat. Res., St. Paul, MN. Kilbride, K. M. and F. L. Paveglio. 1999. Integrated pest management to control reed canarygrass in seasonal wetlands of southwestern Washington. Wildlife Society Bull. The Wildlife Society; Bethesda, Md. 27(2):292-297. Lyons, K. E. 2000. Element stewardship abstract for Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canarygrass. Revised. [Online.] Available: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/phalaru.pdf. Prepared for The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 13 pp. (October 2004). Reinhardt, S. M. and J. B. Zedler. 2004. Best Management Practices for the Invasive Phalaris arundinacea L. (Reed canarygrass) in wetland restorations. [Online]. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Saint Paul, MN. 127 pp. Available: http://shorebirdplan.fws.gov/USShorebird/downloads/ReedCanaryGrassReport2004.pdf. Rice, P. M. 2004. Fire as a tool for controlling nonnative invasive plants. [Online]. Available: http://www.weedcenter.org/management/tools.htm#burning. Bozeman, MT: Center for Invasive Plant Management. Sedivec, K. T. and W. T Barker. 1998. Selected North Dakota and Minnesota range plants. NDSU Ext. Ser. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND. 270 pp. Synder, S. A. 1992. Phalaris arundinacea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (February 2005). Whitson, T. D., editor. 2000. Weeds of the West 9th Ed. Western Society of Weed Science, Newark, CA 94560. 630pp. Reed canarygrass photograph courtesy of Washington State Noxious Weed Control Association. Inflorescence and infestation photographs courtesy of Mehrhoff, Leslie J./IPANE. Leaf cross-section courtesy of Purdue University Agronomy Extension. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Knowledge Document on the Impact of Priority Wetland Weeds
    Knowledge document on the impact of priority wetland weeds Step 2 – Impacts of priority wetland weeds Client Report for DELWP, Integrated Water and Catchments Division Arthur Ryah Institute for Environmental Research Acknowledgements This project has been undertaken with funding from Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) Water and Catchments Group. Pam Clunie (Arthur Rylah Institute; DELWP) and Doug Frood (Pathways Bushland & Environment) provided valuable assistance in determining the scope of the project and filtering the wetland weed list. Phil Papas and Di Crowther (Arthur Rylah Institute; DELWP) are thanked for reviewing the draft. Author Weiss, J. and Dugdale, T. 2017. Knowledge document of the impact of priority wetland weeds: Step 2 – Impacts of priority wetland weeds. Report prepared for Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) Water and Catchments Group by Agriculture Victoria. Photo credit Sagittaria platyphylla, Sagittaria, Delta Arrowhead (Anonymous, Agriculture Victoria, DEDJTR) © The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-1-76047-452-2 (print) ISBN 978-1-76047-453-9 (pdf) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Links Between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology Within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps Purpurea Species Complex
    Toxins 2015, 7, 1431-1456; doi:10.3390/toxins7051431 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Links between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps purpurea Species Complex Mariell Negård 1,2, Silvio Uhlig 1,3, Håvard Kauserud 2, Tom Andersen 2, Klaus Høiland 2 and Trude Vrålstad 1,2,* 1 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.U.) 2 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (K.H.) 3 Department of the Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-2321-6247. Academic Editor: Christopher L. Schardl Received: 3 January 2015 / Accepted: 22 April 2015 / Published: 28 April 2015 Abstract: The grass parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids. It constitutes several genetic groups with divergent habitat preferences that recently were delimited into separate proposed species. We aimed to 1) analyze genetic variation of C. purpurea sensu lato in Norway, 2) characterize the associated indole alkaloid profiles, and 3) explore relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Approximately 600 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses including DNA sequencing and HPLC-MS.
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting a Grass Species for Iowa Lawns Selecting a Grass Species Is the First Step in Establishing During the Winter Months, Low Temperature Injury a New Lawn
    Selecting a Grass Species for Iowa Lawns Selecting a grass species is the first step in establishing During the winter months, low temperature injury a new lawn. Species vary in their range of adaptation can affect the health and survival of grass species and no one type of grass will thrive in all landscapes. the following spring. Generally speaking, winter This variation may occur from one part of the country conditions in Iowa are more severe north of US 20. to another, as well as within the state of Iowa. Perennial ryegrass and newly seeded tall fescue are particularly susceptible to injury caused by low For best results, avoid past preferences of certain temperatures. As a result, these grass species are grasses and bias of seed costs when selecting a generally mixed with Kentucky bluegrass and fine species. New, improved cultivars of many grass species, fescue when planted in the northern third of the state. possessing improved characteristics, are now available to homeowners. The time spent properly selecting a Quality vs. Maintenance grass species will help prevent problems in the future. Everyone has ideas about what a quality lawn should look like. The beautiful, dark green Kentucky bluegrass The grass species that is best suited for your lawn will and perennial ryegrass lawns that are the pride of the depend on: neighborhood are also probably the most expensive and time-consuming lawns to maintain. Conversely, • Your location in the state, tall fescue or fine fescue lawns require less watering, • Your quality standards, thatch control, and fertilization. • The amount of maintenance you are willing to provide, The needs of most homeowners are probably between • The amount of shade, and these two extremes, but balancing maintenance • How the lawn will be used.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Risk Assessment for Phalaris Paradoxa L. (Poaceae)
    Weed Risk Assessment for Phalaris United States paradoxa L. (Poaceae) – Awned Department of canary-grass Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service September 27, 2016 Version 1 Photos of Phalaris paradoxa from Rignanese (2007). Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Weed Risk Assessment for Phalaris paradoxa Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701- 7786, 2000). We use the PPQ weed risk assessment (WRA) process (PPQ, 2015) to evaluate the risk potential of plants, including those newly detected in the United States, those proposed for import, and those emerging as weeds elsewhere in the world. The PPQ WRA process includes three analytical components that together describe the risk profile of a plant species (risk potential, uncertainty, and geographic potential; PPQ, 2015). At the core of the process is the predictive risk model that evaluates the baseline invasive/weed potential of a plant species using information related to its ability to establish, spread, and cause harm in natural, anthropogenic, and production systems (Koop et al., 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • MS-Choice, MS-Express, and MS-Pride: Three New Turf-Type Bermudagrasses
    MS-Choice, MS-Express, and MS-Pride: Three New Turf-type Bermudagrasses Bulletin 1060 -- November 1996 J.V. Krans H.W. Philley Professor Senior Research Assistant Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Department of Plant and Soil Sciences J.M. Goatley, Jr. V.L. Maddox Associate Agronomist Research Assistant II Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Department of Plant and Soil Sciences M. Tomaso-Peterson Research Assistant II Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Published by the Office of Agricultural Communications, Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University. Edited by Keith H. Remy, Senior Publications Editor. Introduction In 1991, the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station concluded 11 years of research and released for distribution three new and improved turf-type bermudagrasses. These grasses were developed for the citizens of Mississippi to enhance the quality of lawns, golf courses, and sports turf facilities. All three bermudagrasses are now commercially available and can be purchased from members of the Mississippi Sod Producers Association. MS-Choice is a very dark green, compact, leafy, prostrate turf for use on sports fields, home lawns, and golf tees and fairways. MS-Express is a medium green, robust, leafy, compressed turf for use on golf and tennis greens. MS-Pride is a dark green, dense, leafy, upright turf for use on home lawns, and on golf tees and fairways (Krans et al., 1995 a, b, c). MS-Choice Bermudagrass Merits Compact canopy Few to no seedheads Very
    [Show full text]
  • Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics
    ﻋـﻠـﻮم ﻣﺤـﯿـﻄﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Vol.8, No.2 , Winter 2011 29-36 Numerical Taxonomy of Phalaris (Poaceae) Species Based on Morphological Characteristics Maryam Keshavarzi1*, Mahnaz Khaksar 2, Mahvash Seifali 1, Parinaz Ghadam1 1- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran. 2- Graduated M.Sc. Student of Plant systematic, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran. ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ ﻋﺪدي ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي Phalaris از ﺗﯿﺮه ﻏﻼت ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺻﻔﺎت رﯾﺨ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﮐﺸﺎورزي 1*، ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺧﺎﮐﺴﺎر2، ﻣﻬﻮش ﺳﯿﻔﻌﻠﯽ1، ﭘﺮﯾﻨﺎز ﻗﺪم Abstract 1 1- ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا، وﻧﮏ، ﺗﻬﺮان، Phalaris is a grass which is distributed throughout اﯾﺮان. the temperate regions of the world. There are many 2- داﻧ ﺶآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ، ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، taxonomic problems in this genus. In order to داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا، وﻧﮏ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾﺮان. clarify the taxonomy and the interrelationships among Iranian Phalaris taxa, including Ph. minor, ﭼﮑﯿﺪه Ph. arundinaceae, Ph. brachystachys and Ph. ﺟﻨﺲ Phalaris واﺟﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﻋﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ paradoxa 70 qualitative and quantitative دﻧﯿﺎﺳﺖ. ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮﻧﻮﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي در اﯾـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ وﺟـﻮد دارد . ﺑـﻪ .morphological characteristics were examined ﻣﻨﻈﻮر روﺷـﻦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻦ وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮﻧﻮﻣﯽ و رواﺑـﻂ ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺗﺎﮐﺴـﻮن ﻫـﺎي Numerical taxonomy was performed on 36 Phalaris در اﯾﺮان، ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ,accessions of 5 taxa, concerning intra- and inter- Ph. minor, Ph. arundinaceae populations variations as well as inter-specific Ph. brachystachys و Ph. Paradoxa در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 70 ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻤﯽ relationships. The most variable morphological و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ.
    [Show full text]
  • Sod-Based Rotations: a Proven Old Practice to Improve Soil Productivity
    Soil Quality – Agronomy Technical Note No. 18 Soil Quality Institute Sod-Based Rotations: A Proven Old Practice to Improve Soil Productivity Historical overview Sod-based rotations are those that alternate sod-forming grasses and legumes with row crops and cereal grains. The grass and/or legumes should break up the row crop cycle for more than 1 year. Farmers in many countries, including France and England, have learned over centuries that grass-based systems are essential for maintaining the long-term productivity of soils (Albrecht, 1938). The most important benefits of sod relate to the accumulation of organic matter facilitated by the extensive root systems of perennial grasses. In fact, the productivity of sod-based virgin soils is typically associated with high levels of organic matter. As American settlers spread west, they cleared trees and sod and cultivated the land. The result of this clearing and plowing was the loss of one of our most valuable resources—soil organic matter. Many long-term studies in the United States have documented trends of organic matter losses on agricultural land (NRCS Soil Quality Institute, Technical Note No. 18 2001). Cultivated cropland typically has only 50% of the organic matter of soils that support native vegetation. These same studies show May 2004 significant advantages of grass-based systems over continuous cropping This is the eighteenth in a for maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter. For example, series of technical notes about the effects of land the Morrow plots in Illinois and the MacGruder plots in Oklahoma management on soil quality. showed that fertility, productivity, and organic matter content all Series written by: declined under continuous cropping systems and then leveled off after Soil Quality Institute 411 S.
    [Show full text]
  • EC69-1833 Lawn Diseases in the Midwest J
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Extension Lincoln Extension 1969 EC69-1833 Lawn Diseases in the Midwest J. L. Weihing M. C. Shurtleff R. E. Partyka Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist Weihing, J. L.; Shurtleff, M. C.; and Partyka, R. E., "EC69-1833 Lawn Diseases in the Midwest" (1969). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 3952. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/3952 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Extension at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AC?R I I I J ~ e:7 North Central Regional Extension Publication No. 12 f09'-/8.33 c I I Lawn Di in the MIDWEST Agricultural Extension Services of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ne· braska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin and the United States Department of Agriculture co· I operating. EC 69-1833 Extension Service University of Nebraska College of Agriculture And U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating E. F. Frolik, Dean; J. L. Adams, Director KEY TO DISEASES Symptoms Diseases Page Irregular pattern of dead grass ... .Melting-out, Dying-out, Fading-out .......... 4 Round pattern of dead grass Patches from I inch to 3 feet in diameter ..... Brown patch ......... .. .... ... .. ... .... 7 Patches 1-4 inches in diameter .. .. Dollar spot ................. .. ........... 8 Dog injury .. .. .. ... ,.... ..... .. .. .... 17 Scattered light green patches .. ..... Fursarium blight . .. ..... .. 9 Dead patches often following melting snow ...
    [Show full text]
  • Phalaris Arundinacea
    Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris arundinacea INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM Photo by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Waggy, Melissa, A. 2010. Phalaris arundinacea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2010, August 19]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: PHAARU NRCS PLANT CODE [282]: PHAR3 COMMON NAMES: reed canarygrass canary grass reed canary grass reed canary-grass speargrass ribbon grass http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html[8/19/2010 12:03:24 PM] Phalaris arundinacea gardener's gaiters TAXONOMY: The scientific name of reed canarygrass is Phalaris arundinacea L. (Poaceae) [14,83,87,111,113,141,187,192,298]. A variegated type, Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L. or ribbon grass, also occurs in North America [14]. Reed canarygrass has been bred for cultivation and at least 11 cultivars have been developed [102]. Terminology used to describe reed canarygrass' phenotypic variability (e.g., strains, types, genotypes, ecotypes) is inconsistent in the literature. This review uses the terminology from the original publications unless it is unclear and/or inconsistent
    [Show full text]
  • Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris Arundinacea Subsp
    Invasive Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea subsp. arundinacea) Best Management Practices in Ontario ontario.ca/invasivespecies BLEED Foreword These Best Management Practices (BMPs) are designed to provide guidance for managing the invasive species of Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea subsp. arundinacea) in Ontario. Funding and leadership in the development of this document was provided by Environment Canada - Canadian Wildlife Service, and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. The BMPs were developed by the Ontario Invasive Plant Council (OIPC) and partners. These guidelines were created to complement the invasive plant control initiatives of organizations and individuals concerned with the protection of biodiversity, species at risk, infrastructure, and natural lands. These BMPs are based on the most effective and environmentally safe control practices known from research and experience. They reflect current provincial and federal legislation regarding pesticide usage, habitat disturbance and species at risk protection. These BMPs are subject to change as legislation is updated or new research findings emerge. They are not intended to provide legal advice, and interested parties are advised to refer to the applicable legislation to address specific circumstances. Check the website of the Ontario Invasive Plant Council (www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca) or Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (www.ontario.ca/invasivespecies) for updates. Anderson, Hayley. 2012. Invasive Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea subsp. arundinacea)
    [Show full text]
  • Regrassing Cool-Season Putting Greens with Sod an Old Concept with a New Twist Sparks Renewed Interest in Regrassing Greens for Northern Golf Facilities in the U.S
    Regrassing Cool-Season Putting Greens With Sod An old concept with a new twist sparks renewed interest in regrassing greens for northern golf facilities in the U.S. and Canada. BY JIM SKORULSKI egrassing putting greens was once looked upon as an inter- R esting concept that was suited primarily for high-budget golf facilities with members willing to tolerate the process. Convincing northern golfers of the merits of shutting down their golf course in early to mid-August and then opening the following spring to provide a monostand of creeping bentgrass was never an easy sell. Recently, however, there has been renewed interest in regrassing and rebuilding cool-season putting greens — and for good reason! New bentgrass cultivars are durable and provide excellent playing conditions over a wide range of weather and moisture conditions. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua), on the other hand, is far less reliable in that it is highly vulnerable to annual bluegrass weevil and disease pathogens, com- bined with poor heat and cold tolerance. The quality of the sod, whether grown on sand that meets USGA recommen- This equates to high management dations or that is washed, is critical to the establishment of the sod and ultimate costs and many sleepless nights for success of the project. those who manage it. The growing availability of quality commercial bent- first. Poorly designed greens with to sun and air movement. Those not grass sod and renewed confidence serious drainage issues are always willing to remove the trees necessary in its use have also made regrassing better candidates for reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Note 40: Biology, History and Suppression of Reed Canarygrass
    TECHNICAL NOTE USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service Boise, Idaho TN PLANT MATERIALS NO. 40 February, 2001 BIOLOGY, HISTORY, AND SUPPRESSION OF REED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Mark Stannard, Pullman PMC Team Leader Wayne Crowder, Pullman PMC Asst. Mgr. • It is native to North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. • Reed canarygrass is perennial, rhizomatous, and effectively excludes other vegetation. • It is tremendously productive on moist soils and will sequester large amounts of soil nutrients. • It has been in use as a pasture grass since the early 1800’s in North America, and has been in use in the Pacific Northwest since the 1880’s. • It is a popular plant for pollution control of municipal & industrial waste water. • Reed canarygrass does not tolerate ponded water, repeated tillage, repeated defoliation, or dense shade. • Several herbicides will kill reed canarygrass but only one is labeled for use in wetlands. • Much of its competitiveness resides in its ability to shade out competitors and in its stand persistence. • Effective control integrates suppressing growth and filling the void to prevent reinfestation. Biology reed canarygrass to rapidly expand its local territory and a single rhizome or stem can infest an entire drainage. Reed canarygrass is a cool-season grass that primarily occurs across the northern tier states. It is native to Reed canarygrass culms are also capable of rooting and North America, northern Europe, Mongolia, Japan, China, the former Soviet Union, northern Afghanistan, and even South Africa (Tsvelev 1983). David Douglas (1830’s), David Lyall (1860), and the Fremont expedition (1844) either collected or documented the occurrence of reed canarygrass in the Pacific Northwest before 1860.
    [Show full text]