Microbial Ecology of E. Coli Removal Mechanisms and Drinking Water Production in Slow Sand Filters Exposed to Emerging Contaminants

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Microbial Ecology of E. Coli Removal Mechanisms and Drinking Water Production in Slow Sand Filters Exposed to Emerging Contaminants Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Microbial ecology of E.coli removal mechanisms and drinking Title water production in slow sand filters exposed to emerging contaminants Author(s) Domingo, Octavi Publication Date 2019-04-19 Publisher NUI Galway Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/15110 Downloaded 2021-09-27T09:20:16Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF E. COLI REMOVAL MECHANISMS AND DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION IN SLOW SAND FILTERS EXPOSED TO EMERGING CONTAMINANTS Octavi Domingo Fernandez A thesis submitted to the National University of Ireland Galway for the degree of: Doctor of Phylosophy Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Supervisor: Co-Supervisor: Dr. Gavin Collins Dr. Eoghan Clifford Head of Department: Head of School: Dr. Gerard Wall Prof. Ciaran Morrison April 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank to all the people that, in many ways, have made this thesis possible. First, to my supervisor, Dr. Gavin Collins, for giving me the opportunity to do this PhD and for his guidance during these last few years. To Dr. Florence Abram, Dr. Conor O’Byrne and Dr. Eoghan Clifford, members of my GRC, for the advice and support provided during the project. To all the people from the Microbial Communities Lab. Este, Sean, Joe, Sarah, Kittie, Simon, Victor, Anna… for being always good colleagues and providing support in times of stress. To Maurice, Ann, Mike, Kathy, Caroline, from the Microbiology Department, for keeping this department running day after day. To all the people from this Department who I have had the pleasure of meeting during all these years. To all my Galway friends Jorge, Oscar, Encarni, Mona, Enrico, Juan, Paolo, Fabiana, Natalia, Camila, Paul, Daniel, Jaume and the rest of amazing people I have met during this time. For all the good memories we gathered together during these years. To the Masqueperros, for the great get aways when I needed them most. To my friends in Barcelona, for always making me feel like home when I was there. To Ama, for being by my side at all times, the Apache’s pizza’s nights, the trips… For everything. To my family, specially my parents, Angel and Elvira, to whom I will never be able to compensate everything they have done for me. To my sister, Alexandra, and my nephews Mario and Gala, who have been born during this period and who I have not seen as much as I would have liked. To my grandmothers, Teresa and Isabel, for all the pampering and being there for me. To my grandfathers, Toni and Angel, who helped me to get here and being the person I am, sure they would had loved to see me being successful in this adventure. Contents List of Figures …………………………………………………………...……… V List of Tables …………………………………………………………………... XI Abbreviations ……………………………………………………...…………. XIII Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Scope and Organization of the Thesis ........................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................... 5 2.1 Drinking Water Production with Slow Sand Filters ...................................... 5 2.1.1 Drinking Water Production Systems ................................................. 5 2.1.2 Slow Sand Filters .............................................................................. 7 2.2 E. coli Environmental Strains ...................................................................... 12 2.3 Emerging Contaminants .............................................................................. 14 2.4 Molecular Techniques in Microbial Ecology Studies ................................. 17 2.5 General Questions Addressed In the Thesis ................................................ 23 Chapter 3: Impact of Sporadic Faecal Contamination in the Microbial Community Structure of Lab-Scale Slow Sand Filters .................................... 25 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 25 3.2 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 28 3.2.1 Construction and Operation of the Lab-Scale SSFs ........................ 28 3.2.2 Faecal Contamination Simulations ................................................. 29 3.2.3 Water Sampling and Quality Assessment ....................................... 31 3.2.4 Schmutzdecke Sampling ................................................................. 32 3.2.5 DNA Extractions ............................................................................. 33 I 3.2.6 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reactions (qPCRs) ....................... 33 3.2.7 High-throughput Sequencing .......................................................... 36 3.2.8 Statistical analysis ........................................................................... 37 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Optical Density / E. coli Concentration Standard Curves ............... 37 3.3.2 Water Quality of Influent and Effluent ........................................... 38 3.3.3 Concentration of 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA and rodA genes in SMD samples 42 3.3.4 Bacterial Community Structure of the SSFs ................................... 44 3.3.5 Eukaryotic Community Structure of the SSFs ................................ 53 3.3.6 Protozoa Population Dynamics ....................................................... 63 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................... 65 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 4: Impact of Estrogens and Pharmaceuticals on the Microbial Ecology and total coliforms and E. coli removal in Slow Sand Filters ........... 72 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 72 4.2 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 75 4.2.1 Filters Operation and ECs Dosing .................................................. 75 4.2.2 Water and Schmutzdecke Sampling................................................ 77 4.2.3 Quantification of Total Coliforms and E. coli ................................ 78 4.2.4 Quantification of Nutrients ............................................................. 79 4.2.5 Quantification of Estrogens and Pharmaceuticals........................... 79 4.2.6 DNA Extraction and Amplicon Sequencing ................................... 80 4.2.7 Quality Trimming and Taxonomical Classification of the Sequences 81 4.2.8 Statistical Analysis .......................................................................... 81 4.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 81 II 4.3.1 Removal of Total Coliforms and E. coli ......................................... 81 4.3.2 Concentrations, and Removal, of Nutrients .................................... 85 4.3.3 Concentrations, and Removal, of ECs ............................................ 88 4.3.4 Impact of Estrogen and Pharmaceuticals on the Prokaryotic Community Structure of SSFs ...................................................................... 94 4.3.5 Impact of Estrogen and Pharmaceuticals on the Eukaryotic Community Structure of SSFs .................................................................... 105 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................. 116 4.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 120 Chapter 5: Stable Isotope Probing to Unravel E. coli Removal Mechanisms in SSFs Exposed to Estrogen and Pharmaceuticals ............................................ 122 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 122 5.2 Material and Methods ................................................................................ 124 5.2.1 Lab-scale SSFs Used for the SIP Experiment ............................... 124 5.2.2 E. coli labelling with 13C ............................................................... 125 5.2.3 Filters Spike, and SMD and Effluent Sampling ............................ 125 5.2.4 DNA Extraction ............................................................................ 126 5.2.5 Separation of 12C and 13C DNA Fractions .................................... 126 5.2.6 Illumina MiSeq Amplicon Sequencing ......................................... 127 5.2.7 Statistical analysis ......................................................................... 128 5.3 Results ....................................................................................................... 128 5.3.1 13C-labelled E. coli Mass Balance ................................................. 128 5.3.2 12C and 13C DNA Fractions Separation ......................................... 130 5.3.3 Biological E. coli Removal Mechanisms ...................................... 130 5.3.4 Differences in E. coli Removal Mechanisms Produced by Exposure to Estrogen
Recommended publications
  • Identification of Active Methylotroph Populations in an Acidic Forest Soil
    Microbiology (2002), 148, 2331–2342 Printed in Great Britain Identification of active methylotroph populations in an acidic forest soil by stable- isotope probing Stefan Radajewski,1 Gordon Webster,2† David S. Reay,3‡ Samantha A. Morris,1 Philip Ineson,4 David B. Nedwell,3 James I. Prosser2 and J. Colin Murrell1 Author for correspondence: J. Colin Murrell. Tel: j44 24 7652 2553. Fax: j44 24 7652 3568. e-mail: cmurrell!bio.warwick.ac.uk 1 Department of Biological Stable-isotope probing (SIP) is a culture-independent technique that enables Sciences, University of the isolation of DNA from micro-organisms that are actively involved in a Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK specific metabolic process. In this study, SIP was used to characterize the active methylotroph populations in forest soil (pH 35) microcosms that were exposed 2 Department of Molecular 13 13 13 13 and Cell Biology, to CH3OH or CH4. Distinct C-labelled DNA ( C-DNA) fractions were resolved University of Aberdeen, from total community DNA by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. Analysis of Institute of Medical 16S rDNA sequences amplified from the 13C-DNA revealed that bacteria related Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK to the genera Methylocella, Methylocapsa, Methylocystis and Rhodoblastus had assimilated the 13C-labelled substrates, which suggested that moderately 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of acidophilic methylotroph populations were active in the microcosms. Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Enrichments targeted towards the active proteobacterial CH3OH utilizers were Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, successful, although none of these bacteria were isolated into pure culture. A UK parallel analysis of genes encoding the key enzymes methanol dehydrogenase 4 Department of Biology, and particulate methane monooxygenase reflected the 16S rDNA analysis, but University of York, PO Box 373, YO10 5YW, UK unexpectedly revealed sequences related to the ammonia monooxygenase of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from the β-subclass of the Proteobacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters
    European Journal of Taxonomy 354: 1–30 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.354 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Kolicka M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51C2BE54-B99B-4464-8FC1-28A5CC6B9586 A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters Małgorzata KOLICKA 1,*, Piotr GADAWSKI 2 & Miroslawa DABERT 3 1 Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland. 2 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90–237 Łódź, Poland. 3 Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:550BCAA1-FB2B-47CC-A657-0340113C2D83 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:BCA3F37A-28BD-484C-A3B3-C2169D695A82 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:8F04FE81-3BC7-44C5-AFAB-6236607130F9 Abstract. Gastrotricha is a cosmopolitan phylum of aquatic and semi-aquatic invertebrates that comprises about 820 described species. Current knowledge regarding freshwater gastrotrichs inhabiting caves is extremely poor and there are no extant data regarding Gastrotricha from Montenegro. We describe a new species from Obodska Cave, which is also the fi rst record of a gastrotrich from this region. Due to its unusual habitat and morphological characteristics, this species may be important when considering the evolution and dispersion routes of Chaetonotidae Gosse, 1864 (sensu Leasi & Todaro 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Large Scale Biogeography and Environmental Regulation of 2 Methanotrophic Bacteria Across Boreal Inland Waters
    1 Large scale biogeography and environmental regulation of 2 methanotrophic bacteria across boreal inland waters 3 running title : Methanotrophs in boreal inland waters 4 Sophie Crevecoeura,†, Clara Ruiz-Gonzálezb, Yves T. Prairiea and Paul A. del Giorgioa 5 aGroupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), 6 Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada 7 bDepartment of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, 8 Catalunya, Spain 9 Correspondence: Sophie Crevecoeur, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Water Science and Technology - 10 Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Burlington, Ontario, Canada, e-mail: [email protected] 12 † Current address: Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Water Science and Technology - Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada 1 13 Abstract 14 Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria (methanotrophs) use methane as a source of carbon and energy, thereby 15 mitigating net methane emissions from natural sources. Methanotrophs represent a widespread and 16 phylogenetically complex guild, yet the biogeography of this functional group and the factors that explain 17 the taxonomic structure of the methanotrophic assemblage are still poorly understood. Here we used high 18 throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial community to study the methanotrophic 19 community composition and the environmental factors that influence their distribution and relative 20 abundance in a wide range of freshwater habitats, including lakes, streams and rivers across the boreal 21 landscape. Within one region, soil and soil water samples were additionally taken from the surrounding 22 watersheds in order to cover the full terrestrial-aquatic continuum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Methanol Dehydrogenase Gene, Mxaf, As a Functional and Phylogenetic Marker for Proteobacterial Methanotrophs in Natural Environments
    The Methanol Dehydrogenase Gene, mxaF, as a Functional and Phylogenetic Marker for Proteobacterial Methanotrophs in Natural Environments The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lau, Evan, Meredith C. Fisher, Paul A. Steudler, and Colleen Marie Cavanaugh. 2013. The methanol dehydrogenase gene, mxaF, as a functional and phylogenetic marker for proteobacterial methanotrophs in natural environments. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56993. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056993 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11807572 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP The Methanol Dehydrogenase Gene, mxaF,asa Functional and Phylogenetic Marker for Proteobacterial Methanotrophs in Natural Environments Evan Lau1,2*, Meredith C. Fisher2, Paul A. Steudler3, Colleen M. Cavanaugh2 1 Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America Abstract The mxaF gene, coding for the large (a) subunit of methanol dehydrogenase, is highly conserved among distantly related methylotrophic species in the Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria. It is ubiquitous in methanotrophs, in contrast to other methanotroph-specific genes such as the pmoA and mmoX genes, which are absent in some methanotrophic proteobacterial genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Facultative Methylocella Strains Are Active Methane Consumers at Terrestrial Natural Gas Seeps Muhammad Farhan Ul Haque1,2* , Andrew T
    Farhan Ul Haque et al. Microbiome (2019) 7:134 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0741-3 RESEARCH Open Access Novel facultative Methylocella strains are active methane consumers at terrestrial natural gas seeps Muhammad Farhan Ul Haque1,2* , Andrew T. Crombie3* and J. Colin Murrell1 Abstract Background: Natural gas seeps contribute to global climate change by releasing substantial amounts of the potent greenhouse gas methane and other climate-active gases including ethane and propane to the atmosphere. However, methanotrophs, bacteria capable of utilising methane as the sole source of carbon and energy, play a significant role in reducing the emissions of methane from many environments. Methylocella-like facultative methanotrophs are a unique group of bacteria that grow on other components of natural gas (i.e. ethane and propane) in addition to methane but a little is known about the distribution and activity of Methylocella in the environment. The purposes of this study were to identify bacteria involved in cycling methane emitted from natural gas seeps and, most importantly, to investigate if Methylocella-like facultative methanotrophs were active utilisers of natural gas at seep sites. Results: The community structure of active methane-consuming bacteria in samples from natural gas seeps from Andreiasu Everlasting Fire (Romania) and Pipe Creek (NY, USA) was investigated by DNA stable isotope probing (DNA- SIP) using 13C-labelled methane. The 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from DNA-SIP experiments revealed that of various active methanotrophs, Methylocella was the only active methanotrophic genus common to both natural gas seep environments. We also isolated novel facultative methanotrophs, Methylocella sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Phylogeny and the Ancestry of Bilaterians: Inferences from Morphology and 18S Rdna Gene Sequences
    EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 3:3, 170–205 (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences Kevin J. Peterson and Douglas J. Eernisse* Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA; and *Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton CA 92834-6850, USA *Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) SUMMARY Insight into the origin and early evolution of the and protostomes, with ctenophores the bilaterian sister- animal phyla requires an understanding of how animal group, whereas 18S rDNA suggests that the root is within the groups are related to one another. Thus, we set out to explore Lophotrochozoa with acoel flatworms and gnathostomulids animal phylogeny by analyzing with maximum parsimony 138 as basal bilaterians, and with cnidarians the bilaterian sister- morphological characters from 40 metazoan groups, and 304 group. We suggest that this basal position of acoels and gna- 18S rDNA sequences, both separately and together. Both thostomulids is artifactal because for 1000 replicate phyloge- types of data agree that arthropods are not closely related to netic analyses with one random sequence as outgroup, the annelids: the former group with nematodes and other molting majority root with an acoel flatworm or gnathostomulid as the animals (Ecdysozoa), and the latter group with molluscs and basal ingroup lineage. When these problematic taxa are elim- other taxa with spiral cleavage. Furthermore, neither brachi- inated from the matrix, the combined analysis suggests that opods nor chaetognaths group with deuterostomes; brachiopods the root lies between the deuterostomes and protostomes, are allied with the molluscs and annelids (Lophotrochozoa), and Ctenophora is the bilaterian sister-group.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialized Metabolites from Methylotrophic Proteobacteria Aaron W
    Specialized Metabolites from Methylotrophic Proteobacteria Aaron W. Puri* Department of Chemistry and the Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. *Correspondence: [email protected] htps://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.033.211 Abstract these compounds and strategies for determining Biosynthesized small molecules known as special- their biological functions. ized metabolites ofen have valuable applications Te explosion in bacterial genome sequences in felds such as medicine and agriculture. Con- available in public databases as well as the availabil- sequently, there is always a demand for novel ity of bioinformatics tools for analysing them has specialized metabolites and an understanding of revealed that many bacterial species are potentially their bioactivity. Methylotrophs are an underex- untapped sources for new molecules (Cimerman- plored metabolic group of bacteria that have several cic et al., 2014). Tis includes organisms beyond growth features that make them enticing in terms those traditionally relied upon for natural product of specialized metabolite discovery, characteriza- discovery, and recent studies have shown that tion, and production from cheap feedstocks such examining the biosynthetic potential of new spe- as methanol and methane gas. Tis chapter will cies indeed reveals new classes of compounds examine the predicted biosynthetic potential of (Pidot et al., 2014; Pye et al., 2017). Tis strategy these organisms and review some of the specialized is complementary to synthetic biology approaches metabolites they produce that have been character- focused on activating BGCs that are not normally ized so far. expressed under laboratory conditions in strains traditionally used for natural product discovery, such as Streptomyces (Rutledge and Challis, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Describing Species
    DESCRIBING SPECIES Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists Judith E. Winston COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 1999 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © Winston, Judith E. Describing species : practical taxonomic procedure for biologists / Judith E. Winston, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-231-06824-7 (alk. paper)—0-231-06825-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Biology—Classification. 2. Species. I. Title. QH83.W57 1999 570'.1'2—dc21 99-14019 Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America c 10 98765432 p 10 98765432 The Far Side by Gary Larson "I'm one of those species they describe as 'awkward on land." Gary Larson cartoon celebrates species description, an important and still unfinished aspect of taxonomy. THE FAR SIDE © 1988 FARWORKS, INC. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Universal Press Syndicate DESCRIBING SPECIES For my daughter, Eliza, who has grown up (andput up) with this book Contents List of Illustrations xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix Part One: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Describing the Living World 3 Why Is Species Description Necessary? 4 How New Species Are Described 8 Scope and Organization of This Book 12 The Pleasures of Systematics 14 Sources CHAPTER 2. BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 19 Humans as Taxonomists 19 Biological Nomenclature 21 Folk Taxonomy 23 Binomial Nomenclature 25 Development of Codes of Nomenclature 26 The Current Codes of Nomenclature 50 Future of the Codes 36 Sources 39 Part Two: Recognizing Species 41 CHAPTER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Atp8 Is in the Ground Pattern of Flatworm Mitochondrial Genomes Bernhard Egger1* , Lutz Bachmann2 and Bastian Fromm3
    Egger et al. BMC Genomics (2017) 18:414 DOI 10.1186/s12864-017-3807-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Atp8 is in the ground pattern of flatworm mitochondrial genomes Bernhard Egger1* , Lutz Bachmann2 and Bastian Fromm3 Abstract Background: To date, mitochondrial genomes of more than one hundred flatworms (Platyhelminthes) have been sequenced. They show a high degree of similarity and a strong taxonomic bias towards parasitic lineages. The mitochondrial gene atp8 has not been confidently annotated in any flatworm sequenced to date. However, sampling of free-living flatworm lineages is incomplete. We addressed this by sequencing the mitochondrial genomes of the two small-bodied (about 1 mm in length) free-living flatworms Stenostomum sthenum and Macrostomum lignano as the first representatives of the earliest branching flatworm taxa Catenulida and Macrostomorpha respectively. Results: We have used high-throughput DNA and RNA sequence data and PCR to establish the mitochondrial genome sequences and gene orders of S. sthenum and M. lignano. The mitochondrial genome of S. sthenum is 16,944 bp long and includes a 1,884 bp long inverted repeat region containing the complete sequences of nad3, rrnS, and nine tRNA genes. The model flatworm M. lignano has the smallest known mitochondrial genome among free- living flatworms, with a length of 14,193 bp. The mitochondrial genome of M. lignano lacks duplicated genes, however, tandem repeats were detected in a non-coding region. Mitochondrial gene order is poorly conserved in flatworms, only a single pair of adjacent ribosomal or protein-coding genes – nad4l-nad4 – was found in S. sthenum and M.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastrotricha of Sweden – Biodiversity and Phylogeny
    Gastrotricha of Sweden – Biodiversity and Phylogeny Tobias Kånneby Department of Zoology Stockholm University 2011 Gastrotricha of Sweden – Biodiversity and Phylogeny Doctoral dissertation 2011 Tobias Kånneby Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Department of Invertebrate Zoology Swedish Museum of Natural History PO Box 50007 SE-104 05 Stockholm Sweden [email protected] [email protected] ©Tobias Kånneby, Stockholm 2011 ISBN 978-91-7447-397-1 Cover Illustration: Therése Pettersson Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2011 Distributor: Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Till Mamma och Pappa ABSTRACT Gastrotricha are small aquatic invertebrates with approximately 770 known species. The group has a cosmopolitan distribution and is currently classified into two orders, Chaetonotida and Macrodasyida. The gastrotrich fauna of Sweden is poorly known: a couple of years ago only 29 species had been reported. In Paper I, III, and IV, 5 freshwater species new to science are described. In total 56 species have been recorded for the first time in Sweden during the course of this thesis. Common species with a cosmopolitan distribution, e. g. Chaetonotus hystrix and Lepidodermella squamata, as well as rarer species, e. g. Haltidytes crassus, Ichthydium diacanthum and Stylochaeta scirtetica, are reported. In Paper II molecular data is used to infer phylogenetic relationships within the morphologically very diverse marine family Thaumastodermatidae (Macrodasyida). Results give high support for monophyly of Thaumastodermatidae and also the subfamilies Diplodasyinae and Thaumastoder- matinae. In Paper III the hypothesis of cryptic speciation is tested in widely distributed freshwater gastrotrichs. Heterolepidoderma ocellatum f. sphagnophilum is raised to species under the name H.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastrotricha
    Chapter 7 Gastrotricha David L. Strayer, William D. Hummon Rick Hochberg Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Department of Biological Sciences, Millbrook, New York University, Athens, Ohio University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts believe that they are most closely related to nematodes, I. Introduction kinorhynchs, loriciferans, nematomorphs, and priaulids II. Anatomy and physiology (i.e., Cycloneuralia[73]), while others[18,27] think that A. External Morphology gastrotrichs are more closely related to rotifers and gnatho- B. Organ System Function stomulids (i.e., Gnathifera[94]) and less closely to turbel- III. Ecology and evolution larians. The gastrotrichs do not fit well into either of these A. Diversity and Distribution schemes. Important general references on gastrotrichs B. Reproduction and Life History include Remane[82], Hyman[50], Voigt[103], d’Hondt[33], C. Ecological Interactions Hummon[44], Ruppert[89,90], Schwank[95], Kisielewski[58,60], D. Evolutionary Relationships and Balsamo and Todaro[5]. The phylum contains two IV. Collecting, rearing, and preparation for orders: Macrodasyida, which consists almost entirely of identification marine species, and Chaetonotida, containing marine, fresh- V. Taxonomic key to Gastrotricha water, and semiterrestrial species. Unless noted otherwise, VI. Selected References the information in this chapter refers to freshwater members of Chaetonotida. Macrodasyidans usually are distinguished from cha- etonotidans by the presence of pharyngeal pores and I. INTRODUCTION more than two pairs of adhesive tubules (Fig. 7.1). Macrodasyidans are common in marine and estuarine Gastrotrichs are among the most abundant and poorly known sands but are barely represented in freshwaters. Two spe- of the freshwater invertebrates. They are nearly ubiquitous cies of freshwater gastrotrichs have been placed in the in the benthos and periphyton of freshwater habitats, with Macrodasyida.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL 2 FINAL MESMO ESSE é VERDADE.Xlsx
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA SETOR DE CIENCIAS AGRÁRIAS E DE TECNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMPUTAÇÃO APLICADA BARBARA SCHAEDLER FIDELIS SCHNEIDER ANÁLISE METAGENÔMICA DE BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS DE SOLOS ORGÂNICOS DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ PONTA GROSSA 2016 BARBARA SCHAEDLER FIDELIS SCHNEIDER ANÁLISE METAGENÔMICA DE BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS DE SOLOS ORGÂNICOS DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Computação Aplicada da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de mestre em Computação Aplicada na Área de Tecnologias para Agricultura. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rafael Mazer Etto PONTA GROSSA 2016 Dedico este trabalho à minha filha Clara, ao meu esposo Diogo, aos meus pais Rita e Jorge e aos meus irmãos Debora e Ronaldo, por terem me apoiado e por serem minha fortaleza e inspiração. AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus, por ter me dado saúde e forças para realizar este trabalho. À minha família, por ser minha fortaleza, me proporcionar amor e carinho nos momentos mais difíceis que vivenciei durante esta fase, principalmente por acreditarem em mim e me alegrarem com seus abraços apertados e suas palavras de amor. À CAPES, pela bolsa de estudos. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr Rafael Mazer Etto, por toda paciência e todos os ensinamentos. À toda a equipe do Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Microbiana da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, pelo coleguismo e ensinamentos que recebi durante esta fase. A todos os professores e colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Computação Aplicada da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, por todos os ensinamentos, incentivo, conversas e apoio.
    [Show full text]