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Occupational Mobility and Economic Development in the Dhobis of Dibrugarh and Duliajan Towns of Assam

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Occupational Mobility and Economic Development in the Dhobis of Dibrugarh and Duliajan Towns of Assam International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-1, November, 2019 Occupational Mobility and Economic Development in the Dhobis of Dibrugarh and Duliajan Towns of Assam Suresh Kumar Sahu Abstract: The Dhobis in Assam is passing through gradual Majority of them work in tea garden as labourers and few of economic development due to occupational mobility since them work as washer men (Dhobi), sweeper (Bhangi), independence. The traditional economic way of life of Dhobis barber, mochi, lohar, sonar, mason, carpenter, rickshow has been changing gradually. Therefore, this paper aims to study pattern of occupational mobility and analyse its role for their puller, daily wage labour and small traders etc. These economic development. The data were collected on 25th Oct to 3rd labourers did not go back their home land, rather they Dec 2015 by administering structured interview schedule to a settled down in the tea garden and their adjoining areas. random sample of Dhobi respondents in Dibrugarh and Duliajan With the increase in the number of tea gardens, the number towns in upper Assam. of labourers who came from other parts of the country also Keywords: Dhobis, Occupational mobility, Economic went up considerably. On the other hand, since the partition Development, Social change. of India the influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan continued unabated to India mainly to West Bengal, Assam I. INTRODUCTION and Tripura. The coming of Hindu refugees from East Occupational mobility is defined as movement from one Pakistan did not stop altogether. They continued to come up status category to another status category i.e., origin to to 1971 surreptitiously because of deteriorating law and destination. It may be intra-generational, within the same order situation and economic condition in East Pakistan. generation or intergenerational, between one or more Though after liberation of Bangladesh this population had generations. It can be studied from the various point of view returned back, yet it is safe to assume that a large number of of its various dimension i.e., rates, causes, processes or such populations did not go back to Bangladesh. Rather consequences. These dimensions are revealing about the settled among their kiths and kins in India and in West nature of social structure and the influences upon attitudes Bengal and Assam. A large number of these Hindu refugees and behaviour (Western, 2006). Occupational mobility belong to scheduled castes; they have settled both rural and among Dhobis is an important area of investigation in itself. urban areas in Assam. The Hindi speaking Dhobi write their The mobility of Scheduled caste lead us the larger issue of title as ‘Rajak’, ‘Ram’, ‘Baitha’ and ‘Dhobi’ and the caste system and social change. The spread of education, Bengali speaking Dhobis write their title as ‘Shuklabaidya’, reservation policies of government in jobs and educational ‘Baidya’, ‘Shukla’ and ‘Das’. (Singh,1995). institution and policies of state government led to the emergence of middle class in society. At present, the II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY educated Dhobis have entered into the modern occupation 1. To Study patterns of occupational mobility among and have witnessed improvement in their position. Many of Dhobis. them still face discrimination as well as resistance to their 2. To analyse the interrelationship of occupational assimilation in the mainstream. mobility and economic development among Dhobis. The Dhobi (washermen) is a caste primarily in India and Pakistan specialized in washing clothes, occupying a lower III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY position in society. Being a part of the depressed classes, they are economically backward, socially depressed and The study is based on oral responses collected from a educationally neglected section of society, all over India. In random sample of 428 Dhobis in Dibrugarh and Duliajan Assam, they are migrated from Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar towns by administering a structured interview schedule. A Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and some of them from other stratified sample of around 30% from adult Dhobis has been parts of India. Dhobas are washermen who came from West taken from the universe (1397) after enlisting all the units Bengal and Orissa while Dhobis come from Bihar and Uttar with the help of electoral rolls and informed persons of the Pradesh and other parts of the nation as a part of labour Dhobi communities in the two towns. First, the universe supply to tea garden plantation after 1855, in view of acute (total adult Dhobis in the two towns) was divided into three shortage of local labour for a growing tea plantation. age groups (18-35, 36-59 and 60 & above) and then males and females were selected by random sampling method. The sample consists of the units selected from the two genders equally in each of the age groups. Revised Manuscript Received on November 02, 2019. Dr. Suresh Kumar Sahu. Asst. Professor (Contractual), Department of Sociology, Naharkatiya College, Naharkatia. Published By: Retrieval Number A4497119119/2019©BEIESP 617 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A4497.119119 & Sciences Publication Occupational Mobility and Economic Development in the Dhobis of Dibrugarh and Duliajan Towns of Assam Since the figures with fractions of the units selected were V. THE DULIAJAN TOWN rounded off to the subsequent number, the sample size Duliajan town is located in the east of the Dibrugarh district. increased, a little, over the pre-decided 30% of the universe. It is bounded by Naholia in the east, railway station in the The study has analysed the empirical data in a comparative west, Bijulibari tea garden area in the north and Tipling perspective of occupational mobility of the Dhobi Buridihing River in the south. It is situated at a distance of communities in the two towns. At First, tables are classified 50 km from Dibrugarh town, 27 km from Tinsukia, 38 km and analysed those who experience occupational mobility from Digboi, 14 km from Naharkatia and 29 km from and those who do not; and finding are drawn by analysing Namrup town. The area of the town is 6.5 square km average of two towns, comparison of towns on occupational (approx) and population is 28,626: males-14,898 and aspects. The demographic and socio-economic females-13,728. Literacy rate of the town is 93.98%: males- development of Dibrugarh and Duliajan towns in upper 96.57% and females-91.16 % (Directorate of Economics Assam with reference to Dhobis is briefly summarized here. and Statistics, Govt. of Assam 2014). At present, it is the homeland of large number of cultural and ethnic groups IV. THE DIBRUGARH TOWN with different languages and dialects, religions and customs. Dibrugarh town, an important commercial town of North- Most of the people have migrated from various parts of the east India, has a total population of 139565, 72384 (51.86%) country to the town for better life. Today, Duliajan is the males and 67181(48.13%) females. Literacy rate is 85.85%: Head Office of Oil India Limited. All modern amenities males-88.57% and females-82.92% (Directorate of including captive power piped domestic gas, good drainage Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Assam, 2014). At and water system, hospitals, nursing homes, clubs, schools, present, the town has two Law Colleges, two B Ed Colleges colleges, parks, playgrounds, offices and markets make and study centers of India’s several universities. The Duliajan a self-sufficient town in North-East India. Bogibeel Bridge over Brahmaputra, Gas Cracker project, There are 492 Dhobis in Duliajan: 280-Hindi speaking and Assam Medical College, Regional Medical Research 212-Bengali speaking. Of these 208 Hindi speaking and 164 Centre, Lahowal Polytechnique (District), Dibrugarh Bengali speaking Dhobis are above 18 years of age. They University, District Library, Newspapers, Assam Natya are settled in Kamalabari Dhobhi Ghat No.1 and No. 2, Sanmilan, Amula patti Natya Mandir, 14 Hospitals, 29 Natunpara, Anandapara, Sonapur, Indrapuri, Bijulibari, Banks, good transport and communication have played Assam Gas Company Limited colony etc. (Field Study significant role for socio-economic development of the Conducted during the period 25th Oct to 3rd Dec 2015) Dibrugarh town. A. Patterns of Occupational Mobility There are 1378 Dhobis in Dibrugarh: 1248-Hindi speaking and 130-Bengali speaking. Of these 924 Hindi speaking and Of the five occupations; namely, washermen’s, 102 Bengali speaking Dhobis are above 18 years of age. The homemaking, labour, business and service (Government or Dhobis have an organization called Razak Samiti. They are private), the first two are traditional occupations for the settled in Paltan Bazar near polo ground, Graham Bazar, Dhobis and the rest are new. And any shift from traditional Assam Medical College colony, nearby CISF colony, to new occupation is considered as occupational mobility. Kalibari and nearby Dibrugarh University colony etc (Field The following table shows occupational mobility of the Study Conducted during the period 25th Oct to 3rd Dec respondents in the two towns: 2015) Table 1 Occupational Mobility of the Respondents Hindi No. of Respondents Speaking Bengali Duliajan Town Dibrugarh Town Dhobis Dhobis Bengali Bengali Dhobis Dhobis Hindi Hindi Speaking Speaking Grand Occupation Dhobis Total Dhobis Total Total Total Total 38 9 47 141 5 146 179 14 193 Washermen -57.57 -18 -40.51 -50 -16.66 -46.79 -51.43 -17.5 -45.09 Home 10 12 22 20 6 26 30 18 48 making -15.15 -24 -18.96 -7.09 -20 -8.33 -8.62 -22.5 -11.21 6 10 16 44 7 51 50 17 67 Business -9.09 -20 -13.79 -15.6 -23.33 -16.34 -14.36 -21.25 -15.65 3 11 14 22 7 29 25 18 43 Labour -4.54 -22 -12.06 -7.8 -23.33 -9.29 -7.18 -22.5 -10.04 Published By: Retrieval Number A4497119119/2019©BEIESP 618 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A4497.119119 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-1, November, 2019 Private/ 9 8 17 55 5 60 64 13 77 Govt.
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