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EU REGULATIONS UNDER BREXIT Bachelor’S Thesis European Union and International Law

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EU REGULATIONS UNDER BREXIT Bachelor’S Thesis European Union and International Law TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY School of Business and Governance Department of Law Touko Johannes Sinisalo .EU REGULATIONS UNDER BREXIT Bachelor’s thesis European Union and International Law Supervisor: Dr. Thomas Hoffmann, LL.M. Tallinn 2020 I declare that I have compiled the article independently and all works, important standpoints and data by other authors have been properly referenced and the same article has not been previously been presented for grading. The article length is …………… words including the list of references. Touko Johannes Sinisalo Student code: 166362HAJB Student e-mail address: [email protected] …………………………………………… (signature, date) Supervisor: Dr. Thomas Hoffmann: The paper conforms to requirements in force …………………………………………… (signature, date) Chairman of the Defence Committee: Permitted to the defence …………………………………………… (name, signature, date) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ IV INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... V APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ VII Appendix 1. Article .eu Regulations under Brexit ................................................................ VII Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 121 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 121 2. Background ................................................................................................................ 123 2.1. What is a domain name? ...................................................................................... 123 2.2. History ................................................................................................................ 123 2.3. Division into categories ....................................................................................... 124 2.4. DNS .................................................................................................................... 125 2.5. WHOIS ............................................................................................................... 125 3. Ownership and policies .............................................................................................. 127 3.1. Regulations ......................................................................................................... 127 3.2. Policy .................................................................................................................. 127 4. European Union TLD and the Brexit .......................................................................... 129 4.1. Brexit in General ................................................................................................. 129 4.2. TLD in general and its history ............................................................................. 130 4.3. The effects of the Brexit to domain holders ......................................................... 130 4.4. Examples from the Union and the Member States ............................................... 132 4.5. Methods .............................................................................................................. 133 5. Trademarks and trademark holders ............................................................................. 134 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 136 References ..................................................................................................................... 138 Appendix 2. Non-exclusive licence .................................................................................... VIII III ABSTRACT On 28 March 2018, the European Commission published a press release stating that there is a plan to revoke all.eu domains owned by the United Kingdom’s individuals and entities due to Britain’s exit from the European Union. The article highlights issues related to the process of the UK leaving the EU, gives examples from other fields of the Union law and the national law of the Member States which have experienced similar situations and also points out the fundamental rights that the Commission needs to comply with. The basics of domain names are also partially covered to inform the reader about what domain names are based on and of existing regulations in the field. Keywords: Brexit, domain name, .eu domain, European Union, top-level domain IV INTRODUCTION This bachelor thesis is formatted as an article and was published in the Baltic Journal of European Studies (Volume 8, Issue 2) on the 1st of September 2018. The research highlights problems related to domain names regulations, specifically the nature of problems that might arise when the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. An additional focus area is intellectual property rights which are granted usually by the national governments or international organizations. Intellectual property rights are crucial to the performance of a business while they are beneficial to all economic sectors and they should be protected through bilateral and multilateral agreements internationally.1 The research also seeks to define areas regulated by similar norms and standards that are based on domain names. There are some general principles and those are also highlighted against international differences: what kind of systems exist and how domain names could be seen in the sphere of other intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights are almost an inseparable part of domain name policies. Inside the European Union, many systems are harmonized and, for example, there are EU trademarks.2 Also, entities established in the EU have the capacity to register also national trademarks from another Member States without any unnecessary restrictions.3 It should be noted that within the sphere of domain names there is no imposed standardization and especially with national domain names, states usually define their own policy. There are certain common principles and cooperation, although generally registries are not forced to follow any of them. The research also highlights the technology related to domain names and its development and aims to give readers some basic knowledge to understand what are built in the features of domain names. Evolution of domain names has had a strong impact on how they are existing today and for that reason the research also reveals the parties connected to the beginnings of domain names. The 1 Nyman-Metcalf et al. (2014) 2 Zirnstein (2005) 3 Dobrin & Chochia, (2016), p. 31−34 V sphere of domain names has also been influenced by politics, with a variety of influencing factors. Although domain names and the internet have existed for a considerably long time, almost all connections to governmental agencies have been severed only a few years ago. It clearly demonstrates that we need to be constantly vigilant when changes are made to the policy and, as some experts have argued, it might be a mistake to give operation of the foundations of the internet to just one nonprofit organization. At the beginning of this millennium, there were discussions about the future of domain names and whether it would be a better idea to transfer control to an international organization. Overall, problems which exist are not insurmountable and domain names regulations and policies are sufficiently defined. Also, international collaboration gives domain names remarkable transparency and reliability which all parties — registry, holder, etc. — could rely on. VI Appendix 1. Article .eu Regulations under Brexit .eu Regulations under Brexit .eu regulations under Brexit touko Johannes Sinisalo Department of Law, School of Business and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology Akadeemia tee 3, Tallinn 12618, Estonia E-mail: [email protected] abstract: On 28 March 2018, the European Commission published a press release stating that there is a plan to revoke all .eu domains owned by the United Kingdom’s individuals and entities due to Britain’s exit from the European Union. The article highlights issues related to the process of the UK leaving the EU, gives examples from other fields of the Union law and the national law of the Member States which have experienced similar situations and also points out the fundamental rights that the Commission needs to comply with. The basics of domain names are also partially covered to inform the reader about what domain names are based on and of existing regulations in the field. Keywords: Brexit, domain name, .eu domain, European Union, top-level domain 1. introduction The research highlights problems related to domain names regulations, specifically the nature of problems that might arise when the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. An additional focus area is intellectual property rights which are granted usually by the national governments or international organizations. Intellectual property rights are crucial to the performance of a business while they are beneficial to all economic sectors and they should be protected through bilateral and multilateral agreements internationally (Nyman- Metcalf et al., 2014). The research also seeks to define areas regulated
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