English Lexicology Lexical Structure, Word Semantics & Word-Formation

Leonhard Lipka English Lexicology Lexical structure, word semantics & word-formation Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen Contents Preface to English Lexicology as a quasi third edition of An Outline of English Lexicology IX Introduction IX Preface to the first and second edition XX Acknowledgements 1990 XXII Acknowledgements 2002 XXII PRELUDE. Setting the scene 1 0.1 Illustrating central vocabulary 1 0.2 Lexemes, morphemes and lexical units 2 0.3 Contrasting words and concepts 4 0.4 Dining and fasting - etymology and motivation 6 0.5 The meaning of meaning 8 Chapter I. GENERAL PROBLEMS. Words, words, words 9 1.1 Lexicology 9 1.2 The structure of the English lexicon 12 1.3 Varieties of English 21 1.4 Dictionaries of English 33 1.5 Corpora of English and corpus linguistics 49 Chapter II. THE LINGUISTIC SIGN. What's in a word? 54 2.1 Models of the sign 54 2.1.1 Saussure's approach 55 2.1.2 Ogden and Richards's "Semiotic Triangle" 57 2.1.3 Burner's "Organon Model" 58 2.2 The meaning of signs and kinds of 'meaning' 60 2.2.1 Language and reality 61 2.2.2 Approaches to semantics 67 2.2.3 Denotation and reference 70 2.2.4 Other kinds of meaning 77 2.2.5 Connotations and markedness 80 2.3 Morpheme, word, lexeme 84 2.3.1 The classification of morphemes 84 2.3.2 The ambiguity of 'word' 88 2.3.3 Lexemes, lexical items, and word-forms 89 2.4 Non-sign-based cognitive approaches to words 90 VI Contents Chapter III. THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF WORDS. Word-formation, features, and componential analysis 92 3.1 Polysemy, lexical entries, and sememes 92 3.2 Morphological structure: Simple vs complex lexemes 94 3.2.1 Compounds 99 3.2.2 Suffixal and zero-derivatives 100 3.2.3 Nominalizations 103 3.2.4 Word-formation processes, productivity and creativity 108 3.2.5 Lexicalization and idioms 110 3.3 The semantic structure of words: Componential analysis and semantic features 114 3.3.1 Semantic decomposition and its justification 116 3.3.2 A typology of features 123 3.3.3 Feature semantics vs prototype semantics: An alternative? 132 3.3.4 Relations between components 134 3.4 Lexical rules and semantic processes 136 3.4.1 Rules and tendencies 136 3.4.2 Metaphor, metonymy, and categorization 138 3.5 Non-syntagmatic word-formation 145 Chapter IV. THE STRUCTURE OF THE LEXICON. Relations between words 148 4.1 Units, classes, and relations • 148 4.1.1 Lexical entry and lexical unit 148 4.1.2 Word classes and semantic classes 150 4.2 Paradigmatic relations 152 4.2.1 Homonymy vs polysemy 153 4.2.2 Zero-derivation and word metaphors 157 4.2.3 Lexical relations, sense-relations, and lexical semantics 158 4.2.3.1 Synonymy 160 4.2.3.2 Hyponymy and incompatibility 161 4.2.3.3 Complementarity, antonymy, and converseness 163 4.2.3.4 Contrast and opposition: Diminishing returns 166 4.2.4 Lexical fields and hierarchies 167 4.2.5 Association and lexical sets 173 4.3 Syntagmatic relations 174 4.3.1 Various approaches 175 4.3.2 Selection restrictions and projection rules 176 4.3.3 Transfer features and metaphor 177 4.3.4 Lexical solidarities 179 4.3.5 Collocation as a neutral syntagma 181 Contents VII Chapter V. THE FUNCTION OF WORDS. Co-text, context, and the mental lexicon 187 5.1 Words in context 187 5.1.1 The functions of word-formation in texts 187 5.1.2 Monosemization as the resolution of polysemy 189 5.1.3 Words at work 190 5.2 Words in the mind 191 5.2.1 Categorization and psychology 192 5.2.2 The structuring of the universe 194 5.2.3 The mental lexicon 197 5.3 Cognitive Linguistics and experience 199 5.3.1 Basic level categories 199 5.3.2 Frames, scripts and events 202 5.3.3 Cognitive and cultural models 202 Chapter VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 204 6.1 Summary 204 6.2 Conclusions 207 6.2.1 Specific results 207 6.2.2 General conclusions and consequences 210 6.2.3 Conclusions for the new millennium 211 Abbreviations 213 Dictionaries 215 Bibliography 222 Index of Subjects 235 Index of Persons 242.

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