Konya Plain Project (Kop) Konya Irrigation, Industrial and Domestic Water Projects
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KONYA PLAIN PROJECT (KOP) KONYA IRRIGATION, INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WATER PROJECTS Mehmet Emin Aydin, Senar Aydin, Fatma Bedük Necmettin Erbakan University, Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Koycegiz Campus, Meram, Konya, Turkey ([email protected]) Key words: Domestic Water, Industrial water, Irrigation water, KOP, Water transfer between basins. Abstract The land surface area of Konya region is about 63,757 km2 which is about 8% of the total surface area in Turkey. About 4% of national population lives in Konya region. Annual mean precipitation amounts in Konya closed basin is about 378 mm, while it is 643 mm for the whole country. The amount of land that is suitable for agriculture in Konya region is 2,754,243 ha, while the land area that could be irrigated is about 1,100,000 ha. About 835,000 ha of this land are irrigated at present. KOP Project is planned to be completed in 2020. When the project is completed, all of the 1,100,000 ha land will be irrigated. In the frame of the KOP Project, waters flowing to the Mediterranean Sea from upper Göksu basin will be diverted through Bağbaşı, Bozkır and Avşar dams together with Blue Tunnel to Konya closed basin. The mean annual water amount diverted from upper Göksu basin to Konya closed basin will be 414 million m3 by this project. In this work, some important benefits providing components of KOP Project, which consist of 18 project bunch, about drinking water, industrial water and irriga- tion water are presented. 1 Introduction Konya Plain Project (KOP) includes fourteen irrigation, three drinking water and one energy sub-projects. Some of them are in operation, some under construction, and some others at planning stage. Konya plain is the granary of Turkey. The plain is suffering from lack of fresh water sources, which are a problem for sustainable agriculture. However, there are streams in the southern outside of the Konya Plain (Göksu Plain), discharging to Mediterranean Sea. The KOP project has been imagined since the beginning of 1900s, it was possible to take a start in 2006. At the end of the project, 414 million m3 water will be diverted to Konya through Bozkır, Bağbaşı, and Afşar Hadimi Dams that was constructed on Göksu River. Water will be delivered by Afşar-Bağbaşı-Hadimi tunnel, Blue tunnel and Apa-Hotamış Transmission Canal (AHI) to Hotamış storage. Suğla Storage and Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Muslu Dam are other important reser- voirs. Diverted water will irrigate 223,410 ha land. Besides, drinking water will be supplied for three million people, and hydroelectricity will be produced. 46 Main targets of the project are [1]: • Domestic, industrial and agricultural water supply, • Flood protection, • Preventing over-exploitation of underground water to avoid fall of ground water level, • Technological development for agriculture to increase production, • Energy production, • Preventing wind erosion, • Developing animal husbandry, and • Making afforestation. 130 million m³/yr water of Gembos Basin flowing to Mediterranean Sea is diverted to Beysehir Lake by Derebucak Prof. Dr. Yılmaz MUSLU Dam, and 15.8 km long diversion channel, of which 3.5 km is a tunnel. Suğla storage is constructed in location, where old Suğla Lake was, in order to store run off water from Beyşehir Lake and Suğla Basin to supply water for Çumra Plain. Body width, length and height of Suğla storage are 6 m, 66,902 m and 8.5 m, respectively. Blue Tunnel will supply domestic and industrial water demand of Konya, Çumra and İçeri Çumra. Transmission line length will be 121,897 m with a discharge capacity of 4.25 m3/s. A conven- tional water treatment plant was constructed at the last point of Blue Tunnel in order to meet drinking water demand until the year 2045. Apa-Hotamış Transmission Canal (AHI) has a diversion capacity of 894 hm3 with a length of 124,678 m. Hotamiş storage has a capacity of 580 hm3. It will be used for irrigation of 77,110 ha area. There are also smaller water projects. 49 projects, such as small dams, flood flow protection channels, and gravity flow irrigation channels are in operation, while 56 projects are either under construction or in planning stage. Rehabilitation of wetlands in Konya region is important for endemic species. 40 ha permanent wetland was achieved by constructing 3 m high clay dyke with overflow weir for Yunak-Çeltik Wetland. 343 ha permanent wetland was achieved by constructing 6,700 m long and 1.65 m high dyke for Ereğli Wetland. Some photographs taken from dams, derivate tunnels, and wetlands are given in Figure 1. KOP regional development administration was established in 2011 in order to determine action plans in the region, to coordinate institutions, to realize the action plans, and to monitor and to evaluate the project branches [2]. While some parts of the project are completed successfully, there is still a lot of work to do. The success of the KOP project is critical for the region. In this study, it is aimed to present the targets and the benefits of the project. 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Study Area Konya region is one of the important agricultural basins in Turkey, covering 63,757 km². Even the area covers 8.3% of the country; only 4% of national population (2.9 million persons) lives in Konya region. This is explained with the lack of employment. Rainfall is the only source of 47 water feeding the Konya closed basin. There is a high water demand for irrigation purpose. Konya basin is the largest gross producer of wheat in Turkey. The region includes the cities Konya, Niğde, Aksaray and Karaman. Mean annual precipitation is 378 mm in the region, while it is 643 mm in the country. Some areas in the region have even lower precipitation, falling to 250 mm. Hence, rain potential is not enough to overcome drought. There are 3,000,000 ha arable lands without enough water [3]. 2.2 Data sources and statistics Data and statistics given in this work are taken from Turkish State Water Works database and publications, and KOP regional development administration. They are cited and listed in references section. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1. Irrigation water supply Konya plain has been known as the granary of Turkey. However, agricultural products have diversified in the course of time. Some species, such as sugar beet and corn are water depen- ded species. Farmers inevitably depend on groundwater due to the lack of surface waters in the region. The potential of usable water sources in Konya Region is given in Table 1. Ground water potential is higher in the region when compared with surface water sources. However, illegally drilled wells resulted in lowering the groundwater level in the basin. Hence, well inventory works are important parts of the KOP project. Number of licensed wells and unlicen- sed wells are given in Table 2. For irrigation projects, 76% are in operation, 2% under construc- tion, and 22% under planning. After development of existing water resources, it will be possib- le to irrigate 1,100,000 ha arable land. There is a need of 7 million m3 additional water source for the remaining arable areas [4]. Table 1: The potential of usable water sources in Konya Region (hm3/yr) Region Konya Niğde Aksaray Karaman Surface water 1,630 1,340 45 99 146 Ground water 2,404 1,508 394 258 244 TOTAL 4,034 2,848 439 357 390 Table 2: Well inventory works Number of Number of Location TOTAL licensed wells unlicensed wells Konya 20,918 41,071 61,989 Niğde 2,698 12,041 14,739 Aksaray 3,885 10,280 14,165 Karaman 3,256 3,408 6,664 TOTAL 30,757 66,800 97,557 48 Construction of modern irrigation techniques is necessary for sustainable agriculture. Piped systems, such as pressurized pipes, sprinkler and drip irrigation are good alternatives to avoid water losses. It is possible to diversify agricultural species by irrigation. In summer, which is the most important period for agricultural irrigation, river flows is reduced and streams are dried. For this reason, it is essential to construct dams and ponds for collecting water in the winter period. Figure 1: Images of some dams, derivate tunnels and wetlands of KOP Suğla Storage Akgöl Wetland Afşar-Bağbaşı-Hadimi Tunnel Blue Tunnel Ermenek Dam Bağbaşı Dam 49 3.2 Domestic and industrial water supply It is predicted that existing drinking water sources will not be sufficient for Konya in the near future. Hence, Blue Tunnel drinking water project was designed. Thus, 164 million m3 of water will be collected in Bağbaşı, Afşar and Bozkır Dams, diverted by Blue Tunnel, and treated in the newly established conventional water treatment plant to meet the water demand of Konya. Drinking and domestic water supply in Konya, Karaman and Aksaray cities, and numbers of water storages are given in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. Most of the water storages are completed. Water treatment plants in Aksaray and Niğde were designed to remove arsenic. Table 3: Domestic and industrial water supply Region Volume (hm3) Under construction Konya-Karaman 122 In operation Konya-Aksaray 42 Total 164 Table 4: Water storages Storage Dams Small Dams In Operation 3 20 56 Under Construction 1 2 46 A conventional treatment plant was constructed with a maximum flow capacity of 366,850 m3/d at the end point of Blue Tunnel. Water is diverted by Blue Tunnel with 2,200 mm steel pipe to inlet of water treatment plant which is reduced to 1,800 mm. Raw water quality was determined according to mixed water from Bağbaşı, Afşar and Bozkır Dams.