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To Run Or to Carry: Derived Traits in Early Members of the Genus Homo

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To Run Or to Carry: Derived Traits in Early Members of the Genus Homo To Run or to Carry: Derived Traits in Early Members of the Genus Homo Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Webber, James Thomas Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 13:13:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642005 TO RUN OR TO CARRY: DERIVED TRAITS IN EARLY MEMBERS OF THE GENUS HOMO By James T. Webber Copyright © James T. Webber 2020 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2020 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank the College of School of Behavioral and Social Sciences for the Dissertation Research Grant (award number: 18DRF0885), and the University of Arizona School of Anthropology for the Haury Dissertation Fellowship for supporting this dissertation research. I am thankful for my committee members, Dr. David Raichlen, Dr. Ivy Pike, Dr. Stacey Tecot, and Dr. Steven Kuhn who helped shape and inspire this research through their mentorship, conversations, personal research, and classes taught. I am especially grateful to my chair, Dr. David Raichlen who took a shot on a small-town undergrad interested in barefoot running, for his support, belief, mentorship, and positive outlook on the totality of the grad school experience. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Ivy Pike who was willing to take over as my committee chair allowing me to finish my degree at the University of Arizona. I would also like to thank Catherine Lehman for being patient with me as I stumbled through the requirements of graduate school, and Veronica Peralta for buffering the enormous stress of the grant application process with warmth and kindness. My dissertation would not have been possible without the numerous study volunteers, many of which who came from the School of Anthropology to support one of their own. Specifically, I would like to thank all the parents who brought their precious children into our back-alley laboratory and allowed me to apply reflective ping-pong balls and film them at 400 frames a second. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and partner who supported me throughout this campaign. I would like to specifically thank my partner Emily for following me down into the desert from the beautiful Pacific northwest for 5 long years of stress and hardship. This dissertation is also seeing the light of day thanks to the endless support of my fellow BioAnth cohort. Thank you all for walking me through every step of the way. 4 DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my uncle, Richard Shell, for inspiring me to be curious about the stars above my head and the bones beneath my feet. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Research question ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Aims .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Methods overview .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Participants ............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Data ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.6 Limitations .............................................................................................................................................. 13 1.7 Dissertation organization ........................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Early hominin evolution of bipedal locomotion ....................................................................................... 17 2.2 Biomechanical differences between walking and running ....................................................................... 22 2.3 Derived structures and alternative behaviors.......................................................................................... 25 2.4 Hominin skeletal morphology ................................................................................................................. 31 2.5 An argument for carrying and high-speed walking .................................................................................. 34 2.6 Evidence of carrying behaviors in primates ............................................................................................. 37 2.7 Carrying in small scale societies .............................................................................................................. 41 2.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Implications ............................................................................................................................................ 44 3.2 Future studies ......................................................................................................................................... 46 3.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 48 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX A: MANUSCRIPT 1 ............................................................................................................ 67 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 68 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................................................ 72 Results ................................................................................................................................................................ 78 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................ 79 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. 82 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 83 Supporting information ....................................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B: MANUSCRIPT 2 ............................................................................................................ 90 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 91 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 92 Methods .............................................................................................................................................................. 95 Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 100 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................... 102 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................ 105 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................. 105 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 106 APPENDIX C: MANUSCRIPT 3 .........................................................................................................
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