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Celastraceae), a New Species from Southern Africa
Phytotaxa 208 (3): 217–224 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.208.3.4 Putterlickia neglecta (Celastraceae), a new species from southern Africa MARIE JORDAAN1,3, RICHARD G.C. BOON2 & ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK1* 1H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa. 2Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department, eThekwini Municipality, Durban, 4000 South Africa. 3Previous address: South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Putterlickia neglecta, a new species here described and illustrated, is known from South Africa (Mpumalanga and north- eastern KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland and southern Mozambique. It is considered a near-endemic to the Maputaland Centre of Endemism. Plants grow as a shrub or small tree in savanna and thicket, or in the understory of inland, coastal and dune forests. Vegetatively it superficially resembles P. verrucosa, the species with which it has hitherto most often been confused. Both species have stems with prominently raised lenticels, but P. neglecta differs from P. verrucosa in having sessile to subsessile leaves with mostly entire, revolute leaf margins, flowers borne on pedicels 8–15 mm long, with petals up to 6 mm long and spreading or slightly recurved. Putterlickia verrucosa has leaves with distinct petioles, spinulose-denticulate mar- gins, much smaller flowers borne on pedicels up to 4 mm long, with petals up to 2 mm long and erect or slightly spreading. -
Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Belg. J. Zool. - Volume 123 (1993) - issue 2 - pages 159-163 - Brussels 1993 Manuscript received on 25 June 1993 NOTES ON THE ABERRANT VENOM GLAND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME AUSTRALIAN DOLICHODERINE AND MYRMICINE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) by JOHAN BILLEN 1 and ROBERT W. TAYLOR 2 1 Zoological Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium 2 Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia SUMMARY Two Australian species of Dolichoderus Lund, and one of Leptomyrmex Mayr (both sub family Dolichoderinae), have venom glands with two long, slender secretory fil aments. In this regard they resemble previously analysed ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae, rather tban other dolichoderines. Alternatively, four Meranoplus Smith species (subfamily Myrmicinae) bave short, knob-like filaments, like tbose of previously reported dolicboderines, and unlike otber myrmicines. Features of venom gland morpbology are thus Jess constant or diagnostically reliable for these subfamilies than was previously supposed. Keywords : venom gland, morphology, Dolichoderus, Leptomyrmex, Meranoplus. INTRODUCTION The ant subfamily Dolichoderinae, with its apparent sister-group the Aneuretinae (TRANŒLLO and JAYASURIYA, 1981), is characterized by the distinctive and peculiar configuration of its abdominal exocrine glandular system (BILLEN, 1986). These ants alone have a Pavan's gland, and their pygidial glands are so hypertrophied as to have been previously regarded as separate 'anal glands', which were thought unjquely to characterize them. T he venom gland of these ants has also been considered urnque in possessing two very short knob-bke secretory filaments, whjch is considered to characterize the Dolichoderinae (HôLLDOBLER and WILSON, 1990). Morphological descriptions of the dolichoderine venom gland are available for representatives of the genera Azteca, Bothriomyrmex, Dolichoderus, Iridomyr mex, Liometopum and Tapinoma (PAVAN, 1955; PA VAN and RoNCHETTI, 1955 ; BLUM and HERMANN, 1978b ; BILLEN, 1986). -
Wildlife Trade Operation Proposal – Queen of Ants
Wildlife Trade Operation Proposal – Queen of Ants 1. Title and Introduction 1.1/1.2 Scientific and Common Names Please refer to Attachment A, outlining the ant species subject to harvest and the expected annual harvest quota, which will not be exceeded. 1.3 Location of harvest Harvest will be conducted on privately owned land, non-protected public spaces such as footpaths, roads and parks in Victoria and from other approved Wildlife Trade Operations. Taxa not found in Victoria will be legally sourced from other approved WTOs or collected by Queen of Ants’ representatives from unprotected areas. This may include public spaces such as roadsides and unprotected council parks, and other property privately owned by the representatives. 1.4 Description of what is being harvested Please refer to Attachment A for an outline of the taxa to be harvested. The harvest is of live adult queen ants which are newly mated. 1.5 Is the species protected under State or Federal legislation Ants are non-listed invertebrates and are as such unprotected under Victorian and other State Legislation. Under Federal legislation the only protection to these species relates to the export of native wildlife, which this application seeks to satisfy. No species listed under the EPBC Act as threatened (excluding the conservation dependent category) or listed as endangered, vulnerable or least concern under Victorian legislation will be harvested. 2. Statement of general goal/aims The applicant has recently begun trading queen ants throughout Victoria as a personal hobby and has received strong overseas interest for the species of ants found. -
A Guide to the Ants of Sabangau
A Guide to the Ants of Sabangau The Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project November 2014 A Guide to the Ants of Sabangau All original text, layout and illustrations are by Stijn Schreven (e-mail: [email protected]), supple- mented by quotations (with permission) from taxonomic revisions or monographs by Donat Agosti, Barry Bolton, Wolfgang Dorow, Katsuyuki Eguchi, Shingo Hosoishi, John LaPolla, Bernhard Seifert and Philip Ward. The guide was edited by Mark Harrison and Nicholas Marchant. All microscopic photography is from Antbase.net and AntWeb.org, with additional images from Andrew Walmsley Photography, Erik Frank, Stijn Schreven and Thea Powell. The project was devised by Mark Harrison and Eric Perlett, developed by Eric Perlett, and coordinated in the field by Nicholas Marchant. Sample identification, taxonomic research and fieldwork was by Stijn Schreven, Eric Perlett, Benjamin Jarrett, Fransiskus Agus Harsanto, Ari Purwanto and Abdul Azis. Front cover photo: Workers of Polyrhachis (Myrma) sp., photographer: Erik Frank/ OuTrop. Back cover photo: Sabangau forest, photographer: Stijn Schreven/ OuTrop. © 2014, The Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project. All rights reserved. Email [email protected] Website www.outrop.com Citation: Schreven SJJ, Perlett E, Jarrett BJM, Harsanto FA, Purwanto A, Azis A, Marchant NC, Harrison ME (2014). A Guide to the Ants of Sabangau. The Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, Palangka Raya, Indonesia. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of OuTrop’s partners or sponsors. The Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project is registered in the UK as a non-profit organisation (Company No. 06761511) and is supported by the Orangutan Tropical Peatland Trust (UK Registered Charity No. -
MATERIAL and METHODS (Table 1)
and P. Santschi Systematic status of Plectroctena mandibularis Smith conjugate (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerini) 1 1 2 Villet L. McKitterick & H.G. Robertson M.H. , F. Because there has Plectroctena maiuiilnilans Smith is the type species of Plectroctena Smith. to as- been some doubt about its distinctness from P. conjitgnta, several techniques were used several series contained sess the systematic status of the two species. Most crucially, colony or the workers of both phenotypes, and where these series included queens males, not related to those of the distinguishing feature of these specimens was consistently workers. Queens, males and workers did not manifest qualitative differences between the between the two. The taxa, and morphological variation was continuous putative morpho- for workers of the taxa arose from allometric logical basis (funicular index) distinguishing in males was related to but no variation. Putatively diagnostic colour variation latitude, could be correlated with distribu- simple pattern of morphological variation geographical of P. niandilnilaris. tion. Plcctivctt'iia conjugate! is therefore considered a junior synonym southern Key words: Ponerinae, systemati rphometrics, biogeography, INTRODUCTION whether is a distinct cannot be The genus Plcctroctcnn F. Smith, 1858, was de- cunjitgata species a decision scribed to accommodate P. nmndilntlnrif Smith, settled satisfactorily at present, and must await the of more of all 1858. This species has been difficult to distinguish amassing specimens the of three castes'. In three males of from P. conjitgntn Santschi, 1914, workers particular, only were available to Bolton for examination. which were distinguished from those of P. inaiuii- conjugata variation and small have 1'iilarif by being smaller and having funicular Geographic samples confounded assessment segments 3-5 shorter than wide, rather than consequently systematic of P. -
Diversity and Organization of the Ground Foraging Ant Faunas of Forest, Grassland and Tree Crops in Papua New Guinea
- - -- Aust. J. Zool., 1975, 23, 71-89 Diversity and Organization of the Ground Foraging Ant Faunas of Forest, Grassland and Tree Crops in Papua New Guinea P. M. Room Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Papua New Guinea; present address: Cotton Research Unit, CSIRO, P.M.B. Myallvale Mail Run, Narrabri, N.S.W. 2390. Abstract Thirty samples of ants were taken in each of seven habitats: primary forest, rubber plantation, coffee plantation, oilpalm plantation, kunai grassland, eucalypt savannah and urban grassland. Sixty samples were taken in cocoa plantations. A total of 156 species was taken, and the frequency of occurrence of each in each habitat is given. Eight stenoecious species are suggested as habitat indicators. Habitats fell into a series according to the similarity of their ant faunas: forest, rubber and coffee, cocoa and oilpalm, kunai and savannah, urban. This series represents an artificial, discontinuous succession from a complex stable ecosystem to a simple unstable one. Availability of species suitably preadapted to occupy habitats did not appear to limit species richness. Habitat heterogeneity and stability as affected by human interference did seem to account for inter-habitat variability in species richness. Species diversity was compared between habitats using four indices: Fisher et al.; Margalef; Shannon; Brillouin. Correlation of diversity index with habitat hetero- geneity plus stability was good for the first two, moderate for Shannon, and poor for Brillouin. Greatest diversity was found in rubber, the penultimate in the series of habitats according to hetero- geneity plus stability ('maturity'). Equitability exceeded the presumed maximum in rubber, and was close to the maximum in all habitats. -
The Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans
The Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lieberman, Daniel E., and Dennis M. Bramble. 2007. The evolution of marathon running: Capabilities in humans. Sports Medicine 37(4-5): 288-290. Published Version doi:10.2165/00007256-200737040-00004 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3716644 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Sports Med 2007; 37 (4.6): 288-290 CONFERENCE PAPER 0112-1642/07/0004<l2a8/S44.'J5/0 e 2007 Adis Data Intormatian BV. All rights reserved. The Evolution of Marathon Running Capabilities in Humans Daniel E. Lieberman^ and Dennis M. Bramble^ 1 Departments of Anthropology and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA AbStrOCt Humans have exceptional capabilities to run long distances in hot, arid conditions. These abilities, unique among primates and rare among mammals, derive from a suite of specialised features that permit running humans to store and release energy effectively in the lower limb, help keep the body's center of mass stable and overcome the thermoregulatory challenges of long distance running. Human endurance running perfonnance capabilities compare favourably with those of other mammals and probably emerged sometime around 2 million years ago in order to help meat-eating hominids compete with other carnivores. -
Lack of Water and Endurance Running Could Have Caused the Exponential Growth in Human Brain “Point of No Return” Model
Lack of water and endurance running could have caused the exponential growth in human brain “Point of no return” model Konrad R. Fialkowski University of Warsaw, Poland; An den Langen Luessen 9/1/3; 1190 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected] Growth in brain volume is one of the most spectacular changes in the hominid lineage. The anthropological community agrees on that point. No consensus, however, has been reached on selection pressures contributing to that growth. In that respect Martin (1984) can be invoked. In his review of size relationships among primates he stated that despite the relationship between brain size, body size and feeding behavior no single interpretation could be provided that revealed the causality of such relationship. This paper deals with one specific aspect of hominid brain growth: the fact that for most of the hominid period, growth in brain volume was exponential in character. To the author’s knowledge, no attempt has been made to identify a selection mechanism that can facilitate just the exponential features of that growth (as distinct from any of its other characteristics). It is broadly accepted that the dynamics of this growth were peculiar. Growth was very fast, or even rapid in the evolutionary scale of time. The most profound evidence of that opinion was expressed by Haldane (quoted after Mayr 1970: 384): “J. B. S. Haldane liked to emphasize that this dramatic increase in brain size was the most rapid evolutionary change known to him”. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF HOMINID BRAIN VOLUME In mathematical terms the exponential function is the very fast growing function. -
Nest Site Selection During Colony Relocation in Yucatan Peninsula Populations of the Ponerine Ants Neoponera Villosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
insects Article Nest Site Selection during Colony Relocation in Yucatan Peninsula Populations of the Ponerine Ants Neoponera villosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Franklin H. Rocha 1, Jean-Paul Lachaud 1,2, Yann Hénaut 1, Carmen Pozo 1 and Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud 1,* 1 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Avenida Centenario km 5.5, Chetumal 77014, Quintana Roo, Mexico; [email protected] (F.H.R.); [email protected] (J.-P.L.); [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (C.P.) 2 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse; CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-98-3835-0440 Received: 15 January 2020; Accepted: 19 March 2020; Published: 23 March 2020 Abstract: In the Yucatan Peninsula, the ponerine ant Neoponera villosa nests almost exclusively in tank bromeliads, Aechmea bracteata. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors influencing nest site selection during nest relocation which is regularly promoted by hurricanes in this area. Using ants with and without previous experience of Ae. bracteata, we tested their preference for refuges consisting of Ae. bracteata leaves over two other bromeliads, Ae. bromeliifolia and Ananas comosus. We further evaluated bromeliad-associated traits that could influence nest site selection (form and size). Workers with and without previous contact with Ae. bracteata significantly preferred this species over others, suggesting the existence of an innate attraction to this bromeliad. However, preference was not influenced by previous contact with Ae. bracteata. Workers easily discriminated between shelters of Ae. bracteata and A. -
Supplementary Table 1: Rock Art Dataset
Supplementary Table 1: Rock art dataset Name Latitude Longitude Earliest age in sampleLatest age in Modern Date of reference Dating methods Direct / indirect Exact Age / Calibrated Kind Figurative Reference sample Country Minimum Age / Max Age Abri Castanet, Dordogne, France 44.999272 1.101261 37’205 36’385 France 2012 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum Age No Petroglyphs Yes (28) Altamira, Spain 43.377452 -4.122347 36’160 2’850 Spain 2013 Uranium-series Direct Exact Age Unknown Petroglyphs Yes (29) Decorated ceiling in cave Altxerri B, Spain 43.2369 -2.148555 39’479 34’689 Spain 2013 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Yes Painting Yes (30) Anbarndarr I. Australia/Anbarndarr II, -12.255207 133.645845 1’704 111 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax No (31) Australia/Gunbirdi I, Gunbirdi II, Gunbirdi III, Northern Territory Australia Anta de Serramo, Vimianzo, A Coruña, Galicia, 43.110048 -9.03242 6’950 6’950 Spain 2005 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Painting N/A (32) Spain Apollo 11 Cave, ǁKaras Region, Namibia -26.842964 17.290284 28’400 26’300 Namibia 1983 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Unknown Painted Yes (33) fragments ARN‐0063, Namarrgon Lightning Man, Northern -12.865524 132.814001 1’021 145 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax Yes Territory, Australia (31) Bald Rock, Wellington Range,Northern Territory -11.8 133.15 386 174 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax N/A (31) Australia Baroalba Springs, Kakadu, Northern Territory, -12.677013 132.480901 7’876 7’876 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon -
An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CLASSICS & EGYPTOLOGY An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Andrew Shuttleworth. April, 2013. TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..i LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………..vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………...vii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.2. Aims and Objectives................................................................................................2 1.3. Thesis Format...........................................................................................................3 2. THE NEANDERTHAL AND OXYEGN ISOTOPE STAGE-3.................................6 2.1. Discovery, Geographic Range & Origins..............................................................7 2.1.1. Discovery........................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Neanderthal Chronology................................................................................10 2.2. Morphology.............................................................................................................11 -
Nest Distribution Varies with Dispersal Method and Familiarity-Mediated Aggression for Two Sympatric Ants
Animal Behaviour 84 (2012) 1151e1158 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Nest distribution varies with dispersal method and familiarity-mediated aggression for two sympatric ants Colby J. Tanner*, Laurent Keller Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland article info Dispersal mechanisms and competition together play a key role in the spatial distribution of a pop- fi Article history: ulation. Species that disperse via ssion are likely to experience high levels of localized competitive Received 23 June 2012 pressure from conspecifics relative to species that disperse in other ways. Although fission dispersal Initial acceptance 19 July 2012 occurs in many species, its ecological and behavioural effects remain unclear. We compared foraging Final acceptance 7 August 2012 effort, nest spatial distribution and aggression of two sympatric ant species that differ in reproductive Available online 7 September 2012 dispersal: Streblognathus peetersi, which disperse by group fission, and Plectroctena mandibularis, which MS. number: 12-00484 disperse by solitary wingless queens. We found that although both species share space and have similar foraging strategies, they differ in nest distribution and aggressive behaviour. The spatial distribution of Keywords: S. peetersi nests was extremely aggregated, and workers were less aggressive towards conspecifics from familiarity-mediated aggression nearby nests than towards distant conspecifics and all heterospecific workers. By contrast, the spatial fission dispersal distribution of P. mandibularis nests was overdispersed, and workers were equally aggressive towards Plectroctena mandibularis fi fi spatial distribution conspeci c and heterospeci c competitors regardless of nest distance. Finally, laboratory experiments Streblognathus peetersi showed that familiarity led to the positive relationship between aggression and nest distance in S.