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Willy Mutunga, a Lifelong Activist Marie Wolfrom

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Willy Mutunga, a Lifelong Activist Marie Wolfrom Willy Mutunga, a Lifelong Activist Marie Wolfrom To cite this version: Marie Wolfrom. Willy Mutunga, a Lifelong Activist. 2019. halshs-01997420 HAL Id: halshs-01997420 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01997420 Submitted on 29 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NairobiNairobi NairobiNairobi IIFRAFRA VOLUMEVolume XVI, XV, (1)(1) 2018 2019 THETHE LANDS LANDS USE USE PLANS PLANS AND AND THETHE Willy VILLAGES’VILLAGES’ Mutunga, SUBDIVISIONSSUBDIVISIONS a Lifelong Activist IN THE GLOBAL LAND RUSH:RUSH: THETHE CASECASE OF OF THE THE RUIPA RUIPA SITESITE ININ THETHE KILOMBEROKILOMBEROMarie WOLFROM VALLEY, 1MOROGORO REGION, TANZANIATANZANIA Adriana BLACHE Introduction Adriana BLACHEGenesis of an Activist IntroductionIntroduction Willy Mutunga hails from a modest background. Born on June 16 InIn Tanzania,Tanzania, thethe strugglestruggle forfor spacespace andand resourcesresources InternationalInternational1947 in Kilonzo, Development near Kitui Cooperation(130 km from AgencyNairobi),Agency (SIDA)he(SIDA) was second isis embeddedembedded inin aa longlong historyhistory ofof accumulationaccumulation byby inin in2016,2016, a family several of hugeeight andchildren. heavily-financed His parents, ofprogramsprograms Kamba aimethnicity,aim dispossession,dispossession, shapedshaped byby aa largelarge webweb ofof multi-scalarmulti-scalar at wereformalizing illiterate, land though rights his andfather, clarifying a tailor, knewvillagevillage how bordersborders to count. As powerspowers ofof exclusion.exclusion. TanzaniaTanzania isis consideredconsidered aa countrycountry anda brilliantplans. In student, this paper, he benefited I will focusfrom family onon thethe and RuipaRuipa state Site,solidaritySite, to richrich inin naturalnatural resources,resources, withwith considerableconsiderable ‘idle’‘idle’ onefund particular his schooling, area of which the valleywas a commonwhich isis feature highlyhighly during covetedcoveted this early andand ‘unexploited’‘unexploited’ landslands byby internationalinternational andand nationalnational andindependence is one of theperiod latest when “interstices” new African ofstatesof environmentalenvironmental wanted to establish 1 institutions.institutions. TheThe formerformer conceptsconcepts areare takentaken upup locallylocally conservation.local elite3. While the establishment ofof aa RAMSARRAMSAR sitesite1 byby those those whowho helphelp implementimplement estates,estates, andand rhetoricallyrhetorically inin denies access to the wetlands on the east, andand thethe expansionexpansion He attended Kalawa primary school and later Ithookwe primary advocacyadvocacy discourses discourses during during negotiations. negotiations. InIn thethe KilomberoKilombero of the Kilombero Nature Reserve (KNR)(KNR) restrictsrestricts accessaccess toto school, which were both non-religious institutions. He pursued district,district, more more than than 80% 80% of of the the land land that that covers covers the the Kilombero Kilombero thethe forestforest on the west, the central andand districtdistrict governmentsgovernments his secondary school studies in Kitui with the help of a county valleyvalley andand thethe surroundingsurrounding mountainsmountains areare alreadyalready plan to revive a sugar cane plantation projectproject ofof 10,00010,000 haha scholarship. He then joined the prestigious Strathmore high school enclosedenclosed for for environment environment conservation, conservation, miningmining extraction,extraction, thatthat isis highly contested by local inhabitants.inhabitants. DuringDuring thethe hydro-powerhydro-power plantsplants oror large-scalelarge-scale plantationsplantations purposes.purposes. negotiationsin Nairobi, forthe landfirst enclosures,multi-racial differentinstitution powerspowers of Kenya, playplay founded inin in Nevertheless,Nevertheless, thethe SAGCOTSAGCOT (Southern(Southern AgriculturalAgricultural thethe1961. strugglestruggle Strathmore for space was and a Catholicresources. school II willwill set firstfirst up showandshow financed howhow by GrowthGrowth Corridor) Corridor) programprogram identifiedidentified 182,198182,198 haha (28%(28% ofof thetheOpus VillageVillage Dei Land that preachedUse Plans “racial (VLUPs) harmony”; areare usedused there, asas oneone Willy ofof thetheMutunga thethe villagevillage lands)lands) “that“that couldcould bebe offeredoffered forfor investment”investment” powerfulmade friends tools byfrom District different and backgrounds Village leadersleaders and totocommunities. imposeimpose “I (SAGCOT,(SAGCOT, 2012b:2012b: 12).12). OnOn toptop ofof that,that, aa complexcomplex andand theirtheirowe planning my education objectives. to the community,”Then II willwill heunderlineunderline emphasizes thatthat today. thisthis “You institutionalizedinstitutionalized land land demarcation demarcation andand valuationvaluation processprocess isis plan,can anchoredsee why I havein the stayed Local on Governmentthat route of humanityActAct andand andthethe social Willybeingbeing Mutunga undertaken: undertaken: today, as fromfrom the President thethe introductionintroduction of the Supreme ofof the theCourt CertificateCertificate of Kenya @ Villagedemocracy”. Land Act of 1982 and 1999 respectively, highlightshighlights Bobbyofof Customary Customary Pal Rights Rights of of Occupancy Occupancy inin 2004,2004, thethe LandLand UseUse thethe necessitynecessity to think about the definitiondefinition ofof aa “village”“village” andand From this period, he has had a deep rejection of Kenya’s2 SincePlanningPlanning Kenya’s Act Act No.independenceNo. 66 ofof 20072007 in which which1963, “provides“providesgenerations proceduresprocedures of activists its legal recognition in the “global land rush” in Tanzania 2. its widespreadlegal recognition “tribalism” in the and “global a real landcuriosity rush” for in differentTanzania spiritual. haverelatedrelated followed toto thethe upon preparationpreparation each other. ofof villagevillageWilly Mutunga landland useuse is planningplanning a member inin of a sustainable and participatory manner” (ibid, 2013: 126), A revivalconfessions. based He on was an baptizedhistorical in map the protestant faith at 9 years thea sustainable first generation and participatory– together with manner” Paul Muite(ibid ,or 2013: Yash 126),Pal Ghai A revival based on an historical map the Tanzania-G8 Land Transparency Partnership (TLTP) old, but he turned away from that church because its hostility –the who Tanzania-G8 fought relentlessly Land Transparencyagainst arbitrary Partnership arrests and (TLTP)for multi- in 2013, to the Land Tenure Support Program (LTSP) In towards1976, traditionalin the same animistic way, practices the Nyerere shocked government him. As a college partyismin 2013, and to thethe respectLand Tenureof Human Support Rights Program and constitutional (LTSP) In 1976, in the same way, the Nyerere government launched in partnership with the Denmark’s development establishedstudent, he the converted Mngeta farm to Catholicism on 5,848 ha before (60 km turning south-west to Islam in reform.launched Although in partnership a discrete with man, the he Denmark’s often played development a key role in established the Mngeta farm on 5,848 ha (60 km south-west cooperation (DANIDA), the British Department for of 1981,the valley) seven in years cooperation after his with marriage the Korean with his government; first wife Rukia, thesecooperation struggles. (DANIDA), the British Department for of the valley) in cooperation with the Korean government; International Development (DFID) and the Swedish thewho Sugar was Development a Muslim. This Corporation spiritual search, (SUDECO which 3may) with be theperceived International Development (DFID) and the Swedish the Sugar Development Corporation (SUDECO3) with the Like many Kenyan activists, Willy Mutunga is a lawyer by as an internal freedom with regards to different religious dogma, training. In the 1970s, he was admitted at the University of Dar made him say that he is “a man of all faiths”, but these words were 1 The RAMSAR Convention is an international treaty adopted in Ramsar (Iran) in 1971 for the conservation and sustainable use of es1 TheSalaam RAMSAR (UDSM) Convention in Tanzania is an internationalwhere he met treaty the adopted committed in Ramsar misunderstood (Iran) in 1971 in forKenya the conservationand taken up and as religious sustainable inconsistency. use of wetlands, which was signed by in August 2000 by Tanzania. professorswetlands, whichand political was signed activists by in whoAugust shaped 2000 hisby Tanzania.journey. In the His open and independent personality would find at UDSM the 2 This paper is part of my PhD thesis which analyzes the Kilombero Valley and its surrounding mountains as a “system” in which early2 This 1980s, paper isat partthe ofclimax my PhD of Danielthesis which arap Moi’sanalyzes repression, the Kilombero his Valleyintellectual and its and surrounding political training mountains he thirstedas a “system” for. In in the which seventies,
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