Supergirl Vs. Superman

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Supergirl Vs. Superman Supergirl vs. Superman En genusanalys av tv-serien Supergirl Madelene Lundgren & Lotta Sundin Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier JMK, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap Examensarbete för kandidatexamen 15hp V17 M Kand Handledare: Anja Hirdman Sammanfattning Superhjältar har länge varit sinnebilden för hegemonisk maskulinitet, det manliga idealet, i den västerländska populärkulturen, vilket gör det svårt för kvinnor att ta sig in på området. Många kvinnliga hjältar som har försökt tillägna sig traditionellt maskulina karaktärsdrag har fått betala genom att istället bli sexualiserade. Det postfeministiska synsättet menar dock att kvinnliga hjältar kan få vara sexiga och bära traditionellt feminina markörer som smink och höga klackar om det är på deras egna villkor och om de samtidigt är tuffa och går sin egen väg. Tv-serien Supergirl har feministiska mål och producenterna säger sig ha skapat en ​ ​ kvinnlig hjälte som behandlas likadant som sina manliga motsvarigheter. Då karaktären Superman, som har samma krafter som Supergirl, förekommer i samma tv-serie ger det möjligheten att kunna jämföra de två karaktärerna på lika villkor. Genom att analysera narrativ och konstruktion har vi undersökt vilka skillnader som finns. Vi har även undersökt om, och i så fall hur, karaktären Supergirl tillägnar sig traditionellt maskulina drag. Resultaten visade att Supergirl, istället för att sexualiseras, framställdes som en ung och osäker flicka trots att hon är en vuxen kvinna. Det visade sig också vara tveksamt om Supergirl passar in på definitionen av en hjälte eftersom hon inte har de tuffa drag som hjältar traditionellt har. Hennes osäkerhet och brist på initiativförmåga är också det som gör att hon inte passar in på definitionen av den postfeministiska superhjälten. Narrativet i tv-serien placerade Supergirl i underläge från början genom att skicka henne till jorden långt senare än sin kusin. Både samhällsmedborgarna i tv-serien och Supergirl själv placerar Superman på en tron, medan hon själv oftast blir bemött som en ung flicka. Även kameravinklar och klippning hjälper till att förstärka denna bild. Vår slutsats blir att karaktären Supergirl inte hjälper den kvinnliga superhjälten att bryta ny mark. Hon har superkrafter, men hennes traditionellt feminina drag försvagar henne och hon framstår inte som intelligent eller som en ledare. Nyckelord Superhjälte, Supergirl, Superman, feminism, könsroller, genusdualitet, femininitet, maskulinitet, hjältar 1 Innehållsförteckning Sammanfattning ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 ​ Innehållsförteckning …………………………………………………………………………. 2 ​ 1. Inledning …………………………………………………………………………………..... 4 ​ 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar …………………..………………………………………….... 5 ​ 1.2 Avgränsning och centrala begrepp ………………………………………………………. 5 1.3 Disposition …………………………………………………………………………….… 6 2. Bakgrund till Supergirl …………………………………………………………………... 7 ​ 3. Tidigare forskning ……………………………………………………………………….... 8 ​ 3.1 Utvecklingen av den kvinnliga superhjältens roll …….………………………………….. 9 3.2 Kroppar på film ...………….....………………………………………………………..... 10 3.3 Försvagande feminina drag …....…………………………………………………………11 3.4 Den manlige superhjältens två personligheter ………...…………………………………11 3.5 Uppsatsens förhållande till tidigare forskning ………….………………………………. 12 4. Teori …………………………………………………………………...……………. 13 4.1 Genus och dualitet…………………... ………………..………………………………... 13 4.2 Den kvinnliga hjältens hårdhet ……... ………………..………………………………... 14 4.3 Den postfeminina superhjälten ……...…....…………………………………………….. 16 4.4 Naturlig och hegemonisk maskulinitet ……………………………………………....…. 16 5. Metod och material …………………………………………………………………….… 17 ​ ​ 5.1 Narrativanalys ……………………………………………………………………….….. 18 5.2 Konstruktionsanalys .……..………………………………………………………….….. 18 5.3 Kommutationstest ……..………………………………………………………………... 19 5.4 Tillvägagångssätt, material och avgränsning ………………………………………….... 19 6. Analys och resultatredovisning ……………………………………………………. 22 6.1 Narrativanalys ………………..…………………………………………………………. 22 ​ 6.2 Konstruktionsanalys ……………………...……………………………………………... 27 6.3 Sammanfattning…………………………………………………………………………. 35 2 7. Slutsatser och diskussion ………………………………………………………….. 35 7.1 Skillnader mellan Supergirl och Superman …………………………………………….. 36 ​ 7.2 Supergirls appropriering av maskulina drag ……………….………...……………….… 37 7.3 Avslutande diskussion ……………………………………………………….……….... 38 7.4 Framtida studier ………………………………………………………………………… 39 Litteratur- och källförteckning ………….…..……………………………………….. 41 Bilagor …………………………………………………………………………………. 44 3 1. Inledning De kvinnliga superhjältarna förekommer mer frekvent i den västerländska populärkulturen nu än de senaste årtiondena. Samtidigt finns en ambivalens i hur porträtteringen kan ske mot bakgrund av de konventioner som finns angående könsroller. Vissa forskare menar att kvinnor betalar ett pris för att få spela de tuffa rollerna genom att istället förvandlas till sexobjekt. Andra menar att kvinnor kan behålla traditionellt feminina markörer som klackar och läppstift om de samtidigt är starka i sin attityd och självständiga i sina handlingar. Med tiden kommer de feminina markörerna då inte längre att ses som något försvagande. Dock finns en risk att de kvinnliga superhjältarna istället befäster traditionella könsroller om de utger sig för att vilja tillägna sig klassiskt manliga hjältedrag, men misslyckas. Den manlige hjälten har sin plats i populärkulturen sedan länge och förkroppsligar inte bara den hegemoniska maskuliniteten som alla män strävar efter, utan ses även som originalet, det naturliga, den som gör den kvinnliga superhjälten till uppföljaren eller undantaget. En hjältes egenskaper kan analyseras inom fyra områden som alla hänger ihop med begreppet tuffhet: kropp, attityd, agerande och auktoritet. En hjälte har en atletisk vältränad ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ kropp, signalerar aldrig rädsla, är intelligent, en auktoritär ledare och klarar uppgifter som andra inte kan lösa (Inness, 1999). Tv-serien Supergirl är ett tydligt exempel på hur en kvinna kliver in i en manlig ​ ​ superhjältevärld där hon söker sin plats i skuggan av kusinen Superman. Seriens producenter har uttalat att de har velat skapa en feministisk superhjälte, någon som agerar på samma premisser som sin manliga motsvarighet. Detta gör att serien blir extra intressant att studera. 4 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar Begreppet genusdualitet innebär att egenskaper ofta klassas som antingen feminina eller maskulina och tidigare forskning har konstaterat att kvinnliga superhjältar ofta får betala för sin hårdare attityd genom att framställas som sexobjekt. I denna uppsats vill vi jämföra den kvinnliga och den manliga superhjälten, Supergirl och Superman, för att se hur de framställs och hur de bemöts av andra karaktärer i tv-serien Supergirl. Vi vill även undersöka hur Supergirl balanserar sina hjälteegenskaper med sin femininitet. ● Hur framställs Supergirl i relation till Superman i tv-serien Supergirl inom områdena ​ ​ kropp, attityd, agerande och auktoritet? ​ ​ ​ ● Approprierar Supergirl traditionellt maskulina hjältedrag och i så fall hur? 1.2 Avgränsning och centrala begrepp I analysen av tv-serien Supergirl avgränsar vi oss till att göra en jämförande analys mellan Superman och Supergirl inom temana kropp, attityd, agerande och auktoritet i de två avsnitt där ​ ​ ​ ​ de båda karaktärerna förekommer. Inom området kropp analyserar vi karaktärernas fysiska ​ ​ utseende och klädsel. Attityd innefattar de emotionella uttrycken, agerande återspeglar ​ ​ ​ ​ karaktärernas handlande i olika situationer och auktoritet behandlar egenskaper som förmågan ​ ​ att vara behärskad och kunna leda andra (Inness, 1999). I uppsatsen använder vi oss av begreppet hjälte som ett bredare begrepp som innefattar ​ ​ alla de karaktärer som utför heroiska dåd, medan begreppet superhjälte avser de hjältar som har ​ ​ övernaturliga krafter. De teman som nämns ovan kan appliceras på alla karaktärer som är tänkta som hjältar, oavsett vilka krafter de har. Då denna uppsats inriktar sig på att studera karaktären Supergirl anser vi det vara av vikt ​ ​ att även beröra innebörden i begreppet flicka. Girl är dock ett inkonsekvent begrepp. På grund av ​ ​ sin ungdom och sitt kön tilldelas flickor en lägre social status än män och pojkar. De förskjuts till en lägre stående plats i det amerikanska samhället på grund av den kulturella stereotypen att flickor och deras kultur är meningslös och obetydlig. Åldern på en flicka är också olika för olika 5 personer i olika sammanhang. Flickor kan vara barn, tonåringar eller kvinnor. Både yngre flickor och tonåringar delar samma egenskaper: de har relativt låg social makt, de kan inte rösta, de är beroende av sina föräldrar och de utgör en kultur där särskilda regler gäller för hur man ska uppföra sig. Flickors kultur kan indoktrinera dem i det beteende som samhället förväntar sig, men flickor kan också vara producenter av kultur eller använda den kultur som vuxna har skapat för dem på ett annat sätt än det som var tänkt från början (Inness, 1998.). 1.3 Disposition Uppsatsen går först igenom bakgrunden till tv-serien Supergirl. Därefter ges en överblick över tidigare forskning inom ämnet genus och hjältar där vi tar upp utvecklingen av den kvinnliga superhjältens roll, hur kvinnor har porträtterats på film genom tiderna, traditionellt feminina drag som anses vara försvagande och traditionellt maskulina drag som anses vara idealet och det naturliga. Även relevant teori behandlas och här står begreppet genusdualitet, att manliga och kvinnliga egenskaper ses som motsatser,
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