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Hydrology in Chamcar Bei, an Assessment Of

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Hydrology in Chamcar Bei, an Assessment Of HYDROLOGY IN CHAMCAR BEI AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER AVAILABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES HYDROLOGY IN CHAMCAR BEI AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER AVAILABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES Dirk M. Eilander Tim H.M. van Emmerik Gert Mulder Marijn M. Piet April 2012 i Title Hydrology in Chamcar Bei; An Assessment of Water Availability for Irrigation Purposes Authors Dirk M. Eilander Tim H.M. van Emmerik Gert Mulder Marijn M. Piet Affiliation Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Department of Water Management Section of Water Resources Correspondence Stevinweg 1, k. 4.74 2628 CN Delft The Netherlands [email protected] Reference Eilander, D.M., Emmerik, T.H.M. van, Mulder, G., Piet, M.M., 2012, Hydrology in Chamcar Bei; An Assessment of Water Availability for Irrigation Purposes, available online at [www.hydrologycambodia.wordpress.com]. Keywords Hydrology, Cambodia, Water Availability, Ungauged Basins, Irrigation ii IN COOPERATION WITH: Bridges Across Borders Cambodia Engineers Without Borders Holland Samsam Water POWERED BY: HKV Lijn in water Deltares Wetterskip Fryslân Iv Groep Fonds Internationale Stages StuD iii Hydrology in Chamcar Bei iv Abstract Abstract In 2010 Bridges Across Borders Cambodia concluded that the Chamcar Bei irrigation scheme, southern Cambodia, is not functioning as it is supposed to. From February to April 2012 a hydrological study has been conducted, in order to formulate a framework in which further development of the irrigation system can be planned. Performing a quantitative and qualitative assessment of local hydrology has been the main goal of this study. In order to arrive at this, various elements of the Chamcar Bei catchment have been investigated. The catchment of study is a typical ungauged basin, meaning little to none (hydrological) measurements have been done. Therefore this study has used various alternative (and sometimes experimental) methods to generate the required data to make a hydrological assessment of the region. Since no accurate and recent maps of the area exist, mapping the area has been one point of attention. First of all, local topography has been studied. This showed that Chamcar Bei consists of three sub-catchments, which has functioned as the system boundary. Furthermore, an up to date inventory of the current irrigation system has been made. This showed that half of the gates are not functioning properly (e.g. broken, excessive erosion) and of most canals the end sections are shallow or overgrown by vegetation. For the total system an scheme irrigation efficiency of 45% was calculated. Given the crop calendar in Chamcar Bei a typical irrigation water requirement of 15 000 m3/year was found. To estimate several meteorological variables, different approaches have successfully been used. Precipitation was estimated with Kriging, using monthly data from 14 gauging stations, and TRMM, calibrated using monthly data from 2 gauging stations. Reference evaporation was estimated using Penman-Monteith using monthly minimum and maximum temperature from a nearby gauging station. Transpiration has been approximated using MODIS satellite imagery. Interception and soil evaporation were derived with a threshold method from daily TRMM precipitation. To estimate the potential for expansion of the irrigation system, two water balance models have been used. In one model, a historical water balance has been made. Assuming that on yearly scale the storage change in the soil is negligible, total annual catchment outflow has been determined for three hydrological years (April 2007 – March 2010). It was concluded that the Chamcar Bei catchment has a precipitation surplus, from which the total water availability for irrigation is equivalent to 67 typical hectares. The other approach a Rainfall-Runoff-Reservoir (Triple R) model was used to predict catchment runoff on monthly basis. This was used as input for a dynamic model of the irrigation system reservoir, with which several possible scenarios were evaluated. It was showed that at the current state, a maximum of 60 hectares can be irrigated. Enlarging the reservoir volume or applying more efficient irrigation techniques, this area can be increased to 100 hectares. Existing plans to build a new reservoir were evaluated as well. This showed that a new reservoir north of Chamcar Bei could provide at least 9 hectares with irrigation water. However, this number contains a high relative error, and more research should be performed to decrease the latter. Nevertheless it is advised to focus on improving the current irrigation system. By improving conveyance efficiency (e.g. lining canals, anti-erosion measures) or applying different irrigation techniques (e.g. dig furrows, different crops), a high quantity of water can be saved and applied on other lands. On several location throughout the catchment water quality test have been performed. Although insufficient parameters were measured to allow a definitive judgment on water quality, several conclusions can be drawn. Salinity tend to be no problem in Chamcar Bei. Iron, manganese, E.coli exceeds drinking water quality but no arsenic was found. More research on sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium should be done to determine quality for irrigation purposes. Turbidity exceeds drinking water guidelines at all measured locations and might causes degradation of aquatic life on the long term. All results presented in this hydrological framework are considered to be of correct order of magnitude on a longer time scale (i.e. monthly and yearly). On a monthly scale it has been observed that various modeling results and assumptions corresponded with observed values from gauging stations. In both the historical water balance and the Triple R, several catchment characteristics were mimicked as observed in the field. Nevertheless the exact accuracy cannot be expressed. Predictions in ungauged basins remain an (highly) educated guess and only field measurements can verify the correctness of the proposed hypotheses. v Hydrology in Chamcar Bei vi Khmer abstract េសចក�ីសេង�ប េនក�ុងក ា ២០១០ ស�នឆុងកត់ារព�ដ�ម (Bridges Across Border Cambodia) ប�ន�ក�ិដ �� គេតរមាងស�សច�សពចំក (ChamcarBei) ែដលនិត� េនគាុកងុ្បូងៃន្របេ�មដ� ុជាមេនម ានដំ រពលប�ន�ក�ិដ �េនេនាះ ចប់ពីែខកុម�ចរហូតដល់ែខេម ងក ា ២០១២ ករសករសកផ�សធនដរ ស�ស�ម ប�េេធ�េឡងេដម្បីបង�េ តំែរនប ខ័ណ�មួយែ�ុេនេងចនាះករអភិវឌ្ឍ្របព័ន�ធារ���ស�បែន�មអុ េធ�េឡងះ ករសក្សោវយតៃម�ែបបគ និងបរិមាណេទេលធារស�ស�ក�ុដ �ប�ងឆេេម េដលេដងលដស្�ងចន�កេ�េះ េដមកី�នឲ្យដល់េគាលេ សមាសធាតសេុ្សងៗគា�ៃន ទឹកចំករបីេនះ្រត�វបានេធ�ករពិនិត្យ អងស�ក់ទឹកែដលសិក្ស គឺជាអង�ន�េដធម�ជាតិ ដ���េេធ�ករវស់ែវ េិយសរករវស់ែវង (ធារស) មិន្រត�វបានអនុវត�េឡ េហតុដូេច�ះ េហយ ករសិក្សោេនះបានេ្របេកសធន� ិធីសវ (និងជូនកលេ្រប្របេកសធនរេេធម់�េសេ�� ិេស ស�ស) េដម្បីបេង�តទិន�ន័យែដល្រត�វករស្រមាប់េធ�ករវយតៃម�ែផ�កធារស�ស�របស េិយសរែតមិនមានែផនទីជាក និងថ�ីៗៃនតំបន់េ�េ ករេធ�ែផនទីតំបន់េនះបានក�យេទជា មួយែដល្រត�វយកចិត�ទុកដះ ជាដំបូ ឋនេលខមូលដ�ន្រត�វបានេធ�កះ ករសក្សោេ� ំ ង � � ចំករបីេនះមានអងស�ក់ទឹកតូចៗច ៣ ែដលបានបេ្រមជា្រពំែដនរបស់្រប ជាងេនេេ េនៀក រហូតមកដលេ់លេ�េ ំ�� កសរេពភណ�ៃន្របព័ន�ធារស��ំ�កតក�មប�្រត�វបានបេង ករសិក េនះបង�� ចំនួ�ពក់ករ ល្�ៃធ ចន�រទឹកមិនទន់មានដំេណករ�សរ �លេន (ឧ. ខូច ហូរេ្រច ខ �ំងេព) េហយេនចុង្របឡាយទឹកភាគេ្រចនមាន ឬ មានរ�ជាតិក ដុះេ្រចនេលសល នតរមា ្របព័ន�ទំងល ៤៥% ៃន្របសិទ�ផលរបស់គេ្រមាងធនស�សរ �្រត�វបានេធ ទក់ទងនឹង្របតិទ ដំណាំេន�ុកាំ��ាងចំក ត្រម�វករទឹកស្រមាប់េ�សច�សពជាមធ្យម្រត�វបានរកេឃ ១៥ ៣ ០០០ដ /ងក ាះ េដម្បីវយតៃម�េលអេថរឧតុនិ មេក� ស�ស�េផ្សងៗ្រត�វបានយកមកេ្រប្របាស់េដ ក្រមិតទឹ េាឆ�ង្រត�វបានវយតៃម�ជាមួ Kriging េិយេ្រប្របាស់ទិន�ន័យ្របចំែខែដលទទួលបានពីស ទឹកេភ��ងចំនួន ១៤ និង TRMM េិយេ្រប្របាស់ទិន�ន័យ្របចំែខែដលទទួលបានពីស�នីយ៍វស ចំនួន ២ះ រំហួកេគាល្រត�វបានវយតៃម�េដយេ្រ Penman-Monteith និងសីតុណ�ភាពអតិបរ និង អប្បបរមា្របចំែខែដលទទួលប� �កិ្នរមុដសេនជ�កេនេះ រុក�បំភាយ្រត�វបា នបា៉រន េិយេ្រប្របាស់រូេ ចនំ MODISះ ករស �ក់ទ និងរំហួតរបស់ដីបានមកតមរមេកសធនរ� កំណត់មួយែដលទទួលបានពីក្រមិតទឹកេភ� TRMM ះ េដម្បីបា៉ន់្របមាណពីសក�នុពលស្រមាប់ព្រងីក្របព័ន�េ គំរូក�ល្យភាពទឹកចំនួនពីរ្រត�វបាន ្របាស េនក�ុងគំរូម តុល្យភាពទឹកជា្របវត�ិស�ស�្រត�វបានបេង� មានករសន�ិដ រស� េលម មា្រត ដ�ន្របច បែ្រមប្រម�លៃនក�កន�េនក�ុពក គឺមិនមានអ�ីគួរឲ្យកត់ស មា�លេេន េិយលំហូ vii Hydrology in Chamcar Bei ទឹកេចញពីអងស�ក់ទឹកសរុប្របចំឆា�ំ្រត�វបានកំណត់ស្រម ៣ងក ាផ � ស ធ ន រ (រែេដស ងក ា ២០០៧ ពល ែខមីន ងក ា ២០១០)ះ មានករសន�ិដ អងស�ក់ទឹកចំករបីទទួលបានម្រកិតទឹក បែន�ដ រពលតមរយៈេន លទ�ភាពរកបានទឹកសរុបស្រមាប់េ�ស គឺេស�នឹង ៦៧ហិកតជាមធ្ ស្រមាបេកសធន� រេស�េផ្សង គំរូអងបេង��រទឹកេភ�ុ (Rainfall-Runoff-Reservoir) (R ំក) ្រត�វបានេ្រប្ េដម្បីព្យោករណ៍ពីលំហូរទឹកេចញពីអងស�ក់ទឹកជា្រ គំរូេនះ្រត�វបានេ្រប្របាស់ជាធាត ស្រមាប់គំរូឌីណាមិចៃនអង្របព័ន�េ� េិ�កុងេនាះទិដ�ភាពែដលអចយកជាករបានម តក�មប�្ក្ដឆះ មានករបង�ញឲ្យ ស្រមាប់ស�នភា�ំ�ុប្ប ៃផ�ដីេ្រចនបំផុតរហូតដល ៦០ហិកតអចមានទឹកេ�សច�សព្រគប់ តមរយៈេធ�ករព្រងីកអ ឬ ករេ្រប្របាស់បេច� េងសច�សពកន់ែតមាន្របសល តំបន់េ�េគឺអចេធ�ករបមេ�នរហូតដ ១០០ហិកត ែផនករែដលមាន�សប់ស្រមាប់កស�ន�ថធកទតកថ�ីក៏្រត�វបានេធ�ករវ ចំណុចេ�េប� ំ ង � � អងស�ុកទឹកថ�ីែដលស�ិតេនខងេជងចំក�សរលចផ�ល់ទឹកេ�សចា ុក��ទ ៩ហិកត ែដរ។ ក៏ប៉ុែន� ចំនួនេ�េេនមានប��ក្រមិតខ�េនេេន េហតុេនះេហយករ�សវ្រជាវបែន�មគួរអនុវត�េដ កត់បន�យប��េនេពលេ្រកយេ េទះបីជា យា៉ងណាក មានករែណនាំឲ្យយកចិត�ទុកដក់េទេលករែកលម�្របព័ន�េ��ំ�ក េនះ។ តមរយៈេធ�ករែកលម�្របសិទ�ផលបែង�រទិសេដ (ឧ. ជីក្របឡាយទឹកតូ ដំដំណាំេុ្សង ) ទឹកែដលមានគុណភាពខ�ស់អចនឹងសន្សំបានេ្រចនស្រមាប់េ�សច�សសេទេលដ េនតមទីតំងជាេ្រច�ុុសនន�ៃាុដងល ករេធ�េតស�គុណភាពទឹក្រត�វបានអនុ េទះបី មិនប�េេធ�ករវស់ែវងឲ្យបានេពញេលញេដម្បីកំណត់ឲ្យច្បោស់ពីគុណភ ករសន�ិដ �នម ចំនួន គឺអចេធ�េទប ជាតិៃ្ គឺគា �នប��េនាះេទេនចំកះ ជាតិែដ ម៉ង់កែណ និងបាក់េតរីម� បរិមាណេ្រចនេលសពីទឹកស�តស្រមាប់ទ ក៏ប៉ុែន�មិនមានជាតិអេសនិកេនះ ករ�សវ្ បែន�ដេទេលជាតិសូងដ កល់សងដ រ ា េ � ាន ន ង ដ និងប៉ូតសងដ គឺ្រត�វេធ�េដម្បីកំណត់ពីគុណភាព ស្រមាប់េគាលបំណងេធ�ករេ�ស ជាតិល�ក់មានក្រមិតខ�ស់ជាងអ�ីែដលបានែណនាំទ ទឹកស�តស្រមាននសលៃ�េននដតគំនកនាុរពលប�្នននុ និងអចបង�ឲ្យបាត់បង់សត�ទឹកស្ រយៈេ់លែវង។ លន្សលទំងអស់ែដលបង�ញេន�ុគេតរុផ�សធនរេ�េ ្រត�វបានចត់ទុកថា្រតឹម្រត�វេទ លាេិ្�នទំហំស្រមាប់មា្រតដ�នរយៈេពលក (ឧ.
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  • Treaty Bodies Database
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  • KRT TRIAL MONITOR Case 002 ! Issue No
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    mCÄmNÐlÉkßrkm<úCa REPORT OF CGP MAPPING TEAM VISIT TO KAMPOT PROVINCE 1-4 November 1995 Survey Team : Charles Bowers and Hak Sophal Thursday 2 November Following a brief meeting with the Governor, Mr. Kun Kim Teng, on the Wednesday afternoon, a meeting with the relevant officers was arranged for 8.00am at the Kampot Provincial Offices. The meeting was chaired by Mr. In Choen, General, Secretary of the Cabinet Office, and was attended by the Deputy Chief of Cult and Religion, the Deputy Chief of Information, Mr. Koy Chhun, the Deputy Chief of Justice and Prisons and by the Police Commissioner. The meeting proceeded very successfully, considering that many of the senior officials of the Provincial Government were in Phnom Penh for the holidays. Six sites were selected for us to visit, and Mr. Koy Chhun was appointed to accompany us as he had been associated with the excavations at these sites during the early 1980's. Wat Chum Kriel Kampot District. 070701 After the meeting at the provincial Offices concluded, we visited the site of a memorial at Wat Chum Kriel, 5 kilometers along the Kep road. This wooden stupa contained skulls, bones and shackles that had been brought from burial sites in the Kampot District, but little other information was available. There were no witness to be interviewed. Wat Kampong Tralach Kampot District (Kep) 070702 That afternoon we drove out along the Kep road about 20 kilometers, branching off to the left towards Phnom Voar before we reached Kep. The large gray cement Wat at Kampong Tralach had been used as a prison, and we visited the memorial stupa in the grounds which contained the bones of 750 victims.
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  • First Quarterly Report, October – December, 2016
    mCÄmNÐlÉkßrkm<úCa DOCUMENTATION CENTER OF CAMBODIA Phnom Penh, Cambodia Quarterly Report: October-December, 2016 Prepared and Compiled by Dara Vanthan Deputy Director Edited by Cindy Coleman Consultant Documentation Center of Cambodia Searching for the Truth: Memory & Justice EsVgrkKrBitedIm, IK rcg©MnigyutþiFm‘’ 66 Preah Sihanouk Blvd.P.O.Box 1110Phnom PenhCambodia t(855-23) 211-875f (855-23) 210-358 [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 2 ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 I. SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... 4 II. ACHIEVEMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 4 A. Outreach and Collaboration .............................................................................................................. 4 A1. Attending Consortium Meeting in Guatemala ......................................................................... 4 A2. Hosting 30 DMC students to the SRI’s Gallery to learn about DC-Cam’s work and research methodology ............................................................................................................................
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  • Proquest Dissertations
    RICE UNIVERSITY Tracing the Last Breath: Movements in Anlong Veng &dss?e?73&£i& frjjrarijsfass cassis^ scesse & w o O as by Timothy Dylan Wood A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: y' 7* Stephen A. Tyler, Herbert S. Autrey Professor Department of Philip R. Wood, Professor Department of French Studies HOUSTON, TEXAS MAY 2009 UMI Number: 3362431 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3362431 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Tracing the Last Breath: Movements in Anlong Veng by Timothy Dylan Wood Anlong Veng was the last stronghold of the Khmer Rouge until the organization's ultimate collapse and defeat in 1999. This dissertation argues that recent moves by the Cambodian government to transform this site into an "historical-tourist area" is overwhelmingly dominated by commercial priorities. However, the tourism project simultaneously effects an historical narrative that inherits but transforms the government's historiographic endeavors that immediately followed Democratic Kampuchea's 1979 ousting.
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  • Mcämnðléksarkm<Úc A
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  • Data Collection Survey on Japanese Water Treatment Technology for Rural Area in the Kingdom of Cambodia
    MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY, MINES AND ENERGY THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA Data Collection Survey on Japanese Water Treatment Technology for Rural Area in the Kingdom of Cambodia FINAL REPORT March, 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY METAWATER CO., LTD CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. DELOITTE TOUCHE TOHMATSU LLC The applied exchange rate is: US$ 1.00 = KHR (Khmer Riel) 4,040 = ¥ 78.00 (as of Feb 2012) Data Collection Surveyon Japanese Water Treatment Technology for Rural Areain the Kingdom of Cambodia STUDY AREAS Study Areas Data Collection Surveyon Japanese Water Treatment Technology for Rural Areain the Kingdom of Cambodia PHOTOS（KAMPOT） Kampot existing Water Treatment Plant (WTP) Elevated tanks in Kampot WTP Kampot WTP Downtown of Kampot Kampot City Downtown of Kampot A Roundabout in Kampot City Tak Krola Dam in Kampot Data Collection Surveyon Japanese Water Treatment Technology for Rural Areain the Kingdom of Cambodia PHOTOS（KEP） Tourist spot of Kep beach Sea side Pao Heng Dam Meeting with O-Krasa commune Interview with people in Kep Sa La Khet Pond Phnom Voil Dam Veal Vong Dam Data Collection Survey on Japanese Water Treatment Technology for Rural Areas in the Kingdom of Cambodia Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1) Background of the Survey The National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP: 2006-2013) of the Kingdom of Cambodia (hereinafter referred to as Cambodia) aims to raise the rates of access to safe water to 80% in urban areas and 50% in rural areas by 2015. To achieve the target, the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (hereinafter referred to as MIME) has set up an Action Plan for the water supply sector (2009-2013), one of the four major points of which is to promote cooperation with the private sector.
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  • The Uses and Abuses of Local Transitional Justice Processes
    Justice Deflected: The Uses and Abuses of Local Transitional Justice Processes Adam Kochanski Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy in Political Science School of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Adam Kochanski, Ottawa, Canada, 2017 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vi List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................. ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 Existing Scholarship on Local Transitional Justice Processes ....................................... 5 Main Argument .............................................................................................................. 8 Theoretical Approach .............................................................................................. 10 Alternative Explanations ........................................................................................
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  • An Ethnographic Exploration of Mass Graves in Cambodia
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Bennett, Caroline (2015) To Live Amongst the Dead: an Ethnographic Exploration of Mass Graves in Cambodia. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53561/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html To live amongst the dead: an ethnographic exploration of mass graves in Cambodia Caroline Bennett PhD in Social Anthropology September 2015 94,989 words School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury Kent, UK 1 Abstract This thesis uses mass graves as a lens through which to examine how people in contemporary Cambodia use the Khmer Rouge period (1975 – 1979) to reconstitute and re-imagine the world they live in.
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