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Sertraline-Induced Pseudocholinesterase Enzyme Deficiency

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Sertraline-Induced Pseudocholinesterase Enzyme Deficiency International Journal of General Medicine Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article CASE REPORT Sertraline-induced pseudocholinesterase enzyme deficiency Beyazit Zencirci Abstract: A 47-year-old Turkish male was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under MOSTAS Private Health Hospital, general anesthesia. The patient had 2 operations 28 and 19 years ago under general anesthesia. Department of Anesthesiology, It was learned that the patient was administered succinylcholine during both of these previous Kahramanmaras, Turkey operations and that he did not have a history of prolonged recovery or postoperative apnea. The patient had been using sertraline for 3 years before the operation. Pseudocholinesterase is a drug-metabolizing enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of the muscle-relaxant drugs mivacurium and succinylcholine. Deficiency of this enzyme from any cause can lead to prolonged apnea and paralysis following administration of mivacurium and succinylcholine. The diagnosis of pseudocholinesterase enzyme deficiency can be made after careful clinic supervision and For personal use only. peripheral nerve stimulator monitoring. A decrease in the activity of pseudocholinesterase enzyme and a decline in the block effect over time will help verify the diagnosis. Our patient’s plasma cholinesterase was found to have low activity. Instead of pharmacological interventions that may further complicate the situation in such cases, the preferred course of action should be to wait until the block effect declines with the help of sedation and mechanical ventilation. In our case, the prolonged block deteriorated in the course of time before any complications developed. Keywords: mivacurium, pseudocholinesterase deficiency, sertraline Introduction Pseudocholinesterase (PCHE) is an enzyme with a complex molecular structure.1 It is synthesized in the liver and immediately released into the plasma.2 The plasma half-life 3 International Journal of General Medicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.191.40.80 on 02-Jul-2017 has been estimated to be approximately 12 days. Deficiency or reduced activity of this enzyme results in significant prolongation of mivacurium- or succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular blockade.4 In addition, a number of disease states or concomitant drug administration may reduce PCHE activity. Mivacurium, which is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug administered in doses of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg, also produces rapid onset of neuromuscular blockade lasting for 15 to 30 minutes.5 The rapid ester hydrolysis of mivacurium by PCHE results in the short duration of action of this drug, which is ideal for providing muscle relaxation for brief surgical procedures.6 But the duration of mivacurium of action in Correspondence: Beyazit Zencirci adults is inversely related to serum PCHE activity.7,8 M. Akif Inan Mah. Alparslan Turkes Sertraline is an antidepressant and antipanic agent that is a potent and selective Bulvari, Seyhan Apt. No: 209 D: 5, Merkez-Kahramanmaras, Turkey inhibitor of serotonin reuptake into the presynaptic terminals. It has relatively weak Tel +90 344-2258300 effects on the cytochrome P450 system, a tolerability profile that is positive compared Fax +90 344-2258303 Email [email protected] with antidepressants of other classes, and it is relatively safe in overdose. These findings submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of General Medicine 2010:3 375–378 375 Dovepress © 2010 Zencirci, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd. This is an Open Access article DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S14365 which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Zencirci Dovepress contribute to sertraline being the first-line agent for the and ventilator support. Spontaneous muscle twitching was treatment of several psychiatric disorders.9 It was shown, noted 2 hours and 20 minutes later. Train-of-four response however, that sertraline and other antidepressants inhibited ratio was 75% 2 hours and 55 minutes after mivacurium acetylthiocholine hydrolysis by cholinesterases in human administration. serum and erythrocyte membrane.10 The patient regained sufficient motor function to meet In this article, we share our experience of a case with extubation requirements 3 hours and 15 minutes after the acquired pseudocholinesterase enzyme deficiency due to initial use of mivacurium. Midazolam infusion was dis- sertraline use, and provide a literature review. continued and clinical assessment confirmed recovery of neuromuscular function. The patient was extubated for Case report* 205 minutes following the administration of mivacurium A 47-year-old Turkish male, 83 kg in weight and 175 cm in and further recovery was uneventful. Plasma cholinesterase height, was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (due was found to have very low activity (788 IU/L). The patient to cholecystitis with an acute stone) under general anesthesia. was transferred to a hospital ward for the evening and was Under general anesthesia, the case had an appendectomy discharged 4 days later. 28 years ago and a right inguinal hernia operation 19 years ago. It was learned that the patient was administered suc- Discussion cinylcholine during both these operations and that he did Mivacurium is a potent benzylisoquinoline, nondepolarizing, not have a history of prolonged recovery or postoperative neuromuscular blocking drug. A recommended intravenous apnea. Except for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (176 U/L), dose of 0.15 to 0.2 mg/kg provides tracheal intubating con- alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (52 U/L) and a minimal ditions within 2 to 2.5 minutes, with a predicted duration of increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (61 U/L), and action of 15 to 25 minutes, making it an ideal drug for short a slight leucocytosis (9.8 × 109/L), no other pathologies were procedures requiring tracheal intubation.11 It is a structural identified during preoperative laboratory investigation. The relative of atracurium, but it does not undergo Hofmann For personal use only. patient had been using sertraline (100 mg/day) for 3 years elimination and is rapidly hydrolyzed by PCHE. The activity for major depressive disorder. of PCHE affects its duration of action.4 Following preoxygenation, induction of anesthesia was PCHE is a tetrameric glycoprotein enzyme produced by achieved with 200 mg of propofol. Tracheal intubation the liver, which hydrolyzes choline esters such as those found was achieved with 17 mg of mivacurium. Isoflurane was in succinylcholine, mivacurium, procaine, chloroprocaine, used as the general anesthetic inhalation agent. The operation tetracaine, cocaine, and heroine.12 In patients with a normal lasted for 30 minutes and the surgery was uneventful. After genotype for PCHE, mivacurium’s duration of action is surgery, the inhalation agent was discontinued, the patient inversely related to PCHE activity and duration of action is received 100% oxygen but there was no clinical evidence of slightly prolonged if activity is low.13 neuromuscular function recovery and there was no response When there is a deficiency of this enzyme due to the to train-of-four stimulation. Peripheral nerve stimulator presence of one or more atypical alleles, mivacurium is not International Journal of General Medicine downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.191.40.80 on 02-Jul-2017 (PNS) produced zero twitches. Anesthesia was therefore properly metabolized and thus muscle paralysis can last maintained with 0.5% isoflurane in 50% nitrous oxide for several hours. There are 2 forms of inherited atypical and oxygen because there was no evidence of improved pseudocholinesterase deficiency. The heterozygous atypical neuromuscular function 50 minutes after administration form affects from 1 in 25, to 1 in 480 individuals (depending of mivacurium. All vital signs were stable, and oxygen on the severity of the condition).12 Patients heterozygous for saturation remained 100%. After an additional 20 minutes, an abnormal enzyme may show up to 50% prolongation of a PCHE deficiency was suspected. Five milligrams of block.13 In patients homozygous for an abnormal enzyme, midazolam was administered intravenously for its seda- duration may be significantly prolonged, and even a small tive and amnestic effects. Later the patient was transferred dose (eg, 0.03 mg/kg) can result in complete paralysis for to the Post-anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for observation up to 128 minutes.14 There are now several case reports in the literature of prolonged block following mivacurium *Monitoring included electrocardiography (ECG), noninvasive arterial administration. blood pressure (NIBP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), capnography (ETCO2), and peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) monitoring applied over the ulnar Different disease states and/or drug administrations nerve in this case. may affect PCHE activity. Physiological reductions may 376 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of General Medicine 2010:3 Dovepress Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Dovepress Sertraline-induced pseudocholinesterase occur with extremes of age and during pregnancy.15 Other Consequently, undesirable pharmacological and toxicological acquired causes of decreased activity include renal and liver side effects of these antidepressants can be related, at least in disease, malignancy, burns, chronic debilitation/malnutrition, part, to inhibition of serum
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