DOCSLIB.ORG

Tracking the Choctaw Lighthorsemen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tracking the Choctaw Lighthorsemen Big Mary Walker's-great-great-granddaughter ventured into OU's Western History Collections and found a treasure-trove of information . Tracking the Choctaw by EeKsand=am Lighthorsemen 2 SOONER MAGAZINE courageous woman goaded Information Network." This electronic a majority of the tribe's members to meAinto my first visit to OU's Western system allows researchers to check move from Mississippi to what is today History Collections . resources through a national network southeastern Oklahoma . By the late This woman was my great-great- of prcatigious research facilities . 1850s, Big Mary was married to her grandmother. Although I know her second husband, who was originally only through family legend, I deeply from Pennsylvania . According to the admire her. In 25 years as a writer for newspa- family stories, they farmed and ran a Yet on the day I first entered the pers and magazines, I've researched a stage station in Blue County of the marble halls of Monnet Hall, ready to lot oftopics, but I'm no historian. As a Choctaw Nation . Just at the begin- research her times, 1 was wondering reporter, I research by finding ning of the Civil War, Big Mary's hus- just where that admiration had led "sources," people who'll tell me what I band died, leaving her with children me . In Okie terms, I felt like a repro- need to know and give me some lively who were still young. bate in church . I was definitely in the quotes in the process. Digging through Times were tough in the Choctaw wrong pew. history books, microfilm and docu- Nation during the Civil War. Big ments is not my style . Mary's few field hands left. (Many TheWestern History Col lections are Choctaws owned slaves-even ones The University ofOklahoma's West- housed in Monnet Hall on the who had married men from "up ern History Collections is the largest, Parrington Oval, the "North Oval" to North .") Gangs of armed men, known the most complete, the widest in scope us older OU alumni . Monnet is that as "bushwhackers," roamed Indian of any assemblage of materials on the Territory, killing and looting. American West. Big Mary's youngest daughter, Su- The collections contain some 50,000 san Blackburn, never forgot the hard- books and thousands upon thousands ships ofher childhood, and she told her of'additional items-manuscripts, pe- daughter, whowasto become mygrand- riodicals, microfilm, photographs, mother, about how courageously Big maps, oral histories and artifacts. Mary met them. The Western HistoryCollections are "My mother said the bushwhackers a mother lode of historic facts and would steal any kind of stock," my viewpoints f'or undergraduate and grandmother told me. "Sometimes Big graduate students, historians, televi- Mary would get on a horse, take a gun sion and film researchers, textbook and chase them, trying to get her cattle authors, writers, genealogists or just back. But by the end of the war, the plain folks-for anyone interested in family didn't own as much as a chicken. any aspect of the history of Oklahoma "One time the bushwhackers came and the trans-Mississippi West. stately white stone building once right into the house. The family didn't Donald L. DeWitt has been curator known informally as "the Law Barn," have any kind of'a timepiece, so Big of the Western History Collections the one with the green owls under the Mary had taken her husband's watch since 1986. He says the WHC's "depth" eaves. and hung it on the wall. One of the is unequaled. On that first visit, I felt as if those bushwhackers saw it, and he reached "By `depth' I mean the support that owls might be hooting with laughter out to take it down, to steal it. But Big one body of documentation gives to at the thought ofme as a researcher . I Mary was quicker. She grabbed the the others," he explains . "The printed wondered what in the name of Big watch first. materials are here, but many times Mary Walker I was doing there. "Then she smashed it into the floor. you can find the printed materials in I'd come because ofmy schizophrenic She broke it to bits rather than let him other libraries. To go deep down into a career. Although I've spent most of'my have it." topic or to go broader into a topic, you working life writing strictly factual Many other family tales are told need to come and look at the unpub- news stories and magazine articles, I about Big Mary, but no one ever de- lished things (inthecollections) . Those also write fiction-murder mysteries. scribed her physical appearance and in turn are supported graphically by In addition, I'm a descendant of a apparently no photograph of her ex- the very large photograph collection . remarkable woman named Big Mary ists. I'll never know if she was called And we have a kind oficingon the cake Walker Watt Blackburn. Big Mary "Big" Mary because of her size or her with the oral histories. was a mixed-blood Choctaw, although character. I'm betting on character. "It's unusual to find a repository her degree of Choctaw blood is impos- Big Mary was a thrilling ancestor that has this breadth in the different sible to detect today, some 170 years for a little girl to hear about. When I kinds of'materials ." after her birth. According to family grew old enough to realize I wanted to The Western History Collections tales, she was a child of I I or so at the become a writer, I knew I wanted to are linked to other scholarly libraries time ofthe Choctaw Removal between turn Big Mary's story into a novel . But through RUN, "Research Libraries 1831 and 1833, when atreaty"induced" I also knew quite early that my favor- 1993 FALL 3 obtain a share of tribal lands . "Golly!" 1 told myself'. "Those lighthorsemen would make a heck ofa mystery series! 'I'hey would. 1 realized, make a mys- tcry series in which a strong frontier woman of mixed Choctaw and white blood-a woman who had faced adver- sity and overcome it, a woman who worked from dawn to dusk running a farm and a stage station, a woman who observed and understood human na- ture-could play a major role . Had I found a way to write Big Mary's story in my favorite literary form? It depended on those lighthorsemen Thev would have to be histror ically ac- curate to interest the typical mystery reader, who is notoriously picky. And I didn't really know anything about the lighthorsemen except that they xisted. Most books on the Old West on spend chapters Judge Parker's mar-shalsbutsay littleabout Indian law enforcement . The Debo book merely mentioned the lighthorsemen a few times. Where could I find out more? The logical place was the Western The .supplementarv material hi OU's Western History Collcctrons give researchers History Collections. a "depth" not found in other libraries . Here Kim Brewer li stens to recorded Kiowa Now I stood in Monnet Hall, sure Indian music from the old WNAD radio program, "Indians for Indians Hour." that my inexperienced attempts at re- search were about to make me ridicu- lous. rte form of fiction was the mystery Then I reached the chapter on crime in story, not the "straight" novel . So I the Choctaw Nation . hesitated to tackle Big Mary and her "In addition to the sheriffs, the Shirley Clark, administrative as- adventures. Choctaws had a special group of en- sistant for the Western History Collec- One factor that made me cautious forcement officers known as tions, staffs the front-office desk and is was my lack of knowledge about the lighthorsemen,"Debo wrote. "ThePrin- often the person who greets visitors. Choctaws . My grandmother's was the cipal Chiefhad six-later nine-whom The first thing she hands out is a smile. last generation to be listed on tribal he appointed and who served as his "It's very simple," Clark told me. rolls, and all I knew about the Civil special agents in carrying messages, "You just go right up there into the War in the Indian Territory came from making arrests, keeping liquor at a reading room and fill out a form ex- the family stories. They might be more distance during the Council sessions plaining who you are and what you're colorful than reliable. But a few years and assistingthe United States Indian interested in . The assistant will show agoI finally did something about learn- agent in the enforcement of the laws." you how to look for things and explain ing more; I read The Rise and Full of Wow! Nine special agents, working how things work. the Choctaw Republic, by Angie Debo. under the direct orders ofthePrincipal "Then she'll bring the material to Debo's book on theChoctaws is well- Chief of a sovereign nation-dealing you." researched, thoroughly footnoted, with the marshals from the famed Western History Collections mate- scholarly-interesting readingbut not hanging judge, Isaac Parker, of Fort rials are non-circulating; they may not sensational . I enjoyed her accounts of Smith. The lighthorsemen were in- be taken from the premises . They arc the Choctaws' social customs, then- volved in the complicated transactions in closed stacks-researchers may not educational system, their early con- of coal mining, solved cases of murder browse through at will. version to Christianity, their struggle and highway robbery, perhaps even However, the materials maybe used to accommodate their lives to the white sought out bigamous white men who by anyone who has a reason for re- world and their bicameral legislature.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Program of Sixty-Second Annual Meeting
    Program of Sixty-second Annual Meeting HELD AT THE HOTEL CLEVELAND, CLEVELAND, OHIO, DECEMBER 27-30, 1947 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 26 Meeting of the Council, 2 p. m. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 27 MORNING SESSIONS I 10 A. M., ROSE ROOM ASPECTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Chairman: August Charles Krey, University of Minnesota Post-War Collapse and Rehabilitation in Genoa, 1149-1162 Hilmar Carl Krueger, University of Cincinnati Erfurt Schools and Scholars Gray Cowan Boyce, Northwestern University Discussion: James Lea Cate, The University of Chtcago II 10 A. M., EMPIRE ROOM RELIGIOUS DISSENT: A CENTRAL THEME IN ENGLISH HISTORY Chairman: Donald O. Wagner, Chief Historian, Historical Division, Army Medical Library, Washington, D. C. Dissent as Heresy Kenneth S. Cooper, George Peabody College jor Teachers Dissent as Crime Charles F. Mllllett, University of Missouri Discussion: Palmer Throop, University of Michigan Grace Cockroft, Skidmore College 3 4 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION III 10 A. M., ROOMS 34 AND 36 RUSSIAN ISOLATION.ISM IN THE LIGHT OF HrsTORY Chairman: A. A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, University oj Michigan Opening Remarks by the Chairman The Fate of the Russian Bible Society, a Case of Religious Xenophobia Stuart R. Tompkins, University oj Oklahoma Discussion: Michael Karpovich, Harvard University Warren B. Walsh, Syracuse University IV 10 A. M., ROOMS 29 AND 31 EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY Chairman: Verner W. Crane, University oj Michigan The Neglected First Half of American History Carl Bridenbaugh, Director, Institute oj Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg Discussion: Merle Curti, University oj Wisconsin T. C. Pease, University oj Illinois LUNCHEON CONFERENCES I 12:30 P. M., ROOMS 1, 3, 5, 7 JOINT LUNCHEON CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL AsSOCIATION AND THE AGRICULTURAL HrsTORY SOCffiTY Chairman: Frederick Merk, Harvard Un'iversity Freedom, Progress and Security: Ten Centuries of British Agriculture A.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Suffrage in Oklahoma
    WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE IN OKLAHOMA. APPROVED: Major Profess©r cr»* -y^-^ y-»•'—»- -dC. Minor Professor ^ lirman of the His tor^rDepartment / r-r-tS< Deatn of the Graduate School Brown, Nettie Terry, Women's Suffrage in Oklahoma. Master of Arts (History), December, 1970, 131 pages, 1 table, bibliographical essay, 1G8 titles. Although the women's suffrage movement in the United States predates the Civil War, from 1869 until 1893 only the women of Wyoming Territory had the right to vote. After Colorado, Utah, and Idaho enfranchised women in the nineties, women's suffrage advocates believed that their greatest hopes of success lay in the West. Early in the settlement of Oklahoma Territory, suffragists started their drive to win the franchise often coming close but never achieving victory. Following the abolition of the Indian tribal governments, suffragists made great efforts to secure equal rights for women in an Indian state. Con- gress's refusal to accept the idea of#two states led to the combination of the Twin Territories into the State of Oklahoma in 1907. This study considers the nature of life and society in the Indian and Oklahoma Territories and the factors contributing to the narrow defeat of the women's suffrage proposal in the Constitutional Convention. Sources include memoirs of participants, reminiscenses of a cross-section of the society, biographies, newspapers, government documents and secondary works. Chapter I summarizes the political histories of both territories from settlement to the opening of the Constitutional Convention. Chapter II discusses the life of the average person during the period 1890 to 1906.
    [Show full text]
  • ANGIE DEBO in HER OWN WORDS Editor's Note the 445-Page Document Titled
    ANGIE DEBO IN HER OWN WORDS Editor’s Note The 445-page document titled, “Angie Debo In Her Own Words” is a compilation of excerpts from Dr. Angie Debo’s writings, oral interviews, correspondence, and diaries all faithfully transcribed for use by researchers of the history of the American West and for anyone interested in the long life and remarkable career of a ground-breaking scholar considered by many as “Oklahoma’s Greatest Historian.” Her writings include her family’s history, genealogy, and their stories of pioneering on the frontier. The transcribed oral interviews are from a series of interviews conducted by scholars Glenna Matthews and Gloria Valencia-Weber in preparation for the documentary titled Indians, Outlaws, and Angie Debo, aired on PBS. Most of the correspondence consists of dozens of letters exchanged between Dr. Debo and her close personal friend and professional mentor, Dr. Edward Everett Dale, over a nearly fifty-year period from 1925 to 1972. Diary entries beginning with her first diary kept as an eight-year old girl in 1898 and continuing through 1949 offer insights into Dr. Debo’s struggles to come of age and to forge a career as an academic historian and author. Brief supplemental diary entries from 1953 reveal her pride and excitement as Oklahoma State University opened the library named for its first dean, Edmon Low, and to whose archives she bequeathed her papers. Additionally, “Angie Debo In Her Own Words” contains a brief biographical sketch, a timeline of her life, a chronology of her major publications, and a select bibliography of books, articles, and reviews that examine her life and scholarly legacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Oklahoma Books and Authors
    Oklahoma Books and Authors book which should soon be ap- possible for the mileage covered. Detailed pearingAin thousands of Oklahoma homes information about historic spots, even those and data about and libraries is Oklahoma : A Guide to the on out-of-the-way sideroads, valuable Sooner State, released in December by the tourist camps and hotels provide University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. aid for the traveler . "Nothing seems to have been overlook- This volume on Oklahoma is the last of ed," Mr. Kaufman says. "This book ought a series of 51 guidebooks prepared under to be in the hands of every intelligent the sponsorship of the WPA writers' pro- Oklahoman and of everyone else who gram. For $2.50 the purchaser receives a would like to know about the Sooner state. big book of 548 pages, containing detailed something more than another book; information about Oklahoma interspersed It is it is the book about Oklahoma . Nowhere with some sixty pages of illustrations and else is there so much of Oklahoma between maps. book covers." Kenneth Kaufman, '16ba, '19ma, Uni- versity professor of modern languages and authority, well known Oklahoma literary Possum Trot says of the guidebook in comparison with others of the series, "The last, and without The real South-not the one portrayed much doubt, the best. There may be half in The Grapes of Wrath, Tobacco Road Now Available For Wind-but the one a dozen of the others which equal it in and Gone With the Delivery scope, completeness, care, and accuracy, but which should gain much from the spread- Immediate none excels it." ing movement of industry is described in by H.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Everett Dale Collection
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Edward Everett Dale Collection Dale, Edward Everett (1879–1972). Papers, 1865–1948. 80 feet. Professor and historian. Correspondence (1902–1972), student papers (n.d.), theses and dissertations (1932–1933), and personal research materials (1832–1967) regarding the history of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Territory, and Indian Territory, the Indians of North America, and the American Southwest; teaching materials used by Dale at Harvard (1913– 1920) and the University of Oklahoma (1921–1952); administrative and other files (1936– 1941) of the Works Progress Administration’s Indian-Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma; U.S. government documents (1897–1957); and presidential papers of University of Oklahoma presidents James Shannon Buchanan (1911–1929) and Stratton D. Brooks (1915–1922). __________________ Notes on the Organization of the Edward Everett Dale Collection The Edward Everett Dale Manuscript Collection is comprised of a series of 254 document cases and six outsized boxes. Occupying 176 linear feet, the collection contains the works and materials of Dr. Dale's sixty years of academic experience, plus other facets of his life. In addition to the manuscript collection there exist as well photographic and map collections in the Manuscript Division and the E. E. Dale Library in the Library Division of the Western History Collections. The notes appended below-- subdivided into twenty-three sections--apply only to the organization of the manuscript collection. The sections are given general titles which refer to the major subject matter contained in each. One should be aware, however, that the same type of item, e. g., correspondence, may be found in more than one section.
    [Show full text]
  • Fritchb2020.Pdf (1.490Mb)
    Culture on the Prairie: Celebrating Oklahoma’s Art Museums and Their Contributors in the Twentieth Century By Bradley Fritch A Thesis Project submitted to the faculty of the University of Central Oklahoma in partial fulfillment for the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Museum Studies in the Department of History & Geography December 2020 CULTURE ON THE PRAIRIE Culture on the Prairie: Celebrating Oklahoma’s Art Museums and Their Contributors in the Twentieth Century Bradley Fritch 23 November 2020 Jackson College of Graduate Studies at the University of Central Oklahoma A THESIS APPROVED FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN MUSEUM STUDIES IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY By ___________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson ___________________________________________ _____________ CCiommittee Member ________________________________ Committeete Member _______________________________________________________ Committeete Member 2 DECEMBER 2020 Dedication To my grandparents – Grandma Betty and Pop-Pop, and Grandma Lorraine and Grandad. 3 CULTURE ON THE PRAIRIE Acknowledgments It took every second of my twenty-six years to come to the conclusion that accepting help from others is a good thing from time to time. As Zach Galifianakis’ character says in The Hangover, “I tend to think of myself as a one-man wolf pack.” But as the ultimate one-man wolf pack learned throughout the course of the film, surrounding yourself with quality friends is incredibly important to be successful; whether that success comes personally, professionally, or through another avenue, shared success is better than individual success. Now that I have stepped down from my soapbox, there are a number of people that I need to thank for their belief in me through the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Frederick Jackson Turner
    FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER: A CASE STUDY OF AN AMERICAN HISTORIAN’S RELEVANCE IN THE FIELD OF ADULT EDUCATION Kathleen Brock Munive Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Development October 28, 2014 Falls Church, Virginia COMMITTEE Marcie Boucouvalas, co-chair. Paul D. Renard, co-chair. Paul W. Glass Linda E. Morris © 2014 by Kathleen Brock Munive Keywords: Adult Education, Adult Learning, Andragogy, Facilitation of Adults, Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis, Postsecondary Teaching Techniques Frederick Jackson Turner: A Case Study of an American Historian’s Relevance in the Field of Adult Education Kathleen B. Munive ABSTRACT Frederick Jackson Turner was a prominent American Historian who lived during America’s Progressive Movement of the early twentieth century. Turner’s most seminal piece, The Significance of the Frontier in American History, commonly referred to as The Frontier Thesis, challenged the accepted assumption that American culture stemmed from European ancestors. Turner resisted conventional wisdom that did not take into account the struggles and advances of the pioneers of the West. Turner believed the experiences of the pioneers forced them to adapt and modify their European roots, thus developing a distinct and separate culture from Europe. As a university professor, training a plethora of doctoral students in the field of history, Turner embraced the changes in educational thought of the time; including the importance of lifelong learning and the need to continually re-evaluate previously held beliefs. To Turner, a university professor’s priority was to facilitate learning experiences that helped develop students into independent and competent critical thinkers.
    [Show full text]
  • Angie Debo: First Lady of Oklahoma History Ernestine Gravley
    Volume 5 Article 13 Issue 1 Fall 10-15-1985 Angie Debo: First Lady of Oklahoma History Ernestine Gravley Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/westview Recommended Citation Gravley, Ernestine (1985) "Angie Debo: First Lady of Oklahoma History," Westview: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 13. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/westview/vol5/iss1/13 This Nonfiction is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Westview by an authorized administrator of SWOSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Angie Debo First Lady of Oklahoma History By Ernestine Gravley 30 We s t v ie w , Fa l l 1 985 Eighty-six years ago last fall, a cover­ the college level. research,” she says with a smile. She is ed wagon creaked across the plain and “I was in for a dreadful shock,” she a member of the Association of American into a raw little frontier settlement in says. “I discovered that the history Indian Affairs (and member of the Oklahoma Territory. The village of field was strictly off limits to women-the board of directors from 1956-1966) and Marshall drowsed in an early November old discrimination syndrome even the American Civil Liberties Union sun sunounded by greening fields of then.” Thirty colleges applied that (board of directors, 1973-1977). winter wheat. Edward Peter Debo, his year to the University of Chicago for Highlight of her life? There are so wife, Lina Elbertha Cooper Debo, and history teachers; all but one said that many highlights, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative and the Making of Contested Landscapes in Postwar American Astronomy
    Mountains of Controversy: Narrative and the Making of Contested Landscapes in Postwar American Astronomy The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Swanner, Leandra Altha. 2013. Mountains of Controversy: Citation Narrative and the Making of Contested Landscapes in Postwar American Astronomy. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Accessed April 17, 2018 4:09:27 PM EDT Citable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11156816 This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASH Terms of Use repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA (Article begins on next page) © 2013– Leandra A. Swanner All rights reserved Dissertation Advisor: Peter Galison Leandra A. Swanner Mountains of Controversy: Narrative and the Making of Contested Landscapes in Postwar American Astronomy Abstract Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, three American astronomical observatories in Arizona and Hawai’i were transformed from scientific research facilities into mountains of controversy. This dissertation examines the histories of conflict between Native, environmentalist, and astronomy communities over telescope construction at Kitt Peak, Mauna Kea, and Mt. Graham from the mid-1970s to the present. I situate each history of conflict within shifting social, cultural, political, and environmental tensions by drawing upon narrative as a category of analysis. Astronomers, environmentalist groups, and the Native communities of the Tohono O’odham Nation, the San Carlos Apaches, and Native Hawaiians deployed competing cultural constructions of the mountains—as an ideal observing site, a “pristine” ecosystem, or a spiritual temple—and these narratives played a pivotal role in the making of contested landscapes in postwar American astronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Land, Justice, and Angie Debo Telling the Truth To-And About-Your Neighbors" (2001)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Fall 2001 Land, Justice, And Angie Debo Telling The Truth To-And About- Your Neighbors Patricia Nelson Limerick University of Colorado at Boulder, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Limerick, Patricia Nelson, "Land, Justice, And Angie Debo Telling The Truth To-And About-Your Neighbors" (2001). Great Plains Quarterly. 2209. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2209 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. LAND, JUSTICE, AND ANGIE DEBO TELLING THE TRUTH TO-AND ABOUT-YOUR NEIGHBORS PATRICIA NELSON LIMERICK When Angie Debo was an old woman, she phone calls to them. She got her network lived in her hometown of Marshall, Oklahoma, geared up to write in support of Alaskan Na­ where she had warm and close ties with her tive land claims, an enlargement of the neighbors. She also had a more geographically Havasupai Reservation, and groundwater dispersed network: a list of several hundred rights for the Papago or Tohono O'odham. people, scattered around the nation, whom She attended closely to events in Marshall she would mobilize to write senators and con­ and to events all over North America. gressmen, or to the president, on behalf of After she retired, Angie Debo did some particular campaigns for Indian rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 24 No. 2 Old Navajoe by Edward Everett Dale
    Vol. 24 No. 2 Old Navajoe by Edward Everett Dale --------------------------------------------------- 128 The Nonpartisan League in Oklahoma by Gilbert C. Fite ----------------------------- 146 The American Indian Exposition in Oklahoma by Muriel H. Wright ---------------- 158 The Educational Activities of Distinguished Catholic Missionaries Among the Five Civilized Tribes by Sister Mary Urban Kehoe, C.D.P. --------------------------------- 166 Oklahoma War Memorial – World War II by Muriel H. Wright --------------------- 183 General Benjamin Henry Grierson by Carolyn Thomas Foreman -------------------- 195 Notes and Documents ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 219 Book Review --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232 Necrologies John Joseph Shea by R.H. Hudson ----------------------------------------------- 234 Thomas Fenlon Shea by R.H. Hudson ------------------------------------------- 235 William Jesse Caudill by Robert L. Williams ---------------------------------- 236 William Flavius Hendricks by Robert L. Williams ---------------------------- 238 William Duwayne Jenkins by Robert L. Williams ----------------------------- 239 Perry Elijah Waid by Robert L. Williams --------------------------------------- 240 Lewis Beal Jackson by Robert L. Williams ------------------------------------- 240 Minutes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 242 Chronicles of OklaAoma OLD NAVAJOE By Edward Everett Date• About
    [Show full text]
  • Oklahoma and the Equal Rights Amendment, 1972-1982 a Thesis
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE FROM RED DIRT TO RED STATE: OKLAHOMA AND THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT, 1972-1982 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By CHELSEA L. BALL Norman, Oklahoma 2016 FROM RED DIRT TO RED STATE: OKLAHOMA AND THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT, 1972-1982 A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ______________________________ Dr. Jennifer Holland, Chair ______________________________ Dr. David Wrobel ______________________________ Dr. Ronnie Grinberg © Copyright by CHELSEA L. BALL 2016 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements They say it takes a village to raise a child. After coming to a close with this project, I am also convinced that it takes community to raise a historian as well. First, this thesis would not be possible without the hard work and dedication of my advisor, Dr. Jennifer Holland. She read through countless chapter revisions and half-baked arguments throughout the last year and undoubtedly gave me way too much of her time, but for that I am thankful. Dr. Holland also remained my greatest ally throughout my periods of doubt and self-loathing that often come with a writing project of this length. She challenged the way I thought about race and gender and has taught me so much. I am truly blessed to have her as an advisor. I would also like to thank Dr. Ronnie Grinberg for opening my eyes to complicated history that is twentieth century feminism. She always pushed me and my writing abilities, and I grateful that she saw potential in me even in my rough first year of graduate school.
    [Show full text]