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The Archaeology of Town Creek: Chronology, Community Patterns, and Leadership at a Mississippian Town

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The Archaeology of Town Creek: Chronology, Community Patterns, and Leadership at a Mississippian Town THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF TOWN CREEK: CHRONOLOGY, COMMUNITY PATTERNS, AND LEADERSHIP AT A MISSISSIPPIAN TOWN Edmond A. Boudreaux A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2005 Approved by ______________________________ Advisor: Dr. Vincas P. Steponaitis ______________________________ Reader: Dr. Brian Billman ______________________________ Reader: Dr. R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. ______________________________ Reader: Dr. Brett H. Riggs ______________________________ Reader: Dr. H. Trawick Ward 2005 Edmond A. Boudreaux ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Edmond A. Boudreaux: The Archaeology of Town Creek: Chronology, Community Patterns, and Leadership at a Mississippian Town (Under the direction of Vincas P. Steponaitis) Town Creek is an archaeological site located on the Little River in Montgomery County, North Carolina. Long-term fieldwork at Town Creek indicates that the site was occupied at least intermittently by Native Americans for thousands of years. This dissertation reconstructs the site’s late prehistoric through early historic period occupation (A.D. 800 to 1650), particularly the several hundred years (A.D. 1150 to 1450) during the Mississippian period when the community consisted of a planned town with domestic and public spaces. Pottery and radiocarbon dates from Town Creek and several related sites are used to refine the area’s cultural chronology and define ceramic attributes diagnostic of different periods. The distribution of postholes, burials, and pits is analyzed and discrete architectural units are defined from the thousands of features at Town Creek. Architecture is dated to different periods and an occupational history consisting of five stages is defined. Attributes of buildings are used to identify public and domestic structures within each stage. Public architecture at Town Creek included an earthen platform mound which was constructed around A.D. 1250, approximately 100 years after the town’s founding. Once an occupational history is established, mortuary and ceramic data are used to explore synchronic variation and diachronic change. Emphasis is placed on changes in the nature of leadership roles that may have accompanied mound construction. In particular, a iii model that proposes a relationship between changes in public architecture and the centralization of political authority in Mississippian societies is tested against the archaeological record of Town Creek. The data indicate that changes in leadership and site structure were associated with mound construction at Town Creek, but that these changes do not necessarily reflect the centralization of political authority. iv For Christy. It’s done. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There have been many times along the way where it was hard to imagine how all of this was ever going to get done. That it is finished is because of the effort, assistance, and encouragement of many people. I am grateful to them all. My committee members have helped me in innumerable ways. Brian Billman, Steve Davis, Brett Riggs, Vin Steponaitis, and Trawick Ward have shared their time, insights, and expertise with me for years now. I “borrow” their stories and ideas frequently and will continue to do so for the rest of my career. This dissertation is a much-improved work because of their efforts. I am fortunate to have been surrounded by top-notch graduate students during my time at the University of North Carolina. These colleagues taught me a great deal and I have tried to emulate them in many ways. In particular, I want to thank Kandi Hollenbach, Jon Marcoux, Mintcy Maxham, Chris Rodning, and Greg Wilson. Jon, Chris, Greg, and I have been working on similar research topics and I have benefited a great deal from hearing how they approach their work. Chris also has been a good friend for many years now and he provided much needed encouragement during my last year in school. Kandi and Mintcy have been excellent colleagues and office mates, but even better friends. They have come to our rescue on many occasions and have helped raise our boys. They will always have a special place in our family. vi I want to thank all of the people who have made the Town Creek site and its archaeological collection incredible resources for learning about Native Americans in the Southeast. Archie Smith and the staff at Town Creek Indian Mound State Historic Site have been helpful and encouraging throughout my research. Steve Davis of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology at the University of North Carolina put an incredible amount of effort into organizing the materials from Town Creek, especially the photographs and the site map. The occupational history of Town Creek could not have been investigated in a dissertation without Steve’s previous work. Since 1937, much effort has gone into excavating, processing, and curating artifacts from Town Creek. I was very fortunate to walk into a situation where I had access to an organized, well-curated collection that included tens of thousands of labeled ceramics and a number of reconstructed ceramic vessels. I want to thank the field workers, the lab workers, and the on-site supervisors for their efforts. I also want to acknowledge Joffre L. Coe, the man who envisioned and oversaw long-term research at the site. Town Creek is an important part of his legacy. I was fortunate to receive research funding from several sources. The Center for the Study of the American South at the University of North Carolina provided a grant that partially supported the production of a geographic information systems map of Town Creek. Grants from the North Carolina Archaeological Society and the Timothy P. Mooney Fellowship of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology both went to obtaining radiocarbon dates. There are few funding sources for collections-based research in the Southeast, and I thank these institutions for the support they are able to provide. My family has been there for me and kept me mostly sane throughout this process. My parents, Edmond and Virginia Boudreaux (a.k.a. Poppa and Granny), have always done vii whatever they could to help me succeed and to provide for us. Christy’s parents, Robert and Dorothy Cranston (a.k.a. Paw-paw and Grandma), have helped us in so many ways. I will be forever grateful to them all. My children, Anthony and Christian and the not-yet-arrived Claire Anne, have provided joy and frustration as well as much needed diversion and perspective. Finally, there is Christy. She has had to tolerate far too much dissertation- related foolishness in the last few years and I thank her for toughing it out. I could not have done this without her. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………….. xi LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………….. xiii Chapter 1 Background ...................................................................................................... 1 MISSISSIPPIAN ARCHITECTURE AND LEADERSHIP ............... 2 CHIEFDOMS AND CHIEFS .............................................................. 6 SOUTH APPALACHIAN MISSISSIPPIAN ...................................... 9 THE TOWN CREEK SITE ............................................................... 12 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .............................................................. 29 2 Ceramic Chronology ...................................................................................... 32 CERAMIC ANALYSIS AND TYPOLOGY .................................... 33 SERIATION ...................................................................................... 54 GROUPS AS CERAMIC PHASES .................................................. 75 ADDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC ATTRIBUTES ................................ 89 REGIONAL COMPARISONS .......................................................... 91 3 Architecture .................................................................................................... 95 IDENTIFYING ARCHITECTURE AT TOWN CREEK ................. 96 DESCRIPTIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ............... 110 STRUCTURE TYPES ..................................................................... 199 ix CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 225 4 Occupational History of Town Creek .......................................................... 229 PUBLIC AND DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE SOUTHEAST ................................................................................ 230 LATE WOODLAND-PERIOD OCCUPATION (CA. A.D. 800 TO 1000) .............................................................................................. 232 TEAL-PHASE OCCUPATION (CA. A.D. 1000 TO 1150) ........... 236 EARLY TOWN CREEK-PHASE OCCUPATION (CA. A.D. 1150 TO 1250) ........................................................................................ 236 LATE TOWN CREEK AND LEAK PHASE OCCUPATIONS (A.D. 1250 TO 1350) ............................................................................... 245 LATE LEAK-PHASE OCCUPATION (CA. A.D. 1350 TO CA. 1450) ......................................................................................................... 256 CARAWAY-PHASE OCCUPATION (CA. A.D. 1550 TO 1700) ..........................................................................................................258 CONTINUITY IN SITE STRUCTURE AND PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE ......................................................................... 260
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