Dialogue Metamorphosis in the Film Adaptation of the Green Mile

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Dialogue Metamorphosis in the Film Adaptation of the Green Mile UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ CINEMATIC DIALOGUE, LITERARY DIALOGUE, AND THE ART OF ADAPTATION Dialogue metamorphosis in the film adaptation of The Green Mile A Pro Gradu Thesis in English by Sara I. Rauma Department of Languages 2004 2 For my parents Virve and Jarmo Rauma 3 HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA KIELTEN LAITOS Sara I. Rauma CINEMATIC DIALOGUE, LITERARY DIALOGUE, AND THE ART OF ADAPTATION Dialogue metamorphosis in the film adaptation of The Green Mile Pro gradu -tutkielma Englannin kieli Syyskuu 2004 140 sivua + liite Tutkielman tarkoituksena on eritellä elokuvadialogin adaptaatiota ja selvittää samalla kirjallisen ja elokuvadialogin eroavaisuuksia. Tutkimus vastaa kysymyksiin: Miten adaptoija tekee elokuvadialogia? Mitä tämä kertoo kirjallisen ja elokuvadialogin eroavaisuuksista? Mitkä ovat tulosten valossa implikaatiot dialogin suoran siirtämisen suhteen näiden kahden median välillä? Alkusysäyksen tutkimukselle antoi näkemys, jonka mukaan kirjallinen dialogi olisi suoraan siirrettävissä elokuvaan. Näkemys jättää kuitenkin huomiotta medioiden erilaisuuden, lähinnä visuaalisen kontekstin mukanaan tuomat sisällölliset erot sekä elokuvadialogin konventiot. Tutkimus kuuluu adaptaatiotutkimuksen piiriin ja se vastaa tarpeeseen saada tutkimustietoa populaarikirjallisuuden pohjalta tehdyistä adaptaatioista. Tutkielma käsittelee adaptaatiota prosessina siten kuin se on lopputuloksista pääteltävissä. Kyseessä on tapaustutkimus, joka koskee Stephen Kingin romaania The Green Mile ja Frank Darabontin samannimistä käsikirjoitusta ja elokuvaa. Adaptaatio on jaettu kahteen vaiheeseen: käsikirjoituksen tekeminen ja elokuvan kuvaaminen. Näin ollen esille nousevat konkreettisesti toisessa vaiheessa puhuttuun kieleen siirtymisestä seuraavat eroavaisuudet elokuvadialogissa. Samalla vältetään adaptaatiotutkimukselle tyypillinen orjallinen takertuminen lähtöteoksen sisältöön kun keskiössä on kirjallisen teoksen sijasta elokuvakäsikirjoitus. Tutkimusmetodit ovat sekä kvantitatiivisia että kvalitatiivisia. Määrällisen analyysin pohjalta voidaan tehdä johtopäätöksiä adaptatiivisten transformaatioiden yleisyydestä. Laadullinen analyysi puolestaan paljastaa vuorosanojen ominaisuudet ja funktiot konteksteissaan ja antaa viitteitä motiiveista muutosten takana. Lähtö- kohtana toimii käsikirjoitus, jonka vuorosanojen alkuperä selvitetään vertaamalla sitä romaaniin. Toisen adaptaatiovaiheen dialogimuutokset eritellään vertaamalla puoles- taan käsikirjoitusta elokuvaan. Näin saadaan esiin yksittäisen vuorosanan ”elinkaari”. Tulokset osoittavat, että suora dialogitransferenssi on vähäistä. Ainoastaan 6,0 prosenttia elokuvan vuorosanoista on siirretty suoraan kirjallisesta lähteestä. Sitä vastoin erilaiset adaptatiiviset transformaation muodot ovat merkittävässä osassa adaptoijan työssä. Yleisimmät muodot ovat inventio, uudelleenmuotoilu, elaboraatio ja tiivistys. Tämä puolestaan tukee teoreettisen viitekehyksen pohjalta asetettuja olettamuksia, joiden perusteella elokuvadialogi ja kirjallinen dialogi ovat siinä määrin toisistaan poikkeavia, että transferenssin todennäköisyys on pieni. Näin ollen voidaan esittää, että elokuva-adaptaatio ei ole dialoginkaan osalta niin yksinkertainen toimitus kuin usein on oletettu. Lisäksi tulokset antavat viitteitä käytännön eroavai- suuksista kirjallisen ja elokuvadialogin välillä. Tämä kenttä puolestaan tarjoaa monipuolisia vaihtoehtoja muun muassa kielitieteelliselle jatkotutkimukselle. Asiasanat: cultural studies. film adaptation. dialogue. popular literature. mainstream film. motion picture. screenplay. narration. audiovisual context. language. style. 4 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................5 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................12 2.1 LITERARY DIALOGUE..............................................................................................13 2.2 THE DIALOGUE IN AN AUDIOVISUAL CONTEXT.......................................................16 2.2.1 Theatre ..............................................................................................................18 2.2.2 The Motion Picture............................................................................................22 2.3 CINEMATIC DIALOGUE............................................................................................25 2.3.1 Dialogue vs. Conversation................................................................................26 2.3.2 The Realism of Cinematic Dialogue..................................................................29 2.3.3 Conventions and Functions of Film Dialogue ..................................................32 2.4 VIEWS ON ADAPTING DIALOGUE.............................................................................36 2.4.1 Voice-Over ........................................................................................................39 2.4.2 Adapting Narratorial Speech ............................................................................41 2.4.3 Adapting for Film: The Textbook Advice..........................................................43 3. DATA AND ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK.........................................................49 3.1 THE NOVEL .............................................................................................................52 3.2 THE SCREENPLAY....................................................................................................53 3.3 THE MOTION PICTURE .............................................................................................55 3.4 THE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................56 4. THE PRESENT STUDY: DIALOGUE ADAPTATION ..................................59 4.1 FROM NOVEL TO SCREENPLAY................................................................................61 4.1.1 Dramatisation....................................................................................................62 4.1.2 Abridgement ......................................................................................................69 4.1.3 Elaboration........................................................................................................72 4.1.4 Reassignment.....................................................................................................74 4.1.5 Rephrase............................................................................................................79 4.1.6 Transference......................................................................................................83 4.1.7 Invention............................................................................................................86 4.2 SHOOTING THE FILM: ALTERATIONS MADE TO THE SCREENPLAY...........................93 4.2.1 Abridgement ......................................................................................................95 4.2.2 Elaboration........................................................................................................98 4.2.3 Expansion........................................................................................................101 4.2.4 Rephrase..........................................................................................................103 4.2.5 Relocation........................................................................................................105 4.2.6 Reassignment...................................................................................................106 4.2.7 Backtracking....................................................................................................107 4.2.8 Deletion ...........................................................................................................113 4.2.9 Invention..........................................................................................................118 4.2.10 Direct Transferral.........................................................................................122 5. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................125 6. CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................135 THE BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................138 APPENDIX ...............................................................................................................141 5 1. INTRODUCTION The present thesis is both a quantitative and qualitative look at the dialogue in the adaptation process moving from the novel The Green Mile (1996) to the screenplay and the motion picture The Green Mile (1999). The goals of my study are to find out how screenwriter-director Frank Darabont reshaped the novel dialogue into cinematic dialogue when writing the screenplay and subsequently to examine the development of the screenplay dialogue during the process of filming the motion picture itself. In other words, the thesis aims to reveal the course of film adaptation in terms of dialogue. The emerging dialogue “arch”, in turn, poses interesting questions on the differences between literary and film dialogue. To bring the dialogue arch into view and further examine its implications on dialogue transferability in film adaptation, I will conduct a comparative study between the novel, the published screenplay and the finished motion picture. The field
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