DOCSLIB.ORG

University of California Santa Cruz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of California Santa Cruz UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ CONSERVATION GENETICS OF COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED FISHES WITH CASE STUDIES ON LEOPARD AND NASSAU GROUPER A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Alexis Michelle Jackson March 2014 The Dissertation of Alexis Michelle Jackson is approved: ____________________________________ Professor Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson ____________________________________ Professor Pete Raimondi ____________________________________ Professor Don Croll ____________________________________ Assistant Professor Brice Semmens ____________________________________ Adjunct Professor Devon Pearse ____________________________________ Professor Giacomo Bernardi, Chair ____________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright ! by Alexis Michelle Jackson 2014 Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................v List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vi Abstract...................................................................................................................... viii Dedication......................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... xi Introduction..................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Population structure and larval retention in Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), a mass-aggregating marine fish ...........................................5 1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................6 1.2 Materials and Methods..........................................................................................10 1.2.1 Sample collection and DNA extraction .....................................................10 1.2.2 Genotyping and data analysis for mitochondrial markers .........................11 1.2.3 Genotyping and data analysis for microsatellite loci.................................12 1.2.4 Genotyping and data analysis for single nucleotide polymorphisms.........13 1.2.5 Population structure ...................................................................................14 1.3 Results...................................................................................................................16 1.3.1 Mitochondrial DNA...................................................................................16 1.3.2 Microsatellites............................................................................................17 1.3.3 Single nucleotide polymorphisms..............................................................17 1.3.4 Population structure ...................................................................................18 1.4 Discussion.............................................................................................................20 1.4.1 Timing of ocean currents with reproduction may facilitate larval retention .....................................................................................................22 1.4.2 Evidence of limited dispersal in marine species........................................25 1.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................31 Chapter 2 Historical and ecological genetics of Leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) in the Gulf of California .............................................................................44 2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................45 2.2 Materials and Methods..........................................................................................49 2.2.1 Sample collection and DNA extraction .....................................................49 2.2.2 Genotyping and data analysis for mitochondrial markers .........................50 2.2.3 Genotyping and data analysis for microsatellite loci.................................51 2.2.4 Divergence estimates and demographic patterns.......................................51 2.2.5 Population structure ...................................................................................53 2.2.6 Migration patterns......................................................................................54 iii 2.3 Results...................................................................................................................55 2.3.1 Genetic data: Mitochondrial markers.........................................................55 2.3.2 Genetic data: Microsatellite markers .........................................................55 2.3.3 Divergence estimates and demographic patterns.......................................56 2.3.4 Population structure ...................................................................................57 2.3.5 Migration patterns......................................................................................59 2.4 Discussion.............................................................................................................59 2.4.1 Demographic history .................................................................................59 2.4.2 Contemporary mechanisms restricting gene flow......................................60 2.4.3 Relevance for conservation and fisheries management ............................63 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................66 Chapter 3 How does the magnitude of genetic differentiation impact fisheries management strategies? ............................................................................................75 3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................76 3.2 Methods.................................................................................................................78 3.2.1 Literature review........................................................................................78 3.2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria .................................................................79 3.2.3 Data collection and analysis.......................................................................79 3.3 Results and Discussion .........................................................................................81 3.3.1 Study characteristics ..................................................................................81 3.3.2 Quantitative adjectives for magnitudes of genetic differentiation.............82 3.3.3 Common fisheries management recommendations ...................................84 3.3.4 Relationship between magnitude of genetic differentiation and stock management strategies...............................................................................85 3.3.5 Potential biases associated with use of FST in designating management strategies ....................................................................................................88 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................89 Appendix A. Supplementary Material for Chapter 1............................................99 Appendix B. Supplementary Material for Chapter 2..........................................102 Appendix C. Supplementary Material for Chapter 3..........................................109 References.................................................................................................................121 iv List of Figures Figure 1.1. Nassau grouper sampling localities in the Caribbean Sea.........................40 Figure 1.2. Haplotype network for Nassau grouper.....................................................41 Figure 1.3. Identified barriers to larval dispersal in the Caribbean Sea.......................42 Figure 1.4. Bayesian population assignment tests for Nassau grouper........................43 Figure 2.1. M. rosacea sampling localities in the Gulf of California ..........................70 Figure 2.2. Coalescent genealogy for M. rosacea .......................................................71 Figure 2.3. Pie diagrams for M. rosacea......................................................................72 Figure 2.4. Identified barriers to larval dispersal in the Gulf of California.................73 Figure 2.5. Reconstruction of Gulf of California coastline during the last glacial maximum (LGM) ........................................................................................74 Figure 3.1. Taxonomic bias of studies.........................................................................95 Figure 3.2. Relationship between FST and quantitative adjectives for genetic differentiation .............................................................................................96 Figure 3.3. Recommended fisheries management strategies.......................................97 Figure 3.4. Relationship between stock management approach and magnitudes of genetic differentiation .....................................................................98 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Invasive Lionfish (Pterois Volitans): a Potential Human Health Threat for Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Tropical Waters
    1 Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 1-x manuscripts; doi:10.3390/md110x000x 2 OPEN ACCESS 3 marine drugs 4 ISSN 1660-3397 5 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs 6 Article 7 Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans): A Potential Human Health 8 Threat for Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Tropical Waters 9 Alison Robertson1,2*, Ana C. Garcia1, Harold A. Flores Quintana1, Tyler B. Smith3, 10 Bernard F. Castillo II4, Kynoch Reale-Munroe4, Joseph A. Gulli5, David A. Olsen6, 11 Jennifer I. Hooe-Rollman1, Edward LE. Jester1, Brian J. Klimek1,2, Steven M. Plakas1 12 1 Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 5871 University Drive North, 13 Mobile, AL 36688; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] 14 (B.K) 15 2 FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville 16 Drive, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.G.); 17 [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (E.J.); Jennifer.Hooe- 18 [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (S.P.) 19 3 Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers 20 Bay, St. Thomas, VI, 00802; Email: [email protected] (T.S.) 21 4 College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, RR1 Box 10000, Kingshill, 22 VI, 00850; Email: [email protected] (B.C.); [email protected] (K.Y.) 23 5 The Caribbean Oceanic Restoration and Education (CORE) Foundation, Christiansted, VI, 00824; 24 Email: [email protected] (J.G.) 25 6 St.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular and Morphological Characterisation of The
    Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS Folia Parasitologica 2021, 68: 007 doi: 10.14411/fp.2021.007 http://folia.paru.cas.cz Research Article Molecular and morphological characterisation of the metacercariae of two species of Cardiocephaloides (Digenea: Strigeidae) infecting endemic South African klipfish (Perciformes: Clinidae) Anja Vermaak1, Nico J. Smit1 and Olena Kudlai1,2,3 1 Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; 2 Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania; 3 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Abstract: South African clinids are a major component of the temperate intertidal regions that are also known to participate in life cycles and transmission of several groups of parasites. However, the knowledge of trematode diversity of these fishes is incomplete. In this study, two species of Clinus Cuvier, the super klipfish Clinus superciliosus (Linnaeus) and the bluntnose klipfish Clinus cot- toides Valenciennes, were collected from six localities along the South African coast and examined for the presence of trematodes. Metacercariae of Cardiocephaloides Sudarikov, 1959 were found in the eye vitreous humour and brain of C. superciliosus and in the eye vitreous humour of C. cottoides. Detailed analyses integrating morphological and molecular sequence data (28S rDNA, ITS2 rDNA-region, and COI mtDNA) revealed that these belong to two species, Cardiocephaloides physalis (Lutz, 1926) and an unknown species of Cardiocephaloides. This study provides the first report of clinid fishes serving as intermediate hosts for trematodes, reveals that the diversity of Cardiocephaloides in South Africa is higher than previously recorded, and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the life cycles of these trematode species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Invasion of Indo-Pacific Lionfish in the Bahamas: Challenges for a National Response Plan
    The Invasion of Indo-Pacific Lionfish in the Bahamas: Challenges for a National Response Plan KATHLEEN SULLIVAN SEALEY1, 4, LAKESHIA ANDERSON2, DEON STEWART3, and NICOLA SMITH4, 5 1University of Miami Department of Biology, Coral Gables, Florida USA; 2 Department of Marine Resources, Nassau, Bahamas; 3 Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology Commission, Nassau, Bahamas; 4 Marine and Environmental Studies Institute, College of The Bahamas, Nassau, Bahamas; 5 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada ABSTRACT The invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish to Bahamian waters raises considerable concern due to the uncertainty of its ecological impacts and its potential threats to commercial fisheries and human safety. Lionfish have been reported throughout the archipelago and are the focus of several research and monitoring initiatives. The Bahamas has a National Invasive Species Strategy, but marine invasions require unique partnerships for small islands developing states to develop realistic management goals and actions. The Government of The Bahamas has limited funds to address major resource management issues; hence, collaboration with non-governmental agencies and tertiary education institutions is imperative. The establishment and spread of lionfish has created a novel opportunity for the formation of innovative public-private partnerships to address the ecological, economic and social impacts of biological invasions. KEY WORDS: Lionfish, invasion, reefs La Invasión en las Bahamas del Pez León del Indo-Pacifico: Un Caso de Investigación, Planificación, y Manejo La invasión del pez león del Indopacífico en las aguas de Las Bahamas ha generado una gran preocupación debido a la incertidumbre sobre su efecto ecológico y la posible afectación a la pesca comercial, el turismo y la seguridad de la población.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT MORRIS, JAMES ADIEL, JR. The
    ABSTRACT MORRIS, JAMES ADIEL, JR. The Biology and Ecology of the Invasive Indo-Pacific Lionfish. (Under the direction of James A. Rice and John J. Govoni.) The Indo-Pacific lionfishes, Pterois miles and P. volitans, are now established along the Southeast U.S. and Caribbean and are expected to expand into the Gulf of Mexico and South America. Prior to this invasion little was known regarding the biology and ecology of these lionfishes. I provide a synopsis of lionfish biology and ecology including: invasion chronology, taxonomy, local abundance, reproduction, early life history and dispersal, venomology, feeding ecology, parasitology, potential impacts, and control and management. This information was collected by review of the literature and by direct field and experimental study. I confirm the existence of an unusual supraocular tentacle phenotype and suggest that the high prevalence of this phenotype in the Atlantic is not the result of selection, but likely ontogenetic change. To characterize the trophic impacts of lionfish, I report a comprehensive assessment of diet that describes lionfish as a generalist piscivore that preys on over 40 species of teleost comprising more than 20 families. Next, I use the histology of gonads to describe both oogenesis and reproductive dynamics of lionfish. Lionfish females mature at approximately 170 mm total length and reproduce several times per month throughout the entire calendar year off North Carolina and the Bahamas. To investigate predation, an important component of natural mortality, I assessed the vulnerability of juvenile lionfish to predation by native serranids. Juvenile lionfish were largely avoided as prey suggesting that predation mortality by serranids will not likely be a significant source of mortality for lionfish populations.
    [Show full text]
  • TNP SOK 2011 Internet
    GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK : THE TSITSIKAMMA SANP ARKS SECTION STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Contributors: N. Hanekom 1, R.M. Randall 1, D. Bower, A. Riley 2 and N. Kruger 1 1 SANParks Scientific Services, Garden Route (Rondevlei Office), PO Box 176, Sedgefield, 6573 2 Knysna National Lakes Area, P.O. Box 314, Knysna, 6570 Most recent update: 10 May 2012 Disclaimer This report has been produced by SANParks to summarise information available on a specific conservation area. Production of the report, in either hard copy or electronic format, does not signify that: the referenced information necessarily reflect the views and policies of SANParks; the referenced information is either correct or accurate; SANParks retains copies of the referenced documents; SANParks will provide second parties with copies of the referenced documents. This standpoint has the premise that (i) reproduction of copywrited material is illegal, (ii) copying of unpublished reports and data produced by an external scientist without the author’s permission is unethical, and (iii) dissemination of unreviewed data or draft documentation is potentially misleading and hence illogical. This report should be cited as: Hanekom N., Randall R.M., Bower, D., Riley, A. & Kruger, N. 2012. Garden Route National Park: The Tsitsikamma Section – State of Knowledge. South African National Parks. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................2 2. ACCOUNT OF AREA........................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • (Actinopterygii: Pomacentridae) from Micronesia, with Comments on Its Phylogenetic Relationships Shang-Yin Vanson Liu1,2*†, Hsuan-Ching Hans Ho3† and Chang-Feng Dai1
    Liu et al. Zoological Studies 2013, 52:6 http://www.zoologicalstudies.com/content/52/1/6 RESEARCH Open Access A new species of Pomacentrus (Actinopterygii: Pomacentridae) from Micronesia, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships Shang-Yin Vanson Liu1,2*†, Hsuan-Ching Hans Ho3† and Chang-Feng Dai1 Abstract Background: Many widely distributed coral reef fishes exhibit cryptic lineages across their distribution. Previous study revealed a cryptic lineage of Pomacentrus coelestis mainly distributed in the area of Micronesia. Herein, we attempted to use molecular and morphological approaches to descript a new species of Pomacentrus. Results: The morphological comparisons have been conducted between cryptic species and P. coelestis. Pomacentrus micronesicus sp. nov. is characterized by 13 to 16 (typically 15) anal fin rays (vs. 13 to 15, typically 14 rays in P. coelestis) and 15 or 16 rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch (vs. 13 or 14 rakers in P. coelestis). Divergence in cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences of 4.3% is also indicative of species-level separation of P. micronesicus and P. coelestis. Conclusions: P. micronesicus sp.nov.isdescribedfromtheMarshallIslands, Micronesia on the basis of 21 specimens. Both morphological and genetic evidences support its distinction as a separate species from P. coelestis. Keywords: Cryptic species; Pomacentrus micronesicus; Speciation Background Japan and is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region Marine organisms that are morphologically undistinguish- (Allen 1991). Liu et al. (2012) conducted a phylogeographic able but genetically distinct are known as ‘cryptic species’ study of P. coelestis across its distribution using both (Knowlton 2000). In the past decade, DNA sequencing the mtDNA control region and microsatellite loci as has provided an independent means of testing the validity genetic markers and revealed two deeply divergent clades; of existing taxonomic units, revealing cases of inappropriate the first clade was shown to encompass the ‘true’ P.
    [Show full text]
  • Reef Fishes of the Bird's Head Peninsula, West
    Check List 5(3): 587–628, 2009. ISSN: 1809-127X LISTS OF SPECIES Reef fishes of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia Gerald R. Allen 1 Mark V. Erdmann 2 1 Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum. Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Perth, Western Australia 6986. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Conservation International Indonesia Marine Program. Jl. Dr. Muwardi No. 17, Renon, Denpasar 80235 Indonesia. Abstract A checklist of shallow (to 60 m depth) reef fishes is provided for the Bird’s Head Peninsula region of West Papua, Indonesia. The area, which occupies the extreme western end of New Guinea, contains the world’s most diverse assemblage of coral reef fishes. The current checklist, which includes both historical records and recent survey results, includes 1,511 species in 451 genera and 111 families. Respective species totals for the three main coral reef areas – Raja Ampat Islands, Fakfak-Kaimana coast, and Cenderawasih Bay – are 1320, 995, and 877. In addition to its extraordinary species diversity, the region exhibits a remarkable level of endemism considering its relatively small area. A total of 26 species in 14 families are currently considered to be confined to the region. Introduction and finally a complex geologic past highlighted The region consisting of eastern Indonesia, East by shifting island arcs, oceanic plate collisions, Timor, Sabah, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and widely fluctuating sea levels (Polhemus and the Solomon Islands is the global centre of 2007). reef fish diversity (Allen 2008). Approximately 2,460 species or 60 percent of the entire reef fish The Bird’s Head Peninsula and surrounding fauna of the Indo-West Pacific inhabits this waters has attracted the attention of naturalists and region, which is commonly referred to as the scientists ever since it was first visited by Coral Triangle (CT).
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology and Egg Production of Three Species Of
    Abstract.-The spawning seasonality, fecundity, and daily Reproductive biology and egg production of three species of short-lived c1upeids, the sardine egg production of three species of Amblygaster sirm, the herring Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus, Clupeidae from Kiribati, and the sprat Spratelloides delicatulus were examined in Kiribati to assess whether vari­ tropical central Pacific able recruitment was related to egg production. All species were David A. Milton multiple spawners, reproducing throughout the year. Periods of Stephen J. M. Blaber increased spawning activity were Nicholas J. F. Rawlinson not related to seasonal changes in (SIRO Division of Fisheries, Marine Laboratories, the physical environment. Spawn­ ing activity and fish fecundity P.O. Box J20. Cleveland, Queensland 4 J63. Australia were related to available energy reserves and, hence, food supply. The batch fecundity ofA. sirm and S. delicatulus also varied inversely with hydrated oocyte weight. The maximum reproductive life The sprat Spratelloides delicatulus, Changes in abundance may be span of each species was less than the herring Herklotsichthys quadri­ related to variable or irregular re­ nine months and averaged two to maculatus, and the sardine Ambly­ cruitment, because many clupeoids three months. Each species had a gaster sirm are the dominant tuna (especially clupeids and engraulids) similar spawning frequency of three to five days, but this varied baitfish species in the Republic of have little capacity to compensate more in A. sirm and S. delica­ Kiribati (Rawlinson et aI., 1992). for environmental variation during tulus. Amblygaster sirm had the All three species inhabit coral reef the period ofpeak spawning and egg highest fecundity and potential lagoons and adjacent waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Pomacentridae): Structural and Expression Variation in Opsin Genes
    Molecular Ecology (2017) 26, 1323–1342 doi: 10.1111/mec.13968 Why UV vision and red vision are important for damselfish (Pomacentridae): structural and expression variation in opsin genes SARA M. STIEB,*† FABIO CORTESI,*† LORENZ SUEESS,* KAREN L. CARLETON,‡ WALTER SALZBURGER† and N. J. MARSHALL* *Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia, †Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland, ‡Department of Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Abstract Coral reefs belong to the most diverse ecosystems on our planet. The diversity in col- oration and lifestyles of coral reef fishes makes them a particularly promising system to study the role of visual communication and adaptation. Here, we investigated the evolution of visual pigment genes (opsins) in damselfish (Pomacentridae) and exam- ined whether structural and expression variation of opsins can be linked to ecology. Using DNA sequence data of a phylogenetically representative set of 31 damselfish species, we show that all but one visual opsin are evolving under positive selection. In addition, selection on opsin tuning sites, including cases of divergent, parallel, conver- gent and reversed evolution, has been strong throughout the radiation of damselfish, emphasizing the importance of visual tuning for this group. The highest functional variation in opsin protein sequences was observed in the short- followed by the long- wavelength end of the visual spectrum. Comparative gene expression analyses of a subset of the same species revealed that with SWS1, RH2B and RH2A always being expressed, damselfish use an overall short-wavelength shifted expression profile. Inter- estingly, not only did all species express SWS1 – a UV-sensitive opsin – and possess UV-transmitting lenses, most species also feature UV-reflective body parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Orange Clownfish (Amphiprion Percula)
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-PIFSC-52 April 2016 doi:10.7289/V5J10152 Status Review Report: Orange Clownfish (Amphiprion percula) Kimberly A. Maison and Krista S. Graham Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce About this document The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment and to conserve and manage coastal and oceanic marine resources and habitats to help meet our Nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs. As a branch of NOAA, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) conducts or sponsors research and monitoring programs to improve the scientific basis for conservation and management decisions. NMFS strives to make information about the purpose, methods, and results of its scientific studies widely available. NMFS’ Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series to achieve timely dissemination of scientific and technical information that is of high quality but inappropriate for publication in the formal peer- reviewed literature. The contents are of broad scope, including technical workshop proceedings, large data compilations, status reports and reviews, lengthy scientific or statistical monographs, and more. NOAA Technical Memoranda published by the PIFSC, although informal, are subjected to extensive review and editing and reflect sound professional work. Accordingly, they may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. A NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS issued by the PIFSC may be cited using the following format: Maison, K. A., and K. S. Graham. 2016. Status Review Report: Orange Clownfish (Amphiprion percula).
    [Show full text]
  • Teleostei, Clupeiformes)
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations Biological Sciences Fall 2019 Global Conservation Status and Threat Patterns of the World’s Most Prominent Forage Fishes (Teleostei, Clupeiformes) Tiffany L. Birge Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Birge, Tiffany L.. "Global Conservation Status and Threat Patterns of the World’s Most Prominent Forage Fishes (Teleostei, Clupeiformes)" (2019). Master of Science (MS), Thesis, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/8m64-bg07 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds/109 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS AND THREAT PATTERNS OF THE WORLD’S MOST PROMINENT FORAGE FISHES (TELEOSTEI, CLUPEIFORMES) by Tiffany L. Birge A.S. May 2014, Tidewater Community College B.S. May 2016, Old Dominion University A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE BIOLOGY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY December 2019 Approved by: Kent E. Carpenter (Advisor) Sara Maxwell (Member) Thomas Munroe (Member) ABSTRACT GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS AND THREAT PATTERNS OF THE WORLD’S MOST PROMINENT FORAGE FISHES (TELEOSTEI, CLUPEIFORMES) Tiffany L. Birge Old Dominion University, 2019 Advisor: Dr. Kent E.
    [Show full text]
  • Stichodactyla Gigantea and Heteractis Magnifica) at Two Small Islands in Kimbe Bay
    Fine-scale population structure of two anemones (Stichodactyla gigantea and Heteractis magnifica) in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea Thesis by Remy Gatins Aubert In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science in Marine Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia December 2014 2 The thesis of Remy Gatins Aubert is approved by the examination committee. Committee Chairperson: Dr. Michael Berumen Committee Member: Dr. Xabier Irigoien Committee Member: Dr. Pablo Saenz-Agudelo Committee Member: Dr. Anna Scott EXAMINATION COMMITTEE APPROVALS FORM 3 COPYRIGHT PAGE © 2014 Remy Gatins Aubert All Rights Reserved 4 ABSTRACT Fine-scale population structure of two anemones (Stichodactyla gigantea and Heteractis magnifica) in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Anemonefish are one of the main groups that have been used over the last decade to empirically measure larval dispersal and connectivity in coral reef populations. A few species of anemones are integral to the life history of these fish, as well as other obligate symbionts, yet the biology and population structure of these anemones remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure the genetic structure of these anemones within and between two reefs in order to assess their reproductive mode and dispersal potential. To do this, we sampled almost exhaustively two anemones species (Stichodactyla gigantea and Heteractis magnifica) at two small islands in Kimbe Bay (Papua New Guinea) separated by approximately 25 km. Both the host anemones and the anemonefish are heavily targeted for the aquarium trade, in addition to the populations being affected by bleaching pressures (Hill and Scott 2012; Hobbs et al.
    [Show full text]