DOCSLIB.ORG

Menispermaceae Wood Anatomy and Cambial Variants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Menispermaceae Wood Anatomy and Cambial Variants IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007: 139-172 MENISPERMACEAE WOOD ANATOMY AND CAMBIAL VARIANTS Frederic M.B. Jacques* and Dario De Franceschi Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Departement Histoire de la Terre, CP 38, UMR 5143 CNRS-USM 0203 Paleobiodiversite et Paleoenvironnements, 8 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France - *Corresponding author [E-mail: [email protected]] SUMMARY Menispermaceae are comprised almost entirely of lianas. Study of its wood anatomy is of interest for understanding adaptation to the liana habit. We set out here to present a general overview of Menispermaceae wood. The wood anatomy of 77 species of 44 genera, representative of an tribes and from an continents, is described. The wood of 18 of these genera was previously unknown. We observed two secondary growth types within the family: wood with successive cambia and wood with a single cambium. The distribution of these types is partly consistent with the c1assification of the family by Diels. General characters of the family are: wide rays, enlarged vessel pits near the perforation plates, and pitted tyloses. The fun range of wood anatomical diversity is given in Table 1. Key words: Menispermaceae, wood, successive cambia, cambial variants. INTRODUCTION The bark of some species of Menispermaceae is wen known for its use in the preparation of dart poisons in South America, named curare. Although Menispermaceae wood is an important material for pharmacological studies for identifying new alkaloids (N'Guyen, pers. comm.), this special interest of phytochemists contrasts with the relative paucity of anatomical knowledge of the family. A better knowledge of Menispermaceae wood is also important for palaeobotanical studies, to enable fossil woods of this family to be more precisely identified (Vozenin-Serra et al. 1989; Poole & Wilkinson 2000). As is true for most liana wood, Menispermaceae wood has not been studied often. However, previous studies showed that it exhibits some interesting features (Santos 1928, 1931; Mennega 1982; Carlquist 1996): successive cambia occur in most Menis­ permaceae. Carlquist (1996) even proposed that successive cambia could be the only secondary growth type in Menispermaceae. Fibraurea tinctoria, studied here for the first time, CosciniumJenestratum, recorded by Eichler as early as 1864, and several other taxa show, however, that this assumption is untenable. This study aims to extend the survey of Menispermaceae wood anatomy. A total of 77 species of 44 genera were studied and the wood of 18 genera is described here for the first time. To allow easy data retrieval for phylogeny reconstruction, we recorded the wood anatomy of each species in detail, even if they are very similar to others. Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:28:22PM via free access 140 IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007 Carlquist (1996) suggested the special significance ofMenispermaceae wood in the phylogeny ofRanunculales, part ofthe basal Eudicots, because the farnily shows 'primi­ tive' features (presence oftracheids) and 'derivative' ones (successive cambia). The different types of cambial variants of Menispermaceae wood will be discussed on the basis of our broad survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS The wood specimens studied came from different collections: Paris Herbarium (P), Utrecht xylarium (Uw), Leiden xylarium (Lw), Tervuren xylarium (Tw) and personal collection in the field. All identifications were checked by studying the corresponding herbarium vouchers in the different collections. Some sampies were collected especially for wood anatomy studies, others came from small twigs of herbarium specimens (P). All specimens studied are listed in the Appendix (pages 169-172). Dry wood sampies were rehydrated in boiling water and sectioned on a sliding mi­ crotome. The sections were stained with iodine green, and mounted in glycerine jelly and/or Canada balsam after dehydration through graded a1cohol and toluene series. All descriptions follow the terminology of the IAWA Committee (1989). As the wood structure of the majority of the studied species showed very wide rays, it was difficult to determine some of the usual descriptive quantitative characters, such as number of vessels/sq.mm, number of rays/mm, etc. The bark was carefully observed in some cases for a better understanding of the special structure of the wood (successive cambia, protruding phloem rays). The averages of the measurements were ca1culated on the basis of all available specimens and most of the time the photomicrographs inc1uded here only partly rep­ resent the characteristics of the species. Especially in cross sections we could observe important variations in the size of vessel elements from different collections and even in the different parts of the same section from pith to bark. As Menispermaceae wood has some very special features, we feIt the need to specify the meaning of some terms used in the descriptions to avoid ambiguities. The terms are explained and illustrated in Figure 1. - Bundle: part of secondary xylem formed between two adjacent rays and within one cambial production unit. - Sc1erotic fibres: sc1ereid layers found extemal to secondary phloem. This tissue is referred to as sc1erenchyma by some authors. - Tangential cortical parenchyma: parenchyma in continuous tangential bands between two successive cambial production units. We do not use Carlquist's term (2001) 'con­ junctive tissue' because it refers to both the sc1erotic fibres and the tangential phel­ lodermal parenchyma. - Ray cells in special arrangement: ray cells with terminal oblique walls and seemingly in continuity from one row to the nextone as seen in transverse section (see Fig. lOH). - High ray: when a ray is more than 1 mm high. Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:28:22PM via free access Jacques & De Franceschi - Menispermaceae - wood anatomy 141 xylem bundle (3rd CPU) tangential cortical parenchyma sclerotic fibres phloem ray secondary phloem of the 2nd bundle series 2nd cambium zone 0+-...:---- xylem ray xylem bundle (2nd CPU) tangential cortical parenchyma pericyclic fibres primary phloem phloem ray '---- secondary phloem of the 1st bundle series 1st cambium zone xylem ray xylem bundle (1st CPU) primary xylem medulla Figure 1. Diagram explaining the terms used in the descriptions with respect to the special struc­ ture associated with successive cambia. epu: cambial production unit. RESULTS AND DISeUSSION The pith shows anatomical variation, depending on the genus or the species. Some secretory canals (Caryomene) or laticifers (Borismene, Dioscoreophyllum, Tinomis­ cium) can be observed in the medulla (Fig. 6E). Numerous calcium oxalate crystals occur in some species, often in the ray cells. The protoxylem pole number varies from 8 (Syntriandrum) to 87 (Elephantomene) and is between 20 and 40 for the majority of specimens. The poles are subtended by a crescent-shaped sclerification on their inner side (Abuta spp., Anomospermum, Arcangelisia, etc.), on their outer side (Chondro­ dendron, Cissampelos, Cocculus, etc.) or on both sides (Elephantomene). A sclerified medullar ring occurs in the stern of Sciadotenia. The secondary xylem of all observed species shares the following features: Vessel elements with horizontal or oblique simple perforation plates; alternate and small intervessel pits; vasicentric tracheids always present and more or less abundant depending on the species; fibres with distinct bordered pits (4-7 !-lm) in both radial and Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:28:22PM via free access 142 IAWA Journal, Val. 28 (2), 2007 tangential walls; fibre walls thin to thick; rays commonly multiseriate and more than 1 mm high, and there are less than 4 rays/tangential mm. The majority ofthe species studied shows successive cambia. Other frequent features are: enlarged pits near perforation plates; generally square to procumbent ray cells; diffuse-in-aggregate axial parenchyma, often in short tangentiallines. No vessel-ray pits were observed, because there is commonly no contact between vessels and rays. As the Menispermaceae species are mainly lianas, the wood structure has some 'non­ standard' characters. The specific wood characters are summarized in Table 1 (page 156). These characters are illustrated in Figures 2-14, with genera and species arranged in alphabetical order. The bark plays an important role in the formation of successive cambia (see discus­ sion below), and encompasses unexpected tissues in the different parts of the stern. The sclerotic pericyclic fibres are found in all species, and in wood with successive cambia they are observed between the first and second cambial unit ring. Except in Hyperbaena and Parabaena, the secondary phloem rays protrude into the xylem rays, deeply to near the central part of the stern (Arcangelisia). In a xylem bundle, vessels are homogeneous in size or of increasing size towards the external part of the bundle. The width of the bundles can be estimated by the number of vessels present tangentially. In rays, cells can be oriented parallel to the axis of the ray or obliquely. Sometimes, a new ray can appear in a bundle. The crystals observed in the bark are of the same type as in the xylem rays. Cambial variants Carlquist (1996) showed that the term 'successive cambia' was more accurate than 'included phloem' (proposed by Metcalfe & Chalk in 1950) to describe this special growth. We agree with his analysis because new secondary cambial units appear suc­ cessively in the pericycle or cortex by the activity of new cambial zones. Successive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thèse Publik Proof Corr
    Faculté de pharmacie et des sciences biomédicales Louvain Drug Research Institute Groupe de recherche Pharmacognosie Mise au point et validation de méthodes analytiques pour le contrôle de qualité de plantes médicinales malgaches et la mise en place de cultures locales Mamy Harisoa Rafamantanana Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biomédicales Promoteur : Professeur Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq Année Académique 2011-2012 En mémoire de mon père, à ma mèremère.... ««« Ny hazo no vanonvanon----koko lakana, ny tany naniriany no tsara »»» RemeRemerciementsrciements Ce travail est le fruit de la collaboration de plusieurs personnes et laboratoires que je tiens à remercier sincèrement. Tout d’abord, je remercie infiniment le Professeur Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq (Unité de Recherches en Pharmacognosie, GNOS, LDRI, UCL) de m’avoir engagée dans son projet au sein de l’IMRA- Madagascar, de m’avoir fait confiance et de m’avoir offert l’opportunité de réaliser cette thèse. Merci pour votre encadrement, vos conseils très efficaces et rigoureux, et surtout votre disponibilité permanente malgré toutes vos occupations. Un grand merci pour tout ce que vous avez entrepris pour le bon déroulement de cette thèse. Merci à l’UCL-ADRI d’avoir financé ces travaux de recherche et pour la bourse d’études Je remercie également : Le Professeur Suzanne Ratsimamanga (Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées) de m’avoir engagée parmi les chercheurs de l’IMRA et d’avoir financé mes différentes escapades dans la nature pour collecter les plantes. Le Docteur Guy Raoelison (Laboratoire de Phytochimie, de contrôle et de standardisation, IMRA) de m’avoir acceptée dans son laboratoire; pour tous les conseils, le partage de connaissances et le soutien moral.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Flora of Booti Booti National Park and Yahoo Nature Reserve, Lower North Coast of New South Wales
    645 Vegetation and flora of Booti Booti National Park and Yahoo Nature Reserve, lower North Coast of New South Wales. S.J. Griffith, R. Wilson and K. Maryott-Brown Griffith, S.J.1, Wilson, R.2 and Maryott-Brown, K.3 (1Division of Botany, School of Rural Science and Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351; 216 Bourne Gardens, Bourne Street, Cook ACT 2614; 3Paynes Lane, Upper Lansdowne NSW 2430) 2000. Vegetation and flora of Booti Booti National Park and Yahoo Nature Reserve, lower North Coast of New South Wales. Cunninghamia 6(3): 645–715. The vegetation of Booti Booti National Park and Yahoo Nature Reserve on the lower North Coast of New South Wales has been classified and mapped from aerial photography at a scale of 1: 25 000. The plant communities so identified are described in terms of their composition and distribution within Booti Booti NP and Yahoo NR. The plant communities are also discussed in terms of their distribution elsewhere in south-eastern Australia, with particular emphasis given to the NSW North Coast where compatible vegetation mapping has been undertaken in many additional areas. Floristic relationships are also examined by numerical analysis of full-floristics and foliage cover data for 48 sites. A comprehensive list of vascular plant taxa is presented, and significant taxa are discussed. Management issues relating to the vegetation of the reserves are outlined. Introduction The study area Booti Booti National Park (1586 ha) and Yahoo Nature Reserve (48 ha) are situated on the lower North Coast of New South Wales (32°15'S 152°32'E), immediately south of Forster in the Great Lakes local government area (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Composition and Diversity of a Coastal Hill Forest in Perak, Malaysia
    www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 3, No. 3; September 2011 Vascular Plant Composition and Diversity of a Coastal Hill Forest in Perak, Malaysia S. Ghollasimood (Corresponding author), I. Faridah Hanum, M. Nazre, Abd Kudus Kamziah & A.G. Awang Noor Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 98-915-756-2704 E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 7, 2010 Accepted: September 20, 2010 doi:10.5539/jas.v3n3p111 Abstract Vascular plant species and diversity of a coastal hill forest in Sungai Pinang Permanent Forest Reserve in Pulau Pangkor at Perak were studied based on the data from five one hectare plots. All vascular plants were enumerated and identified. Importance value index (IVI) was computed to characterize the floristic composition. To capture different aspects of species diversity, we considered five different indices. The mean stem density was 7585 stems per ha. In total 36797 vascular plants representing 348 species belong to 227 genera in 89 families were identified within 5-ha of a coastal hill forest that is comprises 4.2% species, 10.7% genera and 34.7% families of the total taxa found in Peninsular Malaysia. Based on IVI, Agrostistachys longifolia (IVI 1245), Eugeissona tristis (IVI 890), Calophyllum wallichianum (IVI 807), followed by Taenitis blechnoides (IVI 784) were the most dominant species. The most speciose rich families were Rubiaceae having 27 species, followed by Dipterocarpaceae (21 species), Euphorbiaceae (20 species) and Palmae (14 species). According to growth forms, 57% of all species were trees, 13% shrubs, 10% herbs, 9% lianas, 4% palms, 3.5% climbers and 3% ferns.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/04/2021 02:20:31PM Via Free Access 140 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007: 139-172 MENISPERMACEAE WOOD ANATOMY AND CAMBIAL VARIANTS Frederic M.B. Jacques* and Dario De Franceschi Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Departement Histoire de la Terre, CP 38, UMR 5143 CNRS-USM 0203 Paleobiodiversite et Paleoenvironnements, 8 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France - *Corresponding author [E-mail: [email protected]] SUMMARY Menispermaceae are comprised almost entirely of lianas. Study of its wood anatomy is of interest for understanding adaptation to the liana habit. We set out here to present a general overview of Menispermaceae wood. The wood anatomy of 77 species of 44 genera, representative of an tribes and from an continents, is described. The wood of 18 of these genera was previously unknown. We observed two secondary growth types within the family: wood with successive cambia and wood with a single cambium. The distribution of these types is partly consistent with the c1assification of the family by Diels. General characters of the family are: wide rays, enlarged vessel pits near the perforation plates, and pitted tyloses. The fun range of wood anatomical diversity is given in Table 1. Key words: Menispermaceae, wood, successive cambia, cambial variants. INTRODUCTION The bark of some species of Menispermaceae is wen known for its use in the preparation of dart poisons in South America, named curare. Although Menispermaceae wood is an important material for pharmacological studies for identifying new alkaloids (N'Guyen, pers. comm.), this special interest of phytochemists contrasts with the relative paucity of anatomical knowledge of the family. A better knowledge of Menispermaceae wood is also important for palaeobotanical studies, to enable fossil woods of this family to be more precisely identified (Vozenin-Serra et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood and Stem Anatomy of Menispermaceae Sherwin Carlquist Santa Barba Botanic Garden
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 14 | Issue 3 Article 20 1995 Wood and Stem Anatomy of Menispermaceae Sherwin Carlquist Santa Barba Botanic Garden Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1995) "Wood and Stem Anatomy of Menispermaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 14: Iss. 3, Article 20. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol14/iss3/20 Aliso, 14(3), pp. 155-170 © 1996, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 WOOD AND STEM ANATOMY OF MENISPERMACEAE SHERWIN CARLQUIST1 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden 1212 Mission Canyon Road Santa Barbara, California 93105 ABSTRACT Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for 17 collections of 15 species representing 14 genera. One species is a shrub (Cocculus laurifolius), one a subshrub (C. trilobus), and the remainder are lianas. Successive cambia are analyzed with respect to ontogeny and histology of products. Wheth­ er any Menispermaceae may or may not plesiomorphically lack successive cambia would require a more extensive survey of the family. Apomorphic absence of successive cambia is likely for species with subshrub growth forms (Cocculus trilobus, Menispermum canadense L.). Lianoid Menisperma­ ceae share the following features: successive cambia, wide vessels, wide rays, high conductive area per transectional unit area, and tracheids as imperforate tracheary elements. All of these features are more common in lianoid dicotyledons than in their nonlianoid relatives. Vessels are solitary in the lianoid species on account of tracheid presence, but grouped in Cocculus trilobus, which has septate libriform fibers.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytogeographic Implications of Fossil Endocarps of Menispermaceae
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BotanyDecember 2011 ◆ Volume 98 ◆ Number 12 Vol. 98, No. 12, 1911–xxxx—AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY—DECEMBER 2011 12, 1911–xxxx—AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY—DECEMBER 98, No. Vol. Offi cial Publication of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. www.amjbot.org American Journal of Botany 98(12): 2004–2017. 2011. P HYTOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS OF FOSSIL ENDOCARPS OF MENISPERMACEAE FROM THE PALEOCENE OF COLOMBIA 1 Fabiany Herrera 2,3,6 , Steven R. Manchester2 , Sara B. Hoot 4 , Keir M. Wefferling 4 , M ó nica R. Carvalho 3,5 , and Carlos Jaramillo 3 2 Department of Biology – Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA; 3 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Anc ó n, Rep ú blica de Panam á ; 4 Department of Biological Sciences, P. O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 USA; and 5 Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA • Premise of the study: Fossil leaves of Menispermaceae were previously described from the Paleocene of Colombia. Because of strong homoplasy of leaf characters, the fossils could not be placed more specifi cally within recognized clades, and additional data were needed to specify intrafamilial and paleogeographic relationships during the Paleocene. • Methods: Fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae were collected from the Cerrej ó n Formation, the recently discovered Bogot á fl ora, and Wyoming (~60 Ma). We surveyed the endocarp morphology of almost all extant genera, conducted character optimization, a molecular scaffold analysis, and critically reviewed the related fossil genera. • Key results: Parallel syndromes of fruit characters have appeared in unrelated clades of the family according to current phylo- genetic reconstructions.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Diversity in the Tribal Homegardens of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats
    Bioscience Discovery, 5(1):99-111, Jan. 2014 © RUT Printer and Publisher (http://jbsd.in) ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print); ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) Received: 07-10-2013, Revised: 11-12-2013, Accepted: 01-01-2014e Full Length Article Vascular Plant Diversity in the Tribal Homegardens of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats Mary Suba S, Ayun Vinuba A and Kingston C Department of Botany, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India - 629 003. [email protected] ABSTRACT We investigated the vascular plant species composition of homegardens maintained by the Kani tribe of Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary and encountered 368 plants belonging to 290 genera and 98 families, which included 118 tree species, 71 shrub species, 129 herb species, 45 climber and 5 twiners. The study reveals that these gardens provide medicine, timber, fuelwood and edibles for household consumption as well as for sale. We conclude that these homestead agroforestry system serve as habitat for many economically important plant species, harbour rich biodiversity and mimic the natural forests both in structural composition as well as ecological and economic functions. Key words: Homegardens, Kani tribe, Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary, Western Ghats. INTRODUCTION Homegardens are traditional agroforestry systems Jeeva, 2011, 2012; Brintha, 2012; Brintha et al., characterized by the complexity of their structure 2012; Arul et al., 2013; Domettila et al., 2013a,b). and multiple functions. Homegardens can be Keeping the above facts in view, the present work defined as ‘land use system involving deliberate intends to study the tribal homegardens of management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary, southern Western intimate association with annual and perennial Ghats.
    [Show full text]
  • Keith Et Al.Indd
    Spatial Analysis of Risks Posed by Root Rot Pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi: Implications for Disease Management DAVID A. KEITH1,2, KEITH L. MCDOUGALL1,3, CHRISTOPHER C. SIMPSON1 AND JILLIAN L. WALSH1 1 NSW Offi ce of Environment & Heritage, PO Box 1967, Hurstville NSW 2220. 2 Australian Wetlands and Rivers Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052. 3 Department of Environmental Management & Ecology, La Trobe University, PO Box 821, Wodonga, Victoria 3689. Published on 3 September 2012 at http://escholarship.library.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/LIN Keith, D.A., McDougall, K.L., Simpson, C.C. and Walsh, J.L. (2012). Spatial analysis of risks posed by root rot pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi: implications for disease management. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 134, B147-B179. Phytophthora cinnamomi, a soil-borne pathogen that infects the roots of plants, is listed as a Key Threatening Process under Commonwealth and NSW state biodiversity legislation due to its deleterious effects on native fl ora. In warm temperate eastern Australia, the disease may cause insidious declines in plant species that have slow rates of population turnover, and thereby threaten their long term persistence. Phytophthora cinnamomi has been known to occur in Royal National Park since the 1970s and systematic surveys for the pathogen were carried out a decade ago. Development of effective management strategies to mitigate the impacts of the disease requires information on the spatial distribution of risks posed by the disease. In this study, we use limited disease survey data to identify areas that are most at risk. We propose and apply a simple risk model in which risks of disease impact are proportional to the product of habitat suitability for the pathogen and abundance of susceptible biota.
    [Show full text]
  • Cocculus Sp. in Mal.); (Stephania Spp.
    Menispermaceae L.L. Forman Kew) 1 2 Dioecious woody or sometimes herbaceous climbers, rarely erect shrubs or trees in tubers sometimes (Cocculus sp. Mal.); present (Stephania spp.); sometimes producing exudate or rarely latex (Fibraurea; Tinomiscium). Wood often with concentric rings or arcs of vascular bundles separated radially by interfascicular rays, or vascular bundles in one ring; wood sometimes yellow. Young shoots of- ten tendrilliform. Young stems usually drying longitudinally striate. Stipules ab- sent. Leaves spiral, simple (rarely trifoliolate extra-Mal.), often palmatinerved at base and sometimes peltate, or penninerved, margin usually entire, some- times broadly crenate (rarely dentate extra-Mal.), sometimes deeply 3—5-lobed; often swollen sometimes also sometimes raised petiole at base, at apex, leaving a discoid scar on the stem. Inflorescences axillary or on defoliate branches or cau- liflorous; solitary or fasciculate, various in form, often cymes, thyrses or pseudoracemes, branching of cymes rarely umbelliform (Stephania spp.), flow- ers rarely in a disciform capitulum (Stephania spp.); female usually fewer- flowered than male, female rarely with accrescent bracts (Cissampelos spp.). Flowers small, usually green, yellow or white, actinomorphic or female some- times zygomorphic. Sepals usually in 1—2(—4) whorls of 3, or 1 whorl of 4, the outer whorl(s) smallest, imbricate but the innermost whorl sometimes valvate and sometimes ± connate, sepals rarely spirally arranged (Hypserpa ); in female sometimes reduced to 1 or 2. Petals mostly 3—6 in 1 or 2 whorls or 0, free or sometimes ± connate, usually smaller than the sepals, rarely larger (Sarcopeta- lum), the lateral edges or lobes often inflexed and sometimes clasping the oppo- site in stamen, often glandular within; female sometimes reduced to 1 or 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Biodiversity Science, Discovery, and Conservation: Case Studies from Australasia and the Pacific
    Plant Biodiversity Science, Discovery, and Conservation: Case Studies from Australasia and the Pacific Craig Costion School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 Thesis by publication submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology July 2011 ABSTRACT This thesis advances plant biodiversity knowledge in three separate bioregions, Micronesia, the Queensland Wet Tropics, and South Australia. A systematic treatment of the endemic flora of Micronesia is presented for the first time thus advancing alpha taxonomy for the Micronesia-Polynesia biodiversity hotspot region. The recognized species boundaries are used in combination with all known botanical collections as a basis for assessing the degree of threat for the endemic plants of the Palau archipelago located at the western most edge of Micronesia’s Caroline Islands. A preliminary assessment is conducted utilizing the IUCN red list Criteria followed by a new proposed alternative methodology that enables a degree of threat to be established utilizing existing data. Historical records and archaeological evidence are reviewed to establish the minimum extent of deforestation on the islands of Palau since the arrival of humans. This enabled a quantification of population declines of the majority of plants endemic to the archipelago. In the state of South Australia, the importance of establishing concepts of endemism is emphasized even further. A thorough scientific assessment is presented on the state’s proposed biological corridor reserve network. The report highlights the exclusion from the reserve system of one of the state’s most important hotspots of plant endemism that is highly threatened from habitat fragmentation and promotes the use of biodiversity indices to guide conservation priorities in setting up reserve networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Considérations Sur L'histoire Naturelle Des Ranunculales
    Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales Laetitia Carrive To cite this version: Laetitia Carrive. Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales. Botanique. Université Paris-Saclay, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019SACLS177. tel-02276988 HAL Id: tel-02276988 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02276988 Submitted on 3 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales 2019SACLS177 Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay : préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud NNT École doctorale n°567 : Sciences du végétal, du gène à l'écosystème (SDV) Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 05 juillet 2019, par Laetitia Carrive Composition du Jury : Catherine Damerval Directrice de recherche, CNRS (– UMR 320 GQE) Présidente du jury Julien Bachelier Professeur, Freie Universität Berlin (– Institute of Biology) Rapporteur Thomas Haevermans Maître de conférences, MNHN (– UMR 7205 ISYEB) Rapporteur Jean-Yves Dubuisson Professeur, SU (–UMR 7205 ISYEB) Examinateur Sophie Nadot Professeure, U-PSud (– UMR 8079 ESE) Directrice de thèse « Le commencement sera d’admirer tout, même les choses les plus communes. Le milieu, d’écrire ce que l’on a bien vu et ce qui est d’utilité.
    [Show full text]
  • Darkwood Reserve NSW Report, 2010
    Bush Blitz s pecies Discovery p r o g r a m Darkwood reserve NsW 12–16 February 2010 REPORT What is contents Bush Blitz? Bush Blitz is a three- What is Bush Blitz 2 year, multi-million dollar Executive summary 3 partnership between the Introduction 3 australian government, Reserve Overview 4 Bhp Billiton, earthwatch Methods 5 australia, and ausplots- Results 6 rangelands to document plants and animals in selected Discussion 7 properties across australia’s Appendix A: Species Lists 9 National reserve system. Fauna Taxa 10 Flora Taxa 16 Appendix B: Listed Species 19 this innovative partnership Fauna Taxa 20 harnesses the expertise of many Appendix C: Exotic Pest Species 21 of australia’s top scientists from Fauna Taxa 22 museums, herbaria, universities, Flora Taxa 22 and other institutions and organisations across the country. 2 Bush Blitz survey report Executive Introduction summary A short (six day) Bush Blitz was The Bush Blitz program aims to survey the flora and fauna of conducted on Darkwood Reserve in recent additions to the National Reserve System (NRS). Bush New South Wales during February 2010 Blitz is an initiative of the Australian Government, through the in conjunction with the Bush Blitz Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) in partnership with Media Launch. In total, 363 species were BHP Billiton, Earthwatch Australia and AusPlots-Rangelands. The identified on the reserve. With previous Bush Blitz objectives are: records for the Reserve, the total number ++ to promote, publicise and demonstrate the importance of of species known from Darkwood is taxonomy through the vehicle of species discovery; now 392.
    [Show full text]