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Thèse Publik Proof Corr Faculté de pharmacie et des sciences biomédicales Louvain Drug Research Institute Groupe de recherche Pharmacognosie Mise au point et validation de méthodes analytiques pour le contrôle de qualité de plantes médicinales malgaches et la mise en place de cultures locales Mamy Harisoa Rafamantanana Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biomédicales Promoteur : Professeur Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq Année Académique 2011-2012 En mémoire de mon père, à ma mèremère.... ««« Ny hazo no vanonvanon----koko lakana, ny tany naniriany no tsara »»» RemeRemerciementsrciements Ce travail est le fruit de la collaboration de plusieurs personnes et laboratoires que je tiens à remercier sincèrement. Tout d’abord, je remercie infiniment le Professeur Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq (Unité de Recherches en Pharmacognosie, GNOS, LDRI, UCL) de m’avoir engagée dans son projet au sein de l’IMRA- Madagascar, de m’avoir fait confiance et de m’avoir offert l’opportunité de réaliser cette thèse. Merci pour votre encadrement, vos conseils très efficaces et rigoureux, et surtout votre disponibilité permanente malgré toutes vos occupations. Un grand merci pour tout ce que vous avez entrepris pour le bon déroulement de cette thèse. Merci à l’UCL-ADRI d’avoir financé ces travaux de recherche et pour la bourse d’études Je remercie également : Le Professeur Suzanne Ratsimamanga (Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées) de m’avoir engagée parmi les chercheurs de l’IMRA et d’avoir financé mes différentes escapades dans la nature pour collecter les plantes. Le Docteur Guy Raoelison (Laboratoire de Phytochimie, de contrôle et de standardisation, IMRA) de m’avoir acceptée dans son laboratoire; pour tous les conseils, le partage de connaissances et le soutien moral. Le Docteur Eric Rozet (Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Ulg) pour sa disponibilité, pour son aide à la réalisation des analyses statistiques et pour la formation en validation de méthodes. Le Docteur Benjamin Debrus (Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Ulg) pour sa contribution majeure à la réalisation des plans d’expériences, pour les formations et pour sa disponibilité. Le Professeur Nicole Morel (Institute of Neuroscience, UCL), le Professeur Adolphe Randriantsoa, Monsieur René Razafindrazaka (Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie, IMRA) d’avoir réalisé la partie pharmacologique de cette thèse. Le Professeur Philippe Hubert (Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Ulg), pour toutes les discussions et les conseils précieux. Merci à tous les membres du comité d’encadrement : Au Professeur Véronique Préat (Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, LDRI, UCL) d’avoir accepté de présider tous les comités d’encadrement de thèse et pour ses conseils avisés. Au Professeur Giulio Muccioli (BPBL, LDRI, UCL) pour tous les conseils utiles et constructifs lors des comités d’encadrement. Au Professeur Sandra Apers (Université d’Anvers) et au Professeur Jean Luc Wolfender (Université de Genève) d’avoir accepté de lire et de juger ce travail. Un grand merci à toute l’équipe de GNOS avec qui j’ai vécu des moments inoubliables.Les 4 ans passés avec vous resteront gravés à jamais dans ma mémoire, même si c’était dur de vous quiter et repartir à Madagascar chaque année. À Françoise qui m’a accueillie le jour de mon arrivée à Bruxelles et qui m’a aidée pour toutes les démarches administratives. Merci de ta gentillesse et ton efficacité et surtout de ta disponibilité. À Marie Christine, Jean Paul et Ramazan pour toutes les techniques que vous m’avez apprises et pour toutes les expériences réalisées tout au long de cette thèse. À Marie France pour les analyses par spectrométrie de masse. À Jo la Grande, qui m’a beaucoup soutenue, surtout pendant la rédaction et les journées prolongées jusque tard le soir. À Gabrielle pour toutes les astuces et cours de chimie que tu m’as offerts. À Emilie qui m’a aidée à finaliser mon manuscrit. A Salim pour toutes les explications en pharmacologie. À toute l’équipe GNOS et les anciens: Aécio, Emmanuelle, Alphonse, Marie- Yvonne, Claire, Julia, Julien, Mireille, Magali, Francisco, Claire, Habib, Achille, Van, Nadège, Adam, Aubert, Chiara, pour tout ce qu’on a partagé durant ces 4 ans. À tous les doctorants que j’ai côtoyés : Nicolas, Marion, Coco, Laurie, Evelyne. À Aubin pour toutes les aides techniques. À toute l’équipe de terrain de l’IMRA : Denis, Honoré, Ernest, Mr Benja. À tous les gens de l’IMRA avec qui j’ai travaillé dans une bonne ambiance quand je retournais à Madagascar. Je ne peux terminer sans remercier : La famille Hauquier (ma petite famille belge) : Michel, Françoise, Garance, Robin, Alban pour votre hospitalité chaque fois quand je n’avais pas de logement, votre aide, pour toute l’ambiance chaleureuse et ces bons moments passés ensemble. À ma famille : ma mère qui m’a beaucoup soutenue malgré la distance, mon frère, mes sœurs et mes beaux-frères : Rija, Sosoa, Rina, Vola, Gervais et mes petits neveux et nièces. À Christian qui est arrivé à la dernière année de cette thèse et avec qui je vais partager le reste de la vie et fonder une famille ! Merci pour ton soutien, ta patience, ta gentillesse, ton aide (les stats !!!) et pour tout ce que tu as fait. Merci à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la finalisation de ce travail. Misaotra betsakbetsakaaaa Table des matières TABLES DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION 5 1. Introduction générale et objectifs du travail 6 2. Les plans d’expériences 8 2.1. Concepts généraux 8 2.2. Définitions 9 2.3. Objectif 10 2.4. Stratégies de la planification expérimentale 10 2.5. Le Design Space (DS) et prédiction. 13 2.6. Application à la chromatographie liquide 14 2.6.1. Sélection de la réponse 14 2.6.2. Modélisation, optimisation et prédiction 15 3. Validation de méthodes analytiques 16 3.1. Objectifs de la validation 17 3.2. Les critères de validation : définitions 18 3.2.1. La spécificité 18 3.2.2. La fonction de réponse 19 3.2.3. La linéarité 20 3.2.4. La fidélité (répétabilité et fidélité intermédiaire) 21 3.2.5. La justesse 23 3.2.6. L’exactitude 24 3.2.7. La limite de détection (LD) 27 3.2.8. La limite de quantification (LQ) 28 3.2.9. L’intervalle de dosage 28 3.2.10. La robustesse 28 4. La méthode de comparaison de Bland et Altman 28 4.1. Définition et objectif 28 4.2. Concept de base 28 4.3. Représentation graphique 30 5. Les saponosides 31 5.1. Structure des saponosides 31 5.2. Propriétés pharmacologiques 32 5.3. Analyses qualitatives et quantitatives des saponosides 32 5.3.1. Les méthodes biologiques 32 5.3.2. Les méthodes non biologiques 33 5.3.3. La chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM) 33 5.3.4. La chromatographie en phase gaseuze (GC) 33 5.3.5. L’électrophorèse capillaire (CE) 34 5.3.6. La chromatographie liquide à haute performance (CLHP) 34 5.3.6.1. Les phases mobiles 34 5.3.6.2. Les phases stationnaires 34 5.3.6.3. La détection 35 1 Table des matières 6. Généralités sur les plantes étudiées 36 6.1. Spirospermum penduliflorum Thouars (Menispermaceae) 36 6.1.1. Généralités sur la famille des Menispermaceae 36 6.1.2. Description botanique de Spirospermum penduliflorum Thouars 39 6.2. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae) 40 6.2.1. Description botanique 41 6.2.2. Répartition géographique dans le monde et à Madagascar 42 6.2.3. Contexte général et importance économique de Centella asiatica 42 6.2.4. Utilisations et composition chimique 43 6.2.5. Dosage des principes actifs 48 6.2.5.1. Dosages par CLHP 48 6.2.5.2. Dosages par CCMHP 51 Chapitre 1: Isolation and identification of vasorelaxant molecules from leaves of Spirospermum penduliflorum thouars (MENISPERMACEAE) 65 1. Introduction 68 2. Material and methods 68 2.1. Plant material 68 2.2. Chemical compound and apparatus 68 2.3. Extraction 69 2.4. Pharmacological experiments 69 2.5. Bioguided fractionation 70 2.6. Identification method 71 2.7. Statistical analysis 72 3. Results 72 3.1. Identification of the active fraction 72 3.2. Identification of active compounds 72 3.3. Effect of dicentrine on the vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine 73 4. Discussion and Conclusion 74 Chapitre 2: Development of a HPLC-UV method for the quantification of dicentrine in leaves of Spirospermum penduliflorum thouars: application of design of experiments (DOE) 77 1. Introduction 80 2. Material and methods 81 2.1. Chemicals and reagents 81 2.2. Plant material 81 2.3. Apparatus 82 2.4. Plant extraction 82 2.5. Preliminary assay 82 2.6. Experimental design 83 2.7. Design of experiments and design space methodology 84 2.8. Chromatographic conditions 85 2 Table des matières 2.9. Determination of extraction efficiency 86 2.10. Method validation 86 2.10.1. Calibration standards 87 2.10.2. Validation standards 87 3. Results and discussion 87 3.1. Preliminary tests 87 3.2. Experimental design 89 3.3. Extraction efficiency 92 3.4. Method validation 93 3.4.1. Selectivity 93 3.4.2. Response function 94 3.4.3. Trueness 96 3.4.4. Precision 96 3.4.5. Accuracy 96 3.4.6. Linearity 97 3.5. Sample analyses 98 4. Conclusion 99 Chapitre 3: Quantitative determination of triterpenic glycosides and their aglycones in leaves of Centella asiatica Urb. (APIACEAE) by HPLC-UV 103 1. Introduction 106 2. Materials and methods 107 2.1. Chemicals and plant material 107 2.2. Apparatus 108 2.3. Standards solutions 108 2.4. Evaluation of the extraction 109 2.5. Validation of the method 109 3. Results and discussions 110 3.1.
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