363 13 Sky Owl, 283 Actor-Network Theory, 20, 98 Actun Chanona

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89518-7 - Ancestral Maya Economies in Archaeological Perspective Patricia A. McAnany Index More information

Index

13 Sky Owl, 283 Andrews, E. Wyllys IV, 55 appropriational storage, 179, 281, actor-network theory, 20, 98 296 Actun Chanona, 70, 76, 109 appropriative movement, 270 added value, 231, 299 Archaic, 30, 69, 80 agency, artifacts, 30 of crafted objects, 209–10 facets, 30 crafting, 201 landscape, 80 response to hegemony, 17 pollen cores, 30 aggrandizer, 18, 143 artisan production, 11, 17, 23, 184, Aguacatel, 94 191, 205, 216, 219, 220, 232, aguada, 36, 83, 94, 232 251, 252, 289 Aguateca, 42, 70, 111, 117, 119, 120, Ashmore, Wendy, 61, 124 178, 190, 204, 207, 211, 215, axe events. See warfare 217, 243, 250 Aztecs. See Mexica Ahau Canil, 247 Ajmaxam, 226 B’aakal, 128 Akul Ah-Nab III, 279 backstrap loom, 116, 135, 296 Alexander, Rani, 50 bajo, 25, 80, 83 alienation, 14, 206, 216, 219 bajo communities, 83 allocative resources, 206 bar-dot vigesimal counting system, 52 Alta Verapaz, 33, 42, 67, 250, 264, barkbeater, 122 284, 288, 299, 300 barkcloth, 121 Altar de Sacrificios,42, 55 as gender marker, 239 altepetl, 149, 197, 279 production, 238 Altun Ha, 195, 230, 232, 298 uses, 238–39 Alvarado, Pedro, 27, 46, 47 Barton Ramie, 55, 117, 172 amate, 80, 290 basket weaving, 239–40 Amatlán, 111, 124, 139 Bay of Honduras, 25

363

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89518-7 - Ancestral Maya Economies in Archaeological Perspective Patricia A. McAnany Index More information

364 Index

Becan, 55 ceremonial fund, 14, 131, 134 beekeeping, 126 Cerros, 89, 147, 153 bird messenger. See yebeet Ch’orti’ Maya, 95, 96, 131 Bloch, Maurice, 16, 154 Chahk, 93 Bonampak, 53, 116, 276, 278, 282, Chajaneb, 68 292, 295, 300 Chak Chel, 115, 117, 187 bone/shell working, Chalcatzingo, 75 as status marker, 244 Chan-Bahlum, 128 Bourbourg, Brasseur de, 52 Chan No’ohol, 125 Bourdieu, Pierre, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Chayanov, A.V., 10, 12 13, 17, 102, 128, 139, 142, 207 Chetumal, 123 Brady, James, 87, 250 Chiapa de Corzo, 162, 232 Bricker, Victoria, 53 Chiapas, 27, 49, 56, 67, 75, 77, 84, Bronze Age Aegean, 161 131, 135, 144, 211 Buena Vista del Cayo, 195 Chicanel pottery, 33 Burkhart, Louise, 102, 104, 105, Chichén Itzá, 42, 75, 102, 120, 163, 106, 108, 116 179, 183, 187, 260, 266, 303 Chihuahua, 113 cacao, 24, 25, 42, 46, 73, 84, 88, 113, Chikinchel, 88 125, 126, 127, 166, 186, 191, Chilam Balam, 50, 105 193, 197, 198, 220, 246, 247, Childe, V. Gordon, 201, 203, 205, 248, 254, 256, 259, 265, 269, 210 270, 276, 277, 286, 291, 292, Chinautla, 208 293, 294, 295, 304 Chiquibul, 84 as gender marker, 293 Cholula, 120, 121 production, 295 Chunchucmil, 261, 264 as tribute, 295–96 Cival, 144, 151 cacaste, 253, 264, 307 Classic Maya Royalty, Cahal Pech, 81, 121 accounting, 284–85 Calakmul, 37, 41, 170, 190, 194, agency, 7 260, 262, 263, 276 archaeological signatures, 4 Campeche, 50, 94, 262 labor, 291 Cancuen, 42, 220, 236, 264, 287, naturalized authority, 16 288, 299, 300 power, 8 Caracol, 42, 88, 102, 170, 243, production, 219 276, 288 relationship to larger society, 7 caretaker shrine. See warabal ja restricted access, 178, 181, 303 Catherwood, Frederick, 50, 51 role of women, 100 Catholicism, 15, 66, 107 stature, 173 Cauinal, 109 clay sourcing techniques, 50 cenote, 71, 74, 75, 83, 86, 94, 126 closed corporate community, 89 architectural modification,86 Cocom, 45, 256, 293, 304 Cenote of Sacrifice,75, 119 Codex Mendoza, 116 centrifugal transfer, 184 Codex Tellerino-Remensis, 149 centripetal transfer, 184 Coe, Michael, 54, 293 ceramic production rates, 227–28 Coe, Sophie, 194, 293

Index 365

Coe, William, 55 Cuello, 121, 137, 147, 171 coercion-based construction, 150 Culhuacan, 149 Colha, 31, 36, 89, 153, 171, 211, 218, cult of ancestors, 147 231, 232, 265, 289 Cult of Quetzalcoatl, 120 Colonial, cultural ecology, 59, 60 construction, 50 cultural economies, 1, 10, 148 demographic collapse, 52 cultural survival, 8 destruction, 47–48, 49 Cupul, 293, 304 exploitation, 49 cylindrical vessels, 274 landscape, 49 Maya alphabet, 49 Dark Sun, 173 resistance, 48–49 de Landa, Diego, 45, 47, 49, 52, salt production, 50 104, 185, 194, 214, 244, 255 colonial economies, 9 auto de fe, 49 Columbus, Christopher, 25, 45 Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán, 50 commodification,2, 18, 250 debitage, 218, 232, 233 community outreach, 57 debt relationship, 23 community signature units, 218 defeat of hierarchy, 152 conquistadores, 25, 49 deity impersonation, 24, 120, 154, consensus-based construction, 150 163, 176, 189, 215 Copan, 37, 42, 51, 55, 91, 154, 172, Descartes, Rene, 155 176, 178, 196, 197, 220 diacritical feasting, 132, 195, 196 corporate oriented political action, Diamond, Jared, 22 272 distributional archaeology, 72 Cortes, Hernán, 25 divine ruler. See k’uhul ajaw corvée labor, 143 Dobres, M.A., 7, 207 Cosgrove, Denis, 61 dog, 170 –71 cosmological authentication, 16, domestic shrines, 71, 108 143, 148, 150 domestication, 90, 286 costumbre, 6, 19, 24, 53, 200, 208, Dos Pilas, 42, 76, 102, 168, 174, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 223, 247 183, 250, 279 cotton, 286–87 Dresden codex, 47, 52, 53, 127 production, 185 Durkheim, Emile, 13, 16, 143, 147, Cozumel, 25, 123 148, 152 craft specialization, 201, 206, 210 Dzibanche, 170 crafting, 13, 18, 19, 22, 24, 163, 189, Dzibilchaltún, 55, 120 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, Earle, Duncan, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 70, 72, 73, 101, 102, 113, 117, 221, 222, 228, 232, 233, 234, 119, 129 235, 238, 243, 262, 265, 266, Earle, T.K., 271 267, 286, 287, 289, 297, 298, Early Classic, 36, 38, 41, 88, 178, 299, 301, 306, 307 187, 224, 232, 264, 298, 301 alienation, 206 architecture, 36 pristine goods, 202 construction, 37–39 utilitarian goods, 202 iconography, 36

366 Index

Early Classic (cont.) Fenton Vase, 284 pottery, 36 figured world, 2, 20, 97, 157, 159 rulership, 37 flint-knapping,112, 230, 231, 232, social stratification,37 235 texts, 36–37 floor burial, 138 Early Preclassic, 30, 31, 32, 69, 74, Florentine Codex, 99, 104 78, 80, 144 flower mountain,182 circular platforms, 144 Foliated Jaguar, 38 landscape, 80 Folsom point, 230 earth deities, Förstemann, Ernst, 52 gender, 70 Foucault, Michel, 19 payment, 69 Freakonomics, 10 earth monster, 75, 85 earth table. See warabajal ja Gawan islanders, 129, 164 eccentric, 230, 231, 232, 289, 308 Geertz, Clifford, 2, 6, 9, 17, 291 economic anthropology, 6, 272 gendered labor, 16, 17, 23, 46, 49, economic entanglement, 3, 12, 14, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 114, 21, 200, 214, 299 116, 120, 123, 125, 128, 129, role of goods, 12 130, 131, 139, 221, 244, 293, economic inequality, 16, 56, 156 296, 306, 308, 309 economic integration, 3, 11, 129 gendered space, 101, 102 economic sector, 14 generative schemes of power, 16, E-Group, 146 17, 142, 152 Ek Chuah, 255 genocide, 56 El Baúl, 34 Giddens, A, 5, 8, 19, 20, 23, 142, El Coyote, 262 201, 206 El Manatí, 74 God L, 174 El Petén, 144 Gossen, Gary, 53, 158 El Talpetate, 109 gourd, 242, 243, 244, 289 embedded economies, 2 Grijalva, 25, 33 emblem glyph, 37, 41 Grijalva, Juan de, 25 empowering feasts, 133 Grolier codex, 47 entrada, 27, 47 equivalency, 11, 259 Halach Uinic, 304 essentialism, 2, 56, 101, 104 Halperin, Rhoda, 3, 9, 11, 129, ethos/consciousness, 11 259 exchange drama, 130, 257, 260 hegemony, 17 exclusionary political action, 272 heritage tourism, 57 exploitation, 11 hero twins, 174, 175, See also Hunahpu, Xbalanque fabrication, 200, 201, 253 Hershey, 120, 125, 198 faenas. See work-parties hieroglyphic decipherment, 53, 58 failed reproduction, 19 hierophanies, 64, 65, 97 feasting, historical ecology, 60, 80 archaeological evidence of, 133 Homo oeconomicus. See diacritical, 163 methodological individualism

Index 367

household, K’ahk’ Tiliw, 177, 181, 197 composition, 136 K’an cross, 36 definition,103 K’an Hoy Chitam II, 279 palaces as, 104 k’atun calendar, 46 as political unit, 133 K’axil Kiuic, 296 transfer of value, 134–35 K’axob, 36, 39, 92, 106, 110, 111, as value transformers, 130 114, 117, 121, 137, 171, 172, 217, household shrine, 107 223, 287 evidence of, 108 K’iché Maya, 27, 46, 47, 50, 65, housework, 104 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 97, 101, 129, Huixtocihuatl, 127 197 Hun Nal, 127, 174 k’inich, 95, 167 Hunahpu, 34, 95, 127, 175 K’inich Ajaw, 68, 151, 166–67 hunting, K’inich Janahb Pakal, 54, 174, 287, as status marker, 250 298 K’inich Popol Hol, 187 inalienable possession, 17, 140, K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo, 187 143, 148, 149, 150, 160, 161, k’iwik, 253, 263 189, 190, 197, 206, 278, 288, k’uhul ajaw, 41, 168, 274, 285 297, 298 Kabah, 42, 179 Incidents of Travel, 50 kaiko festival, 131 individual-centered political ka-ka-w[a]. See cacao action, 272 Kaminaljuyu, 38 Irian Jaya, 210, 212, 218, 230 Kaqchikel Maya, 27 Itzá, 27, 57, 266 Kayapo, 160 Itzamnaaj B’alam, 167 Kepecs, Susan, 50 Itzamnaaj B’alam II, 174, 297 Kerr, Justin, 274 Ix Chebel Yax, 119 khipu, 246 Ix Chel, 69 Kichpanha, 114 Ix Sak B’alam, 183 Kluckholn, Clyde, 20 Ixik Kab, 116 Kohunlich, 170 Izapa, 34, 95 Komchén, 147, 153 Iztapa, 247 Kowoj, 266 Kula exchange cycle, 130 jadeite, 24, 42, 43, 199, 220, 235, 258, 262, 264, 276, 277, 279, La Mar, 282 286, 287, 288, 291, 298, 299, La Milpa, 85 300, 304 La Ruta Maya, 57 as gender marker, 300 Labna, 42, 179 production, 299 labortasking, 88, 92 as status marker, 300 Lacandon Maya, 50, 121, 125, trade, 298–99 168, 238 Jaguar God, 166, 168 Lady of Cancuen, 174, 183 Jaina figurines, 41 Lady Six Sky/Lady Wac Chanil Jasaw Chan K’awiil, 275, 276, 298 Ajaw, 183 Joya de Ceren, 118, 120 Lady Ton Ajaw, 187

368 Index

Lady Xook, 118, 167, 181, 183, 185, Manché Chol Maya, 27 186, 189, 206, 297 Maní, 49, 304 Laguna de On, 123, 230 mano, 111 Laguna Petén Itzá, 27 manta, 24, 49, 116, 135, 185, 212, Lamanai, 33, 50, 145, 147, 170 219, 220, 237, 277, 296, 297, landscape, 304, 307 in a figured world, 62 market effect, 266 landscape studies, 61 market exchange, 129, 260, 265, 270 Late Classic, market system, 259 artifact distribution, 43 marketplace, 11, 235, 253, 259, 260, artistic representation, 40–41, 42 261, 263, 265, 266, 267, 307, 309 Colha, 232 archaeological signature, 260–61 funerary practices, 43 Colonial period, 260 martial conflict,41 soil chemistry, 262 monumental architecture, 42–43 textual evidence, 263 palaces, 43 Marx, Karl, 10, 206 population, 43–44 masa, 109, 114, 277 site hierarchy, 43 Masson, Marilyn, 44, 123 south to north power shift, 42 materiality of practice, 20 texts, 39–40, 42–43 Maudsley, Alfred, 52 Late Preclassic, Maya judicial claims, 8 environmental impact, 36 Maya Mountains, 27, 42, 75, 77, 85, monumental architecture, 33 88, 294 population pressure, 155 Maya revitalization movement, 55 pottery, 33 Mayan languages, 55 rulership, 33 Mayapan, 44, 47, 55, 108, 120, 123, texts, 34 256 Latour, B., 64, 98, 209, 210, 307, metate, 111, 113, 221, 235, 241 308 frequency, 114 Laughlin, Robert, 53 pecking stones, 112–13 Levi-Strauss, C, 148 three-legged, 111 logical properties of culture, 2 turtleback, 111 Lohse, J.C., 30 methodological individualism, 6, long-count dates, 37 9, 10 longue durée, 19, 28, 121, 159 ethnocentrism, 9 looting, 54, 58, 250 Mexica, 25, 45, 46, 104, 105, 106, Lowe point, 30 115, 117, 119, 149, 161, 176, Lubaantun, 85 179, 185, 190, 194, 195, 197, Luo, 205, 207, 208, 210, 218, 228 217, 235, 237, 258, 259, 260, 273, 278, 289, 299, 302 Maax Na, 76 Middle Preclassic, 31, 32, 34, 36, 75, Madrid codex, 47, 53, 86, 93, 114, 79, 81, 89, 92, 114, 122, 135, 115, 116, 117, 171, 187 137, 234, 298 maguey, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 130, materiality, 32 238, 240 migration, 32 Maler, Teobert, 52 Mirador Basin, 33, 82, 144, 147

Index 369

Mithen, S., 154 productivity, 125–26 Mixco Viejo, 109 ritual, 73 Mixe, 63 original debt, 67, 91, 97, 192 Mocteuczoma II, 189 Oxtotitlán, 75 mollisols, 80 Monaghan, John, 17, 62, 63, 64, 65, Pacbitun, 153, 170 67, 90, 131, 137, 181 palace diet, 170 Montejo, Victor, 39, 47, 56 palace economy, 161 monumental architecture, palace school, 224, 226, 228, 236 in defense of hierarchy, 152–53 Palenque, 42, 43, 54, 88, 128, 154, origins, 18 172, 174, 176, 179, 195, 236, restriction of space, 153 245, 248, 273, 279, 287, 294, role in separation between sacred 298 and profane, 147 Paleoindian, 28, 30 monumental time, 28, 37, 142, 152, projectile points, 30 156, 180 pan-Maya movement. See Maya Morley, Sylvanus, 52 revitalization movement Motagua Valley, 287 Paq’alib’al, 64 Mountain of Sustenance, 78 Paris codex, 47, 53 Mundo Maya, 57 Pasión River, 81, 88, 172, 179, 299 Naco Valley, 72 Patron-role feasting, 132 Nahua, 64, 66, 67, 68, 99, 101, 111, Pawahtun, 92 124, 139, 169 peaceful Maya, 54 Naj Tunich, 76, 95, 248 peasant household, 100, 131 Nanahuatzin, 67 peasantry, 134, 272 Naranjo, 42, 183, 226, 275, 276, 294 performance of culture, 22, 237 Nebaj, 284 performing the gods, 154 New Institutional Economics, 10 petate, 240 New River, Belize, 33 as age marker, 240–41 Nim Li Punit, 85 Petén, Guatamala, 27, 179 Nippur, 4 Petexbatún, 70, 76, 173, 299 Nuyoo, 131 Piedras Negras, 42, 182, 194, 282, 287, 292 obsidian, pilgrimage, 75, 76 core-blade tradition, 234 caves, 75 as gender marker, 186, 235 plaster production, 35 trade distribution, 234–35 poison bottles, 248 oficio, 200, 211, 213, 215, 220, 240, Polanyi, Karl, 10, 11, 129, 270 257 political economy, 14, 134, 185, Olmec, 32, 74, 144, 146, 298 189, 220, 235, 247, 267, 271, La Blanca, 32, 34, 144 275, 276, 292, 296, 297 orchard, Pollock, Harry, 44 as dynastic descent, 126 Pomona, 236, 279, 282 as land privatization, 126 Popol Vuh, 34, 50, 78, 119, 127, 128, location, 126 195, 199, 238, 246

370 Index

Postclassic, Puuc, 179 artifact distribution, 45 calendrics, 46–47 Q’eqchí Maya, 65, 70 commercialization, 255–56 Q’umarkaj, 47 construction, 44 quatrefoil, 75, 94 decadence, 55 quetzal, 24, 42, 169, 220, 250, mercantilism/trading, 44 254, 257, 258, 262, 275, Mexica imperialism, 45 276, 277, 286, 288, 291, population, 45 299, 300, 301 pottery, 203 feather production, 301–02 rulership, 46 Quetzalcoatl, 198 site location, 45 Quirigua, 42, 176, 177, 181, 196, social stratification,46 197, 281 text, 47 textiles, 46 Rab’inal Achi, 197 postprocessualism, 20 rational choice theory. See practice theory, 4 methodological individualism agency. See self interest theory; redistribution, 11, 129, 132, 270 strain theory regulated improvisation, 207 critiques, 5 Rio Azul, 81 duality of structure, 5, 90 Rio Bec, 88 habitus, 5, 6, 13, 18, 19, 207, 208, Rio Hondo, 81 213, 221, 223, 247 ritual, structuration, 5, 143 cave, 70, 87 praxis, 10, 20 ceremony as work, 63 Principal Bird Deity, 151 as debt payment, 62 production, field,128 administered, 204 house dedication, 137 alienation from, 216 pine, 291 attached, 204 pine offerings, 73–74 by age, 221 relationship to agency, 13 by gender, 220–21 relationship to economic elite. See Classic Maya Royalty, practice, 13 production relationship to habitus, 13 gender, 221–22 relationship to social order, 13 independent, 203 specialists, 250 innovation, 207–08 transmission, 15 kinship based, 204 ritual economy, 14, 68, 159, 160 production arena, 18 ritual mode of production, 14, 131, profit-oriented exchange,11 187, 200, 213, 216 pseudo-glyphs, 225, 285 ritual work, 18, 63, 140, 150 public architecture, 178 Ruiz Lhuillier, Alberto, 54 Pueblito, 261 Pueblo, 109, 148 Sacapulas, 79, 247 Pueblo Viejo-Chichaj, 109 sacred ecology, 66 Puleston, Dennis, 55 sacred/profane dichotomy, 18

Index 371

Sahagún, Bernardino de, 62, 64, 67, social speciation, 159, 160, 309 68, 104, 116, 118, 119, 120, 189 social structures of the economy, 2 Sahlins, M.D., 9, 95, 133 socially constructed space, 23, 94, sal cocida, 89, 247 129, 139 salina, 79, 89 Soconusco, 46, 248 salt production, 127, 246–47 solar, 102, 126, 139 gender, 247 specialization, 89, 160, 200, 203, trade, 247 204, 205, 206, 217, 218, 219, San Bartolo, 33, 77, 122, 129, 154, 228, 237, 248, 251 162 spheres of conveyance, 258 San José Petén, 216 spindle whorls, 46, 117, 120, 121, San Lorenzo, 74, 78 123, 187, 237, 238, 256 San Luis Jilotepeque, 222 Spondylus, 24, 220, 257, 276, 277, Sandstrom, Alan, 63, 64, 66, 111, 284, 286, 287, 288, 291, 300, 124, 139 304 Santiago Atitlán, 260 staircase, 86, 276 Santo Mundo, 65 Starry Deer Caiman, 176 Satterthwaite, Linton, 55 step glyph, 275 Sawmill point, 30 Stephens, John Lloyd, 50, 51, 52 Sayil, 42, 179, 261 strain theory, 6 Scarborough, Vernon, 83, 85, 88, stranger kings, 159 92, 93, 308 stranger queens, 183 scientific techniques,58 stranger warriors, 281 scribe, structural power, 161 gender, 246 structure-in-practice, 7 seats of power, 162 Sumerian land transfers, 4 Seibal, 42, 55, 79, 121, 137, 172, 279, sumptuary goods, 24 299 Sun God, self-interest theory, 6, 10 appearance, 168 settlement pattern archaeology, 55 supply-and-demand, 3, 204 shaman, 63, 64, 66, 70, 72, 139, 214 sweeping, Shook, Edwin, 55 evidence of, 106 Sibun Valley, 70, 76, 88, 109, 120, significance,106 125, 198, 294 symbolic capital, 17, 207 flooding,88 Sibun-Manatee karst, 76, 77, 84 Tabasco, 42, 248 Sierra Madre Mountains, 27 Tah Itza, 294 Sierra Puuc, 33 Tak’alik Ab’aj, 34 Sierra Red. See Chicanel Tarahumara, 113 site formation, 251 Taube, Karl, 33, 84, 91, 94, 96, Smith, A.T., 16 108, 114, 127, 128, 175, 182, Smith, Adam, 3, 9, 201, 202, 306 197, 249, 277, 298 Smoke Imix god K, 72 tecomate. See gourd social ecology of religion, 6 Tecun Uman, 47 social hierarchy, 15, 274, 309 Tedlock, D., 195, 197 social life of things, 209 Tenochtitlán, 25, 45, 195

372 Index

Teotihuacan, 36, 82, 145, 281 vacant ceremonial center, 53 terracing, 88 Veblen, Thorstein, 9, 202, 306 thing theory, 307 Veracruz, 25, 66, 67, 261 Thompson, J. Eric, 53, 54, 219, 288, vertical transfer, 184 292, 293 Vijayanagra, 204 three-stone hearth, 106, 108, 109, village tradition, 224 111 Virgin of Guadalupe, 66 Ticul, 216, 224 Vogt, Evon Z., 53, 73, 74, 77, Tikal, 38, 41, 55, 79, 83, 94, 102, 119, 128, 131, 137, 139, 107, 144, 147, 172, 173, 178, 174, 181 179, 183, 195, 224, 231, 234, 244, 247, 251, 261, 266, 275, wage labor, 18 276, 289, 296, 298, 300, 301 Wakna, 34 Mundo Perdido, 147 warabal ja, 72 North Acropolis, 262 warfare, 273 Tipu, 50 Waxaklajuun Ub’aah K’awiil, 154, tobacco, 246, 247, 248, 257, 262, 265 181, 197, 273 Tollan, 82 weapons of exclusion, 160 Toltec, 190, 217, 244 weaving, Tonacatepetl, 78 as age indicator, 116–17 Tonina, 46, 279 brocading, 119 Treaty of Maní, 304 as status marker, 117, 119 Trigger, Bruce, 22, 272 as tribute, 116, 185, 237, 296–97 Trobriand Islanders, 160 weaving bone, 185, 186, 190, 191 Tsembaga, 131 Weber, Max, 10, 11, 16 Tula, 82 Weiner, Annette, 16, 17, 18, 140, Tulum, 25, 45 143, 148, 150, 155, 159, 160, Tuxtla Mountains, 261 176, 189, 206, 238 Type D spindle whorls, 120 were-jaguar, 298 Tzeltal Maya, 27, 49, 131, 135, 275 Wild Cane Cay, 172 Tzotzil Maya, 4, 27, 63, 67, 73, 77, Willey, Gordon, 54, 117 84, 105, 119, 128, 174, 181, Wits Cah Ak’al, 247 192, 302 witz, 55, 77, 85, 174, 175, 192 work parties, 132, 144, 146 Uaxactun, 110, 147, 153, 178, 179 workshop, 232 Ulua, 226, 248, 286 Understanding Early Civilizations, 22 Xbalanque, 34, 127, 175 urban ware, 208 Xiu, 45, 293, 304 urbanism, 21 Xochicalco, 264, 265 urban types, 21 Xochiquetzal, 119, 169 urbanization/urban revolution, 203 Xocnaceh, 33, 145 Usumacinta, 25, 42, 50, 59, 75, 81, Xunantunich, 88 179, 181, 194, 286, 293, 294 Uxbenka, 85 Yalbac, 147 Uxmal, 42, 179, 188 Yap, 148 Yax Pasaj, 178

Index 373

Yaxchilán, 42, 102, 118, 163, 167, Yucatec Maya, 27, 48, 50, 56, 63, 174, 181, 183, 185, 186, 206, 74, 91, 102, 105, 108, 111, 239, 282, 297 115, 119, 124, 126, 128, 139, Yaxha, 276 162, 211, 212, 216, 221, 239, Yaxuna, 198 240, 242, 253, 256, 259, 260, yebeet, 276 264, 296 Yich’aak Bahlam, 279 Yucatán Peninsula, 25, 33, 50, 80, Zapatista, 56 89, 239, 246, 286 Zinacanteco Maya, 102, 103, 163